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Aslani, Fereshteh, Kambod Amini Hosseini e Alireza Fallahi. "A framework for earthquake resilience at neighborhood level". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, n. 4 (13 aprile 2020): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-12-2019-0082.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose Despite long decades of research studies in the field of urban neighborhood resilience, there are still some unknown dimensions. In this regard, the study aims to develop a new framework for assessment of physical and social resilience at neighborhood level against earthquake. Design/methodology/approach Accordingly, first all indicators affecting earthquake resilience at neighborhood level have been determined. Subsequently, they have been weighted and prioritized, using analytical hierarchy process technique. One of the neighborhoods of Tehran city in Iran was selected for the case study. Then, four criteria of “robustness,” “redundancy,” “rapidity” and “resourcefulness” were considered as the basis for assessing neighborhood resilience. Findings It is shown that besides four well-known criteria, four other criteria including “adaptability,” “regularity,” “density” and “efficiency” should also be considered to assess earthquake resilience at neighborhood level. Therefore, a new framework is developed and formulated at this level. Paying attention to all eight criteria, the appropriate interventions to improve resiliency can be addressed. Practical implications This study proposes several practical approaches toward the more resilient neighborhoods against earthquakes. By considering the complexity and dynamic characteristics of earthquake resilience, it recommends the implementation of all resilience phases at every neighborhood to increase resilience. Originality/value This study proposes a framework in which in addition to physical and tangible indicators of resilience, non-physical and intangible ones are presented. Also, it is shown that besides well-known criteria, other criteria should also be considered using practical and community-based approaches.
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Moghayedi, Alireza, Abid Mehmood, Kathy Michell e Christiana Okobi Ekpo. "Modeling the Neighborhood Wellbeing of Townships in South Africa". Sustainability 15, n. 11 (24 maggio 2023): 8542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118542.
Abstract (sommario):
Townships in South Africa are characterized by underdeveloped urban neighborhoods on the periphery of cities, where their inhabitants suffer from a poor quality of life. Given the relative lack of empirical research on the wellbeing of people living in townships in South Africa, this study attempts to fill the gap by understanding and modeling the relationships between household socioeconomic characteristics, housing and neighborhood conditions, and individual and community wellbeing to develop and empirically validate a neighborhood wellbeing framework. The hypothesized associations from the wellbeing framework were tested using 389 household interviews of the three largest townships in South Africa. The findings identify the challenges associated with adequate housing and lack of infrastructure in townships and how these affect the wellbeing of individuals and communities. The conclusion demonstrates how the neighborhood wellbeing framework, as an interdisciplinary approach, can improve the quality of life of inhabitants and communities in urban neighborhoods in general.
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Kwok, Alan H., Julia Becker, Douglas Paton, Emma Hudson-Doyle e David Johnston. "Stakeholders’ Perspectives of Social Capital in Informing the Development of Neighborhood-Based Disaster Resilience Measurements". Journal of Applied Social Science 13, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2019): 26–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1936724419827987.
Abstract (sommario):
The cultivation of neighborhood-based social capital has gained significant attention in the disaster management sector in recent years as a means to increase community disaster resilience. However, within the sector, the concept of social capital remains unclear and its measurement is limited at the neighborhood level due to a focus on predominately top-down and quantitative approaches. By using a qualitative, inductive-driven approach, this paper proposes an integrated social capital measurement framework that combines qualitative and quantitative measures for evaluating levels of social capital in neighborhoods. Nine focus groups consisting of 58 participants across a range of socioeconomically and ethnically diverse urban neighborhoods in New Zealand and the United States were conducted. Three key themes were identified that relate to the formation, activation, and benefits of social capital resources: community demography, cultural influences on social support, and neighborhood governance. By synthesizing the study’s results and existing literature, this paper proposes a measurement framework that incorporates both quantitative indicators and contextual questions across six structural and four cognitive social capital domains. The framework can serve as a starting point for neighborhood stakeholders, emergency management practitioners, policymakers, and researchers to assess the resilience of neighborhoods and identify areas for improvement.
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Li, Fuzhong, K. John Fisher e Ross C. Brownson. "A Multilevel Analysis of Change in Neighborhood Walking Activity in Older Adults". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.2.145.
Abstract (sommario):
The article reports on a multilevel analysis conducted to examine change in neighborhood walking activity over a 12-month period in a community-based sample of 28 neighborhoods of 303 older adults age 65 and over. The study employed a multilevel (residents nested within neighborhoods) and longitudinal (4 repeated measures over 1 year) design and a multilevel analysis of change and predictors of change in neighborhood walking activity. Results indicated a significant neighborhood effect, with neighborhood-level walking characterized by a downward trajectory over time. Inclusion of baseline variables using selected perceived neighborhood-level social- and physical-environment measures indicated that neighborhoods with safe walking environments and access to physical activity facilities had lower rates of decline in walking activity. The findings provide preliminary evidence of neighborhood-level change and predictors of change in walking activity in older adults. They also suggest the importance of analyzing change in physical activity in older adults from a multilevel or macrolevel framework.
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Witherspoon, Dawn P., Rebecca M. B. White, Mayra Y. Bámaca, Christopher R. Browning, Tamara G. J. Leech, Tama Leventhal, Stephen A. Matthews et al. "Place‐Based Developmental Research: Conceptual and Methodological Advances in Studying Youth Development in Context". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 88, n. 3 (12 novembre 2023): 7–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mono.12472.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractScientists have, for some time, recognized that development unfolds in numerous settings, including families, schools, neighborhoods, and organized and unorganized activity settings. Since the turn of the 20th century, the body of mainstream neighborhood effects scholarship draws heavily from the early 20th century Chicago School of Sociology frameworks and have been situating development in neighborhood contexts and working to identify the structures and processes via which neighborhoods matter for a range of developmental outcomes, especially achievement, behavioral and emotional problems, and sexual activity. From this body of work, two new areas of developmental scholarship are emerging. Both areas are promising for advancing an understanding of child development in context. First, cultural‐developmental neighborhood researchers are advancing neighborhood effects research that explicitly recognizes the ways that racial, ethnic, cultural, and immigrant social positions matter for neighborhood environments and for youths' developmental demands, affordances, experiences, and competencies. This body of work substantially expands the range of developmental outcomes examined in neighborhood effects scholarship to recognize normative physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, and cultural competencies that have largely been overlooked in neighborhood effects scholarship that espoused a more color‐blind developmental approach. Second, activity space neighborhood researchers are recognizing that residential neighborhoods have important implications for broader activity spaces—or the set of locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, including, for example, schools, work, organized activities, and hang‐outs. They are using newer technologies and geographic frameworks to assess exposure to residential neighborhood and extra‐neighborhood environments. These perspectives recognize that time (i.e., from microtime to mesotime) and place are critically bound and that exposures can be operationalized at numerous levels of the ecological system (i.e., from microsystems to macrosystems). These frameworks address important limitations of prior development in context scholarship by addressing selection and exposure. Addressing selection involves recognizing that families have some degree of choice when selecting into settings and variables that predict families' choices (e.g., income) also predict development. Considering exposure involves recognizing that different participants or residents experience different amounts of shared and nonshared exposures, resulting in both under‐and over‐estimation of contextual effects. Activity space scholars incorporate exposure to the residential neighborhood environments, but also to other locations and settings to which youth are regularly exposed, like schools, after‐school settings, work, and hang‐outs. Unfortunately, the cultural‐development and activity space streams, which have both emerged from early 20th century work on neighborhood effects on development, have been advancing largely independently. Thus, the overarching aim of this monograph is to integrate scholarship on residential neighborhoods, cultural development, and activity spaces to advance a framework that can support a better understanding of development in context for diverse groups. In Chapters I and II we present the historical context of the three streams of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological research. We also advance a comprehensive cultural‐developmental activity space framework for studying development in context among children, youth, and families that are ethnically, racially, and culturally heterogeneous. This framework actively recognized diversity in ethnic, racial, immigrant, and socioeconomic social positions. In Chapters III–V we advance specific features of the framework, focusing on: (1) the different levels of nested and nonnested ecological systems that can be captured and operationalized with activity space methods, (2) the different dimensions of time and exposures or experiences that can be captured and operationalized by activity space methods, and (3) the importance of settings structures and social processes for identifying underlying mechanisms of contextual effects on development. Structures are setting features related to the composition and spatial arrangement of people and institutions (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, ethnic/racial compositions). Social processes represent the collective social dynamics that take place in settings, like social interactions, group activities, experiences with local institutions, mechanisms of social control, or shared beliefs. In Chapter VI, we highlight a range of methodological and empirical exemplars from the United States that are informed by our comprehensive cultural‐developmental activity space framework. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. These exemplars feature both quantitative and qualitative methods, including method mixing. The exemplars also highlight the application of the framework across four different samples from populations that vary in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), geographic region, and urbanicity. They capture activity space characteristics and features in a variety of ways, in addition to incorporating family shared and nonshared activity space exposures. Finally, in Chapter VII we summarize the contributions of the framework for advancing a more comprehensive science of development in context, one that better realizes major developmental theories emphasizing persons, processes, contexts, and time. Additionally, we offer a place‐based, culturally informed developmental research agenda to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population.
