Articoli di riviste sul tema "National Academies (U.S.)"

Jerome E. Dobson, professor emeritus, University of Kansas; president of the American Geographical Society; and recipient of the 2014 James R. Anderson Medal of Honor in Applied Geography, discusses his career in the context of America's academic purge of geography. Highlights include his time as a Jefferson Science Fellow with the National Academies and U. S. Department of State. Dobson has been recognized with two lifetime achievement awards for his pioneering work in geographic information systems (GIS) and as Alumnus of 2013 at Reinhardt University. His contributions include the paradigm of automated geography, his instrumental role in originating the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and his leadership of the LandScan Global Population Database, the de facto world standard for estimating populations at risk. His recent research includes testing a new system for mapping minefields; designing and promulgating the current world standard for cartographic representation of landmines, minefields, and mine actions; and leading six AGS Bowman Expeditions.

<p>A quarter century ago the landmark report from the U. S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine entitled <em>“</em><em>Emerging Infections, Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” </em>was released. This classic study captured the societal changes then underway in our rapidly growing world: The growth of the world’s population and changing human behavior; the advances and globalization of technology and industry; the changes in economic development and land use; the dramatic increase in speed and frequency of international travel and commerce; the adaptation of microbes and the appearance of never before seen pathogens; and the breakdown of traditional public health measures. This societal evolution has only increased and the growing frequency of outbreaks foretold in the report has come to pass. Each new disaster has precipitated changes and adaptations in our global response to infectious diseases designed to reduce risks and avoid future outbreaks. We discuss these past events and how each led to change in an effort to mitigate future threats. We also look to the future to consider what challenges might lay ahead.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Major outbreaks over the past quarter century validated the concept of emerging infectious diseases and led to improvements in global policies and national public health programs; however, there will likely always be new diseases and the threat of reemergence of diseases once thought controlled leading to a constant need for vigilance in public health preparedness.</p>

The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid Reference Afmansyah, T. H. (2019). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Pembiayaan Pendidikan. INA-Rxiv Paper. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/5ysw4 Akdon. (2015). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2013). K–12 CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, (13), 1–12. Azhari, U. L., & Kurniady, D. A. (2016). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan, Fasilitas Pembelajaran, Dan Mutu Sekolah. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan, 23(2). Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62(4), 647. Bijanto. (2018). Mengakreditasi PAUD dan PNF. Retrieved from https://banpaudpnf.kemdikbud.go.id/berita/mengakreditasi-paud-dan-pnf Brinkman, S. A., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Nakajima, N., & Pradhan, M. (2017). The role of preschool quality in promoting child development: evidence from rural Indonesia*. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(4), 483–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1331062 Campbell-Barr, V. (2019). Interpretations of child centred practice in early childhood education and care. Compare, 49(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1401452 Chandrawaty, Ndari, S. S., Mujtaba, I., & Ananto, M. C. (2019). Children’s Outdoor Activities and Parenting Style in Children’s Social Skill. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 13(November), 217–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.132.02 Chrystiana, N., & Alip, M. (2014). Komponen Biaya Dan Biaya Satuan Operasi Pendidikan Taman Kanak-Kanak (Studi Kasus Di 3 Taman Kanak-Kanak). Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.21831/amp.v2i1.2410 Denboba, A., Hasan, A., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia. In World Bank http://ideas.repec.org/b/wbk/wbpubs/22376.html Publications. Retrieved from Firdaus, N. M., & Ansori, A. (2019). Optimizing Management of Early Childhood Education in Community Empowerment. Journal of Nonformal Education, 5(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v5i1.18532 Harris, D. N. (2009). Toward policy-relevant benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes: Combining effects with costs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373708327524 Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., Nakajima, N., & Pradhan, M. (2019). Built to Last Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Savelyev, P. A., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. Journal of Public Economics, 94(1–2), 114– 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001 Hollands, F., Bowden, A. B., Belfield, C., Levin, H. M., Cheng, H., Shand, R., ... Hanisch-Cerda, B. (2014). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Interventions to Improve High School Completion. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 36(3), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373713511850 Howard, S. J., & Melhuish, E. (2017). An Early Years Toolbox for Assessing Early Executive Function, Language, Self-Regulation, and Social Development: Validity, Reliability, and Preliminary Norms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(3), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916633009 Institute of Medicine (Author), National Research Council (Author), Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (Author), and Families Board on Children, Youth (Author), C. on S. B.-C. M. for the E. of E. C. I. (Author). (2009). Strengthening Benefit-Cost Analysis for Early Childhood Interventions: Workshop Summary (A. Beatty, Ed.). Washington DC: National Academies Press. Keith, R. s. (2018). The Cost of Inequality: The Importance Of Investing In High Quality Early Childhood Education Programs (University of Colorado Springs; V ol. 53). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Lamy, C. E. (2014). American Children in Chronic Poverty: Complex Risks, Benefit-Cost Analyses, and Untangling the Knot. United Kingdom: Lexington Books; Reprint edition. Levin, by H. M., McEwan, P. J., Belfield, C. R., Bowden, A. B., & Shand, R. D. (2017). Economic Evaluation in Education: Cost-Effectiveness and Benefit-Cost Analysis (Third Edit). California: Sage Publication. Levin, H. (2001). Waiting for godot: Cost-effectiveness analysis in education. New Directions for Evaluation, 2001(90), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.12 Lovchinov, V. A., Mädge, H., & Christensen, A. N. (1984). On the thermodynamic properties of Vnx. In Materials Letters (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-577X(84)90080-6 Mujahidun. (2016). Pmerataan Pendidikan Anak Bangsa: Pendidikan Gratis Versus Kapitalisme Pendidikan. Tarbiyatuna, 7(1), 38–52. Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Brinkman, S., Pradhan, M., & Angela Kinnel. (2016). Investing in school readiness : an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia. World Bank Research Working Paper, (September), 1–45. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/656521474904442550/Investing-in-school- readiness-an-analysis-of-the-cost-effectiveness-of-early-childhood-education-pathways-in- rural-Indonesia Pidarta, M. (2013). Landasan Kependidikan Stimulus Ilmu Pendidikan Bercorak Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. SISDIKNAS, U. (2003). Undang-undang Sisdiknas No 20 Tahun 2003. (1). Suyadi, S. (2017). Perencanaan dan Asesmen Perkembangan Pada Anak Usia Dini. Golden Age: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 65–74. Retrieved from http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/tarbiyah/index.php/goldenage/article/view/1251 Tedjawati, J. M. (2013). Pendanaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 19(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v19i3.294 UNESCO. (2013). Why every child deserves a quality education. 1–16. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000223826 West, A., & Noden, P. (2019). ‘Nationalising’ and Transforming the Public Funding of Early Years Education (and care) in England 1996–2017. British Journal of Educational Studies, 67(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2018.1478058 West, A., Roberts, J., & Noden, P. (2010). Funding Early Years Education And Care: Can A Mixed Economy Of Providers Deliver Universal High Quality Provision? British Journal of Educational Studies, 58(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071000903520850

