Articoli di riviste: "Nano-Antibody"

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Peng, Jianyun, Yongling Tao, Xiaoru Zhang, Meijuan Xiang, Zhihong Gui, Jing Wu e Liqing Yin. "Effect of Preparation of β2M Nano Antibody Adsorbent for Blood Purification on Dialysis Complications in Patients with Renal Failure". Science of Advanced Materials 13, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3881.

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In order to purify blood and adsorb β2M, a highly selective immunosorbent biomaterial based on nano antibody was designed. First of all, nanoantibodies against β2M in patients with renal failure are screened by phage display library technology. After 4 rounds of screening, 12 kinds of monoclonal phage samples are compared by ELISA, and the highest affinity sequence A53 is obtained. Then, the nano antibody A53 is transferred into two kinds of host bacteria respectively, and the host E. coli Shuffle T7 is selected, and then purified by nickel column affinity, thus obtaining high purity nano antibody A53S. Five kinds of nano antibody adsorbents are prepared by using A53S as a component of adsorbent. The results show that the effect of D series adsorbent with ɛ-poly-L-lysine as spacer is better, but the ligand density should be adjusted reasonably to ensure the activity of nanoantibody protein. When the loading concentration of β2M is set to 1.8 mg/ml, adsorbent D-1 can adsorb 11.78 mg/ml of dynamic adsorption capacity of β2M. This index is significantly higher than the dynamic adsorption capacity of plasma system under the same conditions (P < 0.05), which proves that the nano antibody adsorbent biomaterial can effectively adsorb β2M, thus reducing the probability of dialysis complications.

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Wang, Yi, Yujin Feng, Xiaoyun Yang, Wengang Wang e Yueheng Wang. "Diagnosis of Atherosclerotic Plaques Using Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Targeting Antibody Nano-microbubble as Ultrasound Contrast Agent". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (5 maggio 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6524592.

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The atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by narrowing of blood vessels and reduced blood flow leading to the insufficient blood supply to the brain. The hemodynamic changes caused by arterial stenosis increase the shearing force of the fibrous cap on the surface of the plaque, thereby reducing the stability of the plaque. Unstable plaques are more likely to promote angiogenesis and increase the risk of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. A timely understanding of the formation and stability of the arterial plaque can guide in taking targeted measures for reducing the risk of acute stroke in patients. It has been confirmed that nano-microbubbles can enter these plaques through the gaps in the patient’s vascular endothelial cells, thereby enhancing the acquisition of ultrasound information for plaque visualization. Therefore, we aim to investigate the diagnostic value of targeted nano-microbubbles for atherosclerotic plaques. This study constructed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) targeting antibody nano-microbubbles and compared its diagnostic value with that of blank nano-microbubbles for atherosclerotic plaques. Studies have found that VEGFR-2 targeting antibody nano-microbubbles can accurately detect the position of plaques. Its detection rate, sensitivity, and specificity for plaques are higher than those of blank nano-microbubbles. Similarly, the peak intensity and average transit time of VEGFR-2 targeting antibody nano-microbubbles were greater than those of blank nano-microbubbles. Therefore, we believe that the combination of VEGFR-2 antibody and nano-microbubbles can enhance the acquisition of ultrasound information on atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization, thereby improving the early diagnosis of unstable plaque.

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Mahmoudi, Tohid, Mohammad Pourhassan-Moghaddam, Behnaz Shirdel, Behzad Baradaran, Eden Morales-Narváez e Hamed Golmohammadi. "(Nano)tag–antibody conjugates in rapid tests". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, n. 27 (2021): 5414–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00571e.

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Antibodies are naturally derived materials with favorable affinity, selectivity, and fast binding kinetics to the respective antigens, which enables their application as promising recognition elements in the development of various types of rapid tests.

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Gupta, Ankur, Monalisha Nayak, Deepak Singh e Shantanu Bhattacharya. "Antibody immobilization for ZnO nanowire based biosensor application". MRS Proceedings 1675 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.848.

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ABSTRACTDue to the high surface area and good bio-compatibility of nano structured ZnO, it finds good utility in biosensor applications. In this work we have fabricated highly dense ZnO nano bundles with the assistance of self assembled poly methylsilisesquoxane (PMSSQ) matrix which has been realized in a carpet like configuration with implanted ZnO nano-seeds. Such high aspect ratio structures (∼50) with carpet like layout have been realized for the first time using solution chemistry. Nanoparticles of PMMSQ are mixed with a nano-assembler Poly-propylene glycol (PPG) and Zinc Oxide nanoseeds (5-15 nm). The PPG acts by assembling the PMSSQ nanoparticles and evaporates from this film thus creating the highly porous nano-assembly of PMMSQ nanoparticles with implanted Zinc Oxide seeds. Nano-wire bundles with a high overall surface roughness are grown over this template by a daylong incubation of an aqueous solution of hexamethylene tetra amine and Zinc nitrate. Characterization of the fabricated structures has been extensively performed using FESEM, EDAX, and XRD. We envision these films to have potential of highly dense immobilization platforms for antibodies in immunosensors. The principle advantage in our case is a high aspect ratio of the nano-bundles and a high level of roughness in overall surface topology of the carpet outgrowing the zinc-oxide nanowire bundles. Antibody immobilization has been performed by modifying the surface with protein-G followed by Goat anti salmonella antibody. Antibody activity has been characterized by using 3D profiler, Bio-Rad Protein assay and UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

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Souto, Elizabeth XISTO, Laiz CAMEIRAO Bento, Flavia ARANDAS Sousa, Marilia SANDOVAL Passaro, Andressa DA COSTA Vaz, Daniela Schimidell, Barbara FAZIALI Bueno et al. "Anti-CD38 Nanoantibody (JK36) Allows Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Daratumumab". Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28 novembre 2023): 4703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-182757.

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Objective: To evaluate the performance of the camel anti-CD38 antibody JK36 by flow cytometry in patients with Multiple Myeloma treated with Daratumumab. Materials and Methods: 7 bone marrow samples from patients with Multiple Myeloma treated with Daratumumab were evaluated. The immunophenotypic markers studied routinely were: Tube 1 CD38 FITC (T16 - Beckman Coulter), CD56 PE, CD20 PERCP-Cy5.5, CD19 PC7, Kappacy APC, Lambdacy APC-H7, CD45 V450 and CD138 V500; Tube 2 CD38 FITC (T16 - Beckman Coulter), CD28 PE, CD27 PERCP-Cy5.5, CD19 PC7, CD117 APC, CD81 APC-H7, CD45 V450 AND CD138 V500. For the detection of CD38 depletion, a Nano Tube was made with the following markers Kappacy FITC, CD56 PE, CD20 PERCP-Cy5.5, CD19 PC7, CD38 APC (nano antibody from camel JK36 - Beckman Coulter), Lambdacy APC-H7, CD45 V450 and CD138 V500. The samples were analyzed by the immunophenotyping method by flow cytometry, using the CANTO II equipment (Becton Dickinson - BD) and the analysis was performed in the Infinicyt software (Cytognos). The maximum total events acquired was 3,400,000 with merge between tubes 1 and 2. For Tube Nano, the maximum total events acquired was 1,700,000. Results: In the routinely used panel (Tube 1 and Tube 2) CD38 expression in plasma cells was negative in all samples. However, in all samples, it was possible to identify plasmocytes through expression of CD138 in conjunction with multiple gate strategies that include expressions of aberrant markers. In the Nano Tube containing the marker CD38 Nano Antibody of Camel (JK36) it was possible to visualize the expression of CD38 in the plasmocytes of all analyzed samples. Furthermore, with this marker it was possible to discriminate abnormal plasma cells from normal ones. Discussion: The expressions of CD38 together with CD138 characterize plasma cells. Anti-CD38 targeted therapy (Daratumumab) induces immune-mediated clearance of cells expressing CD38. The detection of plasma cells by flow cytometry with the use of this conventional antibody on the cell surface is impaired after the use of Daratumumab. Nano antibodies that occur naturally in camelids are capable of recognizing epitopes hidden and not blocked by targeted therapies, allowing the detection of plasma cells in patients with Multiple Myeloma after this treatment. In our study, we demonstrated that the Camel Nano Antibody CD38 antibody (JK36) was able to detect plasma cells in patients after using Daratumumab. Although it was possible to identify plasmocytes through the expression of CD138, this strategy becomes very risky and difficult to apply since the expression of this marker can often be of low intensity. The nanoantibody proved to be an additional and useful marker in the detection of MRD in patients after anti-CD38 target therapy (Dartumumab), bringing greater reliability in the analysis. Conclusion: The Camel Nano Antibody CD38 antibody (JK36) offers flow cytometry laboratories the opportunity to more accurately monitor response to anti-CD38 therapies. Nano antibody technology enhances the ability of DRM detection by flow cytometry in the era of immunotherapy.

