Articoli di riviste sul tema "Namibia National Association of Women in Business"

The paper examines if gender matters in the use of emails in the enterprises of Namibia. The paper is based on the usefulness of emails in business organizations, using the Namibia Enterprise Survey data collected from 580 enterprises by the World Bank in 2014/2015 in order to test a null hypothesis that there is no association in the use of emails between women and men top-managed enterprises in Namibia. The paper finds out that there is an association with men in top-managed enterprises using more emails than women’s top-managed organizations. This finding signifies the institutionalized gender digital divide in enterprises, signalling the marginal benefit of advantages accruing from emails in the enterprises that are top managed by women. Hence, gender matters.

The chambers and associations in Pakistan are mainly represented by men. Meantime the representation of women entrepreneurs is also gaining momentum. Women entrepreneurs have formed chambers in the country to explore potentials and create platform for resolving issues arising during undertaking businesses. The study identified that women have potential and are working hard. Yet they are at takeoff position to get success in expanding the business set-up and getting recognition. The government has brought some changes in the rules for establishing trade organization and allowed formation of separate chambers for women considering their participation in different businesses. It is observed that some efforts have been made by women members under the umbrella of Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) to organize conferences and roundtables to promote and explore business skill of women. The FPCCI, as the apex trade body of the country, organized national and international exhibitions in which they have given equal opportunities to women as men. However, women entrepreneurs are still facing problems due to lack of business knowledge while operating business.

From September 2020 to April 2022, the “DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs” project is being implemented within the “Erasmus +” program. Project coordinator is the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Project partners are National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Austria; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Latvia; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Italy; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Croatia; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs – SEGE, Greece. Project overall objective is to develop a training program that will train experts in order to offer trainings and mentorship sessions that are tailored to the needs of the female entrepreneurs digitalizing their business and help them overcome the obstacles they face in the digitalization. As a result of analyzing the relevance of digitalization in small business for women entrepreneurs in Ukraine the conclusion was made that important areas of digitalization are: search for ideas for business and substantiate these ideas using digital technologies; creation and promotion of business websites; presentation and promotion of business in social networks; implementation of a CRM system at the enterprise. A training program is proposed to prepare experts who will then train women entrepreneurs who run small businesses. The program is designed in such a way that women entrepreneurs have mastered precisely those areas of knowledge that are recognized as the most important in the studies. The program consists of a number of trainings on the following topics: "Training techniques for women entrepreneurs in small business", "Search and Substantiation of Ideas for Business", " Development, deployment, analysis and promotion of the web site ", "Introduction to Social Media Marketing (SMM), "Implementation of digital technologies on the example of the Bitrix24 CRM system".

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in nutrient intakes and nutritional status of rural adult women (≥18–60 years) and the association of sociodemographic characteristics with overweight/obesity.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional studies carried out during 1975–79 to 2011–12 by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) were used. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and waist circumference, carried out during the surveys, were used. Association and logistic regression analyses between sociodemographic characteristics and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were conducted using a complex samples procedure.SettingTen NNMB states of India.SubjectsNon-pregnant and non-lactating rural women aged ≥18–60 years covered during the above periods from ten states in India.ResultsThe prevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined from 52 % during 1975–79 to 34 % during 2011–12, while that of overweight/obesity has increased from 7 % to 24 % during the same period. Median intakes of most of the nutrients have increased over the same period, although they were below recommended levels. The chance of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly (P<0·01) higher among women aged 40–60 years, those belonging to Christian religion and other backward communities, women living in pucca houses, literate women, women engaged in service and business, and those having higher per capita income.ConclusionsPrevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined significantly; however, overweight/obesity has increased during the same period. This increase in overweight/obesity may be attributed to increased consumption of fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle and improved socio-economic status. There is a need to educate the community about regular physical exercise, low intakes of fats and oils, and a balanced diet.

Women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan has been booming in recent years, and it has made a significant impact on social and economic expansion. However, it is notable that these businesses are smaller in size and considered less profitable when compared with men’s entrepreneurial efforts. This dilemma encourages the investigation of the success factors that contribute to the performance of women-owned businesses (WOBs) within this understudied region. Factors that may determine the success of WOB in Pakistan are divided into four broad headings: the entrepreneur’s characteristics, internal business environment, external business environments, and supportive factors. This study also explores the direct and moderating role of perceived national culture within the framework. The results demonstrate that the entrepreneur’s characteristics, external business environments, and supportive factors are positively related to the performance of WOB, while the internal business environment is of little significance. Furthermore, while perceived national culture does not influence the performance of WOB, it weakens the relationship between the entrepreneur’s characteristics and performance but strengthens the impact of supportive factors on the performance of the WOB. This study leads to a solid awareness about the critical success factors, the perceived national culture, and their association with the performances of WOB within Pakistan.

Abstract:Although women have made tremendous gains at work, a striking degree of sex segregation still exists. For a generation of women who were working in low-paying, administrative support positions during the promising era of Title VII, affirmative action did not offer upward mobility. In the 1970s, as employers and regulators began implementing affirmative action amid the gendered structure of internal labor markets, women who were already in clerical roles remained outside the managerial pipeline. Women in 9to5, the National Association of Working Women, sought to bridge the gap between female-dominated clerical and male-dominated managerial ladders using collective action. Yet business and government did not enforce affirmative action such that the clustering of women in low-paid clerical positions constituted discrimination on the basis of sex. Work experience on the clerical ladder remains inadequate training for positions on the managerial ladder.

Рост женского предпринимательства во всем мире стал глобальной тенденцией, что позволило называть эти явления тихой революцией. В Африке этот сегмент экономики развивается стремительно. Актуальность заявленной проблематики объясняется как этими тенденциями, так и статистическими данными. В странах Черной Африки, расположенных южнее Сахары (Ангола, Бенин, Ботсвана, Буркина-Фасо, Бурунди, Габон, Гамбия, Гана, Кения, Намибия, Нигерия, Руанда, Танзания, ЮАР и др.), по данным статистики, женщины являются руководителями в среднем около трети всех компаний, в Сенегале доля женщин-предпринимателей и руководителей компаний достигает 37%, в Ботсване – 32%, в Южной Африке 26%. Благополучными считаются условия для развития женского бизнеса в Сенегале, Гане, Нигерии, Кот-д’Ивуаре, Уганде. Несмотря на значительный вклад в развитие экономики целого ряда африканских стран, женщины встречают препятствия на пути к качественному образованию, а женский бизнес в регионе ограничен в доступных инвестициях и инфраструктуре. Поддержку женскому бизнесу оказывают различные международные организации, такие, как Международная ассоциация «Франкофония», а также региональные организации и проекты. Региональные социальные структуры концентрируют свою деятельность на финансово-экономической, информационной поддержке и образовании. Так, Фонд поддержки женщин Кот-д’Ивуара (FAFCI) выделяет для развития бизнеса микрокредиты. Другие, как сотовый оператор Orange, в центр программы поддержки ставит развитие цифрового образования среди женщин в бизнесе, что позволяет не только учиться, но и развивать нужные связи в профильных некоммерческих организациях. Предлагаемое исследование направлено на выявление отраслей, в которых в основном работают женщины-предприниматели, на анализ удобных условий для развития предпринимательства, возглавляемого женщинами, а также тех препятствий, которые возникают на пути развития их бизнеса, и на предложение решений, которые могли бы снять эти проблемы. The growth of women's entrepreneurship around the world has become a global trend, which makes it possible to call these phenomena a quiet revolution. In Africa, this segment of the economy is developing rapidly. The relevance of the stated issues is explained both by these trends and by statistical data. In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Africa, etc.), according to statistics, women are leaders on average, about a third of all companies; in Senegal, the share of women entrepreneurs and company managers reaches 37%, in Botswana - 32%, in South Africa 26%. Conditions for the development of women's businesses in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, and Uganda are considered favorable. Despite significant contributions to the economic development of a number of African countries, women face barriers to quality education, and women-owned businesses in the region are limited in available investment and infrastructure. Support for women's business is provided by various international organizations, such as the International Association Francophonie, as well as regional organizations and projects. Regional social structures concentrate their activities on financial, economic, information support and education. Thus, the Women's Fund of Côte d'Ivoire (FAFCI) provides microloans for business development. Others, like the mobile operator Orange, place the development of digital education among women in business at the center of their support program, which allows them not only to study, but also to develop the necessary connections in specialized non-profit organizations. The proposed study aims to identify the industries in which women entrepreneurs mainly work, to analyze the favorable conditions for the development of women-led entrepreneurship, as well as the obstacles that arise in the development of their businesses, and to propose solutions that could remove these Problems.

Using regionally linked facility and household surveys, we measured the quality of integrated antenatal care and malaria in pregnancy services in Kenya, Namibia, Senegal, and Tanzania. We examined country heterogeneities for the association of integrated antenatal and malaria service quality scores with insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) use in pregnant women and children under-five and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp-2) uptake. Malaria in pregnancy service quality was low overall. Our findings suggest modest, positive associations between malaria in pregnancy quality and ITN use and IPTp-2 uptake across pooled models and for most studied countries, with evidence of heterogeneity in the strength of associations and relevant confounding factors. Antenatal care quality generally was not associated with the study outcomes, although a positive interaction with malaria in pregnancy quality was present for pooled ITN use models. The improved quality of malaria services delivered during formal antenatal care can help address low coverage and usage rates of preventive malaria interventions in pregnancy and childhood. Study findings may be used to target quality improvement efforts at the sub-national level. Study methods may be adapted to identify low-performing facilities for intervention and adaption to other areas of care, such as HIV/AIDS, child immunizations, and postnatal care.

Work stress is one key health outcome that is responsive to the work–family interface, particularly to the extent to which work and family life lead to conflict outside of their respective spheres. Previous scholarship examining work stress cross-nationally has highlighted the culturally specific work expectations that shape worker experiences in the workplace. However, those work expectations are shaped by cultural opportunities for women and men. This article adds to the literature on cross-national understandings of work using 2010 European Social Survey data ( N = 4,278 women and 3,712 men) to examine the extent to which country-level differences in gender equality shape the experiences of worker stress in 26 countries. After controlling for individual-level demands and resources (in the home and workplace), the analysis yields two key findings. First, there is an association between work-to-family conflict and worker stress for both women and men, but the association between family-to-work conflict and worker stress was evident only among women. Second, the gendered cultural context shapes women’s experience of workplace stress both directly and through moderating the negative influences of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict. The findings have specific significance for understanding how cultural context shapes whether workplace policies can be used as mechanisms to reduce worker stress.

In the challenging and volatile financial markets, an investor needs to change his financial objectives frequently, leading to a diversified portfolio of investments. The financial future of the individual investor depends on his rational decisionmaking. This research aims to evaluate various determinants of financial decision-making concerning working women in the National Capital Region, India. It examines the association of financial literacy, personal finance planning, and riskbehaviour with the financial decision-making of working females. The research also studies the different exogenous variables of financial literacy, including financial attitude (FA), financial behaviour (FB) and financial knowledge (FK). It utilises a quantitative approach for predicting relationships between the identified variables. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale and was analysed through a partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The study results suggest a positive and significant association of financial literacy and personal finance planning with financial decision-making by working women. On the other hand, risk behaviour negatively affects financial decision-making. The findings also reveal that all three exogenous variables, financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial knowledge, have a strong relationship with financial literacy. The research is relevant for individual women investing in various financial avenues to take better decisions. This study also benefits financial managers and institutions to target as women are potential investors in a developing country like India.

This study derives desirable implications that can be applied through an empirical analysis of the silver town preferences of reservists in order to improve housing supply, housing welfare, residential environment, and quality of life for reservists of the Ministry of National Defense in an aging society and reflects them in the military housing policy of the Ministry of National Defense. It is done. As a result of the study, it was found that internal characteristics were the most preferred, followed by program characteristics, relationship, and economic characteristics, while physical characteristics were the least preferred. First, men and women strongly preferred safety facilities, living convenience facilities, emergency medical care, regular checkups, and emergency support, and preferred health activities, silver activities, neighbor relations, and staff response. On the other hand, women preferred deadlines, residential independence, household activities, business management, and pastimes. Second, in terms of service years, those with 10 or 20 years or more prefer health activities and silver activities, while those with 10 or more years prefer emergency medical services, regular checkups, and medical support, and those with 20 or more years prefer safety facilities, living convenience facilities, neighbor relations, and medical support. I preferred staff response. In particular, for over 20 years, emergency medical care, regular checkups, and emergency support were highly preferred. Third, the Military Housing Policy Division under the Military Facilities Planning Directorate of the Ministry of Defense Resource Management establishes a military housing policy, and the Ministry of National Defense Facilities Headquarters reflects it in the guidelines for preparing basic design requirements for national defense and military facility standards, as well as working guidelines, standard plans, and standard detailed drawings, and the Military Mutual Aid Association It is reflected in the business plan of the real estate investment headquarters of the construction investment division, and it is believed that the morale of reservists will increase if unused military facilities are discovered and used as a silver town site.

Purpose Arab female academics struggle to advance within their universities in both academic and managerial ranks. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the factors hindering Arab women’s academic career development through studying the case of Jordanian academic women. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered through document analysis (Jordan constitution, Jordanian Labour Law and its amendments, higher education and scientific research law, Jordanian universities’ law and universities’ HR policies and regulations), interviews with 20 female academics and a focus group with 13 female academics (members of the Association of Jordanian Female Academics). Findings The results indicate female academics as tokens facing many interconnected and interrelated barriers embodied in cultural, social, economic and legal factors. The findings support the general argument proposed in human resource management (HRM) literature regarding the influence of culture on HRM practices and also propose that the influence of culture extends to having an impact on HR policies’ formulation as well as the formal legal system. Originality/value The influence of culture on women’s career development and various HR practices is well established in HR literature. But the findings of this study present a further pressure of culture. HR policies and other regulations were found to be formulated in the crucible of national culture. Legalizing discriminatory issues deepens the stereotypical pictures of women, emphasizing the domestic role of women and making it harder to break the glass ceiling and old-boy network.

In 1987 the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) appointed a task force to develop undergraduate and graduate curricular guidelines for institutions preparing sport management professionals. The undergraduate guidelines address the three components of a sport management curriculum: (a) the foundational areas of study comprising full courses in business management, marketing, economics, accounting, finance, and computer science; (b) the application areas of study composed of sport foundations (e.g., sport sociology, sport psychology, sport history /philosophy, women in sport), sport law, sport economics, sport marketing/promotion, and sport administration; and (c) the field experiences including practical and internships. The graduate guidelines build upon the undergraduate preparation and include (a) two required courses in research methods and a project or thesis; (b) advanced application electives in sport law, sport economics, sport marketing/promotion, sport administration, facility design, and event management; and (c) the field experiences of practical and internships.

The Professional Officers' Association, which operates in the Commonwealth employment sector, has been in the forefront of the contemporary movement to achieve pay equity for women employed in female intensive professions. The Association's experiences have led it to conclttde that pay equity is difficult for parties to the industrial relations system to negotiate in the context of the established industrial relations model, which places strong reliance on the process of negotiation and compromise. This is further complicated by the conflicting position of the Commonwealth government at the political level, with a policy that supports pay equity, and as an employer who historically has resisted and impeded implementation of pay equity, and continues to do sa This paper examines the positions adopted by the Commonwealth government as an employer, by the Indtrstriat Relations Commission as guardian of the public interest, including the national economy, and by unions, primarily in the context of the Association's experiences in pursuing claims for pay equity for female professions. The paper describes the means by which pay equity claims are succeeding with the assistance of the Commission, using the Association's dental therapist cases as a case sttrdy, and draws on the experience of other contemporary pay equity cases in addition to those run by the Professional Officers' Association in order to emphasize tfre dysfunctional aspects of the process imposed by the Indrsstrial Relations Commission as a means of dealing with claims for pay equity.

The aim of this research was to identify the differences in the incidence of symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation according to age, sex, and national health insurance eligibility. We evaluated the hospital documents of patients who received medical treatment for symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation between 2004 and 2010 and excluded those who claimed to have expenses at oriental medical clinics or pharmacies. Furthermore, any duplicate documents from the labor force population aged 20–69 years were excluded from the analysis. The results showed that the number of individuals diagnosed with symptomatic cervical and lumbar disc herniation increased with age, and the incidence of these diseases was higher in women than in men. Additionally, the incidence differed depending on the subject’s qualification for health insurance. The incidence of lumbar disc herniation showed differences depending on the degree of the lumbar burden. The present study findings may help determine whether lumbar disc herniation is associated with tasks performed at the patient’s workplace. Further research is needed to classify the risk of lumbar disk herniation in the workplace into detailed categories such as types of business, types of occupation, and lumbar compression force.