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be an important bacterial pathogen associated with invasive (e.g. bacteraemia, meningitis) and non-invasive (e.g. community-acquired respiratory tract) infections worldwide. Surveillance studies conducted nationally and globally assist in determining trends over geographical areas and allow comparisons between countries. Objectives To characterize invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae in terms of their serotype, antimicrobial resistance, genotype and virulence and to use the serotype data to determine the level of coverage by different generations of pneumococcal vaccines. Methods SAVE (Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: Assessment for Vaccine Efficacy in Canada) is an ongoing, annual, national collaborative study between the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARE) and the National Microbiology Laboratory, focused on characterizing invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained across Canada. Clinical isolates from normally sterile sites were forwarded by participating hospital public health laboratories to the Public Health Agency of Canada—National Microbiology Laboratory and CARE for centralized phenotypic and genotypic investigation. Results The four articles in this Supplement provide a comprehensive examination of the changing patterns of antimicrobial resistance and MDR, serotype distribution, genotypic relatedness and virulence of invasive S. pneumoniae obtained across Canada over a 10 year period (2011–2020). Conclusions The data highlight the evolution of S. pneumoniae under pressure by vaccination and antimicrobial usage, as well as vaccine coverage, allowing both clinicians and researchers nationally and globally to view the current status of invasive pneumococcal infections in Canada.