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Puertas, S., M. Moros, R. Fernández-Pacheco, M. R. Ibarra, V. Grazú e J. M. de la Fuente. "Designing novel nano-immunoassays: antibody orientation versus sensitivity". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, n. 47 (11 novembre 2010): 474012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/47/474012.

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Kumar D. R, Santhosh, e Dr P.V. Rao. "HPV Sensing by CNTFET Array Nanobiosensor." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 3.34 (1 settembre 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.18778.

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Women life is threatened by the cervical cancer each time worldwide. The cervical cancer high grade pre cancer is due to HPV E6 and E7 agents. Nano materials show a key role in medical analysis and action. CNTs (Carbon Nano Tube) have very unique electrical and mechanical properties which are useful in the bio-application. The conventional based biosensors can be improved by CNT based biosensors with respect to sensitivity, selectivity and simple in operation. In comparison with the silicon transistors, CNTFET (Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor) nano device takes less power and performs faster. The research paper covers working of CNTFET based nano biosensor to detect cervical cancer antibody. 4 x 4 CNTFET sensor array is designed to detect antibody variations on CNTFET gate. The sensor current varied from 4.286 µA to 15.435 µA for gate voltage varied from 0.2 V to 1.06 V. The improved 64 CNTFET based biosensor performs better in sensing the analyte of different concentrations.

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Cao, Fei, Qian Yao, Tieshan Yang, Zhao Zhang, Yu Han, Jinchao Feng e Xiu-Hong Wang. "Marriage of antibody–drug conjugate with gold nanorods to achieve multi-modal ablation of breast cancer cells and enhanced photoacoustic performance". RSC Advances 6, n. 52 (2016): 46594–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01557c.

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A multifunctional nano platform against cancer using SiO₂-coated gold nanorods and antibody–drug conjugate is constructed. It incorporates active targeting, antibody therapy, drug therapy, photothermal therapy, and enhanced photoacoustic performance.

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Schneider, Constantin, Matthew I. J. Raybould e Charlotte M. Deane. "SAbDab in the age of biotherapeutics: updates including SAbDab-nano, the nanobody structure tracker". Nucleic Acids Research 50, n. D1 (19 novembre 2021): D1368—D1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1050.

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Abstract In 2013, we released the Structural Antibody Database (SAbDab), a publicly available repository of experimentally determined antibody structures. In the interim, the rapid increase in the number of antibody structure depositions to the Protein Data Bank, driven primarily by increased interest in antibodies as biotherapeutics, has led us to implement several improvements to the original database infrastructure. These include the development of SAbDab-nano, a sub-database that tracks nanobodies (heavy chain-only antibodies) which have seen a particular growth in attention from both the academic and pharmaceutical research communities over the past few years. Both SAbDab and SAbDab-nano are updated weekly, comprehensively annotated with the latest features described here, and are freely accessible at opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/newsabdab/.

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Buyukserin, Fatih, Colin D. Medley, Miguel O. Mota, Kaan Kececi, Richard R. Rogers, Weihong Tan e Charles R. Martin. "Antibody-functionalized nano test tubes target breast cancer cells". Nanomedicine 3, n. 3 (giugno 2008): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.3.3.283.

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Tabatabaie, Fatemeh, Nasim Samarghandi, Somayeh Zarrati, Fatemeh Maleki, Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani, Taher Elmi e Sayed Hussain Mosawi. "Induction of Immune Responses by DNA Vaccines Formulated with Dendrimer and Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Nano-Adjuvants in BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania major". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, n. 2 (27 gennaio 2018): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.061.

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BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease induced by a protozoan from the genus Leishmania. No effective vaccine has yet been developed against the disease.AIM: In this work, two nano-vaccines, TSA recombinant plasmid and dendrimer and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (as adjuvants), were designed and tested for their immunogenicity in BALB/c mice.METHODS: After the plasmid construction and preparation of adjuvants, three intramuscular injections of the nano-vaccines (100 µg) and the recombinant TSA protein (20 µg) were subcutaneously performed. Eventually, the challenged animals were infected with the parasites (1*106 promastigotes). After the last injections of the nano-vaccines, the responses of their antibody subclasses and cytokines were assessed via ELISA method before and after the challenge.RESULTS: This study revealed that the new nano-vaccines were strong and effective in inducing specific antibody and cellular responses and reducing the parasite burden in the spleen compared to the control groups of Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice.CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we can suggest that the formulated vaccines are suitable candidates for further studies in the field of leishmaniasis control.

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Yeo, Ki Baek, Unhwan Ha, Yong Woo Jung, Taek Jin Kang e Seung Pil Pack. "Specific detection of inflamed cells using TLR1 antibody and its secondary antibody-conjugated nano-beads". Enzyme and Microbial Technology 53, n. 4 (settembre 2013): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.06.001.

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Wei, Li, Qianhui Liang, Wei Zhou, Haiyang Han e Zuyi Mao. "Preparation of Targeted Nano-Microbubble Contrast Agent and Its Application in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer". Science of Advanced Materials 13, n. 6 (1 giugno 2021): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4027.

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The objective of this study was to explore the application value of microbubble contrast materials in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Firstly, ordinary nano-microbubbles and biotinylated nano-microbubbles were prepared by rotary evaporation method and mechanical vibration method. Then, the biotinylated anti-six-transmembrane prostate epithelial antigen-1 (STQWK-1) antibody was connected with the previously prepared nano-microbubbles with the help of biotin-avidin method, so as to generate a nano-microbubble contrast agent targeting prostate PC3 cells. While the contrast agent was characterized based on the immunofluorescence method, a microscope was applied to observe the in vitro targeting performance of targeted nano-microbubbles on PC3 cells. A prostate PC3 cell nude mouse transplanted tumor model was established, so that the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) effect of different contrast agents on transplanted tumor was compared, which were applied in CEUS examination of prostate cancer patients. The results showed that the targeted nano-microbubbles could display circular green fluorescence under the microscope, and the blank nano-microbubbles had no display under the microscope. Both ultrasonic microbubbles were circular and evenly distributed. The in vitro targeting experiments indicated that targeted nano-bubbles could accumulate on the surface of prostate cancer PC3 cells, and tumor transplantation model proved that the targeted contrast agent carrying STQWK-1 antibody had a strong development and enhancement effect. In the diagnosis of prostate cancer patients, the sensitivity (83.3% vs. 52%), specificity (66.7% vs. 36.3%), accuracy (75% vs. 47.2%), and other indicators of the diagnosis of targeted nano-bubbles prepared showed marked advantages compared with routine trans-rectal US (TRUS) diagnosis. The contrast agent prepared in this study could be specifically targeted to prostate PC3 cells in vitro, which had the effect of development and enhancement and had a good diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

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Lee, Hanki. "Modulation of EGFR Signaling by Antibody Conjugated DNA Nano-Forceps". Biophysical Journal 112, n. 3 (febbraio 2017): 280a—281a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1520.