Human rights are such a right which is considered to be the prerogative of every person. Human rights are neither created by any government nor can be repealed. Specifically, the term human rights refer to rights that are considered universal to humanity, regardless of citizenship, residential status, ethnicity, gender, or other considerations. The phrase first gained widespread use in English due to the abolitionist movement, which appealed to the common humanity of slaves and freedmen. Human rights include cultural, economic, political rights, such as the right to life, liberty, education and equality before the law, association, faith, free speech, information, religion, movement and nationality. The declaration of these rights is not binding on any country, but they serve as a standard of concern for people and form the basis of many modern national constitutions. Among these human rights, my paper will focus on gender-based rights. Women section of the society. The main focus of the paper revolves around politics and legislation, the two agencies that ensure equal rights to the women of India through a historical perspective. During the 1940s and 1950s, Indian women proved that they could take advantage of every imaginable opportunity and long before women in countries like France, America or England could reach high positions. This paper will bring out how women in top offices in India definitely outpace England, America and France during this entire period. Abstract in Hindi Language: मानव अधिकार एक ऐसा अधिकार है जिसे हर व्यक्ति का विशेषाधिकार माना जाता है मानवाधिकार न तो किसी सरकार द्वारा बनायें गये है और न ही निरस्त किये जा सकते है। विशेष रूप से मानवाधिकार शब्द उन अधिकारों को सन्दर्भित करता है जिन्हे मानवता के लिए सार्वभौमिक माना जाता है, नागरिकता, निवास की स्थिति, जातियता, लिंग या अन्य विचारों की प्रवाह किए बिना। इस मुहावरें को सबसे पहले अंग्रेजी में उन्मूलनवादी आन्दोलन के कारण व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया, जिसने दासों और स्वंतत्र व्यक्तियों की सामान्य मानवता को आकर्षित किया। मानवाधिकारों में सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक, राजनितिक अधिकार शामिल है, जैस- जीवन का अधिकार, स्वंतत्रता, शिक्षा और कानून के समक्ष समानता, संघ विश्वास, मुक्त भाषण, सूचना, धर्म, आन्दोलन एवं राष्ट्रीयता का अधिकार। इन अधिकारों की घोषणा किसी भी देश के लिए बाध्यकारी नहीं है, लेकिन वे लोगों के लिए चिन्ता के मानक के रूप में काम करते है और कई आधुनिक राष्ट्रीय संविधान का आधार बनते है। इन मानवाधिकारों के बीच मेरा पेपर लिंग आधारित अधिकारों पर केन्द्रित होगा। समाज का महिला वर्ग। पेपर का मुख्य फोकस एतिहासिक परिप्रेक्ष्य के माध्यम से भारत की महिलाओं को समान अधिकार सुनिश्चत करने वाली दो एजेन्सियों राजनिति ओर विधान के इर्द-गिर्द घुमता है। 1940 ओर 1950 के दशकांे के दौरान, भारतीय महिलाओं ने साबित कर दिया कि वे सभी बोधगम्य अवसरों का लाभ उठा सकती है और फ्रांस, अमेरिका या इग्लैंड जैसे देशों में महिलाओं के उच्च पद तक पहुचने से बहुत पहले। यह पेपर सामने लाएगा कि कैसे इस पूरी अवधि के दौरान भारत में शीर्ष कार्यालयों में महिलाऐं निश्चित रूप से इंग्लैंड, अमेरिका और फ्रांस से आगे निकल जाती है। Keywords: जीवन का अधिकार, स्वंतत्रता, शिक्षा, मुक्त भाषण, सूचना, धर्म

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Chinese and US students differ in preference for group work (PGW) and whether the factors contributing to PGW differ in the two countries. Design/methodology/approach – The sample included 412 Chinese and 423 US college students who completed a survey measuring cultural values and motives. Hierarchical regression and simple-slope analyses were used to examine main effects and interactions. Findings – Overall, the US and Chinese students did not differ in PGW. Although US men exceeded US women in PGW, no gender difference occurred in China. PGW was positively associated with others focus (concern for what others think) and helping others in both countries, but the association was stronger in China. In China, but not in the USA, PGW was positively associated with extrinsic motivation and need for achievement. Therefore, despite the general acceptance of group work in the USA, participation in groups is not seen as critical in attaining rewards as it is in China. Research limitations/implications – Other populations, including practicing managers, should be studied to better represent the workforce of each country. Also, other variables, including personality traits, may impact PGW. Practical implications – Managers and educators should pay attention to how cultural values and motives of group members vary. Business education should offer more opportunities to increase exposure to cultural differences, including experience working in culturally diverse groups. Originality/value – The study supports some traditional assumptions concerning the impact of culture upon PGW, but also suggests that a global business orientation can mitigate the impact of traditional national cultures.

Background: Ethiopia has over 29 million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk for developing cervical cancer. Aim: To provide prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions and its associated factors among women visiting gynecology department of Felege Hiwot referral Hospital (FHRH). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 on 428 women who were seeking medical service in FHRH. Relevant sociodemographic data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clients were screened for abnormal cervical presentation by physicians and those with indicative clinical presentations were recruited for visual inspection using 5% acetic acid (VIA) as per cervical cancer prevention guideline for low-resource settings. The screening result was documented based on the national VIA screening record format as; 'No acithowhite lesion', 'Acithowhite lesion eligible for cryo', 'Acithowhite lesion non eligible for cryo' or 'Suspicious for cancer'. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23. Statistical significance was set at P value < 0.05. Results: Most of the participants, 270 (63.1%), 296 (69.2%), 379 (88.6%), 247 (57.7%) and 194 (45.3%) were from urban settings, married, fertile, used long term contraceptive and HIV-positive, respectively. Similarly, the majority, 242 (56.5%) were in the age group of 39-49 years with the median age at 35.0 years. Furthermore, 167 (39.0%) and 5 (1.2%) participants reported as they experienced STI ever and practiced tobacco smoking, respectively. The median age during first sex was at 16 years. On top of this, more than half of the participants at 268 (62.6%) exercised multiple sexual partner (i.e., two and more). Majority of the screened clients at 367 (85.7%) were negative for precancerous lesions. The rest, at 61 (14.3%) had abnormal cervical lesion of which some 23% (14/61) were suspicious for cervical cancer. Among VIA positive participants, 75.4% (46/61) were eligible for cryotherapy and got the treatment. The odds of having VIA positive result was lower by 24% among women engaged in private business than government employees [adjusted OR: 0.24, 95% CI (0.07-0.85)]. The other variables tested in the model didn't show statistical association ( P value > 0.05) with VIA positive result. Conclusion: The observed VIA screening result calls stakeholders to strengthen the primary cervical cancer prevention strategies in the studied area.

ABSTRACTThe Connecticut (CT) State Colleges and Universities’ College of Technology (COT) and its Regional Center for Next Generation Manufacturing (RCNGM), a National Science Foundation (NSF) Center of Excellence, educate manufacturing technicians with necessary skills as needed by the manufacturing industry. The COT-RCNGM continuously broadens its partnerships with other community colleges, high schools and industry in New England and at the national and international levels to provide support and expertise to both students and educators in advanced manufacturing programs. The COT was founded in 1995 through state legislation to create and implement seamless pathways in engineering and technology. This system-wide collaboration of all twelve CT public community colleges, including seven state-of-the-art Advanced Manufacturing Technology Centers (AMTC) at CT’s community colleges; eight public and private universities; technical high and comprehensive high schools; and representatives from industry, including the CT Business & Industry Association (CBIA) which represents 10,000 companies. The pathways have multiple points of entry and exit for job placement and stackable credentials for degree completion, including national certifications that have increased enrollments and created program stability.The COT is led by the Site Coordinators Council that meets monthly and consists of faculty and deans from all COT educational partners and representatives from industry and government. The Council identifies and reviews new programs, concentrations, and certificates based on industry needs and creates seamless articulated pathways. Final approval is often completed within three months for immediate implementation, allowing a timely response to workforce needs. The COT-RCNGM partners with CBIA to conduct a biannual survey of manufacturing workforce needs in CT. Educators use the survey to identify curricular needs and support funding proposals for educational programs. Asnuntuck Community College, the original AMTC, was able to use industry data from the survey to help create new programs. The RCNGM partners with other NSF grants and entities such as the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI). The COT-RCNGM produced DVDs profiling students who have completed COT programs and work in CT manufacturing companies. The Manufacture Your Future 2.0 and the You Belong: Women in Manufacturing DVDs are distributed nationally to increase knowledge of career opportunities in manufacturing. Finally, the COT-RCNGM organizes the Greater Hartford Mini Maker Faire that brings together community members of all ages and backgrounds to share projects that promote interest in STEM fields. Participation in the Maker Movement led to involvement in a national network of Maker Faire organizers including a meeting at the White House where one organizer from each state was invited to attend and discuss the national impact of Makers.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the association between auditor and chief financial officer (CFO) gender and earnings quality, utilising data from Sweden. This study also aims to examine whether interactions between auditor and CFO, which may affect a firm’s earnings quality, are associated with their gender. These aims are inspired by the notion that gender differences will be overruled by the rewards and socialisation into the occupational roles as suggested by the structural approach to gender. Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a multivariate regression model to test its hypotheses. The sample consists of 976 firm-year observations covering the period 2008 to 2013. FindingsThe results show that gender of the auditor and CFO is not associated with earnings quality, and the interactions between auditors and CFOs, which may affect earnings quality, are not associated with their gender. Consequently, the results give tentative support for the structural approach in gender studies in the accounting and auditing field. Research limitations/implicationsThis study indicates that future research in gender studies should consider the structural approach based on the argument of gender similarities. This approach contends that work-related behaviour of women will more resemble men, and this is caused by the socialisation process into the occupational role and the structure where they work (e.g. organisational and professional culture, work conditions, a compensation scheme, national culture, etc.) instead of gender. Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding whether gender – auditor and CFO gender – is associated with firms’ earnings quality and standing whether the interactions between auditor and CFO are associated with their gender, something that, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has not been tested previously. It also re-introduces the structural approach within the gender research in the accounting and auditing field.

Purpose: To assess the effect of social participation on financial inclusion of Northern Rangeland Trust women groups, Kenya. Methodology: The current study used descriptive research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The target population was 10 women groups registered in Northern Rangeland Trust in Laikipia County. The respondents were 10 chairladies, 10 secretaries, 10 treasurers, and 152 women members. Women group leaders were interviewed while the women who were members of self-help groups answered the questionnaire. The study conducted pre-test on 1 women group in Samburu County selected using simple random method. The study also sampled 1 chairlady, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer and 15 women members. Chairladies, secretaries and treasurers were selected using purposive sampling method while the members were selected using simple random sampling method. The descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and median were computed. The findings were presented using descriptive tables, figures and narratives for ease of understanding the results. Inferential analysis to be generated included model summary to test the level of influence, analysis of variance to test hypothesis and regression coefficients to test the study’s model. Diagnostic tests such as normality, linearity, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation were tested. The study used multiple regression analysis in order to determine the relationship between linking social capital and financial inclusion of women groups in northern rangeland trust, Laikipia county, Kenya. Results: The results from the questionnaires revealed, 39(29%) and 26(19%) strongly agreed and agreed correspondingly that women groups were able to access to financial services e.g., accounting services at subsidized rates after partnering with NGOs such as NRT. However, 80(60%) and 27(20%) strongly disagreed and disagreed correspondingly that there has been availability of financial opportunities on investments as a result of women groups selling products to internal and external promoters. The R coefficient was 0.863 while R-Square was 0.745. This meant that social networks had a 74.5% influence on financial inclusion. The significance value was 0.009 which was less than 0.05. The study therefore rejected null hypothesis that social participation does not have significant effect on financial inclusion of Northern Rangeland Trust women groups, Kenya. The results from the interviews revealed, the various types of financial knowledge women in groups were bound to get that enabled them have outstanding performances in their projects as book-keeping, reconciliation and auditing. Additionally, the ways that NRT linked women to access financial services included connecting them with various accounting firms, accountants, financial managers and auditors. Further, the selection criteria that they used to rule out women groups that got access to financial opportunities on investments included availability of memorandum of association, group minutes and application status to NRT. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In as much as women were in a position of getting finances, the full access to financial opportunities was limited. This is whereby many groups of women had to rely on few economic activities that were majorly pegged on the directions given by both national and county governments. The study recommends that on social participation, there should be awareness raised by local leaders on available financial opportunities that women would engage locally to raise money. Various non-government organizations should encourage women to start various non-tradition business and explore wider on fields such as forex trading, online jobs, application of both local and international tenders among others. This would give an upper hand towards promoting more financial opportunities.

Purpose: To assess the effect of social participation on financial inclusion of Northern Rangeland Trust women groups, Kenya. Methodology: The current study used descriptive research design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The target population was 10 women groups registered in Northern Rangeland Trust in Laikipia County. The respondents were 10 chairladies, 10 secretaries, 10 treasurers, and 152 women members. Women group leaders were interviewed while the women who were members of self-help groups answered the questionnaire. The study conducted pre-test on 1 women group in Samburu County selected using simple random method. The study also sampled 1 chairlady, 1 secretary, 1 treasurer and 15 women members. Chairladies, secretaries and treasurers were selected using purposive sampling method while the members were selected using simple random sampling method. The descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and median were computed. The findings were presented using descriptive tables, figures and narratives for ease of understanding the results. Inferential analysis to be generated included model summary to test the level of influence, analysis of variance to test hypothesis and regression coefficients to test the study’s model. Diagnostic tests such as normality, linearity, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation were tested. The study used multiple regression analysis in order to determine the relationship between linking social capital and financial inclusion of women groups in northern rangeland trust, Laikipia county, Kenya. Results: The results from the questionnaires revealed, 39(29%) and 26(19%) strongly agreed and agreed correspondingly that women groups were able to access to financial services e.g., accounting services at subsidized rates after partnering with NGOs such as NRT. However, 80(60%) and 27(20%) strongly disagreed and disagreed correspondingly that there has been availability of financial opportunities on investments as a result of women groups selling products to internal and external promoters. The R coefficient was 0.863 while R-Square was 0.745. This meant that social networks had a 74.5% influence on financial inclusion. The significance value was 0.009 which was less than 0.05. The study therefore rejected null hypothesis that social participation does not have significant effect on financial inclusion of Northern Rangeland Trust women groups, Kenya. The results from the interviews revealed, the various types of financial knowledge women in groups were bound to get that enabled them have outstanding performances in their projects as book-keeping, reconciliation and auditing. Additionally, the ways that NRT linked women to access financial services included connecting them with various accounting firms, accountants, financial managers and auditors. Further, the selection criteria that they used to rule out women groups that got access to financial opportunities on investments included availability of memorandum of association, group minutes and application status to NRT. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In as much as women were in a position of getting finances, the full access to financial opportunities was limited. This is whereby many groups of women had to rely on few economic activities that were majorly pegged on the directions given by both national and county governments. The study recommends that on social participation, there should be awareness raised by local leaders on available financial opportunities that women would engage locally to raise money. Various non-government organizations should encourage women to start various non-tradition business and explore wider on fields such as forex trading, online jobs, application of both local and international tenders among others. This would give an upper hand towards promoting more financial opportunities.

Context: Didactic proficiency does not ensure clinical aptitude. Quality athletic health care requires clinical knowledge and affective traits. Objective: To develop a grounded theory explaining the constructs of a quality certified athletic trainer (AT). Design: Delphi study. Setting: Interviews in conference rooms or business offices and by telephone. Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen ATs (men = 8, women = 5) stratified across the largest employment settings (high school, college, clinical) in the 4 largest districts of the National Athletic Trainers' Association (2, 3, 4, 9). Data Collection and Analysis: Open-ended interview questions were audio recorded, transcribed, and reviewed before condensing. Two member checks ensured trustworthiness. Open coding reduced text to descriptive adjectives. Results: We grouped adjectives into 5 constructs (care, communication, commitment, integrity, knowledge) and grouped these constructs into 2 higher-order constructs (affective traits, effective traits). Conclusions: According to participants, ATs who demonstrate the ability to care, show commitment and integrity, value professional knowledge, and communicate effectively with others can be identified as quality ATs. These abilities facilitate the creation of positive relationships. These relationships allow the quality AT to interact with patients and other health care professionals on a knowledgeable basis that ultimately improves health care delivery. Our resulting theory supported the examination of characteristics not traditionally assessed in an athletic training education program. If researchers can show that these characteristics develop ATs into quality ATs (eg, those who work better with others, relate meaningfully with patients, and improve the standard of health care), they must be cultivated in the educational setting.