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Lei, Man-Kit, Ronald L. Simons, Mary Bond Edmond, Leslie Gordon Simons e Carolyn E. Cutrona. "The effect of neighborhood disadvantage, social ties, and genetic variation on the antisocial behavior of African American women: A multilevel analysis". Development and Psychopathology 26, n. 4pt1 (8 aprile 2014): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000200.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractSocial disorganization theory posits that individuals who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than are those who live in advantaged neighborhoods and that neighborhood disadvantage asserts this effect through its disruptive impact on social ties. Past research on this framework has been limited in two respects. First, most studies have concentrated on adolescent males. In contrast, the present study focused on a sample of adult African American females. Second, past research has largely ignored individual-level factors that might explain why people who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods often do not engage in antisocial behavior. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation contributes to heterogeneity of response to neighborhood conditions. We found that the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by neighborhood social ties. Further, the analysis indicated that the effects of neighborhood disadvantage and social ties on antisocial behavior were moderated by genetic polymorphisms. Examination of these moderating effects provided support for the differential susceptibility model of Gene × Environment. The effect of Gene × Neighborhood Disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by the effect of Gene × Neighborhood Social Ties, providing support for an expanded view of social disorganization theory.
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Weinmann, M., B. Jutzi e C. Mallet. "Semantic 3D scene interpretation: A framework combining optimal neighborhood size selection with relevant features". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3 (7 agosto 2014): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-181-2014.
Abstract (sommario):
3D scene analysis by automatically assigning 3D points a semantic label has become an issue of major interest in recent years. Whereas the tasks of feature extraction and classification have been in the focus of research, the idea of using only relevant and more distinctive features extracted from optimal 3D neighborhoods has only rarely been addressed in 3D lidar data processing. In this paper, we focus on the interleaved issue of extracting relevant, but not redundant features and increasing their distinctiveness by considering the respective optimal 3D neighborhood of each individual 3D point. We present a new, fully automatic and versatile framework consisting of four successive steps: (i) optimal neighborhood size selection, (ii) feature extraction, (iii) feature selection, and (iv) classification. In a detailed evaluation which involves 5 different neighborhood definitions, 21 features, 6 approaches for feature subset selection and 2 different classifiers, we demonstrate that optimal neighborhoods for individual 3D points significantly improve the results of scene interpretation and that the selection of adequate feature subsets may even further increase the quality of the derived results.
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Awad, Zuhal Eltayeb. "Towards a Comprehensive Approach for Sustainable Neighborhood -The Sudanese Context". Journal of Sustainable Development 15, n. 6 (14 novembre 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v15n6p79.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper analyzed the main factors of sustainable neighborhoods to evaluate some of the residential neighborhoods in Sudan. The main objective of this study is to highlight the importance of a comprehensive framework for assessing sustainable neighborhood developments in Sudan. Four neighborhoods in Khartoum city were selected as case study areas with socio-spacial diversity. The analysis of the neighborhoods was based on land-use profile and field observations compared with UN-Habitat principles of the sustainable neighborhood which include: the design of street networks, high density, mixed land-use, social mix, and limited land-use specialization. The research examined the current situation in these neighborhoods and their potential to become sustainable in the future. The paper found that these neighborhoods are not fully sustainable and self-contained each selected neighborhood has some sustainable principles. The analysis showed that other influential factors contributing to urban sustainability are ignored by UN-Habitat principles such as the planning pattern of the area and the inhabitants' way of living. The paper presents a comprehensive framework to assess sustainable development in neighborhoods that include in addition to the above-mentioned urban parameters other factors such as location and distance from the town center, isolation from workplaces, and accessibility to a higher level of social services.
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Tayebi, Safiyeh, Saeed Esfandi, Sajedeh Bahraini Moqadam e Ayyoob Sharifi. "Investigating the Role of Neighborhood Development Offices (NDOs) in the Resilience of Deteriorated Urban Neighborhoods against the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Tehran, Using a Hybrid Balanced-Based Assessment Framework". Urban Science 6, n. 4 (2 novembre 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040077.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aimed to develop a balanced-based assessment framework to evaluate the effectiveness of Neighborhood Development Offices’ (NDOs) actions in improving the resilience of Tehran’s deteriorated neighborhoods against the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, considering the main missions of NDOs, 20 indicators were extracted from the literature and delivered to the offices and residents of target neighborhoods to prioritize them. Next, using a combination of the K-means clustering method and the balance-based conceptual model, the degree of balance between the measures taken by NDOs and residents’ needs in each neighborhood was determined. Finally, short-term actions (such as teaching health protocols, providing neighborhood services, and providing walking and cycling infrastructures) and long-term actions (developing public spaces, facilitating access to healthcare, and reducing social inequality) are suggested, which simultaneously promote balanced resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic and possible future pandemics in all aspects of NDOs’ missions. The framework presented in this research can also be used to evaluate and boost the resilience of other deteriorated neighborhoods with similar conditions.
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Aliprantis, Dionissi. "Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves: A Review Essay". Journal of Economic Literature 61, n. 3 (1 settembre 2023): 1172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211563.
Abstract (sommario):
This essay reviews Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves, in which George C. Galster provides an overview of the literatures on neighborhood formation and neighborhood effects. I see two clear ways that Making Our Neighborhoods will serve as a reference strengthening these literatures. Given the state of the literature on neighborhood effects, which is often still at the stage of testing the existence and magnitude of such effects, the author’s framework for classifying the types of heterogeneity we might observe in neighborhood effects will be a valuable tool for researchers. And since the literature on neighborhood formation approaches the issues from a disparate set of fields, the author’s presentation of individual actors shaping neighborhood dynamics while using ideas of equilibrium, belief formation, equity and efficiency, and unpriced externalities should help unify understanding of the economic approach to neighborhood formation. While the author certainly does not shy away from race, I argue that several parts of the presentation would be clearer if they were tied more directly to racial segregation. (JEL D62, D83, I31, J15, R23, R31, Z13)
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Zhu, Shiyao, Dezhi Li, Haibo Feng, Tiantian Gu e Jiawei Zhu. "AHP-TOPSIS-Based Evaluation of the Relative Performance of Multiple Neighborhood Renewal Projects: A Case Study in Nanjing, China". Sustainability 11, n. 17 (21 agosto 2019): 4545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174545.