Many studies have shown a link between being competent in early mathematics and achievement in school. Early math skills have the potential to be the best predictors of later performance in reading and mathematics. Movement and songs are activities that children like, making it easier for teachers to apply mathematical concepts through this method. This study aims to develop audio-visual learning media in the form of songs with a mixture of western and traditional musical idioms, accompanied by movements that represent some of the teaching of early mathematics concepts. The stages of developing the ADDIE model are the basis for launching new learning media products related to math and art, and also planting the nation's cultural arts from an early age. These instructional media products were analyzed by experts and tested for their effectiveness through experiments on five children aged 3-4 years. The qualitative data were analyzed using transcripts of field notes and observations and interpreted in a descriptive narrative. The quantitative data were analyzed using gain score statistics. The results showed that there was a significant increase in value for early mathematical understanding of the concepts of geometry, numbers and measurement through this learning medium. The results of the effectiveness test become the final basis of reference for revision and complement the shortcomings of this learning medium. Further research can be carried out to develop other mathematical concepts through motion and song learning media, and to create experiments with a wider sample. Keywords: Early Mathematical Skills, Movement and Song Idiom Traditional, Audio-visual Learning Media References An, S. A., & Tillman, D. A. (2015). Music activities as a meaningful context for teaching elementary students mathematics: a quasi-experiment time series design with random assigned control group. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15999 An, S., Capraro, M. M., & Tillman, D. A. (2013). Elementary Teachers Integrate Music Activities into Regular Mathematics Lessons: Effects on Students’ Mathematical Abilities. Journal for Learning through the Arts: A Research Journal on Arts Integration in Schools and Communities, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.21977/d99112867 Austin, A. M. B., Blevins-Knabe, B., Ota, C., Rowe, T., & Lindauer, S. L. K. (2011). Mediators of preschoolers’ early mathematics concepts. Early Child Development and Care, 181(9), 1181–1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2010.520711 Barrett, J. E., Cullen, C., Sarama, J., Miller, A. L., & Rumsey, C. (2011). Children ’ s unit concepts in measurement : a teaching experiment spanning grades 2 through 5. 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-011-0368-8 Basco, R. O. (2020). Effectiveness of Song, Drill and Game Strategy in Improving Mathematical Performance. 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Home Numeracy Environments of Preschoolers: Examining Relations Among Mathematical Activities, Parent Mathematical Beliefs, and Early Mathematical Skills. Early Education and Development, 26(3), 356–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.968243 Moreno, S., Bialystok, E., Barac, R., Schellenberg, E. G., Cepeda, N. J., & Chau, T. (2011). Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416999 Nketia, J. H. K. (1982). Developing Contemporary Idioms out of Traditional Music. Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 24, 81. https://doi.org/10.2307/902027 Nyota, S., & Mapara, J. (2008). Shona Traditional Children ’ s Games and Play : Songs as Indigenous Ways of Knowing. English, 2(4), 189–203. Östergren, R., & Träff, U. (2013). Early number knowledge and cognitive ability affect early arithmetic ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(3), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.03.007 Pantoja, N., Schaeffer, M. W., Rozek, C. S., Beilock, S. L., & Levine, S. C. (2020). Children’s Math Anxiety Predicts Their Math Achievement Over and Above a Key Foundational Math Skill. Journal of Cognition and Development, 00(00), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2020.1832098 Papadakis, Stamatios, Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2017). Improving Mathematics Teaching in Kindergarten with Realistic Mathematical Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(3), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0768-4 Papadakis, Stamatios, Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2018). The effectiveness of computer and tablet assisted intervention in early childhood students’ understanding of numbers. An empirical study conducted in Greece. 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R e l e v a n c e : The variety of methods and approaches to the financing of medical care accumulated by the world experience determines the importance of classification. However, the existing capabilities of classification systems seem to be limited and unsuitable for practice and management decision-making. P u r p o s e : development of a new classification of health care financing systems to improve the efficiency of managerial decisions taken when modeling long-term strategies for the development of health care in the Russian Federation. M e t h o d s : A method was used based on a functional and structural analysis of the main links of the technological cycle of financing public (free at the place of delivery) medical care: coverage, determination of sources of revenues, their redistribution, consolidation, payment for medical care and management expenses for creating a new classification of health care financing systems. R e s u l t s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s : A new classification has been developed and tested to analyze the national health systems of different countries and model the most relevant changes in the health financing system. A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s : public health, public financial management, consolidation of revenues.