Labor movements around the world have explored various forms of global labor governance mechanisms to hold multinational companies accountable for ensuring workers’ and human rights throughout their supply chains. This article examines H&M’s Global Framework Agreement (H&M GFA) and its implementation in three Asian producing countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, and India to develop some insights on global labor governance. H&M commits to foster trade union and labor rights but is not legally obligated to take steps to actualize those rights. The article contextualizes and signify GFAs importance within international human rights and labor law by referring to business and human rights instruments and by utilizing a social movement perspective. Drawing from three main social movement oriented theoretical disciplines: organizing, legal mobilization and decolonization, this paper evaluates the H&M GFA and GFAs generally. The article pays particular attention to GFAs’ impact on gender because the majority of the workers in the global garment industry are women. In the Asian context, GFAs must be strengthened to be binding on companies to enforce the fundamental labor right to freedom of association, collective bargaining and non-discrimination. They must proactively involve national unions in the negotiation, implementation, and enforcement of the agreement to ensure their full participation and seek their meaningful input on the socio-political context of the producing countries. They must be conceived with a grassroots, multi-layered approach to governance to enable workers from the factory level to the international level to exercise their power and agency to establish labor standards and resolve disputes, form worker-led organizations such as trade unions, and facilitate implementation procedures that are binding on multinational corporations. Further, in the garment industry, the GFAs must proactively address gender related concerns and provide clear avenues for women workers to raise these issues. Notwithstanding these challenges to GFAs, among labor governance strategies within international human rights law, it has the most promise in actualizing labor and human rights.

Purpose: The purpose of the Study is to evaluate challenges and opportunities of various services utilization under the WADI project of NABARD by Tribal Women of Goalpara in the prospective of study design. Theoretical Framework: There is a significant role of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in the socio-economic development of India in the perspective of the development of a sustainable development approach of livelihood for underprivileged people in the backward regions of India. In these consequences, a project of Wasteland Development in India (WADI) is a master plan NABARD for socio-economic development in the backward region of India, especially for promoting a sustainable development approach for scheduled tribes of India. Approach: The study is based on the review of related literature to study the various service utilisations under the WADI projects in the Goalpara district of Assam. For the purpose of the study various literatures, books, magazines, papers, newspapers and articles have been reviewed. Literature search revealed 121 articles or 99 abstracts, and citations showed 22 investigations. 39 publications did not meet the study's inclusion requirements, and 32 abstracts were rejected, 23 from non-English sources. 27 relevant peer-reviewed publications were chosen based on the inclusion criteria. Finding and social Implications: The findings of the study show that the implementation of master projects of NABARD is based according to the socio-economic and cultural practices of tribal communities in the Goalpara district of Assam because these tribes are inherited in their cultural landscape, and this cultural landscape represents their association with agroforestry. From these perspectives, it is found that the Goalpara district is the most backward region of Assam, where scheduled tribes account for the major proportion of the population of the district. Additionally, the role of NABARD is to promote and lead the mechanism of women empowerment through projects of WADI in the Goalpara district. However, it is also found that many challenges and problems emerged in the implementation of WADI projects due to the lack of transport and communication facilities in the Goalpara district of Assam. Originality/Value: In these consequences, it can be valued that NABARD is providing a sustainable approach to socio-economic development for scheduled tribes through the help of NGOs and organizations of the central government and state government of Assam. A depth analysis was conducted to understand the mechanism of role of the tribal community in the context of WADI projects of NABARD in the perspective of tribal abundant zone of Assam in India.

The small - scale fisheries and fish trade sector is important in global and national economies by providing millions with income and consumers with food. Nile perch (Lates niloticus ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), and small cyprinid ( Rastrineobola argentea ) form the basis of commercial fishery in Lake Victoria. From 1997 to 2000, East Africa suffered a series of fish export bans due to contamination by Salmonella, cholera epidemics and use of chemicals in Lake Victoria. Kenya thereafter adopted hygiene requirements in European directive 91/493/EEC for fish and fish products. Kenya’s fish production from the lake declined from 180,000 metric tons in 2003 , down to 133,000 metric tons in 2010. Globally, 30% of total fish catch is lost through poor post harvest handling. The objectives of this study were to determine the socio - economic conditions of small - scale fish traders, to investigate hygienic practices in handling, storage and processing of fish, and to isolate and identify human pathogens in both fresh and processed fish sold in Kisumu markets. A structured questionnaire was used to get demographic, socio - economic, safety and quality practices information. Samples of fresh and processed fish were tested for Aerobic Plate Count, Coliform, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae counts. Results revealed that women traders were 81% in number while men were 19% and most of the traders (40%) were aged between 26 and 35 years. The highest level of education attained by majority (51%) of the traders was primary level. The traders’ most frequent income was KES 200 - 399 (USD 3 to 5) a day which cannot sustain a family. Most traders (57%) had additional sources of income to subsidise their needs. Many traders lacked good transport, refrigeration facilities, water, toilet, waste disposal and rubbish disposal. Total plate count was above 10 6 per g which is the maximum allowed. Th e association between Total Plate Count and hygiene quality status of the samples was significant negatively at p value ≤ 0.001. Traders should be trained on hygiene requirements and economic skills for better practices to improve business performance.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the effect of R&D teams’ gender diversity on different innovation outputs. The paper argues that some innovations are best positioned to capitalize on the benefits of gender diversity because of the greater relevance of market insight and personal interactions. Moreover, it argues that gender diversity is not a source of innovation for foreign firms because of the subsidiaries’ role in the multinational group, the tacit nature of gender policies and the institutional distance between multinationals’ home and host countries. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from data of the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation Panel de Innovación Tecnológica (PITEC), this study uses multivariable probit models that allow for systematic correlations among the different innovation outcomes to determine the impact of R&D workforce gender diversity on the likelihood of introducing different innovation outputs. Findings – Allowing for systematic correlations among different innovation outcomes, results indicate that the relationship between gender diversity and product and process innovation has the shape of an inverted-U, while there is a positive linear association with service innovation. Moreover, gender diversity produces a greater impact on product innovation than on process innovation. Results also indicate that while gender diversity fosters every innovation outcome of domestic firms, it only contributes to foreign firms’ services innovation in a positive non-linear way. Research limitations/implications – Because of the availability of data, this paper has focused on how firms’ multinationality and group affiliation influence the relationship between gender diversity and innovation; however, other firms’ differences might also play a role on the effectiveness of the R&D workforce’s gender diversity. Firms differ on strategies, structures and capabilities (Nelson, 1991), and these differences may condition the potential of gender diversity. Therefore, this paper opens future research lines. Practical implications – Innovative firms should be concerned with human resource management practices for gender diversity regardless of their innovation output strategy. However, managers should not consider forming teams with equal proportions of men and women. Those firms aiming at introducing innovations that involve interactions among internal and external agents and those that require a better interface with the marketplace will benefit more from gender diversity than those firms pursuing innovations related to the solution of technical problems. Finally, the paper shows that foreign subsidiaries have problems with the implementation of gender policies, especially when it comes to service and process innovation activities. Originality/value – This paper contributes by examining the influence of two contextual factors that may affect the relationship between gender diversity and innovation. First, it examines how gender diversity affects the likelihood of introducing different innovation outputs (product, service and process) as the different tasks required by each innovation represent different contexts that may affect the effectiveness of gender diversity. Second, the paper analyzes whether the influence of R&D workforce’s gender diversity on innovation outputs is different for domestic and foreign firms as foreign firms’ national culture, organizational culture, strategy and HR practices differ from those of domestic firms.

Purpose According to the Government of India’s Ministry of Labour and Employment Report (2015), almost 90% of the Indian workforce can still be categorized as informally employed, generating approximately 50% of the national product. Challenges with data availability have made a rigorous analysis of the informal economy in India often difficult and inadequate for policy formulations. This study aims to fill the gap by providing an empirical analysis of the informal economy in India using micro-data from the World Bank’s Informal Enterprise Surveys. Design/methodology/approach The authors contribute by empirically testing the association between the adoption of digital technology (payments) and firm performance proxied by firm sales. Matching models are used to mitigate sample selection bias arising out of simultaneous sample selection. Findings The results suggest that the participation in digital platforms, namely, use of digital payment instruments, is associated with higher sales for firms. The results of this study also show that adoption of digital payments helps in both situations – whether a firm has been using digital technology or has just started using it since the outbreak. Research limitations/implications More in-depth data over time, spanning across more cities of India, is needed to conduct a further detailed investigation. Social implications The results should allow policymakers in India to reconsider youth-centric and women-centric business needs, even within the informal sector, which does not often enter the purview of the government but remains responsible for the growth and sustenance of 90% of the country’s workforce. If further research on this issue could engage with the impact of demonetization of currency in 2016 as a lagged shock on sales and reestimate subsequent growth, it would perhaps offer a wider spectrum of how the performance of the informal economy in India affects the entire economy, which has over the last four years and before the onset of Covid reported slower growth. Originality/value Productivity is measured in terms of sales of informal firms in India in a regular month or in recent period like last month. Adoption of technology such as making payments using digital platforms can enhance productivity of firms by lowering standard transaction costs and time spent for visiting banks or financial institutions. Albeit not extensively, the literature has investigated digital technology adoption in the context of firms achieving comparative advantage (D’Ippolito et al. 2019; Scuotto et al. 2017), firms generating value creation (Magistretti, Dell’Era and Petruzzelli, 2019), and in helping with strategic initiatives and agility of firms (Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018; Piccoli and Ives, 2005). Nonetheless, it would incur certain fixed costs, including acquiring skills and awareness, to manage digital platforms. In addition, physical access to instruments such as smartphones or computers and internet connectivity are prerequisites for productivity enhancements. Firms belonging to the informal sector in India generally face these challenges but may also benefit significantly following successful adoption. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to conduct a preliminary empirical analysis of the impact of digital technology adoption on the performance of informal sector firms in India.

The article is devoted to the identification, definition and research of theoretical and praxeological factors and trends leading to the objectification of the issue of codification works in the field of international legal standards of human rights. It is proved that issue of human and citizen rights and freedoms, since the creation of the UN in 1945, has been a fundamental object of cooperation between states in the modern international community (see the Preamble to the 1945 UN Charter). That is why at the level of such an association of modern states, as well as at the regional and bilateral levels, in order to detail and specify the mandatory obligations of states in this most important sphere of interaction, a large number of multilateral and bilateral international interstate treaties, which, firstly, affect a wide range of subjects (people, women, children, disabled people, believers, prisoners, soldiers, prisoners of war, the elderly, pensioners, athletes, etc.), and secondly, establish mandatory obligations of their member states (international legal obligations of states, obligations of states under international treaties signed by them) in relation to a wide range of rights recognized by their legally recognized international catalog (personal, political, economic, social, cultural, environmental), thirdly, in the process of their implementation in various conditions (peacetime, state of martial law or war, environmental and man-made disasters, other extraordinary conditions of existence and functioning of statehood, etc.). It is noted that in the modern world, since the creation of the UN, the protection and observance of the basic rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen have ceased to be the competence of a specific country, but have become the business of the entire international community, since, first of all, it is the "alpha and omega" of international cooperation of states in its boundaries (the teleological factor of the modern international order – author); secondly, it is precisely within its limits that a powerful international legal array of treaty law documents was created regarding such specialized protection and protection of human and citizen rights / thanks to the increased concern and attention of the international community to these issues at various times, authoritative international organizations, including the UN, adopted about 300 declarations, conventions, charters/ (determining source factor of the modern international order – author); thirdly, for a long time, they have been the most important task of many states of the world community in terms of fulfilling their international legal obligations, taken within the framework of the international treaties signed by them and the implementation of their instructions within the limits of national jurisdiction (a mandatory factor of the modern international order – author); fourthly, there are clear international legal mechanisms of protection, protection and control over the fulfillment by member states of the international community of international legal obligations in the field of human and citizen rights and freedoms (the technologically protected factor of international protection, protection and control of modern international order – author); fifthly, the regulatory and technological phenomenon "international legal standards of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen" was used for the first time, which was transformed into an important, modern, effective phenomenology of modern international law, based on the relevant international and national implementation mechanisms of the international treaty law and provides for the mandatory borrowing of the above standards by the national constitutional legislation of the states – respectively, either signatories, or participants, or parties to relevant contractual international legal acts (transformational and implementation factor of international protection, protection and control of the modern international order – author). It is argued that, taking into account the special importance and socio-legal significance of international legal standards of human and citizen rights and freedoms for the formation and implementation of institutional-organizational and regulatory-obligatory guidelines of the modern international legal order, based on the fundamental principles of public international law, the problem of their codification acquires of significant importance.