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Cao, Lu, Janice Kiely, Martina Piano e Richard Luxton. "A Copper Oxide/Zinc Oxide Composite Nano-Surface for Use in a Biosensor". Materials 12, n. 7 (6 aprile 2019): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071126.

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In this study, biosensors based on zinc oxide–copper oxide composite nano-surfaces were prepared using a simple and inexpensive distributed colloidal technique. Combinations of mixed dispersions with volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ZnO:CuO were compared. The uniform nano-crystalline sensor surfaces on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Raman Spectroscopy. The ZnO–CuO composite biosensor nano-surfaces showed a significantly increased impedimetric signal compared with pure ZnO nanocrystals, and the maximum output was achieved with a volume ratio of 1:2 ZnO/CuO. The antibody capture of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the nano-surfaces was used to demonstrate the enhanced signal generated with increasing amounts of CuO in the nano-surface.

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Wang, Zimeng. "The Methods and Strategies to Improve the Stability of Nano Antibody". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 9, n. 3 (12 marzo 2024): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/c9fzt478.

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Because of the advantages of simple structure, easy modification, low immunogenicity, good stability, strong specificity and strong affinity, nano-antibodies have broad development space in clinical practice. Compared with traditional antibodies, nano antibodies are easier to store and transport, and after denaturation in high temperature, chemical, pressure and other environments, they can still be efficiently recombined, thereby regaining affinity for antigens. The structure and stability of nano antibody were studied. Multiple DNA sequence repair with the same sequence, easily modified amino acid replacement, protein net charge change, unnatural disulfide bond introduction and CDR supervariable region transfer was used to control the stability of the protein. The implementation of this project is expected to lay a foundation for improving its application in the fields of drug therapy, diagnosis and biosensing.

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Simukokoa, Humphrey. "Options for COVID-19 therapeutics: Aerosolized inhalation antibody-conjugated Nano particles." Biotechnology Kiosk 2, n. 8 (22 agosto 2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37756/bk.20.2.8.1.

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The world is currently faced with a very serious crisis to deal with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19) pandemic which started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread throughout the world, wreaking havoc in many countries. Several efforts are being made to control the spread of the disease around the world and to find a cure or vaccine. As researchers frantically endeavor to identify remedies for covid19, there is the need to identify therapies that offer the quickest, safest actions and remedies that are relatively cheap. We propose the use of aerosolized inhalation antibody conjugated nanoparticles for the treatment of covid-19. It is hypothesized in this proposal that the conjugation of nanoparticles with antibodies and delivering the antibody-nanoparticle conjugate as an aerosol via the respiratory tract would provide the quickest and possibly more efficient and relatively cheap remedy against covid-19. The advantage of the inhalation route for delivering antibody conjugated nanoparticles is that since the medication is delivered directly to the affected site, higher doses will be delivered to the site with reduced systemic toxicity and reduced adverse effects on gaseous exchange. Our hypothesis is based on the current knowledge and observations in the areas of monoclonal antibody technology, advances in nanotechnology and Nano medicine as well as advances in inhalation therapeutics.

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Lu, Wei, Ning Wang, YanYan Chu, Linzhu Zhou, Maolan Li, Tao Huang, Hao Weng et al. "CLIC1 antibody conjugated nanoscale contrast agent as a sensitive and targeted molecular imaging probe for gallbladder cancer diagnosis". RSC Advances 6, n. 29 (2016): 24104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26593b.

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CLIC1 antibody-conjugated nano-scale contrast agents exhibit a fast and sensitive detection of gallbladder tumors and may be used in the future as powerful targeted molecular imaging probes for gallbladder cancer diagnosis.

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Liu, Shuai, Mingzhe Fu, Xiaofang Han e Song Hua. "Fertilization potential test of sperm from nano monoclonal antibody injected goats". Small Ruminant Research 202 (settembre 2021): 106458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106458.

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Hu, Shuqiao, Jiehuan Lin, Canxing Wu, Jun Ma, Shanshan Chen e Funan Chen. "Evaluation of Circulating Tumor Cells-DNA Methylated Separation Nano-Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid Magnetic Beads with Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecul/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Double Antibody Modification and Its Application in Lung Cancer Diagnosis". Science of Advanced Materials 13, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2021): 2302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4161.

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Through the dynamic detection of peripheral blood circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the correlation analysis of DNA methylation, the application of relevant indicators of peripheral blood circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with early lung cancer (LC). Double antibody (EpCAM and EGFR antibodies) modified nano-PLGA magnetic beads have been used for CTC sorting. Functional characterization and analysis were performed to confirm that the prepared nano-PLGA MB had good stability and specificity. Furthermore, the separation and identification of CTCs from lung cancer patients were realized by double-antibody nano-PLGA MB (Ep+ER nano-PLGA MB), suggesting that the system had high separation efficiency, with a positive rate of separation of >80%. Meanwhile, methylation-specific PCR was conducted following the extraction DNA from peripheral blood to analyze the methylation level of p16, MGMT and RASSF1A. Corresponding results revealed that the level of p16 methylation could be used as an important index for lung cancer screening. In addition, the association between CTC-DNA methylation and early screening of tumor was analyzed by integrating the clinical information and related indexes of patients. To sum up, in the screening and identification of lung cancer patients, auxiliary effect can be provided through dynamic monitoring of CTC count in peripheral blood and analysis of CTC-DNA methylation level. It is expected to provide scientific basis for screening, therapeutic strategy formulation, gene correlation analysis and prognosis monitoring of LC.

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Renu, Sankar, Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz, Fangjia Lu, Shristi Ghimire, Yi Han, Jennifer Schrock, Santosh Dhakal et al. "A Nanoparticle-Poly(I:C) Combination Adjuvant Enhances the Breadth of the Immune Response to Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Pigs". Vaccines 8, n. 2 (18 maggio 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020229.

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Intranasal vaccination elicits secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in the airways, which is required for cross-protection against influenza. To enhance the breadth of immunity induced by a killed swine influenza virus antigen (KAg) or conserved T cell and B cell peptides, we adsorbed the antigens together with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) electrostatically onto cationic alpha-D-glucan nanoparticles (Nano-11) resulting in Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) and Nano-11-peptides-poly(I:C) vaccines. In vitro, increased TNF-α and IL-1ß cytokine mRNA expression was observed in Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C)-treated porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C), but not Nano-11-peptides-poly(I:C), delivered intranasally in pigs induced high levels of cross-reactive virus-specific SIgA antibodies secretion in the nasal passage and lungs compared to a multivalent commercial influenza virus vaccine administered intramuscularly. The commercial and Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) vaccinations increased the frequency of IFNγ secreting T cells. The poly(I:C) adjuvanted Nano-11-based vaccines increased various cytokine mRNA expressions in lymph nodes compared to the commercial vaccine. In addition, Nano-11-KAg-poly(I:C) vaccine elicited high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Microscopic lung lesions and challenge virus load were partially reduced in poly(I:C) adjuvanted Nano-11 and commercial influenza vaccinates. In conclusion, compared to our earlier study with Nano-11-KAg vaccine, addition of poly(I:C) to the formulation improved cross-protective antibody and cytokine response.