One of the most important areas of mathematics education that must be developed from a young age is geometry. Various studies state that arithmetic, geometry, and measurement are three mathematical disciplines that must be prioritized in early childhood education. This research aims to determine the effect of the Somatic, Auditory, Visual, and Intellectual (SAVI) learning model on the geometric abilities of children aged 5-6 years. This research uses a pre-experimental experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was 18 children aged 5-6 years old Harapan Bunda Kindergarten Pancung Sol Pesisir Selatan. Data collection was obtained from observation and documentation, then the data was analyzed using paired sample tests. The results obtained in this research are that the SAVI model can improve the geometric abilities of children aged 5-6 years. This is known from the results of the paired sample t-test, which obtained a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted so that children's initial mathematical abilities, geometry, increase through the SAVI learning model. Children may become actively involved in their education with the help of the SAVI learning model, particularly when it comes to teaching them geometric forms. Because the teacher may utilize real items to aid in learning, children can recognize and retain the geometric forms around them as they grow older. Keywords: SAVI learning model, geometry ability, early childhood References: Alfiani, D. A. (2016). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran SAVI (Somatis, Auditori, Visual, Intelektual) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Aanak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 2(1), 1-15. https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/awlady/article/view/763 Amineh, R. J., & Asl, H. D. (2015). Review Of Constructivism And Social Constructivism. 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The Role of Visual Learning in Improving Students’ High-Order Thinking Skills. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 115-121. http://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/32607/33498. Reeve, R. A. (2019). Mathematical Learning And Its Difficulties In Australia. International Handbook of Mathematical Learning Difficulties, 253–264. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97148-3 _16 Rohman, N., Rustono., & Rifa’i, A. (2016). Cooperative Learning Model To Increasing Mathematical Concept For Early Childhood. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 5(1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v5i1.11277 Sahara, R., Mardiyana., & Saputro, D. R. S. (2018). Discovery Learning With SAVI Approach In Geometry Learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1013, 1-5. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012125 Sarnoko., Ruminiarti., & Setyosari, P. (2016). Penerapan Pendekatan SAVI Berbantuan Video Pembelajaran Untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas Dan Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas IV SDN I Sanan Girimarto Wonogiri. Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(7), 1235-1241. http://journal.um.ac.id/index.php/jptpp/article/view/6524 Selmi, A. M., Gallagher, R. J., & More-Flores, E. R. (2014). Early Childhood Curriculum For All Learners: Integrating Play And Literacy Activities. SAGE Publications. Septia, P., Pandra, V., & Mandasari, N. (2023). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran SAVI Dalam Pembelajaran Bangun Ruang Untuk Mengukur Hasil Belajar Matematika, Journal of Elemantary School (JOES), 6(2), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.31539/joes.v6i2.6661 Shoimin, A. (2014). 68 Model Pembelajaran Inovatif Dalam Kurikulum 2013. Yogyakarta: Ar-ruzz Media. Sulaksana, Y. T., Margunayasa, I. G., & Wibawa, I. M. C. (2018). Pengaruh ModelPembelajaran SAVI (Somatic Auditory Visualization Intellectualy) Berbantuan LKS terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA. 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From the vantage point of August 1, 1985, the past three years are better characterized by what has failed to happen, politically, in realms directly affecting the concerns of applied linguistics in the United States than by what actually has happened. Despite 55 months of the Reagan Revolution, the Department of Education is still intact, and, with it, the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA). Bilingual education continues to receive federal funding, though predictably at levels that satisfy neither its advocates (too low) nor its detractors (too high).

Organizirani kriminal predstavlja aktualan sigurnosni rizik u posthladnoratovskom europskom sigurnosnom okruženju, te kao šira društvena devijacija, predstavlja izazov sigurnosno-obavještajnim i policijskim službama, kao tijelima sastavnicama nacionalne sigurnosti svake države, koja u, kooperativnosti i koordinaciji s partnerskim službama, rade na prevenciji i suzbijanju kriminalnih aktivnosti zločinačkih udruženja. Organizirani kriminal po svojoj naravi je obilježen određenom tajnovitošću te u detektiranju istih, državna tijela trebaju, u razmjernosti, koristi tajne mjere i radnje, koje ograničavaju temeljna ljudska prava i slobode zajamčene Ustavom i međunarodnim konvencijama. Rad je tematski podijeljen na uvod, središnje dijelove u kojima se analizira odnos nacionalne sigurnosti prema organiziranom kriminalu, rad sigurnosno-obavještajnih službi, transnacionalnost i razvoj organiziranog kriminala u Republici Hrvatskoj s posebnim osvrtom na jugoistočnu Europu, uz pregled pravne regulative te zaključna razmatranja. Cilj rada je primjenom metoda analize, deskripcije i studije slučaja odgovoriti na pitanje koliko je značenje i utjecaj organiziranog kriminala na nacionalnu sigurnost u Republici Hrvatskoj te koje su mjere prevencije i suzbijanja te negativne društvene pojave.

Zaštita prava manjina, što podrazumijeva i osiguranje učinkovitog sudjelovanja, kako u političkom, tako i u kulturnom, društvenom i gospodarskom životu pripadnika nacionalnih manjina, nedjeljiva je od načela zabrane diskriminacije. Republika Hrvatska primjer je dobro uređenog normativnog okvira učinkovitog sudjelovanja pripadnika nacionalnih manjina, što podrazumijeva i njihovo sudjelovanje u tijelima javne uprave. Zato je s ciljem utvrđivanja trendova u zapošljavanju pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u tim tijelima – tijelima državne uprave, pravosudnim tijelima i upravnim tijelima jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave – napravljena analiza javno dostupnih podataka iz izvješća o provođenju Ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina od 2009. do 2021. godine. Također, napravljena je analiza podataka o pojavnosti diskriminacije na temelju etničke pripadnosti u području rada i zapošljavanja iz izvješća o pojavama diskriminacije Ureda pučke pravobraniteljice. Analiza rezultata pokazuje trendove smanjenja udjela zaposlenih pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u spomenutim tijelima.