This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style and manager resilience through a pragmatic worldview. Using explanatory sequential mixed methods research design (QUAN→qual), respondents covered were managers from the Airline Operations Group of an AIRLINE Company with at least one year of managerial experience within the organization. In the quantitative phase, Human Capital Sustainability Leadership Scale by Di Fabio and Peiro (2018) and Domain-Specific Resilient Systems Scales (DRSSWork) by Maltby, Day, Hall, and Chivers (2019) were used for the online survey. Forty-five (45) eligible respondents have participated. Mean, standard deviation, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were employed. To further explain the quantitative results, one-on-one qualitative interviews were done with eight (8) key informants, face-toface and online. Themes were identified. Results showed that Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style was exhibited by the Airline Operations Group managers to a very high degree while resilience was exhibited to a high degree. There was a linear, positive, and highly significant correlation between Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style and resilience. Each aspect of the Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style was positively, highly, and significantly correlated with manager resilience. Through triangulation, a model of leadership styles and manager resiliency was built. To implement the model, implications for a management development program were identified.ReferencesAcosta, H., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Salanova, M., & Llorens S. (2015). Healthy organization: Analysing its meaning based on the HERO model. Revista de Psicologia Social, 30 (2), 323-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2015.1016751.Ashegi, M. & Hashemi, E. (2019). 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Resumen: En el período de referencia no hay nuevas quejas “abiertas” o “en seguimiento” ante el Comité de Libertad Sindical que afecten al Estado español. Tampoco los informes núms. 384 y 385 (332ª reunión, Ginebra, marzo de 2018) ni el núm. 386 (333ª reunión, Ginebra, 9 de junio de 2018) con­tienen referencia alguna al Reino de España.Ocho resoluciones del TJUE afectan directamente a España.La sentencia Carlos Enrique Ruíz Conejero c. Ferroser Servicios Auxiliares, S. A. aborda la le­galidad del despido objetivo por absentismo de un trabajador que dejaba de acudir al trabajo por las consecuencias de la discapacidad que padecía.En el asunto Jessica Porras Guisado c. Bankia, S.A. se discutía si una embarazada podía ser inclui­da en un expediente de despido colectivo.El auto Moisés Vadillo c. Alestis Aerospace, S.L. considera inadmisible la pretensión de un pro­genitor de ver reducida su jornada laboral por lactancia de un hijo menor porque el otro progenitor no trabajaba.El auto en el caso Pilar Centeno c. Universidad de Zaragoza aborda la acomodación al ordena­miento comunitario de la exclusión de un funcionario interino del proceso de implantación de un pro­grama de reconocimiento de méritos profesionales.La sentencia Grupo Norte c. Ángel Manuel Moreira trata sobre la indemnización de menor cuantía en un contrato de duración determinada que en un contrato indefinido.En el caso Lucía Montero c. Agencia Madrileña de Atención Social se aborda la ausencia de in­demnización en un contrato temporal de interinidad.En el supuesto INSS c. Crespo Rey se trata si la exigencia de cotizar por la base mínima en la formalización de un Convenio Especial de Seguridad Social únicamente para trabajadores españoles retornados es acorde a la normativa comunitaria.La sentencia Eva Soraya Checa c. Fogasa trata sobre si procede el abono por parte del Fogasa de la indemnización debida al trabajador que tras la decisión empresarial de movilidad geográfica decide optar por la extinción indemnizada del contrato.Se referencian también otras dos sentencias del Tribunal de Justicia que aunque no se han dictado en el contexto de un proceso nacional se referencian por la relevancia que tienen y la influencia que pueden desplegar para nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. En la Vera Egenberger c. Evanglisches Werk für Diakonie se discutía la discriminación que sufrió una trabajadora empleada en una institución religiosa por no profesar ninguna fe. La sentencia MB c. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions se discutía la discriminación que decía haber sufrido un trabajador que se cambió de sexo en el acceso a la jubilación a la que edad que le correspondería de acuerdo a su sexo recién adquirido.El TEDH ha dictado la sentencia López Ribalda and Others. c. España, sobre viodevigilancia empresarial en el lugar de trabajo sin consentimiento de los trabajadores y sin conocimiento de los representantes. Aunque el sistema de videovigilancia oculto sí cumplió los márgenes de legalidad esta­blecidos en el ordenamiento jurídico interno el TEDH entiende que se ha producido una violación del Convenio Europeo de Derecho HumanosPalabras clave: Absentismo por discapacidad, discriminación de la mujer embarazada por in­clusión en expediente de regulación de empleo, reducción de la jornada por lactancia, participación de trabajador interino en procesos selectivos de implementación de complementos retributivos, discrimi­nación por motivos religiosos, indemnización por interinidad, discriminación del transexual, cotización obligatoria por la base mínima, indemnizaciones a cargo del Fondo de Garantía Salarial, videovigilancia.Abstract: In the reference period, there are no new “open” or “follow-up” complaints before the Committee on Freedom of Association that affect the Spanish State. Neither reports nos. 384 and 385 (332rd session, Geneva, March 2018) and no. 386 (333rd session, Geneva, June 9, 2018) contain no reference to the Kingdom of Spain.Eight resolutions of the CJEU directly affect Spain.The sentence Carlos Enrique Ruíz Conejero c. Ferroser Servicios Auxiliares, S. A. addresses the legality of the objective dismissal for absenteeism of a worker who stopped going to work due to the consequences of the disability he suffered.In the Jessica Jessica Guisado case c. Bankia, S.A. It was discussed if a pregnant woman could be included in a collective dismissal file.The car Moisés Vadillo c. Alestis Aerospace, S.L. considers inadmissible the pretension of a parent to see his working day reduced by breastfeeding a minor child because the other parent did not work.The car in the Pilar Centeno case c. University of Zaragoza addresses the accommodation to the community order of the exclusion of an interim officer from the process of implementing a program of recognition of professional merits.The judgment of Grupo Norte c. Ángel Manuel Moreira deals with small claims compensation in a fixed-term contract than in an indefinite contract.In the Lucía Montero case c. Madrid Social Care Agency deals with the absence of compensation in a temporary interim contract.In the case INSS c. Crespo Rey is about whether the requirement to contribute for the minimum base in the formalization of a Special Social Security Agreement only for returned Spanish workers is in accordance with the community regulations.The judgment Eva Soraya Checa c. Fogasa discusses whether the payment by Fogasa of the com­pensation due to the worker that, after the geographical mobility business decision, decides to opt for the indemnified termination of the contract.There are also two other judgments of the Court of Justice that, although they have not been issued in the context of a national process, are referenced because of the relevance they have and the influence they can have on our legal system. In the Vera Egenberger c. Evanglisches Werk für Diakonie discus­sed the discrimination suffered by a worker employed in a religious institution for not professing any faith. The MB judgment c. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions discussed the discrimination that a worker who changed sex in having access to retirement had suffered at the age that would correspond according to his newly acquired sex.The ECHR has handed down the judgment in López Ribalda and Others. c. Spain, on business viodevigilancia in the place of work without consent of the workers and without knowledge of the re­presentatives. Although the hidden video surveillance system did comply with the margins of legality established in the internal legal order, the ECHR understands that there has been a violation of the Eu­ropean Convention on Human Rights.Keywords: Absenteeism due to disability, discrimination against pregnant women due to inclusion in the employment regulation file, reduction of the working day due to breastfeeding,participation of an interim worker in selective processes for the implementation of remuneration supplements,discrimination for religious reasons,compensation for internship, discrimination of the transsexual, mandatory contri­bution for the minimum base,compensation paid by the Wage Guarantee Fund,video surveillance

Dear Readers, As we begin a new year full of potential and opportunity, we wish each of you much joy and success. As we embark on this journey, we al-so celebrate a significant milestone – the fifteenth anniversary of the European Journal of Geography. Over the past decade and a half, our journal has become a beacon of excellence in the field of geography and the social sciences. This journey has been characterised by unwavering commitment and tireless dedication, a collective endeavour led by the dedicated members of our editorial team and the European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO). Their diligence and passion have been instrumental in making our journal the respected publication it is today. Looking back on our shared history, we are proud to have published over 310 articles dealing with key topics in geography, planning and development. These scholarly contributions have not only explored and analysed important topics, but have also introduced new ideas (Kout-sopoulos, 2022; Manetos et al., 2022), methods (Cramer-Greenbaum, 2023; Krevs et al., 2023; Morawski & Wolff-Seidel, 2023) and data (Hojati & Mokarram, 2016) that will inspire future generations of geographers to transcend conventional disciplinary boundaries. The richness of our content encompasses numerous facets and includes the fields of geography education (Fraile-Jurado & Periáñez-Cuevas, 2023; Humble, 2023; Martínez-Hernández et al., 2023; Mašterová, 2023; Puertas-Aguilar et al., 2023), physical geography (Sánchez-Martínez & Cabrera, 2015), sustainability (Leininger-Frézal et al., 2023; Mally, 2021), tourism (Bandt et al., 2022; Jovanovic et al., 2022), geoin-formatics (Batsaris et al., 2023; Vestena et al., 2023), spatial analysis (Agourogiannis et al., 2021; Bartzokas-Tsiompras & Photis, 2020b; Wieland, 2022), remote sensing (Younes et al., 2023), maps (Nedkov et al., 2018; Papaioannou et al., 2020), geoinformation (Bartha & Kocsis, 2011; Bart-zokas-Tsiompras, 2022), economic (Doukissas et al., 2020; Mikhaylova, 2018), social (Mei & Liempt, 2022; Roșu et al., 2015), political (Kevicky, 2023; Tsitsaraki & Petracou, 2023) and cultural (Gusman & Otero-Varela, 2023) geography, geopolitics (Morgado, 2023) as well as environmental (Burić et al., 2023; Prodanova & Varadzhakova, 2022), urban (Chondrogianni & Stephanedes, 2021; Lagarias et al., 2022) and transport (Garrido, 2013; Kellerman, 2023; Koktavá & Horák, 2023) geography/planning (González, 2017). Each article, a testament to the diversity and depth of knowledge within our community, has played a crucial role in energising discourse in our academic environment. Several EJG articles addressed current global crises and challenges such as climate change, COVID-19, wars and economic recession. They show how important geography is when it comes to finding solutions and new insights to the many problems that threaten our world. This interconnected approach underlines the journal's commitment to engaging with both the specialised academic discourse and the broader global challenges of our time. Authors, editors, board members, reviewers and readers are the lifeblood of this academic platform, and we recognise and appreciate your invaluable role in the success of the European Journal of Geography. Your commitment has fuelled our growth and you are an essential part of our legacy. We take our fifteenth anniversary as an opportunity to invite and encourage you to contribute to the continued success of the journal by submitting new and original geographical research articles. Here's to another year of scholarly work, meaningful collaborations and the continued advancement of geographical knowledge. We would also like to take a moment to recognise the incredible efforts of 95 professors and researchers who served as reviewers for the European Journal of Geography in 2023. Their expertise and dedication have been invaluable in maintaining the quality of our publications. In addition, the journal features 18 distinguished editorial board members from 12 countries, including renowned experts (60% men, 40% women) from various geographical research fields (This year we welcome 10 esteemed new members to our Editorial Board). In particular, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the following editorial board members for their help and support: 1. Alvanides Seraphim, Northumbria University, UK 2. ‪Bednarz W. Sarah, Texas A&M University, USA‬‬ 3. Capello Roberta, Politecnico di Milano, Italy 4. Cretan Remus, West University of Timisoara, Romania 5. De Miguel Gonzalez Rafael, University of Zaragoza, Spain 6. Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola, University of Oulu, Finland 7. Jerry T. Mitchell, University of South Carolina, USA 8. Kavroudakis Dimitris, University of the Aegean, Greece 9. Kiss Éva, CSFK Geographical Institute, Hungary 10. Knecht Petr, Masaryk University, Czech Republic 11. Kounadi Ourania, University of Vienna, Austria 12. Kolvoord Bob, James Madison University, USA 13. Leininger-Frezal Caroline, Université de Paris, France 14. Margaritis Efstathios, University of Southampton, UK 15. Specht Doug, University of Westminster, UK 16. Strobl Josef, University of Salzburg, Austria 17. Theobald Rebecca, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, USA 18. Yilmaz Ari, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Turkey In 2023, we received a total of 116 submissions. Of these, 24 outstanding papers were published online (acceptance rate 21% - 2023), while 92, although commendable, did not make it to publication. Remarkably, these submissions included the contributions of 63 authors from 20 countries. The average review speed of the articles is about 7-9 weeks for the first round and about 4-6 weeks for the second round. The reviewers came from 31 countries, which shows a global co-operation: UK, USA, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Netherlands, Japan, Hungary, Iceland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Romania and others. Thank you for your continued support and your contributions to this journal. Look forward to an exciting journey of discovery and innova-tion in the pages of the European Journal of Geography. Join us as we continue to shape the ever-evolving canvas of geographical exploration and knowledge. List of Reviewers 2023: 1. Alessandro Del Ponte, University of Alabama, USA 2. Ali Enes Dingil, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Repuplic 3. Alvanides Seraphim, Northumbria University, UK 4. András J. Molnár, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Germany 5. Anja du Plessis, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa 6. Anqi Huang, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China 7. Apostolia Galani, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 8. Ari Yilmaz, Bandirma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi, Turkey 9. Audur Palsdottir , University of Iceland, Iceland 10. Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 11. Beth Schlemper, The University of Toledo, USA 12. Blaž Repe, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 13. Bob Kolvoord, James Madison University, USA 14. Carina Peter, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany 15. Carlos Lopez Escolano, University of Zaragoza, Spain 16. Caroline Leininger, Université de Paris, France 17. Charalampos Tsavdaroglou, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 18. Christian Weismayer, Modul University Vienna GmbH, Austria 19. Darra Athanasia, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 20. Denise Blanchard, Texas State University, USA 21. Dimitris Kavroudakis, University of the Aegea, Greece 22. Don MacKeen, City of Glasgow College, UK 23. Doug Specht, University of Westminster, UK 24. Dragan Burić, University of Montenegro, Montenegro 25. Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola , University of Oulu, Finland 26. Efstathios Margaritis, University of Southampton, UK 27. Emmanuel Eze, University of Nigeria, Nigeria 28. Eva Psatha, University of Thessaly, Greece 29. Evangelos Rasvanis, University of Thessaly, Greece 30. Femke van Esch, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 31. František Petrovič, Constantine the Philosopher University, Slovakia 32. George Revill, The Open University, UK 33. Géza Tóth, University of Miskolc, Hungary 34. Grayson R. Morgan, University of South Carolina, USA 35. Hristina Prodanova, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria 36. Huda Jamal Jumaah, Northern Technical University, Iraq 37. İlkay Südas, Ege University, Turkey 38. Ilse van liempt, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 39. Isabel María Gómez-Trigueros, University of Alicante, Spain 40. Italo Sousa de Sena, University College Dublin, Ireland 41. Iva Miranda Pires, NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal 42. Iwona Anna Jażdżewska, University of Lodz, Poland 43. Jaime Diaz Pacheco, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain 44. Jan Christoph Schubert, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany 45. Jens Dangschat , TU Wien, Austria 46. Jernej Zupančič, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 47. Jerry T. Mitchell, University of South Carolina, USA 48. Joan Rossello, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain 49. Joseph J. Kerski, ESRI, USA 50. Karina Standal, CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway 51. Karl Donert, EUROGEO, Belgium 52. Koshiro Suzuki , University of Toyama, Japan 53. Kristine Juul, University of Roskilde , Denmark 54. Lauren Hammond, University College London, UK 55. Mahmood Shoorcheh, University of Isfahan, Iran 56. Maria Angeles Rodriguez-Domenech, Universidad Castilla La Mancha, Spain 57. María Lois , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 58. María-Luisa de Lázaro-Torres , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain 59. Marko Krevs, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 60. Marta Gallardo, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain 61. Md Galal Uddin, University of Galway, Ireland 62. Md. Kausar Alam, Brac University, Bangladesh 63. Michaela Spurná, Masaryk University, Czech Repuplic 64. Miha Pavšek, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenia 65. Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai , Kandahar University, Afghanistan 66. Neli Heidari, University of Hamburg, Germany 67. Nicholas Wise, Arizona State University, USA 68. Nikola Šimunić, Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia 69. Nikolaos Karachalis , University of the Aegean, Greece 70. Nuno Morgado, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary 71. Pablo Fraile-Jurado, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain 72. Panagiotis G. Tzouras, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 73. Peter T. Dunn, University of Washington, USA 74. Petr Knecht, Masaryk University, Czech Repuplic 75. Polyxeni Kechagia, University of Thessaly, Greece 76. Qi Zhou, China University of Geosciences, China 77. Rafael de Miguel González, University of Zaragoza, Spain 78. Rebecca Theobald, University of Colorado, USA 79. Remus Cretan, West University of Timisoara, Romania 80. Roberto Falanga, University of Lisbon, Institute of Social Sciences, Portugal 81. Saheed Adekunle Raji, University of Lagos, Nigeria 82. Sandra Sprenger, University of Hamburg, Germany 83. Sarah Bednarz, Texas A&M University, USA 84. Sebastien Bourdin, EM Normandie Bussiness School, France 85. Serafin Pazos-Vidal , European Association for Innovation in Local Development, Belgium 86. Susannah Cramer-Greenbaum, University of Warwick, UK, UK 87. Teemu Makkonen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland 88. Teresa Sadoń-Osowiecka, University of Gdansk, Poland 89. Theano S. Terkenli , University of the Aegean, Greece 90. Theodore Metaxas , University of Thessaly, Greece 91. Uwe Krause, Fontys School of the Arts, The Netherlands 92. Valériane Mistiaen , Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 93. Vesna Skrbinjek, International School for Social and Business Studies, Slovenia 94. Vincent Nzabarinda, Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 95. Zsolt Tibor Kosztyán, University of Pannonia, Hungary