Abstract (sommario):
With the rapid development of urbanization worldwide, there is a large volume of neighborhoods that need to be renewed with various problems such as poor building performance, few public facilities, congested road traffic, unequal living standards, disappearing community culture, and deprived environments. Performance evaluations are considered to be useful tools for ensuring the outcomes of sustainable renewal. Although many research works have assessed the performances of urban renewal projects, evaluations, especially for neighborhood renewal projects, are often overlooked. Besides, it is also hard to find a general standard that is suitable for evaluating the performance of any neighborhood renewal project with a lack of related regulations or codes. Thus, this paper intends to build a framework to assess the relative performances of multiple neighborhood renewal projects through a hybrid AHP-TOPSIS method. A case study in Nanjing, China, is used to show how this framework could be applied to decision-making in order to pursue sustainable neighborhood renewal. The results are expected to provide references for sustainable renewal in each neighborhood. Suggestions related to the findings are proposed to further improve the performances of neighborhood renewal projects, such as establishing a multiple principle–agent framework, providing a sustainable funding system from both the public and private sector, and implementing multiprogram management measures.
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Maimon, David, e Danielle C. Kuhl. "Social Control and Youth Suicidality: Situating Durkheim's Ideas in a Multilevel Framework". American Sociological Review 73, n. 6 (dicembre 2008): 921–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300603.
Abstract (sommario):
Although the suicide rate among U.S. youth between the ages of 10 to 24 dramatically increased during the past 50 years, little research has examined this outcome within larger social contexts of the adolescent environment. Relying on Durkheim's theory of social integration, we examine the effect of individual- and structural-level social integration on adolescents' suicidality. Using a sample of 6,369 respondents within 314 neighborhoods, we examine the assumptions that high levels of religious, familial, neighborhood, and school integration are associated with fewer suicide attempts among youths. We find support for the traditional Durkheimian assumptions; specifically, the proportion of religiously conservative residents in a neighborhood reduces youths' risk of attempting suicide, as do individual-level controls of school and parental attachment. Moreover, we find evidence for a cross-level interaction between depression and neighborhood level of religiosity. Depression increases youths' risk of attempting suicide, but in places where religion is very important, this positive effect of depression is diminished.
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FERREIRA, Fernando A. F. "ARE YOU PLEASED WITH YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD? A FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPPING-BASED APPROACH FOR MEASURING RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD SATISFACTION IN URBAN COMMUNITIES". International Journal of Strategic Property Management 20, n. 2 (13 giugno 2016): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1121169.
Abstract (sommario):
Previous research has indicated that residents’ satisfaction with neighborhood conditions helps shape attitudes and has a high impact on residential valuations. This paper reports on research that sought to analyze the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and residents’ degree of satisfaction. Based on the construction of a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), which involved residents from several highand low-quality neighborhoods in the Central-West region of Portugal, a framework that adds value to the way key determinants of neighborhood satisfaction are identified is proposed. Because FCMs allow the understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships between factors to be improved, this framework shows that for satisfaction with the neighborhood to increase, more attention needs to be paid to positive attitudes toward subjective variables that interfere with residents’ satisfaction. The results presented can provide relevant information for the effective and efficient planning and development of residential environments. Strengths and weaknesses of this proposal are also discussed.
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Stephens, Christine, Ágnes Szabó, Joanne Allen e Fiona Alpass. "Livable Environments and the Quality of Life of Older People: An Ecological Perspective". Gerontologist 59, n. 4 (5 luglio 2018): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny043.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Background and Objectives The WHO “Framework for Policy for Healthy Ageing’ (2015) focuses on the broader environment and the support it provides for everyday functioning of older people. The concept of “livability” supports this framework by providing a conceptualization of environments that support good quality of life. Research Design and Methods This observational study used an ecological framework of livability to assess cross-sectional relationships between living environments and perceived quality of life among 4,028 respondents, aged 50–89 years who were surveyed in 2016. A 4-step hierarchical model regressed quality of life on individual resources (health, chronic conditions, SES), contextual variables (distance to health care; rural/urban setting), perceptions of housing and neighborhood environments (housing satisfaction, neighborhood quality, neighborhood social cohesion), and interactions between these levels of the ecological model. Results As predicted, housing and neighborhood perceptions contributed an additional 5% variance to the model which explained 49% of quality of life. There were significant interactions between the contextual variables and qualities of housing and neighborhood. Discussion and Implications These findings support the importance of material and social provisions of housing and neighborhoods to quality of life among older people. The ecological model highlights critical information provided by taking different levels of the environment and personal circumstances into account. The concept of “livability,” focusing on perceptions of the environment, can assist a shift from seeking the universal ideal neighborhood toward understanding the ways in which different communities may achieve quality of housing and neighborhood facilities that meet community members’ needs.
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Wang, Zhecheng, Haoyuan Li e Ram Rajagopal. "Urban2Vec: Incorporating Street View Imagery and POIs for Multi-Modal Urban Neighborhood Embedding". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, n. 01 (3 aprile 2020): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5450.
Abstract (sommario):
Understanding intrinsic patterns and predicting spatiotemporal characteristics of cities require a comprehensive representation of urban neighborhoods. Existing works relied on either inter- or intra-region connectivities to generate neighborhood representations but failed to fully utilize the informative yet heterogeneous data within neighborhoods. In this work, we propose Urban2Vec, an unsupervised multi-modal framework which incorporates both street view imagery and point-of-interest (POI) data to learn neighborhood embeddings. Specifically, we use a convolutional neural network to extract visual features from street view images while preserving geospatial similarity. Furthermore, we model each POI as a bag-of-words containing its category, rating, and review information. Analog to document embedding in natural language processing, we establish the semantic similarity between neighborhood (“document”) and the words from its surrounding POIs in the vector space. By jointly encoding visual, textual, and geospatial information into the neighborhood representation, Urban2Vec can achieve performances better than baseline models and comparable to fully-supervised methods in downstream prediction tasks. Extensive experiments on three U.S. metropolitan areas also demonstrate the model interpretability, generalization capability, and its value in neighborhood similarity analysis.
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Savitz, Natalya Verbitsky, e Stephen W. Raudenbush. "5. Exploiting Spatial Dependence to Improve Measurement of Neighborhood Social Processes". Sociological Methodology 39, n. 1 (agosto 2009): 151–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2009.01221.x.
Abstract (sommario):
A number of recent studies have used surveys of neighborhood informants and direct observation of city streets to assess aspects of community life such as collective efficacy, the density of kin networks, and social disorder. Raudenbush and Sampson (1999a) have coined the term “ecometrics” to denote the study of the reliability and validity of such assessments. Random errors of measurement will attenuate the associations between these assessments and key outcomes. To address this problem, some studies have used empirical Bayes methods to reduce such biases, while assuming that neighborhood random effects are statistically independent. In this paper we show that the precision and validity of ecometric measures can be considerably improved by exploiting the spatial dependence of neighborhood social processes within the framework of empirical Bayes shrinkage. We compare three estimators of a neighborhood social process: the ordinary least squares estimator (OLS), an empirical Bayes estimator based on the independence assumption (EBE), and an empirical Bayes estimator that exploits spatial dependence (EBS). Under our model assumptions, EBS performs better than EBE and OLS in terms of expected mean squared error loss. The benefits of EBS relative to EBE and OLS depend on the magnitude of spatial dependence, the degree of neighborhood heterogeneity, as well as neighborhood's sample size. A cross-validation study using the original 1995 data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and a replication of that survey in 2002 show that the empirical benefits of EBS approximate those expected under our model assumptions; EBS is more internally consistent and temporally stable and demonstrates higher concurrent and predictive validity. A fully Bayes approach has the same properties as does the empirical Bayes approach, but it is preferable when the number of neighborhoods is small.