Recent reform recommendations for education have become more inclusive as they call for parents, families, and the community at large to become involved in efforts to improve schools (e.g., National Parent-Teacher Association [1994]; U. S. Department of Education [U. S. DOE] [1994]).

U današnjem snažno povezanom i uvezanom svijetu, kad se i stručni termini koji su inače donedavno bili rezervirani samo za uporabu u stručnim krugovima, koriste u javnom izričaju, je, više nego ikad do sad, važno razumjeti se. Često se događa da ista riječ, s drugačijim naglaskom i u drugačijem kontekstu može imati bitno različita značenja. Stoga je takve stručne prijevode potrebno prevesti na odgovarajući način uporabom znanja iz te struke, u konzultaciji s jezikoslovcima. U ovom broju časopisa National Security and the Future, donosimo prvi dio Leksikona izvještajnog nazivlja (nešto više od 120 definicija) kojeg je u većem dijelu autor prof. dr. Miroslav Tuđman. Na njemu je prof. Tuđman, s dužim pauzama, radio skoro 20 godina. U bazi podataka evidentirano je nešto više od 3000 pojmova povezanih s izvještajno-sigurnosnim djelovanjem. Bez obzira radi li se o djelovanju izvještajno-sigurnosnih agencija ili nadležnih policijskih tijela.

SUMMARY: Professionals have been working in occupational safety and health (OS&H) in the United States since at least the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Formal educational in OS&H began in earnest with passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 that included provisions for funding training in OS&H disciplines. A study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 2011 estimated that there were over 48,000 (2.3/10,000 working age adults) OS&H professionals working in the US. Employers surveyed in this study reported a need to hire over 25,000 OS&H professionals in the next 5 years. OS&H training programs were projected to graduate less than 13,000 students in that period. Core knowledge and skills in the various OS&H disciplines typically includes academic training in epidemiology, biostatistics, administration & management, behavioral health science, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, and foundation courses in occupational injury and disease prevention. Employers report interest in additional training in communication, technical writing, leadership, cross-disciplinary training, emerging hazards, and knowledge of regulations and compliance. Funding of OS&H programs has been a persistent challenge. A lack of student awareness of training and career opportunities poses additional challenges for recruitment of qualified applicants. While hiring demands and career prospects remain high for most OS&H disciplines, the support for training programs, and the supply of new graduates presents ongoing challenges for OS&H educators.

[Editors’ Comment: The following is the text of Mr. Kenny's remarks at the Second European Corporate Governance Conference, which was organized by the Vlerick Management Institute and the University of Gent, Belgium, and held at the Belgian National Bank, Brussels, 28 & 29 November 2002. The conference, which was convened by Professor Lutgart Van den Berghe of the University of Gent, was dedicated to the intensive debate over the marks and characteristics of “European Capitalism” in light of the international corporate governance debate, which has been affected by the recent earthquakes in the confidence of investors, shareholders and stakeholders precipitated by the corporate scandals of Enron, Worldcom, Global Crossing and others. The conference also took note of the impact of America's new Sarbanes-Oxley legislation, which seeks to respond to the wave of corporate scandals, on the international corporate governance debate.

Distanciranje Crne Gore od državne zajednice sa Srbijom otpočinje krajem 1990-ih, u vremenu u kojem je promotorima srpske velikodržavne ideologije izrazito sužen prostor da takvo što spriječe silom. Stoga se posegnulo za drugim instrumentima usmjerenima na uništenje ili minoriziranje identitetne konstrukcije nacionalnog crnogorstva među pravoslavnom populacijom Crne Gore te na njezino nadomještanje nacionalnim srpstvom, uz ispravnu procjenu da je nacionalno crnogorstvo glavna snaga u samosvojnom uobličavanju Crne Gore. Takva kojoj je najbolje suprotstaviti od dijela nekadašnjih nacionalnih Crnogoraca oblikovani »srpski narod u Crnoj Gori« kako bi se tu zemlju zadržalo, odnosno, nakon postizanja neovisnosti 2006. vratilo pod srpsko državno okrilje. U ovome radu dat ćemo prikaz povijesnog razvoja koji je omogućio da prikazani vid srpskog velikodržavnog djelovanja u Crnoj Gori bude relativno uspješan, a zatim i uvid u postojeće političke i nacionalne-demografske suodnose u toj zemlji. Ujedno, analizirat ćemo uzroke koji utječu na to da se nacionalno crnogorstvo teško nosi s pokušajima vlastite identitetne destrukcije te istaknuti razloge zbog kojih bi u svojim naporima za samoodržanjem trebali dobiti sasvim konkretnu podršku regionalnih i euroatlantskih struktura.