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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We’ll have trouble now!The Archaeological Society of Jutland was founded on Sunday, 11 March 1951. As with most projects with which P.V Glob was involved, this did not pass off without drama. Museum people and amateur archaeologists in large numbers appeared at the Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, which had placed rooms at our disposal. The notable dentist Holger Friis, the uncrowned king of Hjørring, was present, as was Dr Balslev from Aidt, Mr and Mrs Overgaard from Holstebro Museum, and the temperamental leader of Aalborg Historical Museum, Peter Riismøller, with a number of his disciples. The staff of the newly-founded Prehistoric Museum functioned as the hosts, except that one of them was missing: the instigator of the whole enterprise, Mr Glob. As the time for the meeting approached, a cold sweat broke out on the foreheads of the people present. Finally, just one minute before the meeting was to start, he arrived and mounted the platform. Everything then went as expected. An executive committee was elected after some discussion, laws were passed, and then suddenly Glob vanished again, only to materialise later in the museum, where he confided to us that his family, which included four children, had been enlarged by a daughter.That’s how the society was founded, and there is not much to add about this. However, a few words concerning the background of the society and its place in a larger context may be appropriate. A small piece of museum history is about to be unfolded.The story begins at the National Museum in the years immediately after World War II, at a time when the German occupation and its incidents were still terribly fresh in everyone’s memory. Therkel Mathiassen was managing what was then called the First Department, which covered the prehistoric periods.Although not sparkling with humour, he was a reliable and benevolent person. Number two in the order of precedence was Hans Christian Broholm, a more colourful personality – awesome as he walked down the corridors, with his massive proportions and a voice that sounded like thunder when nothing seemed to be going his way, as quite often seemed to be the case. Glob, a relatively new museum keeper, was also quite loud at times – his hot-blooded artist’s nature manifested itself in peculiar ways, but his straight forward appearance made him popular with both the older and the younger generations. His somewhat younger colleague C.J. Becker was a scholar to his fingertips, and he sometimes acted as a welcome counterbalance to Glob. At the bottom of the hierarchy was the student group, to which I belonged. The older students handled various tasks, including periodic excavations. This was paid work, and although the salary was by no means princely, it did keep us alive. Student grants were non-existent at the time. Four of us made up a team: Olfert Voss, Mogens Ørsnes, Georg Kunwald and myself. Like young people in general, we were highly discontented with the way our profession was being run by its ”ruling” members, and we were full of ideas for improvement, some of which have later been – or are being – introduced.At the top of our wish list was a central register, of which Voss was the strongest advocate. During the well over one hundred years that archaeology had existed as a professional discipline, the number of artefacts had grown to enormous amounts. The picture was even worse if the collections of the provincial museums were taken into consideration. We imagined how it all could be registered in a card index and categorised according to groups to facilitate access to references in any particular situation. Electronic data processing was still unheard of in those days, but since the introduction of computers, such a comprehensive record has become more feasible.We were also sceptical of the excavation techniques used at the time – they were basically adequate, but they badly needed tightening up. As I mentioned before, we were often working in the field, and not just doing minor jobs but also more important tasks, so we had every opportunity to try out our ideas. Kunwald was the driving force in this respect, working with details, using sections – then a novelty – and proceeding as he did with a thoroughness that even his fellow students found a bit exaggerated at times, although we agreed with his principles. Therkel Mathiassen moaned that we youngsters were too expensive, but he put up with our excesses and so must have found us somewhat valuable. Very valuable indeed to everyon e was Ejnar Dyggve’s excavation of the Jelling mounds in the early 1940s. From a Danish point of view, it was way ahead of its time.Therkel Mathiassen justly complained about the economic situation of the National Museum. Following the German occupation, the country was impoverished and very little money was available for archaeological research: the total sum available for the year 1949 was 20,000 DKK, which corresponded to the annual income of a wealthy man, and was of course absolutely inadequate. Of course our small debating society wanted this sum to be increased, and for once we didn’t leave it at the theoretical level.Voss was lucky enough to know a member of the Folketing (parliament), and a party leader at that. He was brought into the picture, and between us we came up with a plan. An article was written – ”Preserve your heritage” (a quotation from Johannes V. Jensen’s Denmark Song) – which was sent to the newspaper Information. It was published, and with a little help on our part the rest of the media, including radio, picked up the story.We informed our superiors only at the last minute, when everything was arranged. They were taken by surprise but played their parts well, as expected, and everything went according to plan. The result was a considerable increase in excavation funds the following year.It should be added that our reform plans included the conduct of exhibitions. We found the traditional way of presenting the artefacts lined up in rows and series dull and outdated. However, we were not able to experiment within this field.Our visions expressed the natural collision with the established ways that comes with every new generation – almost as a law of nature, but most strongly when the time is ripe. And this was just after the war, when communication with foreign colleagues, having been discontinued for some years, was slowly picking up again. The Archaeological Society of Jutland was also a part of all this, so let us turn to what Hans Christian Andersen somewhat provocatively calls the ”main country”.Until 1949, only the University of Copenhagen provided a degree in prehistoric archaeology. However, in this year, the University of Aarhus founded a chair of archaeology, mainly at the instigation of the Lord Mayor, Svend Unmack Larsen, who was very in terested in archaeology. Glob applied for the position and obtained it, which encompassed responsibility for the old Aarhus Museum or, as it was to be renamed, the Prehistoric Museum (now Moesgaard Museum).These were landmark events to Glob – and to me, as it turned out. We had been working together for a number of years on the excavation of Galgebakken (”Callows Hill”) near Slots Bjergby, Glob as the excavation leader, and I as his assistant. He now offered me the job of museum curator at his new institution. This was somewhat surprising as I had not yet finished my education. The idea was that I was to finish my studies in remote Jutland – a plan that had to be given up rather quickly, though, for reasons which I will describe in the following. At the same time, Gunner Lange-Kornbak – also hand-picked from the National Museum – took up his office as a conservation officer.The three of us made up the permanent museum staff, quickly supplemented by Geoffrey Bibby, who turned out to be an invaluable colleague. He was English and had been stationed in the Faeroe Islands during the war, where he learned to speak Danish. After 1945 he worked for some years for an oil company in the Gulf of Persia, but after marrying Vibeke, he settled in her home town of Aarhus. As his academic background had involved prehistoric cultures he wanted to collaborate with the museum, which Glob readily permitted.This small initial flock governed by Glob was not permitted to indulge inidleness. Glob was a dynamic character, full of good and not so good ideas, but also possessing a good grasp of what was actually practicable. The boring but necessary daily work on the home front was not very interesting to him, so he willingly handed it over to others. He hardly noticed the lack of administrative machinery, a prerequisite for any scholarly museum. It was not easy to follow him on his flights of fancy and still build up the necessary support base. However, the fact that he in no way spared himself had an appeasing effect.Provincial museums at that time were of a mixed nature. A few had trained management, and the rest were run by interested locals. This was often excellently done, as in Esbjerg, where the master joiner Niels Thomsen and a staff of volunteers carried out excavations that were as good as professional investigations, and published them in well-written articles. Regrettably, there were also examples of the opposite. A museum curator in Jutland informed me that his predecessor had been an eager excavator but very rarely left any written documentation of his actions. The excavated items were left without labels in the museum store, often wrapped in newspapers. However, these gave a clue as to the time of unearthing, and with a bit of luck a look in the newspaper archive would then reveal where the excavation had taken place. Although somewhat exceptional, this is not the only such case.The Museum of Aarhus definitely belonged among the better ones in this respect. Founded in 1861, it was at first located at the then town hall, together with the local art collection. The rooms here soon became too cramped, and both collections were moved to a new building in the ”Mølleparken” park. There were skilful people here working as managers and assistants, such as Vilhelm Boye, who had received his archaeological training at the National Museum, and later the partners A. Reeh, a barrister, and G.V. Smith, a captain, who shared the honour of a number of skilfully performed excavations. Glob’s predecessor as curator was the librarian Ejler Haugsted, also a competent man of fine achievements. We did not, thus, take over a museum on its last legs. On the other hand, it did not meet the requirements of a modern scholarly museum. We were given the task of turning it into such a museum, as implied by the name change.The goal was to create a museum similar to the National Museum, but without the faults and shortcomings that that museum had developed over a period of time. In this respect our nightly conversations during our years in Copenhagen turned out to be useful, as our talk had focused on these imperfections and how to eradicate them.We now had the opportunity to put our theories into practice. We may not have succeeded in doing so, but two areas were essentially improved:The numerous independent numbering systems, which were familiar to us from the National Museum, were permeating archaeological excavation s not only in the field but also during later work at the museum. As far as possible this was boiled down to a single system, and a new type of report was born. (In this context, a ”report” is the paper following a field investigation, comprising drawings, photos etc. and describing the progress of the work and the observations made.) The instructions then followed by the National Museum staff regarding the conduct of excavations and report writing went back to a 19th-century protocol by the employee G.V. Blom. Although clear and rational – and a vast improvement at the time – this had become outdated. For instance, the excavation of a burial mound now involved not only the middle of the mound, containing the central grave and its surrounding artefacts, but the complete structure. A large number of details that no one had previously paid attention to thus had to be included in the report. It had become a comprehensive and time-consuming work to sum up the desultory notebook records in a clear and understandable description.The instructions resulting from the new approach determined a special records system that made it possible to transcribe the notebook almost directly into a report following the excavation. The transcription thus contained all the relevant information concerning the in vestigation, and included both relics and soil layers, the excavation method and practical matters, although in a random order. The report proper could then bereduced to a short account containing references to the numbers in the transcribed notebook, which gave more detailed information.As can be imagined, the work of reform was not a continuous process. On the contrary, it had to be done in our spare hours, which were few and far between with an employer like Glob. The assignments crowded in, and the large Jutland map that we had purchased was as studded with pins as a hedge hog’s spines. Each pin represented an inuninent survey, and many of these grew into small or large excavations. Glob himself had his lecture duties to perform, and although he by no means exaggerated his concern for the students, he rarely made it further than to the surveys. Bibby and I had to deal with the hard fieldwork. And the society, once it was established, did not make our lives any easier. Kuml demanded articles written at lightning speed. A perusal of my then diary has given me a vivid recollection of this hectic period, in which I had to make use of the evening and night hours, when the museum was quiet and I had a chance to collect my thoughts. Sometimes our faithful supporter, the Lord Mayor, popped in after an evening meeting. He was extremely interested in our problems, which were then solved according to our abilities over a cup of instant coffee.A large archaeological association already existed in Denmark. How ever, Glob found it necessary to establish another one which would be less oppressed by tradition. Det kongelige nordiske Oldsskriftselskab had been funded in 1825 and was still influenced by different peculiarities from back then. Membership was not open to everyone, as applications were subject to recommendation from two existing members and approval by a vote at one of the monthly lecture meetings. Most candidates were of course accepted, but unpopular persons were sometimes rejected. In addition, only men were admitted – women were banned – but after the war a proposal was brought forward to change this absurdity. It was rejected at first, so there was a considerable excitement at the January meeting in 1951, when the proposal was once again placed on the agenda. The poor lecturer (myself) did his best, although he was aware of the fact that just this once it was the present and not the past which was the focus of attention. The result of the voting was not very courteous as there were still many opponents, but the ladies were allowed in, even if they didn’t get the warmest welcome.In Glob’s society there were no such restrictions – everyone was welcome regardless of sex or age. If there was a model for the society, it was the younger and more progressive Norwegian Archaeological Society rather than the Danish one. The main purpose of both societies was to produce an annual publication, and from the start Glob’s Kuml had a closer resemblance to the Norwegian Viking than to the Danish Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie. The name of the publication caused careful consideration. For a long time I kept a slip of paper with different proposals, one of which was Kuml, which won after having been approved by the linguist Peter Skautrup.The name alone, however, was not enough, so now the task became to find so mething to fill Kuml with. To this end the finds came in handy, and as for those, Glob must have allied him self with the higher powers, since fortune smiled at him to a considerable extent. Just after entering upon his duties in Aarhus, an archaeological sensation landed at his feet. This happened in May 1950 when I was still living in the capital. A few of us had planned a trip to Aarhus, partly to look at the relics of th e past, and partly to visit our friend, the professor. He greeted us warmly and told us the exciting news that ten iron swords had been found during drainage work in the valley of lllerup Aadal north of the nearby town of Skanderborg. We took the news calmly as Glob rarely understated his affairs, but our scepticism was misplaced. When we visited the meadow the following day and carefully examined the dug-up soil, another sword appeared, as well as several spear and lance heads, and other iron artefacts. What the drainage trench diggers had found was nothing less than a place of sacrifice for war booty, like the four large finds from the 1800s. When I took up my post in Aarhus in September of that year I was granted responsibility for the lllerup excavation, which I worked on during the autumn and the following six summers. Some of my best memories are associated with this job – an interesting and happy time, with cheerful comradeship with a mixed bunch of helpers, who were mainly archaeology students. When we finished in 1956, it was not because the site had been fully investigated, but because the new owner of the bog plot had an aversion to archaeologists and their activities. Nineteen years later, in 1975, the work was resumed, this time under the leadership of Jørgen Ilkjær, and a large amount of weaponry was uncovered. The report from the find is presently being published.At short intervals, the year 1952 brought two finds of great importance: in Februar y the huge vessel from Braa near Horsens, and in April the Grauballe Man. The large Celtic bronze bowl with the bulls’ heads was found disassembled, buried in a hill and covered by a couple of large stones. Thanks to the finder, the farmer Søren Paaske, work was stopped early enough to leave areas untouched for the subsequent examination.The saga of the Grauballe Man, or the part of it that we know, began as a rumour on the 26th of April: a skeleton had been found in a bog near Silkeborg. On the following day, which happened to be a Sunday, Glob went off to have a look at the find. I had other business, but I arrived at the museum in the evening with an acquaintance. In my diary I wrote: ”When we came in we had a slight shock. On the floor was a peat block with a corpse – a proper, well-preserved bog body. Glob brought it. ”We’ll be in trouble now.” And so we were, and Glob was in high spirits. The find created a sensation, which was also thanks to the quick presentation that we mounted. I had purchased a tape recorder, which cost me a packet – not a small handy one like the ones you get nowadays, but a large monstrosity with a steel tape (it was, after all, early days for this device) – and assisted by several experts, we taped a number of short lectures for the benefit of the visitors. People flocked in; the queue meandered from the exhibition room, through the museum halls, and a long way down the street. It took a long wait to get there, but the visitors seemed to enjoy the experience. The bog man lay in his hastily – procured exhibition case, which people circled around while the talking machine repeatedly expressed its words of wisdom – unfortunately with quite a few interruptions as the tape broke and had to be assembled by hand. Luckily, the tape recorders now often used for exhibitions are more dependable than mine.When the waves had died down and the exhibition ended, the experts examined the bog man. He was x-rayed at several points, cut open, given a tooth inspection, even had his fingerprints taken. During the autopsy there was a small mishap, which we kept to ourselves. However, after almost fifty years I must be able to reveal it: Among the organs removed for investigation was the liver, which was supposedly suitable for a C-14 dating – which at the time was a new dating method, introduced to Denmark after the war. The liver was sent to the laboratory in Copenhagen, and from here we received a telephone call a few days later. What had been sent in for examination was not the liver, but the stomach. The unfortunate (and in all other respects highly competent) Aarhus doctor who had performed the dissection was cal1ed in again. During another visit to the bogman’s inner parts he brought out what he believed to be the real liver. None of us were capable of deciding th is question. It was sent to Copenhagen at great speed, and a while later the dating arrived: Roman Iron Age. This result was later revised as the dating method was improved. The Grauballe Man is now thought to have lived before the birth of Christ.The preservation of the Grauballe Man was to be conservation officer Kornbak’s masterpiece. There were no earlier cases available for reference, so he invented a new method, which was very successful. In the first volumes of Kuml, society members read about the exiting history of the bog body and of the glimpses of prehistoric sacrificial customs that this find gave. They also read about the Bahrain expeditions, which Glob initiated and which became the apple of his eye. Bibby played a central role in this, as it was he who – at an evening gathering at Glob’s and Harriet’s home in Risskov – described his stay on the Persian Gulf island and the numerous burial mounds there. Glob made a quick decision (one of his special abilities was to see possibilities that noone else did, and to carry them out successfully to everyone’s surprise) and in December 1952 he and Bibby left for the Gulf, unaware of the fact that they were thereby beginning a series of expeditions which would continue for decades. Again it was Glob’s special genius that was the decisive factor. He very quickly got on friendly terms with the rulers of the small sheikhdoms and interested them in their past. As everyone knows, oil is flowing plentifully in those parts. The rulers were thus financially powerful and some of this wealth was quickly diverted to the expeditions, which probably would not have survived for so long without this assistance. To those of us who took part in them from time to time, the Gulf expeditions were an unforgettable experience, not just because of the interesting work, but even more because of the contact with the local population, which gave us an insight into local manners and customs that helped to explain parts of our own country’s past which might otherwise be difficult to understand. For Glob and the rest of us did not just get close to the elite: in spite of language problems, our Arab workers became our good friends. Things livened up when we occasionally turned up in their palm huts.Still, co-operating with Glob was not always an easy task – the sparks sometimes flew. His talent of initiating things is of course undisputed, as are the lasting results. He was, however, most attractive when he was in luck. Attention normally focused on this magnificent person whose anecdotes were not taken too seriously, but if something went wrong or failed to work out, he could be grossly unreasonable and a little too willing to abdicate responsibility, even when it was in fact his. This might lead to violent arguments, but peace was always restored. In 1954, another museum curator was attached to the museum: Poul Kjærum, who was immediately given the important task of investigating the dolmen settlement near Tustrup on Northern Djursland. This gave important results, such as the discovery of a cult house, which was a new and hitherto unknown Stone Age feature.A task which had long been on our mind s was finally carried out in 1955: constructing a new display of the museum collections. The old exhibitio n type consisted of numerous artefacts lined up in cases, accompaied ony by a brief note of the place where it was found and the type – which was the standard then. This type of exhibition did not give much idea of life in prehistoric times.We wanted to allow the finds to speak for themselves via the way that they were arranged, and with the aid of models, photos and drawings. We couldn’t do without texts, but these could be short, as people would understand more by just looking at the exhibits. Glob was in the Gulf at the time, so Kjærum and I performed the task with little money but with competent practical help from conservator Kornbak. We shared the work, but in fairness I must add that my part, which included the new lllerup find, was more suitable for an untraditional display. In order to illustrate the confusion of the sacrificial site, the numerous bent swords and other weapons were scattered a.long the back wall of the exhibition hall, above a bog land scape painted by Emil Gregersen. A peat column with inlaid slides illustrated the gradual change from prehistoric lake to bog, while a free-standing exhibition case held a horse’s skeleton with a broken skull, accompanied by sacrificial offerings. A model of the Nydam boat with all its oars sticking out hung from the ceiling, as did the fine copy of the Gundestrup vessel, as the Braa vessel had not yet been preserved. The rich pictorial decoration of the vessel’s inner plates was exhibited in its own case underneath. This was an exhibition form that differed considerably from all other Danish exhibitions of the time, and it quickly set a fashion. We awaited Glob’s homecoming with anticipation – if it wasn’t his exhibition it was still made in his spirit. We hoped that he would be surprised – and he was.The museum was thus taking shape. Its few employees included Jytte Ræbild, who held a key position as a secretary, and a growing number of archaeology students who took part in the work in various ways during these first years. Later, the number of employees grew to include the aforementioned excavation pioneer Georg Kunwald, and Hellmuth Andersen and Hans Jørgen Madsen, whose research into the past of Aarhus, and later into Danevirke is known to many, and also the ethnographer Klaus Ferdinand. And now Moesgaard appeared on the horizon. It was of course Glob’s idea to move everything to a manor near Aarhus – he had been fantasising about this from his first Aarhus days, and no one had raised any objections. Now there was a chance of fulfilling the dream, although the actual realisation was still a difficult task.During all this, the Jutland Archaeological Society thrived and attracted more members than expected. Local branches were founded in several towns, summer trips were arranged and a ”Worsaae Medal” was occasionally donated to persons who had deserved it from an archaeological perspective. Kuml came out regularly with contributions from museum people and the like-minded. The publication had a form that appealed to an inner circle of people interested in archaeology. This was the intention, and this is how it should be. But in my opinion this was not quite enough. We also needed a publication that would cater to a wider public and that followed the same basic ideas as the new exhibition.I imagined a booklet, which – without over-popularsing – would address not only the professional and amateur archaeologist but also anyone else interested in the past. The result was Skalk, which (being a branch of the society) published its fir t issue in the spring of 1957. It was a somewhat daring venture, as the financial base was weak and I had no knowledge of how to run a magazine. However, both finances and experience grew with the number of subscribers – and faster than expected, too. Skalk must have met an unsatisfied need, and this we exploited to the best of our ability with various cheap advertisements. The original idea was to deal only with prehistoric and medieval archaeology, but the historians also wanted to contribute, and not just the digging kind. They were given permission, and so the topic of the magazine ended up being Denmark’s past from the time of its first inhabitant s until the times remembered by the oldest of us – with the odd sideways leap to other subjects. It would be impossible to claim that Skalk was at the top of Glob’s wish list, but he liked it and supported the idea in every way. The keeper of national antiquities, Johannes Brøndsted, did the same, and no doubt his unreserved approval of the magazine contributed to its quick growth. Not all authors found it easy to give up technical language and express themselves in everyday Danish, but the new style was quickly accepted. Ofcourse the obligations of the magazine work were also sometimes annoying. One example from the diary: ”S. had promised to write an article, but it was overdue. We agreed to a final deadline and when that was overdue I phoned again and was told that the author had gone to Switzerland. My hair turned grey overnight.” These things happened, but in this particular case there was a happy ending. Another academic promised me three pages about an excavation, but delivered ten. As it happened, I only shortened his production by a third.The 1960s brought great changes. After careful consideration, Glob left us to become the keeper of national antiquities. One important reason for his hesitation was of course Moesgaard, which he missed out on – the transfer was almost settled. This was a great loss to the Aarhus museum and perhaps to Glob, too, as life granted him much greater opportunities for development.” I am not the type to regret things,” he later stated, and hopefully this was true. And I had to choose between the museum and Skalk – the work with the magazine had become too timeconsuming for the two jobs to be combined. Skalk won, and I can truthfully say that I have never looked back. The magazine grew quickly, and happy years followed. My resignation from the museum also meant that Skalk was disengaged from the Jutland Archaeological Society, but a close connection remained with both the museum and the society.What has been described here all happened when the museum world was at the parting of the ways. It was a time of innovation, and it is my opinion that we at the Prehistoric Museum contributed to that change in various ways.The new Museum Act of 1958 gave impetus to the study of the past. The number of archaeology students in creased tremendously, and new techniques brought new possibilities that the discussion club of the 1940s had not even dreamt of, but which have helped to make some of the visions from back then come true. Public in terest in archaeology and history is still avid, although to my regret, the ahistorical 1960s and 1970s did put a damper on it.Glob is greatly missed; not many of his kind are born nowadays. He had, so to say, great virtues and great fault s, but could we have done without either? It is due to him that we have the Jutland Archaeological Society, which has no w existed for half a century. Congr tulat ion s to the Society, from your offspring Skalk.Harald AndersenSkalk MagazineTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