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Wang, Ruoniu, Rebecca J. Walter, Abdulnaser A. Arafat, Xuesong Ding e Ammar A. Naji. "Examining Neighborhood Opportunity and Locational Outcomes for Housing Choice Voucher Recipients: A Comparative Study between Duval County, Florida, and Bexar County, Texas". City & Community 16, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 421–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12254.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent attention has highlighted the importance of providing low–income households access to opportunity–rich neighborhoods. Using a neighborhood opportunity framework developed specifically for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, this study investigates whether low–income households participating in the program live in opportunity areas. The results indicate that with scarce high–opportunity neighborhoods, most HCV households reside in mixed opportunity areas and face tradeoffs when deciding where to live. Voucher holders reside in areas with moderate or poor accessibility and neighborhood conditions compared to other assisted and nonassisted low–income renters. Opportunity outcomes also vary among different household types of HCV recipients.
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Greif, Meredith J. "Neighborhood Attachment in the Multiethnic Metropolis". City & Community 8, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01268.x.
Abstract (sommario):
In acknowledging that patterns of neighborhood attachment—a key component in the maintenance of neighborhood vitality—may shift as a result of growing racial and ethnic diversity, this study develops a multiethnic and multilevel framework to examine the link between racial diversity and attachment among Los Angeles residents. the expansion of the Asian and Hispanic populations may affect attachment patterns if group members exhibit different levels of attachment compared with blacks and whites, due to factors such as illegal citizenship and poorer neighborhood resources. Additionally, their presence in neighborhoods may influence other residents’ attachment by triggering racial prejudice or concerns about local resources. Using the 2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS), this analysis demonstrates that Asians and Hispanics modestly diverge from blacks and whites in the strength of their attachment, due in part to individual and neighborhood characteristics. Although the neighborhood presence of blacks and Hispanics moderately diminishes some aspects of residents’ attachment, regardless of individual race, in many instances neighborhood racial composition fails to exert a significant impact on neighborhood attachment.
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Jing, Chuanbao, Weiqi Zhou, Yuguo Qian e Jingli Yan. "Mapping the Urban Population in Residential Neighborhoods by Integrating Remote Sensing and Crowdsourcing Data". Remote Sensing 12, n. 19 (5 ottobre 2020): 3235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193235.
Abstract (sommario):
Where urban dwellers live at a fine scale is essential for the planning of services and response to city emergencies. Currently, most existing population mapping approaches considered census data as observational data for specifying models. However, census data usually have low spatial resolution and low frequency. Here, we presented a framework for mapping populations in residential neighborhoods with 30 m spatial resolution with little dependency upon census data. The framework integrated remote sensing and crowdsourcing data. The observational populations and number of households at residential neighborhood scale were obtained from real-time crowdsourcing data instead of census data. We tested our framework in Beijing. We found that (1) the number of households from a real estate trade platform could be a good proxy for accurate observational population. (2) The accuracy of the mapping population in residential neighborhoods was reasonable. The mean absolute percentage error was 47.26% and the R2 was 0.78. (3) Our framework shows great potential in mapping the population in real time. Our findings expand the knowledge in estimating urban population. In addition, the proposed framework and approach provide an effective means to quantify population distribution data for cities, which is particularly important for many of the cities worldwide lacking census data at the residential neighborhood scale.
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Pattison, Philippa, e Garry Robins. "9. Neighborhood-Based Models for Social Networks". Sociological Methodology 32, n. 1 (agosto 2002): 301–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9531.00119.
Abstract (sommario):
We argue that social networks can be modeled as the outcome of processes that occur in overlapping local regions of the network, termed local social neighborhoods. Each neighborhood is conceived as a possible site of interaction and corresponds to a subset of possible network ties. In this paper, we discuss hypotheses about the form of these neighborhoods, and we present two new and theoretically plausible ways in which neighborhood-based models for networks can be constructed. In the first, we introduce the notion of a setting structure, a directly hypothesized (or observed) set of exogenous constraints on possible neighborhood forms. In the second, we propose higher-order neighborhoods that are generated, in part, by the outcome of interactive network processes themselves. Applications of both approaches to model construction are presented, and the developments are considered within a general conceptual framework of locale for social networks. We show how assumptions about neighborhoods can be cast within a hierarchy of increasingly complex models; these models represent a progressively greater capacity for network processes to “reach” across a network through long cycles or semipaths. We argue that this class of models holds new promise for the development of empirically plausible models for networks and network-based processes.
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Fraser, James C., Edward L. Kick e J. Patrick Williams. "Neighborhood Revitalization and the Practice of Evaluation in the United States: Developing a Margin Research Perspective". City & Community 1, n. 2 (giugno 2002): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00018.
Abstract (sommario):
The dominant framework of neighborhood revitalization in the United States that emerged in the 1990s is the comprehensive community‐building approach based on a “theory of change” model. This framework posits that to improve neighborhoods and the quality of life of residents, programmatic efforts are needed that are “resident‐driven” and holistic in their focus. While these types of initiatives flourish, neighborhood revitalization often results in the displacement of low‐income families and marginal return for existing residents. Why this occurs in the context of initiatives purporting to aid existing residents is underexamined in the evaluation literature. We argue that researchers engaged in documentation and evaluation of revitalization initiatives need a broader framework to examine heretofore marginalized issues. We use a “margin research” methodology to demonstrate how this alternative form provides a more expansive representation of revitalization activities and outcomes.
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Itma, Mohammed. "Social Sustainability Assessment of Neighborhood Design: A Comparative Study in Nablus City Based on Multiplicity and Singularity". Journal of Urban Development and Management 1, n. 1 (1 novembre 2022): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/judm010105.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper assesses the potential of multiplicity in the housing environment for achieving social sustainability compared to singularity. For this purpose, a neighborhood assessment framework was developed to cover three values of social sustainability, namely, stability, continuity, and fairness, as well as several factors related to each value. Two cases were chosen from the neighborhoods in the city of Nablus: Type (1) as an example of multiplicity, and type (2) as an example of singularity. The research data were collected through an architectural survey on the features of both types of neighborhoods, and analyzed in details. On this basis, the two types of neighborhoods were compared based on the said values. The results show that the values of sustainability increase in type (2) at the level of the single building, while growing in type (1) at the level of the residential neighborhood. Multiplicity is a high-potential approach for achieving social sustainability, if the design of the residential buildings caters to people’s needs and wants. In addition, several suggestions were made for improving the neighborhood design in Palestine based on multiplicity.
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Gan, Daniel Rong Yao, John Chye Fung e Im Sik Cho. "Neighborhood Experiences of People Over Age 50: Factor Structure and Validity of a Scale". Gerontologist 60, n. 8 (27 agosto 2019): e559-e571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz111.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Background and Objectives Various aspects of the neighborhood environment have been shown to correlate with older adults’ health. Socio-ecological models of health posit that interventions in the living environment can influence population health. Yet, there are no scales to comprehensively measure older people’s experiences of their neighborhoods especially in dense urban contexts. This study analyzes the psychometric properties and factor structure of a holistic measure of Older People’s Neighborhood Experience (OpenX) to understand constituent factors of residential satisfaction and well-being in dense urban contexts. Research Design and Methods Participants were 1,011 community-dwelling older adults aged 50 and older in Singapore. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Questions were drawn to measure physical and social aspects of the neighborhood as well as sociodemographic variables. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to obtain a shorter version; content validity, internal consistency, and external validity were assessed. Results The OpenX has a 4-dimensional structure, explaining 45.5% of the variance of neighborhood experience. They are communal affordance, embeddedness, environment pleasantness, and time outdoors. Good reliability and validity were found, including Cronbach’s alpha of 0.827. The correlation between neighborhood experience and objectively measured proximity to parks and fitness corners approached significance (p = .082). Discussion and Implications The 16-item OpenX demonstrated good psychometric properties. With reference to the transdisciplinary neighborhood health framework, it is useful for assessing older adults’ neighborhood environment, identifying neighborhoods for pilot population health interventions, and understanding how the neighborhood environment affects older adults’ health.