ABSTRACT The U.S. government has elected to proceed unilaterally with respect to oil spill response plans for vessels—despite the fact that it is party to two important treaties which support a globally unified system. While the timetable for implementing the vessel response plans required by U. S. legislation moves forward for tanker owners, the U. S. executive branch has not kept pace by providing badly needed guidelines—demanded by the same legislation. Of particular importance are the failure of revisions to the U. S. National Contingency Plan, area contingency plans, and oil spill cleanup contractor approval procedures and guidelines to appear.

Considering that administrative law regulations cover a significant number of areas important for citizens’ lives, administrative procedures are the most common procedures in which citizens, including children, exercise their rights and impose obligations on them. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as General Comment No. 12 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the child’s right to be heard, determine the child as an active legal subject. This applies to all procedures in which the child participates, including administrative procedures. Due to legal and therefore procedural capacity, the child is represented by legal representatives in the administrative procedure, which does not reduce the active role of the child in the procedure, who has the right to be heard, that is, to express an opinion on issues related to him. Therefore, this paper aims to present the position of the child in the administrative procedure in the Republic of Croatia, that is, its procedural rights from the aspect of representation and the right to be heard. In the first part of the paper, the assumptions of the child’s party activity in the administrative procedure are analyzed, after which the representation of the child according to the Family Law Act and the General Administrative Procedure Act is presented. In the central part of the paper, de lege lata, the child’s right to be heard is analyzed in the context of international law and national regulations, in relation to administrative procedures. Taking into account the importance of the status law issues, the paper presents the position of the child in administrative procedures related to personal name, identity card, travel documents, Croatian citizenship, and residence, analyzing the legal arrangement of the child’s representation and its right to be heard, that is, to express its opinion.

U članku se raspravlja o djelima iz nedavno atribuirane zbirke crteža Charles-Louisa Clérisseaua iz Francuske nacionalne knjižnice, koja se ovdje prvi put objavljuju. Odabrani Clérisseauovi akvareli iz te zbirke kompozicijski su nedvojbeno usporedivi s poznatim grafikama Giovannija Battiste Piranesija iz serije grafika Carceri d’Invenzione (1761.) te antičkim spomenicima koji se nalaze duž Via Appia iz Piranesijeve serije grafika Antichità Romane (1756./1757.). U radu se donosi usporedna analiza njihovih djela, kako bi se istaknula originalnost Clérisseauove manire. Pojam manira ovdje uključuje intelektualnu i manualnu komponentu umjetnikova stvaralaštva - i ističe razlike među njima. U djelu Cours de peinture par principes iz 1708. godine, teoretičar slikarstva Roger de Piles (1635. - 1709.) razlikuje maniru kao »stilove mišljenja« i »stilove izvedbe« - misleći na različite izvedbene tehnike. Usporedba djela dvojice umjetnika - sličnosti u njihovim temama i kompozicijama, te gotovo potpuno različite umjetničke interpretacije - omogućuje nam da bolje razumijemo Clérisseauovu maniru u obje njezine komponente. Primjeri iz Francuske nacionalne knjižnice omogućuju usporedbu dvaju tipova Clérisseauovih i Piranesijevih radova: jedno su arhitektonske fantazije (capriccio), a drugo crteži stvarnih antičkih spomenika. Za Clérisseaua je kopiranje konstrukcijske osnove Piranesijevih grafika s prikazima arhitektonskih fantazija bila isključivo kompozicijska vježba, jer je u svom crtežu komunicirao potpuno različitu atmosferu od Piranesijeve, koristeći pritom izražajne mogućnosti tehnike akvarela. Unatoč kompozicijskim sličnostima, Clérisseau nije predstavio rimsku antiku istom snagom imaginacije kakvu je posjedovao Piranesi. Bio je putnik i istraživač čija je originalnost bila upravo u prenošenju na papir velikog broja nježno obojenih pitoresknih kompozicija s klasičnim motivima koje su bile arheološki i arhitektonski točne, kako u detaljima tako i u cjelini. Žanrovski gledano, i Piranesi i Clérisseau su koristili karakteristike capriccia u svojim opusima, no Clérisseauova sklonost arhitektonskoj fantaziji posve je drukčija od Piranesijeve. Dok se Clérisseauovi crteži, koji se ističu svojom arheološkom pouzdanošću, doimaju realističnima čak i kad su radikalno imaginarni, u Piranesijevu se djelu gotovo svaki crtež čini, u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, fantazijom. Novoatribuirani Clérisseauovi crteži naglašavaju razliku između originalnosti u manualnim i intelektualnim sastavnicama Clérisseauovih crteža. Slijedeći de Pilesovu definiciju, mogli bismo reći da je Clérisseau kopirao Piranesijeve kompozicijske konstrukcije slike kako bi razvio »stil izvedbe« te na temelju toga izgradio vlastiti »stil mišljenja«.