The first Commonwealth Africa Human Rights Conference (CAHRC) took place in Harare, Zimbabwe between 11–14 October 1991 and immediately preceded the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM). Organized by three local non-governmental organizations, it brought together participants from 14 Commonwealth African nations together with South Africa. NGOs represented included the African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (The Gambia); Kituo Cha Sheria (Kenya); the Civil Liberties Organization (Nigeria); the Legal Assistance Centre (Namibia); the Legal Resources Centre (South Africa); Uganda Human Rights Activists; and Women in Law and Development in Africa (Mauritius and Tanzania). The conference was informed that one Nigerian participant, Femi Falana, the President of the National Association of Democratic Lawyers, was prevented by his government from leaving Nigeria. Participants unanimously condemned this action and a communication to this effect was sent to the Nigerian Head of State who was attending CHOGM.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate South Korean women entrepreneurs’ motivations to start a business, the challenges they faced in business development and key factors that contributed to their career success. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 women entrepreneurs to gather qualitative details on their experiences and performed a survey with 125 women Chief Executive Officers who are affiliated with the Korean Venture Business Women’s Association. Findings The authors found necessity-driven push (e.g. economic necessity for family) and opportunity-based pull (e.g. a strong sense of self) motivational factors, challenges (e.g. gender stereotypes) and opportunities (e.g. creating a family-like organizational culture) and key success factors (e.g. personality and loyal employees) for their career success. Research limitations/implications There is a strong need to emphasize the import of culture at the national level that would impact women entrepreneurs’ careers and business success. A majority of the studies on HRD in small- and medium-sized enterprises shed light on individual owners’ perspectives only. Researchers need to take multiple-level (i.e. national, organizational and individual) factors into consideration in research on women’s entrepreneurship. Quantitative analysis in this study did not have any statistical significance and there were a few inconsistent findings (e.g. disadvantage as woman Chief Executive Officers) between quantitative and qualitative analysis. Future research is called for to investigate where and why different results occurred by using a mixed-methods research design and inferential statistical analysis for significance. Practical implications The increased support at the national level for entrepreneurship education before and after school that has not received sufficient attention in Korea will allow aspiring women to embark on entrepreneurial career paths from early on. At the organizational level, women entrepreneurs’ efforts to create a family-like organizational culture can be used as references for aspiring women who want to start and develop a business. At the individual level, HRD practitioners can develop leadership programs to share internal and external success factors so that aspiring women entrepreneurs can develop required individual (e.g. personality attributes) and social competencies (e.g. networking) in business development. Originality/value The two unique study findings that reflect the importance of cultural context include: our study showed how women entrepreneurs in Korea transformed the challenges they faced in business development into opportunities that can be used for entrepreneurship education for aspiring women entrepreneurs; and women entrepreneurs in Korea were humble enough to ascribe their career and business success to their loyal employees who have stayed in their companies with commitment, which has not been captured in research on women’s entrepreneurship in western contexts.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the determinants of financial inclusion among women-owned informal enterprises in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a primary survey of 321 informal enterprises. The data has been collected through a structured questionnaire. A chi-square test has been used to examine the significant association between the characteristics of informal enterprises and their owners and financial inclusion. A logistic regression model has been developed to analyse the determinants of financial inclusion among women-owned informal enterprises.FindingsA significant and negative association has been found between business duration and entrepreneurs’ experiences with financial inclusion. In addition, the chi-square test shows a significant association between resource capability, use of ICT by enterprises and financial inclusion. Further, logistics regression shows that duration of business, entrepreneurial experience, resource capability in terms of machinery and equipment use, and ICT are significant determinants of financial inclusion among women-owned informal enterprises.Practical implicationsThere are several practical implications for national policymakers and other stakeholders, such as banks and international bodies working on financial inclusion. It is suggested that while designing the policy for financial inclusion among woman-owned informal enterprises, it should ensure that experience and older woman entrepreneurs are included in financial inclusion schemes.Originality/valueThere has been very few research on financial inclusion in woman-owned businesses. However, no research has been conducted on the financial inclusion of women-owned informal businesses. This study fills a gap by investigating the factors that influence financial inclusion in women-owned informal businesses.

Purpose This study aims to analyze the connection between institutional isomorphic pressures and both women serving on boards and women’s influence on boards within large American firms. Design/methodology/approach This study examines a longitudinal panel data set of all Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 organizations across a seven-year period from 2009 to 2015. Findings The analyses affirm that institutional isomorphic pressures impact the prevalence and influence of women on boards. Evidence suggests that coercive and normative pressures strongly impact the number of women serving as corporate directors, whereas the power of women directors is linked only to mimetic pressures. Practical implications The research suggests that to increase the number of women serving as directors, the industry must first increase the overall number of women serving in senior management roles. Once women directors gain a critical mass of three women on the board, the association with the total number of women directors, the number of boards upon which they concurrently serve, the power of women directors being selected to board leadership and the influence of women directors increase. Originality/value This paper extends existing board diversity work by examining institutional pressures at the international, national and firm levels. By examining the relationship between coercive, normative and mimetic pressures on both the prevalence of women on boards and the influence of women on boards, the authors illuminate certain mechanisms that shape the likelihood of board appointment and placement in more powerful positions.

Purpose In patriarchal settings, cultural barriers continue to influence women’s participation in positions of leadership and political authority. This paper aims to explore these findings in light of the theoretical concepts of “hegemonic masculinity” and “patriarchy,” which explain gender disparities in the occupancy of political power and leadership positions in Qatar. Design/methodology/approach Data from original face-to-face national surveys conducted among subjects in Qatar were used, including 1,611 completed household interviews. Findings The findings were consistent with the prevailing patriarchal beliefs present in Qatari society and Arab Gulf States. The analysis showed that there was greater significant support for men holding key leadership and authority positions than women. Individual-level factors were found to have a significant association with attitudes favoring women. Compared to respondents who had never attended school, those who had completed secondary school and those who had partaken in higher education favored having women in leadership roles. Practical implications As a means to fix the gender imbalance within the occupancy of positions of political power in Qatar, this study recommends putting substantial efforts into increasing the number of interventions underpinning gender equality through social awareness programs that may improve the public’s perceptions. Furthermore, gender-equitable affirmative actions are needed to promote the inclusion of women in power and increase their presence in leadership roles. Originality/value This study is among the very few that have theoretically and empirically addressed the issue of women’s authority and involvement in key leadership roles in the context of Qatar.

Health care professionals have a higher risk of contracting Covid-19 with high stress, overwork, sometimes without proper training and personal protective equipment. Gender, occupation and workplace were factors affected to cope stress ability in person daily life. Aim of this study was to identify association between gender and workplace with psychosocial status on 920 mental health nursing seminar participants in the first three months of Covid-19 outbreak in various Indonesian regions. Accidental sampling was conducted an hour before the Indonesian National Nurses Association of South Sulawesi started the seminar with The Self-Reporting Questionnaires (SRQ29) online form with informed consent. There were 920 of 1500 participants filled the form. Variable association was analyzed by using Pearson Chi Square and Fisher Exact Test. The results show that based on gender, women significantly dominated anxiety symptom, somatic symptom, decreased energy symptom and post traumatic stress symptom Workplace significantly associated with depression symptom, cognitive symptom, psychotic symptom and post traumatic stress symptom which dominate in college. Gender and workplace were associated with psychosocial symptom. Therefore, it is essential for further research to arrange strategies for minimizing those symptoms.

Purpose This study aims to provide a better understanding of the individual-level factors that affect rural women’s sustainable entrepreneurial intention in starting and running a business in Bangladesh and contributing to national economic growth. Design/methodology/approach Data from a sample of 297 rural Bangladeshi women were analysed using a quantitative approach with Smart PLS 3.0 (SEM) and SPSS V25. This was to explore the direct influence of perceived capability, social perception and individual competencies on women’s intention to become sustainable entrepreneurs. The indirect consequences of these three variables on perceived opportunity were also evaluated. Findings The studies confirmed a positive and significant association between perceived capability and social perception with the intention to become a sustainable entrepreneur. There is no conventional connection between women’s individual competencies and their intention to become an entrepreneur. Moreover, the data confirmed that perceived opportunity mediates the relationship between perceived capability and individual competencies with the intention to become an entrepreneur. However, no mediation role of perceived opportunity in the relationship between social perception and intention was found. Originality/value This study is one of very few to explore through empirical analysis the relationship between women’s individual characteristics and their intention to become sustainable entrepreneurs and to investigate whether rural women are motivated to become empowered to contribute to economic development through sustainable entrepreneurial intention.

Abstract Background: Uterine fibroids (UFs), the most common tumors in women worldwide, may reduce quality of life and daily activities and even lead to adverse fertility and general health events in patients, causing significant societal health and financial burdens. The objective was to evaluate the global burden through epidemiological trends and examine the potential risk factors for UFs at the national level. Methods: Data on the incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs), and age-standardized DALY rates for UFs were collected, and the associations with the Human Development Index (HDI) and fertility were evaluated. The age trends in the average annual percent change (AAPC) of the incidence and prevalence rates of UFs were evaluated by joinpoint regression analysis. The associations between lifestyle, metabolic, and socioeconomic factors and the ASIRs of UFs were examined using multivariable linear regression analysis. Results: The worldwide incidence and prevalence of UFs have been increasing in the past decade, with AAPCs of 0.27% in the incidence rate and 0.078% in the prevalence rate. During 2010–2019, significant increasing trends in UF ASIR were observed in 52 of 88 countries. The age-specific incidence and prevalence of UFs in most age groups showed increasing trends except for 45–54-year-old women which showed no significant trend. Ecological analysis demonstrated no relationship between the incidence of UFs and the HDI but an inverse association with fertility. The incidence of UFs was positively correlated with alcohol intake, hypertension, overweight, and obesity and negatively correlated with smoking. Conclusion: With the increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide, effective targeted prevention and control of relevant risk factors at the national level should be encouraged to reduce the disease burden of UFs.

PurposeUsing the lens of upper echelons theory, this study examines the degree to which National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic department performance outcomes are associated with the personal characteristics and experiences of the athletic director leading the organization.Design/methodology/approachThe authors match organizational performance data with athletic director and institutional characteristics to form a robust data set spanning 16 years from the 2003–04 to 2018–19 seasons. The sample contains 811 observations representing 136 unique athletic directors. Fixed effects panel regressions are used to analyze organizational performance and quantile regression is used to analyze organizational revenues.FindingsThe authors fail to uncover statistically significant evidence that athletic director personal characteristics, functional experience and technical experience are associated with organizational performance. Rather, the empirical modeling indicates organizational performance is primarily driven by differentiation in the ability to acquire human capital (i.e. playing talent). The results also indicate that on average, women are more likely to lead lower revenue organizations, however, prior industry-specific technical experience offsets this relationship.Originality/valueIn opposition to upper echelons research in numerous settings, the modeling indicates the personal characteristics and experiences of the organization's lead executive are not an economically relevant determinant of organizational performance. This may indicate college athletics is a boundary condition in the applicability of upper echelons theory.