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Johnson, Aaron, Xuguang Wang, Yongming Wang, Anthony Reinhart, Adam J. Clark e Israel L. Jirak. "Neighborhood- and Object-Based Probabilistic Verification of the OU MAP Ensemble Forecasts during 2017 and 2018 Hazardous Weather Testbeds". Weather and Forecasting 35, n. 1 (23 gennaio 2020): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0060.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract An object-based probabilistic (OBPROB) forecasting framework is developed and applied, together with a more traditional neighborhood-based framework, to convection-permitting ensemble forecasts produced by the University of Oklahoma (OU) Multiscale data Assimilation and Predictability (MAP) laboratory during the 2017 and 2018 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiments. Case studies from 2017 are used for parameter tuning and demonstration of methodology, while the 2018 ensemble forecasts are systematically verified. The 2017 case study demonstrates that the OBPROB forecast product can provide a unique tool to operational forecasters that includes convective-scale details such as storm mode and morphology, which are typically lost in neighborhood-based methods, while also providing quantitative ensemble probabilistic guidance about those details in a more easily interpretable format than the more commonly used paintball plots. The case study also demonstrates that objective verification metrics reveal different relative performance of the ensemble at different forecast lead times depending on the verification framework (i.e., object versus neighborhood) because of the different features emphasized by object- and neighborhood-based evaluations. Both frameworks are then used for a systematic evaluation of 26 forecasts from the spring of 2018. The OBPROB forecast verification as configured in this study shows less sensitivity to forecast lead time than the neighborhood forecasts. Both frameworks indicate a need for probabilistic calibration to improve ensemble reliability. However, lower ensemble discrimination for OBPROB than the neighborhood-based forecasts is also noted.
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Arvelo, Enrique, Jesica de Armas e Monserrat Guillen. "Assessing the Distribution of Elderly Requiring Care: A Case Study on the Residents in Barcelona and the Impact of COVID-19". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 20 (15 ottobre 2020): 7486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207486.
Abstract (sommario):
In this work, we establish a methodological framework to analyze the care demand for elderly citizens in any area with a large proportion of elderly population, and to find connections to the cumulative incidence of COVID-19. Thanks to this analysis, it is possible to detect deficiencies in the public elderly care system, identify the most disadvantaged areas in this sense, and reveal convenient information to improve the system. The methods used in each step of the framework belong to data analytics: choropleth maps, clustering analysis, principal component analysis, or linear regression. We applied this methodology to Barcelona to analyze the distribution of the demand for elderly care services. Thus, we obtained a deeper understanding of how the demand for elderly care is dispersed throughout the city. Considering the characteristics that were likely to impact the demand for homecare in the neighborhoods, we clearly identified five groups of neighborhoods with different profiles and needs. Additionally, we found that the number of cases in each neighborhood was more correlated to the number of elderly people in the neighborhood than it was to the number of beds in assisted living or day care facilities in the neighborhood, despite the negative impact of COVID-19 cases on the reputation of this kind of center.
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Kumar, Manish, e Laura Richman. "Challenges and Supports to Aging in Place in a Gentrifying Context". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2020): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3227.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Neighborhoods play a central role in healthy aging, with changes to neighborhoods having a profound impact on older adults’ ability to age in place. Using gentrification as an indicator of neighborhood change and applying the theoretical framework of the Environmental Press model (Lawton and Nahemow, 1973), this study examined the relationship between changing environments, affordable housing, and environmental attributes that support and hinder the health and well-being of older adults. A qualitative, case-study approach was used to interview low-income, majority Black older adults in a gentrifying area of Washington DC. 32 individuals (16 in non-profit and 16 in for-profit affordable housing) aged 55 and older participated in semi-structured interviews on perceptions of gentrification, neighborhood change, and challenges and supports to aging in place. Transcripts were then analyzed using the framework method of analysis. Although participants generally reported that gentrification improved their neighborhood’s built environment, many attributed it to a decline in social capital. Affordable housing provided an ability to age in place, though participants expressed uncertainty over their long-term ability to age in the context of continuing change. These findings suggest that while the physical changes accompanying gentrification may support older adults’ ability to age in place, its detrimental impact on social capital further increases their risk for social isolation. While affordable housing may enable older adults to age in place, fostering a greater sense of permanence and well-being will require additional policies that both increase accessibility to the physical amenities provided by gentrification and preserve older adults’ social capital.
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Bengtsson, Ingemar, e Fredrik Kopsch. "Indicators of candidates for gentrification: a spatial framework". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, n. 4 (5 agosto 2019): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2018-0038.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish measurable factors that can be used as early indicators of which neighborhoods are most likely to undergo a process of gentrification in a reasonably near future. Design/methodology/approach Using 1990 data on key demographic variables for 128 neighborhoods in Stockholm, Sweden a model that allows both for testing of spatial clustering and for spatial spillovers between neighborhoods is estimated. It is hypothesized not only that gentrification depends on inter-neighborhood characteristics but also that gentrified neighborhoods will cluster and preferably be located in proximity to existing high income neighborhoods. Findings The findings confirm the stated hypotheses. Among the results, it is shown that neighborhoods that gentrified between 1990 and 2012 were more likely to have been poor in 1990 and located closer to the CBD, they were also more likely to be close to neighborhoods with lower proportions of low income residents. It is also found that gentrified neighborhoods tend to cluster over space. Originality/value Much of the previous literature on gentrification has concerned the actual driving forces behind gentrifying neighborhoods. This paper is more concerned with indicators that can be used to spot neighborhoods that are likely to undergo a gentrification process in the future. Such information can be valuable for real estate developers in the private sector, as it may lead to more successful investments. It may also be useful for city developers at the municipal organization.
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Medina, Justin C. "Neighborhood Firearm Victimization Rates and Social Capital Over Time". Violence and Victims 30, n. 1 (2015): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00092.
Abstract (sommario):
Distribution of firearm victimization is not equal within cities. Victimization can persistently concentrate in a small number of neighborhoods, while others experience very little violence. Theorists have pointed to one possible explanation as the ability of groups to control violence using social capital. Researchers have shown this association at the U.S. county, state, and national levels. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between neighborhood social capital and violence over time. This study uses longitudinal data to ask whether neighborhood social capital both predicts and is influenced by firearm victimization over 3 years in Philadelphia. The results of several regression analyses suggest that trusting others and firearm victimization are inversely related over time. Implications for neighborhood policy planning and social capital as a theoretical framework are discussed.
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SÖNMEZ, Filiz, Hatice DOĞAN e Okan KARAKAŞ. "UNDERSTANDING THE FEVZI ÇAKMAK NEIGHBORHOOD: THROUGH ITS PAST, PRESENT AND PLANNED TOMORROW". IEDSR Association 6, n. 11 (24 febbraio 2021): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.251.