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Zhang, Chi, Congcong Du, Wei Liu, Ting Guo, Ying Zhou, Hongyuan Zhou, Yuhao Zhang, Xiaozhu Liu e Liang Ma. "A High Sensitivity Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Monoclonal Antibody Coupled Flower-Shaped Nano-ZnO for Detection of Tenuazonic Acid". Agriculture 12, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020204.

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In this paper, an electrochemical biosensor was established for the high-sensitivity detection of Tenuazonic acid (TeA) in fruits based on the enrichment of flower-shaped nano-ZnO and the specific recognition of immune response. Herein flower-shaped nano-ZnO (ZnO NFs) with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and diameter of 700–800 nm were demonstrated to have the optimal specific surface area and outstanding conductivity, compared with different morphology, sizes, and crystal structures of nano-ZnO. Second, the ZnO NFs were used as carriers for efficiently immobilizing monoclonal antibodies to obtain antibody bioconjugates, which were anchored on the 2-mercaptobenzoic acid-modified gold electrode by amide reaction. In the presence of TeA, the monoclonal antibody could specifically recognize and bind to it, resulting in a decrease in electron transfer ability on the gold electrode surface. Finally, the electrochemical biosensor showed a range from 5 × 10−5 μg/mL to 5 × 10−1 μg/mL with a detection limit of 1.14 × 10−5 μg/mL. Furthermore, it exhibited high selectivity for TeA among other analogs, such as Altenuene (ALT) and Alternariol (AOH). Notably, the proposed strategy could be employed to monitor TeA in tomato and citrus, showing potential application prospects in practical application and commercial value.

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Li, Wanbo, Xueqin Jiang, Jiancai Xue, Zhangkai Zhou e Jianhua Zhou. "Antibody modified gold nano-mushroom arrays for rapid detection of alpha-fetoprotein". Biosensors and Bioelectronics 68 (giugno 2015): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.033.

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Cui, Yali, Yani Wang, Wenli Hui, Zhifeng Zhang, Xiaofang Xin e Chao Chen. "The Synthesis of GoldMag Nano-Particles and their Application for Antibody Immobilization". Biomedical Microdevices 7, n. 2 (giugno 2005): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-005-1596-x.

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Yu, Xiaofang, Jieru Cai, Xiaoyan Jiao, Shu Zhang, Hong Liu e Xiaoqiang Ding. "Response Predictors to Calcineurin Inhibitors in Patients with Primary Membranous Nephropathy". American Journal of Nephrology 47, n. 4 (2018): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488728.

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Background: Currently, there is an urgent need to find ways of identifying primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) patients who are likely to benefit from calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) or who are resistant to them. In this study, we employed nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis to identify serum biomarkers that predict the clinical response to CNI therapy in PMN patients. Methods: The endpoint was complete remission (CR) after CNI treatment. PMN patients were grouped into no-remission (NR) or CR groups to screen predictive candidates using the nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Results: Compared with NR patients, 3 upregulated proteins and 5 downregulated proteins were found to present a twofold change in CR patients’ serum. Serum amyloid A1 protein (SAA1) was further validated by ELISA; it was decreased in patients in the NR group compared with patients in the CR group, but SAA1 in patients in these groups was lower than in healthy controls and minimal change disease patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of SAA1 was used to distinguish PMN NR patients from those in remission and was 0.901, with a sensitivity of 78.3% and specificity of 86.8%, similar to that of the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody. Combining SAA1 with the PLA2R antibody, the area under the ROC curve was 0.956, which was higher than that of SAA1 or the PLA2R antibody alone. Conclusions: Serum SAA1 may be a candidate PMN biomarker that can be used to discriminate CNI NR cases from remission patients. The combination of SAA1 and the PLA2R antibody increases the accuracy of diagnosis.

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TAO, CHUN-TE, e TAI-HORNG YOUNG. "THERMOSENSITIVE NANOPARTICLES CONJUGATING WITH CD34 ANTIBODY AND ITS SOLUTION PEROPERTIES". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 18, n. 05 (25 ottobre 2006): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720600035x.

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Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) is a well-known temperature-sensitive polymer. When the temperature is higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), PNIPAAm aquous solution is cloudy (phase separation occurred). In contrast, when the temperature is lower than the LCST, PNIPAAm is soluble in water (a homogeneous solution). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solution of PNIPAAm was about 32~33°C. We prepared nano-scaled PNIPAAm particles containing carboxylic group on their surfaces by introducing acrylic acid monomer. The carboxylic groups were applied to conjugate with the amino group of the CD34 antibody. This immuno-conjugate can be applied on targeting the human CD34 positive cells, peripheral blood progenitor cells included, for cell purification and drug controlled release. In order to the active responding of controlled release of the conjugate in the body influenced by temperature, we hope to estimate the shifting of the gel-collapse temperature or cloud point of the immuno-conjugates by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV absorption. The results show that the gel-collapse temperature of the nano-particle was not significantly affected by the content of AA between 1.5~5 mol%. However, cloud point of the solution was elevated by the conjugation of CD34 antibody to 37°C. When CD34-conjugated particle was subsequently incorporated with recombinant FLT3-ligand, which is a smaller molecule compare to CD34 antibody, cloud point of the solution was not affected.

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Wang, Wei, Jingneng Wang, Min Wang e Juan Shen. "Rapid Quantification of Chlorpromazine Residues in Pork Using Nanosphere-Based Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay Analyzer". International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021 (9 marzo 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633016.

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Immunochromatographic assays are good analytical tools for the detection of drug residues. We report a nanosphere-based time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (nano-TRFIA) based on a monoclonal antibody and a portable TRFIA analyzer for the rapid quantification of chlorpromazine (CPZ) residues in pork. Under optimal conditions, the nano-TRFIA detected CPZ residues within 6 min of sample pretreatment. The results showed good linearity (R2 = 0.991), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 μg/kg, a wide dynamic range of 0.46–10.0 μg/kg, and coefficients of variation (CVs) of the overall intrabatch and interbatch assays of 7.34% and 7.65%, respectively. The nano-TRFIA was also used to detect CPZ at different spiked concentrations in pork, and the results were confirmed via ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The nano-TRFIA was evaluated for the analysis of six commercial pork samples, and the results agreed well with those obtained via UPLC-MS/MS, without significant differences ( P > 0.05 ). Therefore, the proposed nano-TRFIA is a powerful alternative for the rapid and accurate quantification of CPZ residues in pork to meet the required Chinese maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in foods.

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Man, Youyuan, Shoichi Nishitani e Toshiya Sakata. "Development of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles with High Affinity and Its Application to Electrochemical Biosensors". ECS Transactions 111, n. 3 (19 maggio 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11103.0011ecst.

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In this study, redox-labeled molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nano-MIPs) were synthesized using a solid-phase approach, templated with biomarkers for diabetes such as human serum albumin (HSA). The purpose of this research was to develop enzyme-/antibody-free electrochemical biosensors with the nano-MIP-coated Au electrodes. The synthesized HSA–nano-MIP (HNM) was analyzed for its chemical composition, size, affinity, and electrochemical property, and was tethered on gold via a coupling chemistry. The results of cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed that electron transfer occurred on the HNM-immobilized Au electrode through physical displacement of the redox centers within HNM, which hopped from one redox center to an adjacent redox center, a process known as bounded diffusion. In this paper, we present a promising approach to developing sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensors for diabetes detection.

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Liao, Shu, Shu Liu e Ying Zhang. "Preparation of Anti Toll-Like Receptor-4 Nano-Antibody and Its Effect on Gram Negative Sepsis". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2021): 1048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18664.