AbstractBackgroundOccupations are a potential source of later‐life cognitive reserve, but it is unknown how lifetime occupational skill level relates to cognitive function amongst older populations across diverse country contexts. We conducted a cross‐national comparison of the associations between main lifetime occupational skill and later‐life cognitive function among men and women living in four economically and socially distinct countries.MethodData were from population‐based studies of aging and their Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) sub‐studies in the US, South Africa, India, and Mexico (N = 10,037). Main lifetime occupational skill was classified according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO‐2008) in categories of never worked (reference); level 1 (manual labor occupations such as cleaner, construction worker, agricultural worker); level 2 (intermediate occupations such as secretaries, sales assistants, trades workers); and level 3 or 4 (professional or managerial occupations such as teachers, medical practitioners, business owners). Cognitive function was assessed from HCAP measures representing orientation, memory, language, and executive function, standardized to the US population distribution. Sampling‐weighted regression models adjusted for age, minority status, education, and parental education estimated country‐specific associations between main lifetime occupational skill and later‐life cognitive function in men and women.ResultThe mean (SD) age of participants ranged from 68.1 (9.0) years (Mexico) to 76.6 (7.5) years (US; Table 1). Lifetime occupational skill levels varied by country, with the proportion never having worked ranging from 4% (US) to 32% (India), and the proportion with a main lifetime occupation at skill levels 3 or 4 ranging from 6% (India) to 31% (US; Table 1). We observed positive gradients between increasing main lifetime occupational skill and later‐life cognitive function for men and women in the US and Mexico, a positive gradient for women but not men in India, and no association for men or women in South Africa (Table 2; Figure 1).ConclusionMain lifetime occupations may be a source of later‐life cognitive reserve, with heterogeneity in this association across countries. While further longitudinal research with more detail on occupations is needed, this study suggests that enriching occupational opportunities in low‐resource global settings may help to promote population cognitive health.

Abstract Background Consistent use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) have been recommended as cost-effective interventions for malaria prevention during pregnancy in endemic areas. However, the coverage and utilization of these interventions during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa is still suboptimal. This study aimed to determine the uptake of IPTp and ITNs and associated factors among women during their recent pregnancy in Eastern Uganda. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 2062 women who had delivered within the last 12 months prior to the start of the study in three districts of Eastern Uganda. The primary outcomes were consistent ITN use and optimal uptake (at least 3 doses) of IPTp. A modified Poisson regression was used to examine the association between consistent ITN use and the uptake of optimal doses of IPTp with independent variables. Data were analysed using Stata 14 software. Results The level of uptake of IPTp3 (at least three doses) was 14.7%, while IPTp2 (at least two doses) was 60.0%. The majority (86.4%) of mothers reported regularly sleeping under mosquito nets for the full duration of pregnancy. Uptake of IPTp3 was associated with engaging in farming (adjusted PR = 1.71, 95% CI [1.28–2.28]) or business (adjusted PR = 1.60, 95% CI [1.05–2.44]), and attending at least 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits (adjusted PR = 1.72, 95% CI [1.34–2.22]). On the other hand, consistent ITN use was associated with belonging to the fourth wealth quintile (adjusted PR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.02–1.14]) or fifth wealth quintile (adjusted PR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.02–1.15]), and attending at least 4 ANC visits (adjusted PR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03–1.11]). Conclusion Uptake of IPTp3 and consistent ITN use during pregnancy were lower and higher than the current Ugandan national targets, respectively. Study findings highlight the need for more efforts to enhance utilization of ANC services, which is likely to increase the uptake of these two key malaria preventive measures during pregnancy.

Contemporary culinary discourse in Australia has been dominated by the notion that migration and the increased mobility of Australians is responsible for filling a culinary void, as though, because we have had no peasantry we have no affinity with either the land or its produce. This argument serves to alienate Australians of British descent and its validity is open to questioning. It's an argument in urgent need of debate because cuisine stands out as the signifier of a 'multicultural' nation. Despite all the political posturing, food has 'long been the acceptable face of multiculturalism' (Gunew 13). We argue that the rhetoric of multiculturalism serves to widen the chasm between Australians of British descent and other migrants by encouraging the 'us' and 'them' mentality. We have examined the common links in the food stories of three women from disparate backgrounds. The sample is small in quantitative terms but we felt that if the culinary histories of just three women ran counter to the dominant discourse, then they would provide a new point of departure. In doing this we hope to question the precept driving culinary discourse which gives more weight to what men have said and done, than what women have cooked and how; and propagates mythologies about the eating habits of 'ethnic' migrants. Multiculturalism The terminology surrounding policies that seek to manage difference and diversity is culturally loaded and tends to perpetuate binaries. "Multiculturalism, circulates in Australia as a series of discursive formations serving a variety of institutional interests" (Gunew 256). In Australia multicultural policy seeks to "manage our cultural diversity so that the social cohesion of our nation is preserved" (Advisory Council on Multicultural Affairs 4). The result is to allow diversity that is sanctioned and is to some extent homogenised, while difference is not understood and is contained (see Newman). Multicultural? Who does it include and exclude? Gunew points out that official formulations of multiculturalism exclude people of 'Anglo-Celtic' origin, as though they had no 'ethnicity'. Multiculturalism, while addressing some of the social problems of immigration, is propelled at government level by our need for national cultural policy (see Stratton and Ang). To have a national cultural policy you need, it would seem, a film industry, a music industry, and a cuisine. In his history of Australian cuisine, Symons has only briefly alluded to women's role in the development of Australia's 'industrial cuisine'. One Continuous Picnic presents an essentially masculinist history, a pessimistic derogatory view giving little value to domestic traditions passed from mother to daughter. Women are mentioned only as authors of cookbooks produced throughout the 19th century and as the housewives whose role in the 1950s changed due to the introduction of labour-saving devices. Scant reference is made to the pre-eminent icon of Australian rural culinary history, the Country Women's Association1 and their recipe books. These books have gone through numerous editions from the 1920s, but Symons refers to them dismissively as a 'plain text' arising from the 'store-shelf of processed ingredients' (Symons 201). What of the 'vegie' patch, the afternoon tea? These traditions are mentioned, but only in passing. The products of arduous and loving baking are belittled as 'pretty things'. Is this because they are too difficult to document or because they are women's business? Female writers Barbara Santich and Marion Halligan have both written on the importance of these traditions in the lives of Australian women. Symons's discourse concentrates on 'industrial cuisine', but who is to say that its imperatives were not transgressed. The available data derives from recipe books, sales figures and advertising, but we don't actually know how much food came from other sources. Did your grandmother keep chickens? Did your grandfather fish? Terra Australis Culinae Nullius2 Michael Symons's precept is: This is the only continent which has not supported an agrarian society ... . Our land missed that fertile period when agriculture and cooking were created. There has never been the creative interplay between society and the soil. Almost no food has ever been grown by the person who eats it, almost no food has been preserved in the home and indeed, very little preparation is now done by a family cook. This is the uncultivated continent. Our history is without peasants. (10, our emphasis) This notion of terra Australis culinae nullius is problematic on two levels. The use of the word indigenous implies both Aboriginal and British settler culinary tradition. This statement consequently denies both traditional Aboriginal knowledge and the British traditions. The importance of Aboriginal foodways, their modern exploitation and their impact on the future of Australian cuisine needs recognition, but the complexity of the issue places it beyond the bounds of this paper. Symons's view of peasantry is a romanticised one, and says less about food and more about nostalgia for a more permanent, less changing environment. Advertising of 'ethnic' food routinely exploits this nostalgia by appropriating the image of the cheerful peasant. These advertisements perpetuate the mythologies that link pastoral images with 'family values'. These myths, or what Barthes describes as 'cultural truths', hold that migrant families all have harmonious relationships, are benevolently patriarchal and they all sit down to eat together. 'Ethnic' families are at one with the land and use recipes made from fresher, more natural produce, that are handed down through the female line and have had the benefit of generations of culinary wisdom. (See Gallegos & Mansfield.) So are the culinary traditions of Australians of British descent so different from those of migrant families? Joan, born near her home in Cunderdin in the Western Australian wheatbelt, grew up on a farm in reasonably prosperous circumstances with her six siblings. After marrying, she remained in the Cunderdin area to continue farming. Giovanna was born in 1915 on a farm four kilometres outside Vasto, in the Italian region of Abruzzi. One of seven children, her father died when she was young and at the age of twenty, she came to Australia to marry a Vastese man 12 years her senior. Maria was born in Madeira in 1946, in a coastal village near the capital Funchal. Like Giovanna she is the fifth of seven children and arrived in Australia at the age of twenty to marry. We used the information elicited from these three women to scrutinise some of the mythology surrounding ethnic families. Myth 1: 'Ethnic' families all eat together. All three women said their families had eaten together in the past and it was Joan who commented that what was missing in Australia today was people sitting down together to share a meal. Joan's farming community all came in for an extended midday meal from necessity, as the horses needed to be rested. Both women described radio, television, increasing work hours and different shifts as responsible for the demise of the family meal. Commensality is one of the common boundary markers for all groups 'indicating a kind of equality, peership, and the promise of further kinship links stemming from the intimate acts of dining together' (Nash 11). It is not only migrant families who eat together, and the demise of the family meal is more widely felt. Myth 2: Recipes in 'ethnic' families are passed down from generation to generation. Handing recipes down from generation to generation is not limited to just 'ethnic' families. All three women describe learning to cook from their mothers. Giovanna and Maria had hands-on experiences at very young ages, cooking for the family out of necessity. Joan did not have to cook for her family but her mother still taught her basic cookery as well as the finer points. The fluidity of the mother-daughter identity is expressed and documented by the handing on of recipes. Joan's community thought the recipes important enough to document in a written form, and so the West Australian version of the CWA cookbook became a reality. Joan, when asked about why the CWA developed a cookbook, replied that they wanted to record the recipes that were all well tried by women who spent the bulk of their days in the kitchen, cooking. Being taught to cook, teaching your children to cook and passing on recipes crosses borders, and does not serve to create or maintain boundaries. Myth 3: 'Ethnic' food is never prepared from processed products but always from homegrown produce. During their childhoods the range of food items purchased by the families was remarkably similar for all three women. All described buying tinned fish, rice and sugar, while the range of items produced from what was grown reflected common practices for the use and preservation of fresh produce. The major difference was the items that were in abundance, so while Joan describes pickling meat in addition to preserving fruits, Maria talks about preserving fish and Giovanna vegetables. The traditions developed around what was available. Joan and her family grew the food that they ate, preserved the food in their own home, and the family cook did all the preparation. To suggest they did not have a creative interplay with the soil is suggesting that they were unskilled in making a harsh landscape profitable. Joan's family could afford to buy more food items than the other families. Given the choice both Giovanna's and Maria's families would have only been too eager to make their lives easier. For example, on special occasions when the choice was available Giovanna's family chose store-bought pasta. The perception of the freshness and tastiness of peasant cuisine and affinity with the land obscures the issue, which for much of the world is still quantity, not quality. It would seem that these women's stories have points of reference. All three women describe the sense of community food engendered. They all remember sharing and swapping recipes. This sense of community was expressed by the sharing of food -- regardless of how little there was or what it was. The legacy lives on, while no longer feeling obliged to provide an elaborate afternoon tea as she did in her married life, visitors to Joan's home arrive to the smell of freshly baked biscuits shared over a cup of tea or coffee. Giovanna is only too eager to share her Vastese cakes with a cup of espresso coffee, and as new acquaintances we are obliged to taste each of the five different varieties of cakes and take some home. Maria, on the other hand, offered instant coffee and store-bought biscuits; having worked outside the home all her life and being thirty years younger than the other women, is this perhaps the face of modernity? The widespread anticipation of the divisions between these women has more to do with power relationships and the politics of east, west, north, south than with the realities of everyday life. The development of a style of eating will depend on your knowledge both as an individual and as a collective, the ingredients that are available at any one time, the conditions under which food has to be grown, and your own history. For the newly-arrived Southern Europeans meat was consumed in higher quantities because its availability was restricted in their countries of origin, to eat meat regularly was to increase your status in society. Interest in 'ethnic' food and its hybridisation is a global phenomenon and the creolisation of eating has been described both in America (see Garbaccia) and in Britain (James 81). The current obsession with the 'ethnic' has more to do with nostalgia than tolerance. The interviews which were conducted highlight the similarities between three women from different backgrounds despite differences in age and socioeconomic status. Our cuisine is in the process of hybridisation, but let us not forget who is manipulating this process and the agendas under which it is encouraged. To lay claim that one tradition is wonderful, while the other either does not exist or has nothing to offer, perpetuates divisive binaries. By focussing on what these women have in common rather than their differences we begin to critically interrogate the "culinary binary". It is our intention to stimulate debate that we hope will eventually lead to the encouragement of difference rather than the futile pursuit of authenticity. Footnotes 1. The Country Women's Association is an organisation that began in Australia in the 1920s. It is still operational and has as one of its primary aims the improvement of the welfare and conditions of women and children, especially those living in the country. 2. The term terra australis nullius is used to describe Australia at the point of colonisation. The continent was regarded as "empty" because the native people had neither improved nor settled on the land. We have extended this concept to incorporate cuisine. This notion of emptiness has influenced readings of Australian history which overlook the indigenous population and their relationship with the land. References Advisory Council on Multicultural Affairs. Towards A National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia. Canberra, 1988. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Trans. A. Lavers. London: Vintage, 1993. Belasco, Warren. "Ethnic Fast Foods: The Corporate Melting Pot". Food and Foodways 2.1 (1987): 1-30. Gallegos, Danielle, and Alan Mansfield. "Eclectic Gastronomes or Conservative Eaters: What Does Advertising Say?" Nutrition Unplugged, Proceedings of the 16th Dietitians Association of Australia National Conference. Hobart: Dietitians Association of Australia, 1997. Gallegos, Danielle, and Alan Mansfield. "Screen Cuisine: The Pastes, Powders and Potions of the Mediterranean Diet". Celebrate Food, Proceedings of the 17th Dietitians Association of Australia National Conference. Sydney: Dietitians Association of Australia, 1998. Garbaccia, D.R. We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans. Boston: Harvard UP, 1998. Gunew, Sneja. "Denaturalising Cultural Nationalisms; Multicultural Readings of 'Australia'." Nation and Narration. Ed. Homi Bhabha. London: Routledge, 1990. 245-66. Gunew, Sneja. Introduction. Feminism and the Politics of Difference. Eds. S. Gunew and A. Yeatman. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1993. xiii-xxv. Halligan, Marion. Eat My Words. Melbourne: Angus & Robertson, 1990. Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. James, Alison. "How British Is British Food". Food, Health and Identity. Ed. P. Caplan. London: Routledge, 1997. 71-86. Mennell, Stephen. All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1996. Nash, Manning. The Cauldron of Ethnicity in the Modern World. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989. Newman, Felicity. Didn't Your Mother Teach You Not to Talk with Your Mouth Full? Food, Families and Friction. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. Santich, Barbara. Looking for Flavour. Adelaide: Wakefield, 1996. Stratton, Jon, and Ien Ang. "Multicultural Imagined Communities: Cultural Difference and National Identity in Australia and the USA". Continuum 8.2 (1994): 124-58. Symons, Michael. One Continuous Picnic. Adelaide: Duck, 1992. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Danielle Gallegos, Felicity Newman. "What about the Women? Food, Migration and Mythology." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.7 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/women.php>. Chicago style: Danielle Gallegos, Felicity Newman, "What about the Women? Food, Migration and Mythology," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 7 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/women.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Danielle Gallegos, Felicity Newman. (1999) What about the women? Food, migration and mythology. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(7). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/women.php> ([your date of access]).