ABSTRACT U.S. national parks and glacier research are inextricably linked. They are also an integral part of our history and cultural identity. For example, John Muir studied glaciers at Yosemite, Glacier Bay, and other future park areas. He measured glacier movement and recognized signs of past glaciations. Most U.S. glacier research now occurs in national parks due to the areas that they protect. Of the approximately 75,000 km2 of glacier coverage in the U.S., only 683 km2 lies outside of Alaska. Glaciers covering an area of 43,745 km2 are wholly or partly enclosed within nine Alaskan parks. 29,041 km2 occur in Wrangell-St. Elias alone. The relationship of national parks and glaciers is not mere chance. As Robert Sterling Yard said, “Geology is the anatomy of scenery”. Glaciers are responsible for the scenery and habitat of many national parks from Glacier to Glacier Bay. Here, I highlight past contributions from glacier researchers in national parks and how glaciers have shaped the foundations of many national parks.

B a c k g r o u n d . In recent decades, an international system of export control of both military products and TPP has been formed. Due to objective reasons, this system is constantly changing, which requires appropriate adaptation of national legislation and administrative mechanisms. In view of this, an important scientific and practical task is the study of trends in the development of the international export control system, in particular in relation to the TPP. This is necessary for the development of measures aimed at deepening international cooperation and increasing the effectiveness of TPP export control at the national level. M e t h o d s . The following methods were used: analytical, retrospective, comparative. R e s u l t s . The article specifies the essence and features of the implementation of export control of dual-purpose technologies. C o n c l u s i o n s . Export control, as a set of norms of international law, contractual and political obligations aimed at reducing the risk of the use of military force, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, means of their delivery and countering terrorism, is an important component of the international security regime. The relevance of export control is determined by two factors: the possibility of export control to contribute to the interests of international security and the possibility of achieving their own national interests by the states that apply it.

International economic factors increasingly influence American trade and exchange policy, and interdependence also circumscribes the autonomous choice of domestic policies. But the growing concern of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) policymakers over the potential for macroeconomic policy coordination to enhance national as well as world welfare implies that international economic relations present opportunities rather than constraints under some circumstances. This suggests that understanding domestic economic policy choice within its international context involves not only how policy choices are made within the bounds of international constraints, but also when countries might cooperate to modify the constraints themselves. This research looks to four important historical cases for information on these questions: the first three are the series of cumulating crises in the international monetary system during the 1960s and early 1970s, the fourth is the energy supply shock of 1973 and the recession that followed. The article describes the process of policy selection in each of these cases, contrasting domestic versus international premises for policy choice. The economics literature has emphasized the magnitude of domestic welfare gains available from coordinated national economic policies. Although the cases considered here do not contradict the importance of payoffs, they underline the corresponding role of political, economic, and strategic uncertainty in conditioning elites' policy choices.

AbstractIn 2016, the National Academies on Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released a report titled, “Hearing Health Care for Adults,” which detailed the challenges and provided recommendations for improving the access to affordable hearing care for adults in the United States. Arguably the most significant outcome from this report was the subsequent passage of the Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Act in 2017, which requires the Food and Drug Administration to develop regulations for a class of hearing aids that address mild to moderate hearing loss to be available for sale over the counter (OTC). While this presents an important step toward improving access and affordability of hearing treatment, it does not represent a complete solution. In fact, optimizing the new landscape of hearing care for individuals with hearing loss also may require new policy solutions. This article reflects on the progress achieved since the NASEM report and the policy issues that remain to improve accessibility and affordability of hearing care among older adults.

The paper describes factors that lead to the United States trade restrictions, particularly export control at the end of the second decade; the challenges of the United States policy, prospects for international trade relations. World trade is expected to grow this year after reducing in the previous one. The outlook for trade development remains with a large degree of uncertainty due to economic, financial risks, effects of struggle against pandemia; national policies. The US trade restriction policies are in focus. Besides imposing import tariffs; controlling exports of software, sensitive equipment, technology has been transformed under Trump’s administration in the context of national security, foreign policy objectives. Limiting access to the most sensitive U.S. technology has been putting in practice along with new export controls on software; restrictions on the emerging and foundational technologies. Export Control Reform that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Trump has determined a new stage in US policy and may bring more uncertainty as concerning relations with other countries.