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The essence of sepsis is the excessive immune response caused by infectious factors, which leads to the release of a large number of inflammatory factors and the injury of tissues and organs. Once the reaction is triggered, it will develop according to its own rules, and it does not depend on infection factors. The occurrence and severity of sepsis depend entirely on the reaction of the body. When pathogens invade the body, they rely on pattern recognition receptors to play a defensive role, TLR4 is the main switch of innate immunity. The current research shows that LPS can induce the up-regulation of TLR4 gene expression in monocytes, neutrophils and other immune cells. The upregulated TLR4, as a new receptor, mediates more cell activation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Under this positive feedback, the inflammatory response is constantly amplified, which eventually leads to the development of sepsis. In this study, TLR4 extracellular domain antigen was obtained by protein expression and purification, and anti-TLR4 C-terminal and intermediate domain nano-antibody was obtained by phage display antibody library preparation technology. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that anti-TLR4 nano-antibody can effectively reduce the release of inflammatory factors and improve the survival rate of animals, while the C-terminal and intermediate domain are closed at the same time, the effect is more obvious. The clinical treatment of sepsis provides new ideas and strategies.

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Chen, Wu, Xiaofang Liu, Yiying Li, Yongsheng Yang, Kun Xu, Meifang Hao, Yuqin Huang, Qianjun Ye, Guifang Gao e Lijing Yuan. "Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of a Nano Ultrasound Contrast Agent Targeting Pancreatic Cancer". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n. 3 (1 marzo 2021): 1413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18883.

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To prepare a nano-sized ultrasound contrast agent that specifically targets pancreatic cancer cells and to evaluate its targeting effect In Vitro. PLGA-PEG-NHS was synthesized using PLGA, NHS, and PEG and detected using 1H-NMR. PLGA-PEG-NHS and PFOB were used to prepare PLGA nano contrast agent coated with PFOB by emulsification and volatilization, and then a hedgehog antibody was conjugated. The morphology of the nano contrast agent was observed using a transmission electron microscope, and its particle size and potential were measured using the dynamic light scattering method. The entrapment and drug loading efficiency of the nano contrast agent was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The In Vitro release characteristics of the nano contrast agent was measured using the dialysis method. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and CFPAC1 were cultured in medium containing the nano contrast agent. The targeting ability of the nano contrast agent was qualitatively and quantitatively verified using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The average particle size of the targeted ultrasound contrast agent was 198.9 nm, zeta potential was −31.8 mv, entrapment rate was 63.7±3.9%, drug loading efficiency was 14.3±0.9%, and drug release was 85.3% in 48 h. In Vitro cell experiments showed that the targeted ultrasound contrast agent strongly bound to SW1990 cells with high expression of hedgehog antigen, but no specific binding was detected in CFPAC-1 cells which lack the hedgehog antigen. The nano ultrasound contrast agent prepared by emulsification and volatilization method can be potentially used for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

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Donkor, Michael, Jamie Choe, Danielle Marie Reid, Byron Quinn, Mark Pulse, Amalendu Ranjan, Pankaj Chaudhary e Harlan P. Jones. "Nasal Tumor Vaccination Protects against Lung Tumor Development by Induction of Resident Effector and Memory Anti-Tumor Immune Responses". Pharmaceutics 15, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2023): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020445.

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Lung metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Here, we show that intranasal delivery of our engineered CpG-coated tumor antigen (Tag)-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs)—nasal nano-vaccine—significantly reduced lung colonization by intravenous challenge of an extra-pulmonary tumor. Protection against tumor-cell lung colonization was linked to the induction of localized mucosal-associated effector and resident memory T cells as well as increased bronchiolar alveolar lavage-fluid IgA and serum IgG antibody responses. The nasal nano-vaccine-induced T-cell-mediated antitumor mucosal immune response was shown to increase tumor-specific production of IFN-γ and granzyme B by lung-derived CD8+ T cells. These findings demonstrate that our engineered nasal nano-vaccine has the potential to be used as a prophylactic approach prior to the seeding of tumors in the lungs, and thereby prevent overt lung metastases from existing extra pulmonary tumors.

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Gourapura, Renukaradhya J., Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiza, Sankar Renu, Fangjia Lu, Yi Han, Jennifer Schrock, Santosh Dhakal, Veerupaxagouda Patil e Harm HogenEsch. "Corn based nanoparticle delivered inactivated influenza virus vaccine intranasally augments mucosal immune response in pigs". Journal of Immunology 204, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2020): 166.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.166.4.

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Abstract Swine influenza A virus (SwIV) causes respiratory tract infection in pigs. Available SwIV vaccines fail to provide cross-protective immunity in pigs. Nano-11 is an amphiphilic nanoparticle (70–80nm) obtained from sweet corn-derived phytoglycogen. Nano-11 carries high surface positive charge and thus facilitates easy preparation of nanoparticle based vaccine by electrostatic interaction with killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) or peptides (negative charge). Earlier we showed that Nano-11 bound killed SwIV H1N2 Ag (Nano-11+KAg) delivered intranasally in pigs induced mucosal antibody response, but the challenge heterologous H1N1 SwIV load was not substantially reduced in the airways. In this study, KAg or conserved ten IAV peptides co-adsorbed with adjuvant Poly(I:C) (negative charge) on Nano-11 [Nano-11+KAg/peptides+Poly(I:C)] was vaccinated to influenza-free pigs intranasally, twice, and challenged with a heterologous SwIV. We observed increased SIgA and IgG responses in the airways and enhanced proliferation of IFN-g+ gd T cells in PBMCs in Nano-11+KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates compared to control. In Nano-11+peptides+Poly(I:C) vaccinates noticed an increased proliferation of IFN-g+ gd T cells and IFN-g+ cytotoxic T cells in PBMCs compared to control. Commercial vaccine group induced higher IgG response in serum and proliferation of IFN-g+ T-helper/memory cells in PBMCs compared to control. However, reduction in challenge virus load in any of the vaccinated groups was not statistically significant. In conclusion, inclusion of Poly(I:C) in Nano-11 flu vaccine improved the T cell response, but further improvements in the vaccine formulation is required to take advantage of this easy to prepare particle based mucosal flu vaccine.

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Fu, Fangzhou, Zhicheng Zhang, Qianyi Sun, Bing Xu e Jingjie Sha. "Label-free Detection of PD-1 Antibody and Antigen Immunoreaction Using Nano-Sensors". Acta Chimica Sinica 77, n. 3 (2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a18110472.

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Rahman, Aminur, Kumar Jyotirmoy Roy, Gautam Kumar Deb, Taehyeong Ha, Saifur Rahman, Mst Khudishta Aktar, Md Isahak Ali, Md Abdul Kafi e Jeong-Woo Choi. "Nano-Enabled Antivirals for Overcoming Antibody Escaped Mutations Based SARS-CoV-2 Waves". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 17 (23 agosto 2023): 13130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713130.