Abstract (sommario):
Mahalle is a place name derived from the Arabic roots halel and hulul, meaning “to land, to settle down” (Turkish Dictionary, 1998). In addition to the residential structures within a neighborhood, it has a mosque, primary school, fountain, baths, a grocery store, bakery, parks, etc. It is the smallest settlement in a city. On the other hand, socially a neighborhood refers to a community that is placed somewhere and has organizational relationships. The neighborhood phenomenon is one of the most important legacies that continue from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. During the Republican period, many new neighborhoods have also been established, often formed by adhering to a plan. In this study, the formation of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, one of the neighborhoods designed according to the Kayseri ARU-Oelsner (1945) zoning plan, and the change that the neighborhood has undergone from the past to the present will be examined. According to the data obtained, the aim of the Kayseri ARU-Oelsner zoning plan is to contribute to the Urban Transformation Project of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, which will be planned by the local government in the future. Literature and field studies, document analysis and oral history studies will be used as methods in the study. In this context, maps belonging to the neighborhood, zoning plans, Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality and Kocasinan Municipality archive records and old photographs will be provided. The Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, which was built in the 1960s, has a grid plan type and is one of the modern neighborhoods that have contributed to the development of the city in an east direction. A city analysis will be carried out in historical continuity from the establishment of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood to the present day. It is believed that detecting interventions in significant areas of change/transformation of the neighborhood will make significant contributions to the future urban transformation project. Accordingly, it is proposed that the analysis to be conducted in the neighborhood be evaluated within a theoretical framework which is known in Urban Planning as “we-zoning and Hoyt classification”. Accordingly, the areas identified in the neighborhood in the present study will be evaluated within the scope of “protection”, “correction” (improvement) and “renewal” strategies. It is expected that this work, carried out in the Kayseri Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, will contribute to urban planning and transformation projects and architectural discussions throughout the country.
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Breetzke, Gregory, e Devon Polaschek. "Moving Home: Examining the Independent Effects of Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Residential Mobility on Recidivism in High-Risk Parolees". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, n. 10 (11 ottobre 2017): 2982–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17735985.
Abstract (sommario):
A number of studies have shown that the residential mobility of an offender postrelease can significantly influence recidivism. Research has also shown how the mobility of neighborhoods into which offenders are released is an important contextual factor that predicts recidivism. Within the social disorganization framework, this study combines these lines of research by examining the effect of both individual- and neighborhood-level residential mobility on recidivism for a cohort of high-risk prisoners released on parole in New Zealand. Using multilevel analysis techniques, we found that neither immediate individual-level residential mobility nor neighborhood-level mobility was associated with recidivism after controlling for various multilevel predictors. A number of individual- and neighborhood-level variables were predictive of recidivism, including the number of parole conditions placed on the released offender, and the percent foreign born in their neighborhood. These results are discussed within the context of an increasingly eclectic and diverse country.
31
Wang, Ruoniu. "Tracking “Choice” in the Housing Choice Voucher Program: The Relationship Between Neighborhood Preference and Locational Outcome". Urban Affairs Review 54, n. 2 (25 aprile 2016): 302–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416646205.
Abstract (sommario):
Do residential locations of Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) households reflect tenants’ preferences for neighborhood quality? Study results come from a three-part methodology: (1) survey of voucher holders to find neighborhood preferences and other factors in the consumer decision-making model, (2) geographic information system (GIS) analysis of actual locational outcomes in terms of neighborhood opportunity and transportation accessibility, and (3) quantitative analysis of the strength of preference–outcome relationships. The results reveal that survey participants placed high priority on neighborhoods that were safe and clean, and with quality schools. Despite this, higher priority on quality housing and search barriers affected the housing choice. As such, to a large extent, the residents did not live in places that met their location preferences. The study calls for an expansion of location assessment measures in the current policy framework and the provision of more information about housing and neighborhood options to voucher recipients.
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Sehgal, Hitakshi, e William A. Toscano. "Neighborhood Exposures and Blood Pressure Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Environmental Study among 19–53 Years-Old Parsis in Mumbai". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 16 (14 agosto 2021): 8594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168594.
Abstract (sommario):
The correlation between high blood pressure (BP) and urban neighborhood-level environmental determinants is understudied in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We hypothesized that neighborhoods constitute exposures that affect resident-behaviors, metabolism and increased susceptibility to high BP. We studied urban clusters of Mumbai-Parsis (Zoroastrians), a founder population group, to minimize genetic variation and maximize exposure assessment. Participants from four neighborhoods were 19–53 years old and comprised 756 females and 774 males. We recorded healthy BPs (≤120/80 mmHg) in 59%, pre-hypertensive (≥121–139/81–89 mmHg) in 21% and high BP (≥140/90 mmHg) in 21% of the participants. A family history of hypertension had no correlation with high BP. We used the Neighborhood Accessibility Framework to compile a questionnaire in order to collect data on participants’ perception of space, third places, streetscape and experience, land use, connectivity, surveillance, pedestrian safety and public transport. Our results suggested that participants in neighborhoods with poorer BP outcomes reported lower accessibility scores for space, streetscape and experience, third places and connectivity. Our study evaluates how neighborhood-level determinants affect BP outcomes in order to contribute to the body of knowledge on primary preventive measures for high BP in urban LMIC populations. We concluded that neighborhood exposures affect resident-behaviors, which cause metabolic changes and increase susceptibility to high BP.
33
Liu, Defeng, Matteo Fischetti e Andrea Lodi. "Learning to Search in Local Branching". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, n. 4 (28 giugno 2022): 3796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i4.20294.
Abstract (sommario):
Finding high-quality solutions to mixed-integer linear programming problems (MILPs) is of great importance for many practical applications. In this respect, the refinement heuristic local branching (LB) has been proposed to produce improving solutions and has been highly influential for the development of local search methods in MILP. The algorithm iteratively explores a sequence of solution neighborhoods defined by the so-called local branching constraint, namely, a linear inequality limiting the distance from a reference solution. For a LB algorithm, the choice of the neighborhood size is critical to performance. Although it was initialized by a conservative value in the original LB scheme, our new observation is that the "best" size is strongly dependent on the particular MILP instance. In this work, we investigate the relation between the size of the search neighborhood and the behavior of the underlying LB algorithm, and we devise a leaning-based framework for guiding the neighborhood search of the LB heuristic. The framework consists of a two-phase strategy. For the first phase, a scaled regression model is trained to predict the size of the LB neighborhood at the first iteration through a regression task. In the second phase, we leverage reinforcement learning and devise a reinforced neighborhood search strategy to dynamically adapt the size at the subsequent iterations. We computationally show that the neighborhood size can indeed be learned, leading to improved performances and that the overall algorithm generalizes well both with respect to the instance size and, remarkably, across instances.
34
Yuan, Guangchao, Munindar P. Singh e Pradeep K. Murukannaiah. "An interpretable framework for investigating the neighborhood effect in POI recommendation". PLOS ONE 16, n. 8 (5 agosto 2021): e0255685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255685.
Abstract (sommario):
Geographical characteristics have been proven to be effective in improving the quality of point-of-interest (POI) recommendation. However, existing works on POI recommendation focus on cost (time or money) of travel for a user. An important geographical aspect that has not been studied adequately is the neighborhood effect, which captures a user’s POI visiting behavior based on the user’s preference not only to a POI, but also to the POI’s neighborhood. To provide an interpretable framework to fully study the neighborhood effect, first, we develop different sets of insightful features, representing different aspects of neighborhood effect. We employ a Yelp data set to evaluate how different aspects of the neighborhood effect affect a user’s POI visiting behavior. Second, we propose a deep learning–based recommendation framework that exploits the neighborhood effect. Experimental results show that our approach is more effective than two state-of-the-art matrix factorization–based POI recommendation techniques.