The present article attempts to integrate and comprehensively analyze the main stages in the formation and development of the U. S. policy and legislation on the use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies. In connection with recent announcements — the new lunar space program “Artemis” launched by NASA in May 2019, negotiations on bilateral “Artemis Accords” with potential partners in May 2020 (concluded by the U. S. with several states in October 2020), and Donald Trump’s Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources — the article focuses on U. S. policy and legislation in the light of the principles and norms enshrined in the following space treaties: the Outer Space Treaty, 1967 (main space treaty), and the Moon Agreement, 1979. The authors, using historical-legal, formal-legal, and comparative legal methods, show the changing position of the U. S. taken by their delegation during the drafting of the aforementioned international treaties, and the U. S. authorities’’ constant adjustment of their national policy and legislation on the exploration of space and its natural resources. To clarify the initial U. S. Position on key aspects, the authors refer to the travaux preparatoires of both the Outer Space Treaty, 1967, and “uncertainty” (according to the U. S. authorities, which had been the active drafter at the time) of the Moon Agreement, 1979. Condensed opinions of leading space experts and famous researchers on international space law are submitted in the article resulting for the authors in: U. S. pursue destructive policy aiming at undermining enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty, 1967, fundamental basis of international space law.

S konvolucijsko nevronsko mrežo U-Net smo zaznavali posamezna drevesa, skupine dreves in grmovnic, drevorede, gozd, mejice, obvodno vegetacijo in drevesa v sadovnjakih, ki jih gradijo različne vrste olesenele vegetacije. Osnovni vhodni podatek je bil ortofoto, ki smo mu z namenom boljše klasifikacije dodajali dodatne sloje. Najboljši rezultat smo dobili s kombinacijo ortofota in modela višin krošenj – skupna natančnost klasifikacije je bila 93,3%. Ta kombinacija vhodnih podatkov je zvišala natančnost klasifikacije razredov gozd in ostalo, ki predstavljata daleč največji delež učnih vzorcev, medtem ko je bil rezultat za manj zastopane razrede (zlasti drevored) tudi pri tej klasifikaciji slabši. Woody vegetation detection with the U-Net convolutional neural network Single trees, groups of trees and bushes, trees in rows, forest, hedges, riparian vegetation and trees in orchards, all of which are composed by different woody vegetation species, were classified using convolutional neural network U-Net. National orthophoto represented basic input data, however adding further layers was tested with a view of improving classification. Best results were obtained using orthophoto and canopy height model combination, the overall accuracy reached 93.3%. This combination increased accuracies achieved at two biggest classes (classes forest and other). The model performed much worse with other classes, that were less represented in training data, which is especially true for trees in rows.

With the decline in Naval new building activities, U. S. Shipyards must once again reenter the commercial shipbuilding arena to provide a stabilized workload, and to maintain an industrial shipbuilding base that is vitally important for our national security. This paper will address the steps taken by one major U. S. Shipyard to become competitive in the commercial market, will explain the experiences that were encountered in their defense conversion, and will specifically address the shipyard modernization that has resulted from this new focus.

U radu je bibliometrijskim metodama analiziran časopis National Security and The Future. Obrađeno je razdoblje od prvog broja časopisa objavljenog 2000. godine do zadnjeg broja objavljenog u 2018. godini. Analizirana građa je prikupljena s portala HRČAK (Portal hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa) ili sa stranice samog časopisa. Ukupno je prikupljeno i analizirano objavljenih 257 članaka, koje potpisuje 134 različita autora tijekom 19 godina izlaženja časopisa. Analizom su obuhvaćeni različiti parametri od autora, čitanost časopisa do ključnih riječi i supojavnosti ključnih riječi točnije pojavnosti i supojavnosti obrađenih tema.

Few cohort studies have examined relationships between aircraft noise and health, none in the United States. We evaluated associations between aircraft noise and incident hypertension in three national cohorts of women, the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHS/NHSII) and the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). Noise levels around 90 airports for 1995–2015 (in 5-year intervals) were modeled using the Aviation Environmental Design Tool and assigned to participants’ geocoded addresses over time. Hypertension risks were estimated using time-varying Cox proportional-hazards models for day-night average sound level dichotomized at 45 and 55 decibels (dB), adjusting for fixed and time-varying covariates. Hypertension cases were 33,190, 28 256, 5299 over 0.7M,1.3M, and 0.09M person-years in NHS, NHSII, and WHI, respectively. In combined NHS/NHSII, we observed adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.07) for 45dB and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.15) for 55 dB cut-points. In WHI, we observed preliminary HRs of 1.03 (0.94, 1.16) for 45 dB and 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) for 55 dB cut-points. Overall, in these cohorts, we did not find clear evidence of a positive association between aircraft noise exposure and hypertension.