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This review discusses receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations related to the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, which have been highlighted as a major cause of repetitive clinical waves of COVID-19. Our perusal of the literature reveals that most variants were able to escape neutralizing antibodies developed after immunization or natural exposure, pointing to the need for a sustainable technological solution to overcome this crisis. This review, therefore, focuses on nanotechnology and the development of antiviral nanomaterials with physical antagonistic features of viral replication checkpoints as such a solution. Our detailed discussion of SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis highlights four distinct checkpoints, the S protein (ACE2 receptor coupling), the RBD motif (ACE2 receptor coupling), ACE2 coupling, and the S protein cleavage site, as targets for the development of nano-enabled solutions that, for example, prevent viral attachment and fusion with the host cell by either blocking viral RBD/spike proteins or cellular ACE2 receptors. As proof of this concept, we highlight applications of several nanomaterials, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid–polymer hybrid-based, surface-modified nanoparticles that have already been employed to control viral infections. These nanoparticles were developed to inhibit receptor-mediated host–virus attachments and cell fusion, the uncoating of the virus, viral gene expression, protein synthesis, the assembly of progeny viral particles, and the release of the virion. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as antiviral drug carriers and vaccines, and nano-enabled sensors have already been shown to enable fast, sensitive, and label-free real-time diagnosis of viral infections. Nano-biosensors could, therefore, also be useful in the remote testing and tracking of patients, while nanocarriers probed with target tissue could facilitate the targeted delivery of antiviral drugs to infected cells, tissues, organs, or systems while avoiding unwanted exposure of non-target tissues. Antiviral nanoparticles can also be applied to sanitizers, clothing, facemasks, and other personal protective equipment to minimize horizontal spread. We believe that the nanotechnology-enabled solutions described in this review will enable us to control repeated SAR-CoV-2 waves caused by antibody escape mutations.

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Zhang, Xiangyu, Liwei Guo, Zhenbang Sun, Deming Han e Lihui Zhao. "Research on the Targeted Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Nanographene Drug Delivery System". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (2 febbraio 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6336569.

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In order to find an effective cure for squamous cell carcinoma, we innovatively used nano-graphene oxide as a pharmaceutical delivery system, overcoming resistance to cisplatin-targeted anti-squamous carcinoma. For this purpose, we prepared a nano-graphene oxide using an oxidation method, functionally modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and loaded with the antitumor drug cisplatin (CDDP), a compound with preliminary anticancer efficacy. Then, anti-human squamous cell carcinoma monoclonal antibody was combined to construct a target graphene nanopharmaceutical system. The administration system was applied to nude mice carrying human squamous cell carcinoma. Through the detection of frozen tissue slices, the anti-squamous cell carcinoma effect and targeting of the graphene nanoloaded system were analyzed. The safety of the pharmaceutical system was confirmed through further experiments. Results showed that the NGO-PEG-BPEI-CDDP-Antibody complex had a significant antitumor effect and was able to enter the nude mice and targeted squamous cell carcinoma cell and effectively kill squamous cell carcinoma cells, thus reducing the use of clinical chemotherapeutic drugs, improving the efficacy and providing a new answer for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.

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Debnath, Nitai, e Sumistha Das. "Biomedical Nano Tools: A Potential New Paradigm for Immunoassays and Immune Detection". Current Nanomedicine 9, n. 2 (20 agosto 2019): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2468187309666190207145845.

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Immunoassays are microwell and solid phase based antigen-antibody (Ag/Ab) interactions majorly dependent on immune complex or lattice formation. Most of these assays are aimed at the detection of very minute amount of antigen or antibody. Such biochemical reactions are bound to identify not only the target biomolecule (immunoassay) but also clinically important pathogens (immune detection) because of their remarkable simplicity, specificity and sensitivity. But the existing technology suffers from certain difficulties like affinity and avidity of antigen and antibody, vigorous washing methods, chances of false positive interactions, appropriate probe selection and dependence on carcinogenic (as substrate) or hazardous radioisotopes. An urgent need is being felt to ensure more specific, powerful and versatile platform for robust detection of immune reactions. In this scenario, application of nanomaterials in immunoassays may pave a new horizon for immune based detection. Optically active nanomaterial dependent detection reduces the chance of false positive results as well as chromogen or radioisotope dependence and time and cost incurred for those. In this perspective, the immense potential of biomedical nanodevices in immunoassays is summarized in this article. Moreover, application of gold nanoparticles in all types of biosensor (electrochemical, optical, surface enhanced Raman scattering based and engineered) is also discussed as a specific tool in nano immunosensors.

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Ghaleh, Hadi, Mojtaba Sharti e Mohammad Hashemzadeh. "Aptamer as a proper alternative instead of monoclonal antibody in diagnosis and neutralization of menacing biological agents". Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 122, n. 3 (1 dicembre 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2019.122.3.7.

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Abstract: Of the major threats to contemporary mankind, is the use of very dangerous and lethal biological agents as the biological weapons. The first step in confronting with this serious threat after prevention, is the accurate and rapid detection of this agents and neutralization of them. In this article, the role of molecules known as aptamer, has been studied in biological defense against these menacing biological agents. Traditional methods for detection of these agents are based primarily on immuno-affinity assays and the use of antibody molecules. While the modern methods, based on aptamer-affinity assays, are being replaced with traditional methods, due to the abundant advantages of them. The selection and preparation method of specific aptamer with high binding affinity to these biological agents is known as SELEX and the use of magnetic nanoparticles to perform this procedure (Mag-SELEX) is very common. The isolated aptamers with high specificity can also be used in neutralization and inhibition of menacing agents function, in addition to, quick and accurate diagnosis of these agents, utilizing them in nano-biosensors, based on aptamers (as the nano-aptasensors). Keywords: Aptamer, SELEX, nano aptasensor, diagnosis and neutralization, menacing biological agents.

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Goh, Douglas, Kien Voon Kong, Perumal Jayakumar, Tianxun Gong, U. S. Dinish e Malini Olivo. "Quantification of Protein Biomarker Using SERS Nano-Stress Sensing with Peak Intensity Ratiometry". Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 04, n. 03 (settembre 2016): 1640011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237316400116.

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We report a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) ratiometry method based on peak intensity coupled in a nano-stress sensing platform to detect and quantify biological molecules. Herein, we employed an antibody-conjugated [Formula: see text]-aminothiophenol (ATP) functionalized on a bimetallic-film-over-nanosphere (BMFON) substrate as a sensitive SERS platform to detect human haptoglobin (Hp) protein, which is an acute phase protein and a biomarker for various cancers. Correlation between change in the ATP spectral characteristics and concentration of Hp protein was established by examining the peak intensity ratio at 1572[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] and 1592[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] that reflects the degree of stress experienced by the aromatic ring of ATP during Hp protein–antibody interaction. Development of this platform shows the potential in developing a low-cost and sensitive SERS sensor for the pre-screening of various biomarkers.

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Dobhal, Garima, Deanna Ayupova, Geoffry Laufersky, Zeineb Ayed, Thomas Nann e Renee Goreham. "Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Labels for Exosomes". Sensors 18, n. 10 (2 ottobre 2018): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103308.

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Quantum dots are attractive alternatives to organic fluorophores for the purposes of fluorescent labeling and the detection of biomarkers. They can also be made to specifically target a protein of interest by conjugating biomolecules, such as antibodies. However, the majority of the fluorescent labeling using quantum dots is done using toxic materials such as cadmium or lead due to the well-established synthetic processes for these quantum dots. Here, we demonstrate the use of indium phosphide quantum dots with a zinc sulfide shell for the purposes of labeling and the detection of exosomes derived from the THP-1 cell line (monocyte cell line). Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that have the potential to be used as biomarkers due to their involvement in complex cell processes. However, the lack of standardized methodology around the detection and analysis of exosomes has made it difficult to detect these membrane-containing vesicles. We targeted a protein that is known to exist on the surface of the exosomes (CD63) using a CD63 antibody. The antibody was conjugated to the quantum dots that were first made water-soluble using a ligand-exchange method. The conjugation was done using carbodiimide coupling, and was confirmed using a range of different methods such as dynamic light scattering, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescent microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The conjugation of the quantum dot antibody to the exosomes was further confirmed using similar methods. This demonstrates the potential for the use of a non-toxic conjugate to target nano-sized biomarkers that could be further used for the detection of different diseases.