35
Andrew, Simon A., Hunter Bacot e Michael Craw. "A Multiorganizational Cooperation Framework for Neighborhood Disaster Resilience". State and Local Government Review 52, n. 1 (27 gennaio 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x19898516.
Abstract (sommario):
Climate change and growth in coastal population make many American communities increasingly vulnerable to coastal disasters such as hurricanes, winter storms, and tsunamis. This research argues that neighborhood-level organizations can and should play a significant role in preparation for and response to such events. In particular, neighborhood and homeowner associations routinely play key roles in mobilizing community response to safety, physical decay, and infrastructure problems, all central concerns in preparation for and recovery from natural disaster. Neighborhood organizations then can act as lynchpin actors in a multiorganizational cooperation framework for disaster preparation, recovery, and resilience.
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Bouziotas, Dimitrios, Diederik van Duuren, Henk-Jan van Alphen, Jos Frijns, Dionysios Nikolopoulos e Christos Makropoulos. "Towards Circular Water Neighborhoods: Simulation-Based Decision Support for Integrated Decentralized Urban Water Systems". Water 11, n. 6 (12 giugno 2019): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061227.
Abstract (sommario):
Centralized urban water management currently faces multiple challenges, both at the supply side and the demand side. These challenges underpin the need to progress to the decentralization of urban water, where multiple distributed technologies (water-aware appliances, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, sustainable urban drainage) are applied in an integrated fashion and as a supplement to centralized systems to design more resilient neighborhoods. However, the methods and tools to assess the performance of these distributed solutions and provide management support for integrated projects are still few and mostly untested in real, combined cases. This study presents a simulation-based framework for the quantitative performance assessment of decentralized systems at a neighborhood scale, where different technologies can be linked together to provide beneficial effects across multiple urban water cycle domains. This framework links an urban water cycle model, which provides a scenario-based simulation testbed for the response of the whole system, with key performance indicators that evaluate the performance of integrated decentralized solutions at a neighborhood scale. The demonstrated framework is applied to provide an ex ante evaluation of SUPERLOCAL, a newly developed area in Limburg, the Netherlands, designed as a circular, water-wise neighborhood where multiple decentralized technologies are combined.
37
Cai, Yiqiao, Chi Shao, Huizhen Zhang, Shunkai Fu, Hui Tian e Yonghong Chen. "A Neighborhood-Assisted Framework for Differential Evolution". IEEE Access 7 (2019): 44338–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2908660.
38
Spisto, Alfonso. "A Framework of Neighborhood-based Development Initiatives". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 (giugno 2016): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.355.
39
West, Samuel J., Diane Bishop, Derek A. Chapman e Nicholas D. Thomson. "Comparing forms of neighborhood instability as predictors of violence in Richmond, VA". PLOS ONE 17, n. 9 (6 settembre 2022): e0273718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273718.
Abstract (sommario):
Violence events tend to cluster together geospatially. Various features of communities and their residents have been highlighted as explanations for such clustering in the literature. One reliable correlate of violence is neighborhood instability. Research on neighborhood instability indicates that such instability can be measured as property tax delinquency, yet no known work has contrasted external and internal sources of instability in predicting neighborhood violence. To this end we collected data on violence events, company and personal property tax delinquency, population density, race, income, food stamps, and alcohol outlets for each of Richmond, Virginia’s 148 neighborhoods. We constructed and compared ordinary least-squares (OLS) to geographically weighted regression (GWR) models before constructing a final algorithm-selected GWR model. Our results indicated that the tax delinquency of company-owned properties (e.g., rental homes, apartments) was the only variable in our model (R2 = 0.62) that was associated with violence in all but four Richmond neighborhoods. We replicated this analysis using violence data from a later point in time which yielded largely identical results. These findings indicate that external sources of neighborhood instability may be more important to predicting violence than internal sources. Our results further provide support for social disorganization theory and point to opportunities to expand this framework.
40
Wang, Shao Rong, e Xiao Long Shi. "A Novel Iso-Neigborhood Level Set Framework". Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (gennaio 2014): 1254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1254.
Abstract (sommario):
Improved and extended level set framework with a novel iso-neigborhood concept. In the new framework, driving forces are determined by the iso-neighborhood rather than only by some exterior field outside the propagating fronts. This hybrid driving forces make the propagation of the active contour more robust. And furthermore the new framework will be very flexible to various kinds of images by defining different type of sampling algorithm in the iso-neighborhood.
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Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff e Felton Earls. "Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children". American Sociological Review 64, n. 5 (ottobre 1999): 633–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400501.
Abstract (sommario):
We propose a theoretical framework on the structural sources and spatially embedded nature of three mechanisms that produce collective efficacy for children. Using survey data collected in 1995 from 8,782 Chicago residents, we examine variations in intergenerational closure, reciprocal local exchange, and shared expectations for informal social control across 342 neighborhoods. Adjusting for respondents’ attributes, we assess the effects of neighborhood characteristics measured in the 1990 census and the role of spatial interdependence. The results show that residential stability and concentrated affluence, more so than poverty and racial/ethnic composition, predict intergenerational closure and reciprocal exchange. Concentrated disadvantage, by contrast, is associated with sharply lower expectations for shared child control. The importance of spatial dynamics in generating collective efficacy for children is highlighted—proximity to areas high in closure, exchange, and control bestows an advantage above and beyond the structural characteristics of a given neighborhood. Moreover, spatial advantages are much more likely to accrue to white neighborhoods than to black neighborhoods.
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Alagarsamy, Manjunathan, Sathya Selvaraj Sinnasamy, Indhumathi Gopal, Radhika Kuppusamy, Anwar Basha Haffishthullah e Kannadhasan Suriyan. "An effective gossip routing based wireless sensor network framework for forest fire detection". International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 12, n. 3 (1 novembre 2023): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v12.i3.pp392-402.
Abstract (sommario):
<p><span>This research looks about a counsel structure that uses degree-supervised snitch to consider allocated sensor networks. Level managed snitch is a proposed process that combines evening out and invading together. This strategy reduces the number of possible messages by delivering them via the base station mechanism, hence increasing the sensor neighborhood’s presence time. The sensor district, which contains numerous sensor centers, is dynamically assigned into phases of extended clear by the use of various energy ranges at the base station. The game design divides the entire sensor neighborhood into distinct concentric zones based on distance from the base station, with the group being routed from high-capacity center to center locations within the lower-capacity zone. The transmission of information proximity of the forest fire to the base station will increase the opportunity. The primary benefit of the display is that it sends a basic event with a higher probability while also conserving the presence time of the neighborhood destiny noticing.</span></p>
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Elmubarak, Marwan, Naeema AlHosani, Mohamed Yagoub e Amar Khamis. "The Effects of Objective and Perceived Neighborhood Amenities on Youths’ Wellbeing: The Case of the City of Al Ain, UAE". Sustainability 15, n. 4 (15 febbraio 2023): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043550.
Abstract (sommario):
The last 20 years have witnessed steady research originating in Western societies on the possible correlation between spatial qualities of places and individual wellbeing. Cultural and place-specific factors, however, may limit generalizability to different settings. This study explored whether the spatial qualities of neighborhoods in the city of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), influence the wellbeing of the city’s youths. A questionnaire was developed based on a conceptual framework (CP) delineating wellbeing and its relationship to spatial qualities. The CP was drawn from the literature on wellbeing, positive psychology, and urban design. Results indicated that the city of Al Ain youths regard specific neighborhood amenities and a few neighborhood spatial qualities relatively highly but generally tend to respond neutrally to most other features. High use of individual cars may have given the youths other options to form communities of interest beyond their neighborhoods. Recommendations to enhance youths’ engagement at the neighborhood level were discussed together with suggestions for future research. The study has implications for both policy and planning decisions, particularly as several government initiatives and programs continue to be oriented toward youth empowerment with the objective of enhancing their effectiveness and wellbeing.