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Chen, Dagui, Fusheng Shang, Shuyan Zhang e Danhuan Zhang. "Construction of Functional Renal Targeting Nano Drug Liposome and Its Effect on Lupus Nephritis". Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 12, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2020): 1386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2020.3262.

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The main purpose of this study was to explore treatment effect of hydroxychloroquine-loaded OX7 nanoliposomes in murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease model. Modification of OX7 monoclonal antibody conferred hydroxychloroquine-loaded OX7 nanoliposomes targeting to renal mesangial cells. The SLE mice models were treated with functional nano liposome via tail vein injection, and then the therapeutic effects on lupus nephritis and complicated pneumonia were evaluated. Our research showed that chronic graft versus host disease lupus nephritis mice model has similar characteristic features of renal pathological damage with human SLE, and is reliable for related study. The symptoms and incidence of pneumonia in model mice were significantly alleviated and reduced after treatment with functional nano liposomes prepared in this experiment.

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Li, Huayang, Jie Wu, John M. Melnyczuk, Omotunde Olubi, Lauchon I. Lewis, Yang Cao, Peri Nagappan, Shafiq A. Khan, Conrad W. Ingram e Issifu I. Harruna. "Nano-Snowflower of Gold Nanoparticles-Ruthenium Metallopolymer-Carbon Nanotubes Binding Anti-DNP IgE Antibody". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, n. 8 (1 agosto 2015): 5733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.10303.

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Ensafi, Ali A., Nafiseh Kazemifard e Behzad Rezaei. "Development of a nano plastic antibody for determination of propranolol using CdTe quantum dots". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 252 (novembre 2017): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.06.078.

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ahmadi, a., n. zarghami, h. shirazi, n. poorbagher e k. omidfar. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nano Gold and Their Application for Antibody Immobilization". Alborz University Medical Journal 4, n. 2 (1 maggio 2015): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.aums.4.2.129.

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Wei, Lei, Feng Yu e Ying Meng. "Preparation of Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Antibody Nanoparticles Based on Nude Mouse Model and Its Therapeutic Effect on Lung Cancer". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2021): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18678.

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In this experiment, the advantages of both liposomes and polymer nanoparticles were used to synthesize adriamycin-loaded liposome-polymer nanoparticles and conjugate them with PD-L 1 antibody (referred to as PD-L 1 antibody nano particles). The nanoparticles were encapsulated with doxorubicin hydrochloride and the near-infrared dye DIR, and small animal imaging methods were used in animal experiments to evaluate the targeting and therapeutic effects. The results showed that the red fluorescence of doxorubicin hydrochloride entered the cells, and the red fluorescence of the PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles in the 4h group was better than that in the 2h group. The intracellular red fluorescence of PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles 4h group was stronger than that of free doxorubicin 4h group. Flow cytometry and confocal experiments showed that A549 cells took up more PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles. The results showed that the fluorescence intensity of the PD-L1 antibody nanoparticle group was significantly stronger than that of the nanoparticle group, and the tumor outline was clear, and the fluorescence intensity became stronger and stronger over time, indicating that the PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles were targeted. Has certain targeting capabilities. The PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles synthesized in this study are a good drug carrier targeting lung cancer tumor cells, which can be better taken up by A549 lung cancer cells, and can more effectively kill tumor cells, inhibit tumor growth, and wrap near-infrared dyes are more conducive to in vivo imaging of animals and are useful for observing the effects of targeted treatment of lung cancer.

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Tarassishin, Leonid. "The Evolution of the Enzyme Immunoassay/Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay". Journal of Proteomics and Genomics Research 2, n. 3 (16 agosto 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2326-0793.jpgr-21-3917.

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50 years ago the Enzyme Immunoassay Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, mostly known as ELISA was developed. This is a powerful but simple method that is very widely used in the diagnostic practice, as well as in biomedical research. During this time a number of ELISA modification were developed that significantly increased its properties, especially the senstivity, such as avidin-biotin assay, immuno-PCR, nano-ELISA and finally, the digital ELISA. This short review describes the principles of ELISA and the evolution from a conventional assay to the modern ultra-sensitive method. Most of the immunological methods have two components: antigen and antibody. The high specificity of their interaction gives a possibility to detect one of them if other one is included in the reaction as a specific partner. The simplest method for antigen detection in the presence of the antibody is immune diffusion (radial immune diffusion in that case), which practically the formation of precipitate of the “antigen-antibody” complex, when the target antigen diffuses from well into agarose containing the specific antibody. Unfortunately, this assay, as well as other traditional methods, like hemagglutination or complement fixation, have a low sensitivity and are unwieldy.

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Mohammadi, Esmail, Hossein Janmohammadi, Majid Olyayee, Javad Ashrafi Helan e Somayeh Kalanaky. "Nano selenium improves humoral immunity, growth performance and breast-muscle selenium concentration of broiler chickens". Animal Production Science 60, n. 16 (2020): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19581.

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Context Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and plays pivotal roles in poultry nutrition. Aims The present study was designed to compare the impact of dietary supplementation of different sources of Se on growth performance, Se concentration of breast meat, and immune response of broiler chickens. Methods In total, 300 1-day-old as hatched broilers were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, with five replicates of 10 birds per each. The experimental diets were as follows: (1) corn–soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0.30 mg/kg of sodium selenite, (2) basal diet supplemented with 0.30 mg/kg of Se-enriched yeast, and (3–6) basal diet supplemented with 0.15, 0.30, 0.90 and 1.50 mg/kg of nano-Se respectively. Humoral immunity was assessed by antibody titer against a 5% sheep red blood-cell suspension and cellular immunity was measured by administration of phytohaemagglutinin-p at 38 days. Key results Results indicated that during the periods from 1 to 10 days, from 11 to 24 days, from 25 to 42 days and from 1 to 42 days, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ among the treatments (P > 0.05). Assessment of orthogonal contrasts at the whole phase of feeding showed that the average daily gain in the broilers fed organic Se was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in those fed inorganic Se, as well as nano-Se in comparison to organic Se; such effects were not observed in earlier feeding stages. Se supplementation significantly increased the Se concentration of breast muscle (P < 0.0001). The birds that received 1.50 mg/kg of diet nano-Se showed higher (P < 0.05) total immunoglobulin and IgG titers in primary and secondary immune responses against sheep erythrocytes respectively. Toe web swelling after 24 h and 48 h of receiving phytohaemagglutinin-p was not affected by Se supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, the addition of nano-Se gave better results than did inorganic (sodium selenite) and organic (yeast selenium) forms of Se in performance traits, breast meat Se concentration and antibody response of broilers. Implications Novel elemental nanometer particulates, including nano-Se, exhibit new characteristics and a different mode of actions in comparison with organic and inorganic forms of Se sources in poultry diets. Inclusion of the nano form of Se in broiler diets and study of productive performance, immunity responses and meat quality leads to improve balanced broiler diets formulation in view of Se.

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Chen, Jianmei, Yuanyuan Hao, Jiyan Lang, Yumei Wu, Songyan Li, Xinyu Li e Yunfei Sun. "Application of Targeted Nano-Bubble Ultrasound Contrast Agent in the Detection of Arterial Intima Inflammation in Rats". Science of Advanced Materials 16, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2024): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2024.4576.