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Wilkins, Andrew, Aaron Johnson, Xuguang Wang, Nicholas A. Gasperoni e Yongming Wang. "Multi-Scale Object-Based Probabilistic Forecast Evaluation of WRF-Based CAM Ensemble Configurations". Atmosphere 12, n. 12 (6 dicembre 2021): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121630.
Abstract (sommario):
Convection-allowing model (CAM) ensembles contain a distinctive ability to predict convective initiation location, mode, and morphology. Previous studies on CAM ensemble verification have primarily used neighborhood-based methods. A recently introduced object-based probabilistic (OBPROB) framework provides an alternative and novel framework in which to re-evaluate aspects of optimal CAM ensemble design with an emphasis on ensemble storm mode and morphology prediction. Herein, we adopt and extend the OBPROB method in conjunction with a traditional neighborhood-based method to evaluate forecasts of four differently configured 10-member CAM ensembles. The configurations include two single-model/single-physics, a single-model/multi-physics, and a multi-model/multi-physics configuration. Both OBPROB and neighborhood frameworks show that ensembles with more diverse member-to-member designs improve probabilistic forecasts over single-model/single-physics designs through greater sampling of different aspects of forecast uncertainties. Individual case studies are evaluated to reveal the distinct forecast features responsible for the systematic results identified from the different frameworks. Neighborhood verification, even at high reflectivity thresholds, is primarily impacted by mesoscale locations of convective and stratiform precipitation across scales. In contrast, the OBPROB verification explicitly focuses on convective precipitation only and is sensitive to the morphology of similarly located storms.
45
Jin, Jiarui, Kounianhua Du, Weinan Zhang, Jiarui Qin, Yuchen Fang, Yong Yu, Zheng Zhang e Alexander J. Smola. "GraphHINGE: Learning Interaction Models of Structured Neighborhood on Heterogeneous Information Network". ACM Transactions on Information Systems 40, n. 3 (31 luglio 2022): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3472956.
Abstract (sommario):
Heterogeneous information network (HIN) has been widely used to characterize entities of various types and their complex relations. Recent attempts either rely on explicit path reachability to leverage path-based semantic relatedness or graph neighborhood to learn heterogeneous network representations before predictions. These weakly coupled manners overlook the rich interactions among neighbor nodes, which introduces an early summarization issue. In this article, we propose GraphHINGE ( H eterogeneous IN teract and aggre G at E ), which captures and aggregates the interactive patterns between each pair of nodes through their structured neighborhoods. Specifically, we first introduce Neighborhood-based Interaction (NI) module to model the interactive patterns under the same metapaths, and then extend it to Cross Neighborhood-based Interaction (CNI) module to deal with different metapaths. Next, in order to address the complexity issue on large-scale networks, we formulate the interaction modules via a convolutional framework and learn the parameters efficiently with fast Fourier transform. Furthermore, we design a novel neighborhood-based selection (NS) mechanism, a sampling strategy, to filter high-order neighborhood information based on their low-order performance. The extensive experiments on six different types of heterogeneous graphs demonstrate the performance gains by comparing with state-of-the-arts in both click-through rate prediction and top-N recommendation tasks.
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Abdumijit, Tursunay, Dong Zhao e Ronghua Zhang. "Neighborhood Food Environment and Children’s BMI: A New Framework with Structural Equation Modeling". Nutrients 14, n. 21 (3 novembre 2022): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214631.
Abstract (sommario):
The relationship between neighborhood food environment and childhood obesity is complex and not yet well defined by current research in China, especially when considering the integrated effects with other relative factors. The main purpose of this article is to introduce a framework of children’s weight status, based on their neighborhood food environment, and to identify the impact of food environment on the children’s BMI and potential pathways. The participants of this cross-sectional study were students aged 8–16.5 years old and their parents. Two conceptual frameworks were tested using the structural equation modeling method, and two models were extracted. Model B added the neighborhood food environment based on model A. By comparing the two models, the neighborhood environment was potentially correlated with the children’s BMI directly and may have a positive impact on unhealthy-food eating behaviors, which were positively associated with the children’s BMI. The results suggest that the focus should be placed on the integrated effects of the potential risk factors of childhood obesity, based on considering the neighborhood food environment, which may relate to children’s unhealthy-food eating behaviors and weight status.
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Walton, Emily. "“It's Not Just a Bunch of Buildings”: Social Psychological Investment, Sense of Community, and Collective Efficacy in a Multiethnic Low–Income Neighborhood". City & Community 15, n. 3 (settembre 2016): 231–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12189.
Abstract (sommario):
This analysis of social life in a poor, multiethnic public housing neighborhood presents an opportunity for refinement of social disorganization theory. Drawing on data from interviews, focus groups, and participant observations among residents, I find that this neighborhood exhibits substantial collective efficacy, despite social disorganization theory's predictions that the structural conditions of high poverty and racial and ethnic diversity result in low collective efficacy. I explicate two social psychological investment strategies—sense of ownership and symbolic representation—that appear to facilitate a sense of community and ultimately collective efficacy, helping to explain this apparent anomaly. I argue that even in the presence of structural disadvantage, having a strong sense of community provides a basis for beneficial action on behalf of the collective because it constitutes a source of shared expectations about values and norms in the neighborhood. These findings suggest refinements to the social disorganization framework, but also provide foundational ideas for policy interventions that may improve the social lives of residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Sarwar, Sheikh Muhammad, Dimitrina Zlatkova, Momchil Hardalov, Yoan Dinkov, Isabelle Augenstein e Preslav Nakov. "A Neighborhood Framework for Resource-Lean Content Flagging". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (2022): 484–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00472.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract We propose a novel framework for cross- lingual content flagging with limited target- language data, which significantly outperforms prior work in terms of predictive performance. The framework is based on a nearest-neighbor architecture. It is a modern instantiation of the vanilla k-nearest neighbor model, as we use Transformer representations in all its components. Our framework can adapt to new source- language instances, without the need to be retrained from scratch. Unlike prior work on neighborhood-based approaches, we encode the neighborhood information based on query– neighbor interactions. We propose two encoding schemes and we show their effectiveness using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Our evaluation results on eight languages from two different datasets for abusive language detection show sizable improvements of up to 9.5 F1 points absolute (for Italian) over strong baselines. On average, we achieve 3.6 absolute F1 points of improvement for the three languages in the Jigsaw Multilingual dataset and 2.14 points for the WUL dataset.
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Zheng, Helen W., Geoffrey QP Shen, Yan Song, Bingxia Sun e Jingke Hong. "Neighborhood sustainability in urban renewal: An assessment framework". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, n. 5 (23 giugno 2016): 903–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516655547.
Abstract (sommario):
Urban renewal provides valuable opportunities for sustainable development. Sustainability assessment is considered a useful tool in ensuring sustainable development in practice. Although a number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential of urban renewal, studies on sustainability assessment in urban renewal at a neighborhood scale are often ignored. However, urban renewal is normally accompanied by many social, economic, and environmental conflicts among various stakeholders. The present paper proposes a framework for assessing neighborhood sustainability to support urban renewal decision making in high-density cities such as Hong Kong. This framework includes two components: (1) sustainability and building condition and (2) a decision-making matrix for urban renewal strategies. A case study was conducted to illustrate how this framework can be applied in the decision-making process of urban renewal projects. The results are expected to provide references for urban renewal decision making in high-density cities.
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Brimberg, Jack, Nenad Mladenović, Raca Todosijević e Dragan Urošević. "A general framework for nested variable neighborhood search". Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics 58 (aprile 2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2017.03.021.