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Tumor-specific antibodies or ligands were connected to the surface of nano-bubbles to form a targeted nano-bubble ultrasound contrast agent (UCA), which can accumulate in tumor tissues, enhance tumor tissue visualization, and realize extravascular disease detection and ultrasound molecular imaging. In this research, the positive and negative charges were attracted to promote the self-assembly connection between the targeted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody and the envelope surface of the nano-bubble, thereby obtaining a tumor-specific targeted nano-bubble UCA. Then, from the basic characterization, in vivo and in vitro ultrasound contrast performance analysis, a rat model of arterial intima inflammation in vivo was constructed. 16 Wistar rats were screened and divided into a control group and a contrast-enhanced ultrasound group. The imaging performance of the targeted molecules was analyzed by preparing an UCA. in vitro contrast-enhanced ultrasound found that the contrast intensity of self-made targeted nano-bubbles was greatly affected by concentration, but there was no linear relationship between the two. in vivo experiments were performed to observe rat liver contrast. The results showed that the contrast intensity and contrast time of the targeted nano-bubbles in vivo were greatly affected by the dose, and the stability in vivo was lower than the stability in vitro. Immunohistochemical tests found that P-selectin was expressed in large amounts in the intima of damaged blood vessels. Compared with ordinary contrast agents, the prepared targeted nano-UCA after modeling can enhance the video intensity of the inner membrane (P <0.05) and prolong the imaging time (P <0.05). It suggested that the contrast agent can specifically bind to P-selectin on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, and it was expected to be used for the detection of early inflammatory lesions in atherosclerotic diseases.

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Aguiar, Sandra Isabel, Joana N. R. Dias, Ana Santos André, Marta Lisete Silva, Diana Martins, Belmira Carrapiço, Miguel Castanho et al. "Highly Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Transmigrating Single-Domain Antibodies Selected by an In Vivo Phage Display Screening". Pharmaceutics 13, n. 10 (2 ottobre 2021): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101598.

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A major bottleneck in the successful development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs is the discovery and design of molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nano-delivery strategies are a promising approach that take advantage of natural portals of entry into the brain such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting endogenous BBB receptors. However, the main selected mAbs rely on targeting broadly expressed receptors, such as the transferrin and insulin receptors, and in selection processes that do not fully mimic the native receptor conformation, leading to mistargeting and a low fraction of the administered dose effectively reaching the brain. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new BBB receptors and explore novel antibody selection approaches that can allow a more selective delivery into the brain. Considering that in vitro models fail to completely mimic brain structure complexity, we explored an in vivo cell immunization approach to construct a rabbit derived single-domain antibody (sdAb) library towards BBB endothelial cell receptors. The sdAb antibody library was used in an in vivo phage display screening as a functional selection of novel BBB targeting antibodies. Following three rounds of selections, next generation sequencing analysis, in vitro brain endothelial barrier (BEB) model screenings and in vivo biodistribution studies, five potential sdAbs were identified, three of which reaching >0.6% ID/g in the brain. To validate the brain drug delivery proof-of-concept, the most promising sdAb, namely RG3, was conjugated at the surface of liposomes encapsulated with a model drug, the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (PAN). The translocation efficiency and activity of the conjugate liposome was determined in a dual functional in vitro BEB-glioblastoma model. The RG3 conjugated PAN liposomes enabled an efficient BEB translocation and presented a potent antitumoral activity against LN229 glioblastoma cells without influencing BEB integrity. In conclusion, our in vivo screening approach allowed the selection of highly specific nano-antibody scaffolds with promising properties for brain targeting and drug delivery.

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Reardon, David, Annette Molinaro, Katherine Peters, Jennifer Clarke, Justin Jordan, John de Groot, Phioanh Nghiemphu et al. "CTIM-32. PHASE II AND BIOMARKER STUDY OF PEMBROLIZUMAB OR PEMBROLIZUMAB PLUS BEVACIZUMAB FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS". Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (novembre 2020): ii40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.166.

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Abstract PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in glioblastoma and may contribute to immunosuppression. We performed a phase 2 study of pembrolizumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) blocking antibody alone or with the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma with detailed analyses of biomarkers and patient neurologic function. METHODS Eighty bevacizumab-naive, recurrent glioblastoma patients were randomized to receive pembrolizumab with bevacizumab (cohort A, n=50) or pembrolizumab monotherapy (cohort B, n=30). The primary endpoint was six-month progression-free survival (PFS-6). Exploratory endpoints included evaluation of tumor PD-L1 expression, TIL density, immune activation gene expression signature and plasma cytokines with outcome. Changes in neurologic function were prospectively assessed using the Neurologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (NANO) scale. RESULTS Pembrolizumab alone or with bevacizumab was well tolerated but of limited benefit. For cohort A, PFS-6 was 26.0% (95% CI: 16.3, 41.5), median OS was 8.8 months (95% CI: 7.7, 14.2), ORR was 20% and median duration of response was 48 weeks. For cohort B, PFS-6 was 6.7% (95% CI: 1.7, 25.4), median OS was 10.3 months (95% CI: 8.5, 12.5) and ORR was 0%. Factors associated with worsened OS included baseline dexamethasone use and increased post-therapy plasma VEGF (cohort A) and wild-type IDH1, unmethylated MGMT and increased baseline PlGF and sVEGFR1 levels (cohort B), but tumor immune markers were not informative. The NANO scale effectively predicted neurologic function. CONCLUSIONS Although well tolerated, pembrolizumab was ineffective both as monotherapy and with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma. Nonetheless, radiographic responses to combinatorial therapy were durable. Baseline dexamethasone use and plasma cytokines but not tumor immunologic biomarkers were associated with outcome. Neurologic function evaluated by the NANO scale contributed to outcome assessment.

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Koromyslova, Anna D., e Grant S. Hansman. "Nanobody Binding to a Conserved Epitope Promotes Norovirus Particle Disassembly". Journal of Virology 89, n. 5 (17 dicembre 2014): 2718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03176-14.

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ABSTRACTHuman noroviruses are icosahedral single-stranded RNA viruses. The capsid protein is divided into shell (S) and protruding (P) domains, which are connected by a flexible hinge region. There are numerous genetically and antigenically distinct noroviruses, and the dominant strains evolve every other year. Vaccine and antiviral development is hampered by the difficulties in growing human norovirus in cell culture and the continually evolving strains. Here, we show the X-ray crystal structures of human norovirus P domains in complex with two different nanobodies. One nanobody, Nano-85, was broadly reactive, while the other, Nano-25, was strain specific. We showed that both nanobodies bound to the lower region on the P domain and had nanomolar affinities. The Nano-85 binding site mainly comprised highly conserved amino acids among the genetically distinct genogroup II noroviruses. Several of the conserved residues also were recognized by a broadly reactive monoclonal antibody, which suggested this region contained a dominant epitope. Superposition of the P domain nanobody complex structures into a cryoelectron microscopy particle structure revealed that both nanobodies bound at occluded sites on the particles. The flexible hinge region, which contained ∼10 to 12 amino acids, likely permitted a certain degree of P domain movement on the particles in order to accommodate the nanobodies. Interestingly, the Nano-85 binding interaction with intact particles caused the particles to disassemblein vitro. Altogether, these results suggested that the highly conserved Nano-85 binding epitope contained a trigger mechanism for particle disassembly. Principally, this epitope represents a potential site of norovirus vulnerability.IMPORTANCEWe characterized two different nanobodies (Nano-85 and Nano-25) that bind to human noroviruses. Both nanobodies bound with high affinities to the lower region of the P domain, which was occluded on intact particles. Nano-25 was specific for GII.10, whereas Nano-85 bound several different GII genotypes, including GII.4, GII.10, and GII.12. We showed that Nano-85 was able to detect norovirus virions in clinical stool specimens using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Importantly, we found that Nano-85 binding to intact particles caused the particles to disassemble. We believe that with further testing, Nano-85 not only will work as a diagnostic reagent in norovirus detection systems but also could function as a broadly reactive GII norovirus antiviral.

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