Abstract: Nowadays, Vietnamese women are participating actively in parts of the economy that were previously deemed male domain. Women are involved in business activities at all levels in Vietnam, making significant contributions to the economic development of the country. By December 2011, there were 81,226 small and medium enterprises headed by women, accounting for 25% of the total number of enterprises in the country (GSO, 2013). In Vietnam, despite recent economic development, socio-cultural and legal barriers are still very difficult for women since the general perception in society is that a woman’s main duty is to be a good housewife and mother and they are also often perceived as weak, passive and irrational (VWEC, 2007). Even though the studies related to women entrepreneurship development are quite extensive, amongst them only a limited number of researches on the role of legal and socio - cultural barriers on women entrepreneurs in the context of Vietnam have been investigated. Thus, supported by the World Trade Institute (WTI) in Bern, Switzerland, the researchers have chosen this as the subject of this study. Based on a quantitative survey of 110 companies in Hanoi and adjacent areas, the research has taken legal and socio - cultural barriers and explored their effect on the development of women entrepreneurship in the context of Vietnam in order to indicate how women entrepreneurs perceive the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic impacts, and policy reforms on their entrepreneurial situations and initiatives, and to then provide policy implications for promoting women’s entrepreneurship and gender equality in Vietnam. Keywords Entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurs, gender equality, Vietnam References Acs, Z. & Varga, A. (2005) ‘Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change’, Small Business Economics, 24, 323---334. Avin, R.M & Kinney, L.P (2014). Trends in Female Entrepreneurship in Vietnam Preliminary paper presented at the 23th Annual Conference on Feminist Economics sponsored by IAFFE, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, June 27-29, 2014.Avin, R.-M., & Kinney, L. P. (2014) ‘Trends in Women entrepreneurship in Vietnam’, 23rd Annual Conference on Feminist Economics, Ghana: 27 – 29 June.Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. (2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(1), 1–14.Bunck, J. M. (1997) Women and Post Cold War Socialism: the cases of Cuba and Vietnam, 7th Annual Meeting, Association for the Study of Cuban Economy, University of Miami, Knight Center, Hyatt Hotel, August 7-9 1997 Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010), The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results, Statistical Publishing House, available at: http://vietnam.unfpa.org/webdav/site/vietnam/shared/Census%20publications/3_Completed-Results.pdf Chari, M. D., & Dixit, J. (2015). Business groups and entrepreneurship in developing countries after reforms. Journal Of Business Research,68, 1359-1366.Djankov, S. , R. L. Porta , F. Lopez-de-Silanes and A. Schleifer (2002) The Regulation of Entry, Quarterly Journal of Economics CXVII (1): 1-37Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme (2002) ‘Gender Differences in the Transitional Economy of Vietnam: Key Gender Findings – Second Vietnam Living Standards Survey, 1997 – 1998’. Vietnam: Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac685e/ac685e00.htm [Accessed 7 December 2015].Fuentelsaz, L., González, C., Maícas, J., & Montero, J. (2015). ‘How different formal institutions affect opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship’. Business Research Quarterly, 18(4), 246-258. Gallup, J (2004) The wage labor market and inequality in Vietnam. In Economic growth, poverty, and household welfare in Vietnam edited by Paul Glewwe, Nisha Agrawal, and David Dollar. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) (2014), Population and employment Report 2014Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2013). Vietnam report 2013. United Kingdom. Retrieved from: www.gemconsortium.orgHampel-Milagrosa, A., Pham, H., Nguyen, Q., and Nguyen, T. (2010) ‘Gender-Related Obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs’. Vietnam: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Available at: http://www.un.org.vn/en/publications/publications-by-agency/doc_details/294-gender-related-obstacles-to-vietnamese-women-entrepreneurs. html [Accessed 7 December 2015].Hang, T.T.T. (2008), “Women’s leadership in Vietnam: opportunities and challenges”, Signs, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 16-21. Hirschman, C. and V. M. Loi (1996) Family and Household Structure in Vietnam: Some glimpses from a recent survey, Pacific Affairs Vol 69 (No. 2 (Summer 1996)): 229-249Hoang, B.T. (2010), “Rural employment and life: challenges to gender roles in Vietnam’s agriculture at present”, paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways Out of Poverty Rome, 31 March-2 April 2009, available at: www.fao-ilo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fao_ilo/pdf/Papers/16_march/Thinh_final.pdf Hoang, C., Hoang, C.L.T.S, Nguyen, T.P.C, Ngo, T.P.L, Tran, T.N, Vu, T.L (2013), The women’s access to land in contemporary Vietnam. UNDP Report 2013Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C.M., &Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267.ILO (2011) ‘Creation of an enabling environment for women entrepreneur in Vietnam: Mainstreaming gender issues in government policy on enterprise development’, Hanoi.International Finance Corporation (2006) A National Survey of Women Business Owners in Vietnam. Joint survey with Gender and Entrepreneurship Markets (GEM) and the Mekong Private Sector Development Facility (MPDF), Washington, DC, IFCInternational Labour Organisation (2007) ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam’. Vietnam: International Labour Organisation.International Labour Organization and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (2010), The Informal Economy in Vietnam, ILO/MOLISA, Hanoi.Kibria, N. (1990) Power Patriarchy and Gender Conflict in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community, Gender and Society Vol 4 (No 1 (March 1990)): 9-24 Luke, N. , S. R. Schuler , B. T. T. Mai , P. V. Thien and T. H. Minh (2007) Exploring Couple Attributes and Attitudes and Marital Violence in Vietnam, New York, Sage PublicationsMai thi Thanh Thai, Nguyen Hoang Anh (2016): The impact of culture on the creation of enterprises (2016), Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol.9, No.1, pp.1 – 22McChesney, F. (1987) Rent extraction and rent creation in the economic theory of regulation, Journal of Legal Studies 16 de Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why capitalism Triumphs in the west and Fails everywhere Else, New York, Basic BooksMinniti, M. (2010) ‘Women entrepreneurship and Economic Activity’, European Journal of Development Research, 22, pp. 294 – 312.Nguyen, B. (2011) ‘The Changes of Women’s Position: The Vietnam Case’, International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 1, pp. 126 – 138.Nguyen, B. (2012) ‘Abortion in Present Day Vietnam’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2 (1), pp. 56 – 61.Nguyen, C., Frederick, H., & Nguyen, H. (2014). Female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam: An exploratory study. International Journal Of Gender And Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 50-67. Nijssen, E.J. (2014), Entrepreneurial Marketing: An Effectual Approach, Routledge, New York, NY.Raven, P., & Le, Q. (2015). Teaching business skills to women: Impact of business training on women’s microenterprise owners in Vietnam. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour And Research, 21(4), 622-641. Rubio-Bañón, A., & Esteban-Lloret, N. (2015). Research article: Cultural factors and gender role in female entrepreneurship. Suma De Negocios Terrell, K., and Troilo, M. (2010) ‘Values and Women entrepreneurship’, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2 (3), pp. 260 – 286.Thanh, H.X., Anh, D.N. and Tacoli, C. (2005), “Livelihood diversification and rural-urban linkages in Vietnam’s red river delta”, Discussion Paper No. 193, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/fcnddp/193.htmlThe World Economic Forum (2015) ‘The Global Gender Gap Report 2015’. Switzerland: The World Economic Forum. Available at: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/ [Accessed 8 December 2015].Thi, L. (1995) Doi Moi and female workers: a case study of Ha Noi, in: V. M. Moghadam (ed.), Economic reforms, women's employment and social politics, Helsinki, World Institute for Development Research Tien, P. N. (2010) Overarching view of Gender Equality in Vietnam”, 2010, Conference on Commemoration of International Women’s Day 2010, “Beijing + 15, Looking back, reaching forward, Gender Equality and Women Empowerment 15 years after the Fourth World Conference on Women, Ha Noi, 12 March 2010.United Nations Development Programme (2012) ‘Women’s Representation in Leadership in Vietnam’. Vietnam: United Nations Development Programme.United Nations Development Programme (2015) ‘Human Development Report 2014’. USA: United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://hdr.undp. org/en/content/human-development-report-2014 [Accessed 10 December 2015].United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2010). Gender related obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs. Vienna, Austria.Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council (2007) Women’s entrepreneurship development in Vietnam. International Labor Organization, Vietnam.Vuong, H., and Tran, D. (2009) ‘The Cultural Dimensions of the Vietnamese Private Entrepreneurship’, The IUP Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6 (3 & 4), pp. 54 – 78.VWEC (2007), Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam, Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Report, Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council, available at: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_100456.pdf Williamson, O. (2000) ‘The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking ahead’, Economic Literature, 38, pp. 595 – 693.World Bank (2011a) ‘Vietnam Country Gender Assessment’. USA: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/11/15470188/vietnam-country-gender-assessment [Accessed 7 December 2015]. World Bank (2011b). Vietnam development report 2012: Market economy for a middle- income Vietnam, Washington DC: The World Bank.World Bank (2012), Vietnam Country Gender Assessment, World Bank Country Office, HanoiWorld Bank (2015), World Bank Database, Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/vietnam [Accessed 9 December 2015].World Development Indicators (WDI) (2012), The World Bank, Washington, DC.Zhu, L., Kara, O., Chu, H.M.,Chu, A. (2015), ‘Women entrepreneurship: Evidence from Vietnam’, Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 103-128 lity in Vietnam.

Background and Aims Anemia in pregnancy leads to poor outcomes. The Indian government has reduced anemia only at a marginal level from 58 in the National Family Health Survey NFHS-3 to 50.4 in the NFHS-4 survey. This study aims to determine the predictors of anemia among pregnant women in the maternal antecedents of adiposity and studying the transgenerational role of hyperglycemia and insulin MAASTHI cohort of Bengaluru. This will help provide valuable information to design the appropriate intervention to lower the prevalence of anemia.Method The study was nested in the MAASTHI cohort study in public health facilities in Bengaluru. The present study was a multi-center prospective cohort study. Pregnant women attending health facilities for antenatal care were included in the study after obtaining their written consent. Socio-demographic information obstetric details smoking status and alcohol consumption among participant and their spouse were noted. Social support psychosocial stress and detailed anthropometry were recorded. All eligible pregnant women were asked to undergo a blood hemoglobin and oral glucose tolerance test after the completion of 26 weeks of gestation.Results A total of 2447 study participants with a mean age of 24.28 plusmn 4.07 years were included in the study. The overall prevalence of maternal anemia was 44.4 N 1375. Among them 24 had mild Hb 10ndash10.9 gmdl 15.8 had moderate Hb 7-9.9gmdl and 0.4 had severe anemia Hb lt7gmdl. Multivariate analysis showed that obstetric factors such as parity had a significant association with anemia. In contrast nutrition-related factors such as not consuming iron and folic acid IFA supplements and being underweight were positively associated with anemia.Conclusion Our study found a higher prevalence of maternal anemia during pregnancy in urban Bengaluru. The government should take proactive health promotion initiatives such as effective campaigns and nutrition-specific interventions especially iron supplementation. Integrated dietary interventions such as food fortification with iron and folate and IFA supplementation targeting from childhood to adolescence and reproductive age rather than targeting pregnant women may help to reduce the burden of anemia.

The deaths of George Floyd and other African American men and women in 2020 awakened the consciousness of Americans and social justice advocates across the world. The chants of “Black Lives Matter!” echoed from the streets of Minneapolis – all the way to the shores of Cape Town, South Africa. Immense pressure from protestors and community organizers caused those in education and traditional business sectors to evaluate their commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Many organizations responded by releasing statements in support of minoritized groups, often including the hashtags #BLM or #NAACP[i]. However, despite support offered via social media, consumers and social justice advocates demanded more than just words. To that end, many institutions began to establish diversity book clubs, while others created DEI committees, and/or appointed a Chief Diversity Officer to guide DEI initiatives across the institution (Byrd et al., 2021). Constructing and operating a diverse DEI committee presents significant challenges. In addition to the barriers associated with assembling diverse members, there are also methodological constraints as there is a dearth of empirical research within the extant literature that provides guidance in constructing and evaluating the effectiveness of DEI committees. To that end, the purpose of this article is three-fold: (1) to discuss the necessity of DEI committees in higher education and corporate settings; (2) to explain why DEI committees sometimes fail; and (3) to offer some suggestions for addressing ways to improve their overall effectiveness. [i] These are the Twitter designations for Black Lives Matter and The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, respectively.

Photo by Sharon McCutcheon on Unsplash ABSTRACT COVID-19 highlighted a disproportionate impact upon marginalized communities that needs to be addressed. Specifically, a focus on equity rather than equality would better address and prevent the disparities seen in COVID-19. A distributive justice framework can provide this great benefit but will succeed only if the medical community engages in outreach, anti-racism measures, and listens to communities in need. INTRODUCTION COVID-19 disproportionately impacted communities of color and lower socioeconomic status, sparking political discussion about existing inequities in the US.[1] Some states amended their guidelines for allocating resources, including vaccines, to provide care for marginalized communities experiencing these inequities, but there has been no clear consensus on which guidelines states should amend or how they should be ethically grounded. In part, this is because traditional justice theories do not acknowledge the deep-seated institutional and interpersonal discrimination embedded in our medical system. Therefore, a revamped distributive justice approach that accounts for these shortcomings is needed to guide healthcare decision-making now and into the post-COVID era. BACKGROUND Three terms – health disparity, health inequities, and health equity – help frame the issue. A health disparity is defined as any difference between populations in terms of disease incidence or adverse health events, such as morbidity or mortality. In contrast, health inequities are health disparities due to avoidable systematic structures rooted in racial, social, and economic injustice.[2] For example, current data demonstrate that Black, Latino, Indigenous Americans, and those living in poverty suffer higher morbidity and mortality rates from COVID-19.[3] Finally, health equity is the opportunity for anyone to attain his or her full health potential without interference from systematic structures and factors that generate health inequities, including race, socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or geography.[4] ANALYSIS Health inequities for people of color with COVID-19 have led to critiques of states that do not account for race in their resource allocation guidelines.[5] For example, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health revised its COVID-19 guidelines regarding resource allocation to patients with the best chance of short-term survival.[6] Critics have argued that this change addresses neither preexisting structural inequities nor provider bias that may have led to comorbidities and increased vulnerability to COVID-19. By failing to address race specifically, they argue the policy will perpetuate poorer outcomes in already marginalized groups. As the inequities in COVID-19 outcomes continue to be uncovered and the data continue to prove that marginalized communities suffered disproportionately, we, as healthcare providers, must reconsider our role in addressing the injustices. Our actions must be ethically grounded in the concept of justice. l. Primary Theories of Justice The principle of justice in medical ethics relates to how we ought to treat people and allocate resources. Multiple theories have emerged to explain how justice should be implemented, with three of the most prominent being egalitarianism, utilitarianism, and distributive. This paper argues that distributive justice is the best framework for remedying past actions and enacting systemic changes that may persistently prevent injustices. An egalitarian approach to justice states all individuals are equal and, therefore, should have identical access to resources. In the allocation of resources, an egalitarian approach would support a strict distribution of equal value regardless of one’s attributes or characteristics. Putting this theory into practice would place a premium on guidelines based upon first-come, first-served basis or random selection.[7] However, the egalitarian approach taken in the UK continues to worsen health inequities due to institutional and structural discrimination.[8] A utilitarian approach to justice emphasizes maximizing overall benefits and achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people. When resources are limited, the utilitarian principle historically guides decision-making. In contrast to the egalitarian focus on equal distribution, utilitarianism focuses on managing distributions to maximize numerical outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines for allocating resources had utilitarian goals like saving the most lives, which may prioritize the youthful and those deemed productive in society, followed by the elderly and the very ill. It is important to reconsider using utilitarian approaches as the default in the post-COVID healthcare community. These approaches fail to address past inequity, sacrificing the marginalized in their emphasis on the greatest amount of good rather than the type of good. Finally, a distributive approach to justice mandates resources should be allocated in a manner that does not infringe individual liberties to those with the greatest need. Proposed by John Rawls in a Theory of Justice, this approach requires accounting for societal inequality, a factor absent from egalitarianism and utilitarianism.[9] Naomi Zack elaborates how distributive justice can be applied to healthcare, outlining why racism is a social determinant of health that must be acknowledged and addressed.[10] Until there are parallel health opportunities and better alignment of outcomes among different social and racial groups, the underlying systemic social and economic variables that are driving the disparities must be fixed. As a society and as healthcare providers, we should be striving to address the factors that perpetuate health inequities. While genetics and other variables influence health, the data show proportionately more exposure, more cases, and more deaths in the Black American and Hispanic populations. Preexisting conditions and general health disparities are signs of health inequity that increased vulnerability. Distributive justice as a theoretical and applied framework can be applied to preventable conditions that increase vulnerability and can justify systemic changes to prevent further bias in the medical community. During a pandemic, egalitarian and utilitarian approaches to justice are prioritized by policymakers and health systems. Yet, as COVID-19 has demonstrated, they further perpetuate the death and morbidity of populations that face discrimination. These outcomes are due to policies and guidelines that overall benefit white communities over communities of color. Historically, US policy that looks to distribute resources equally (focusing on equal access instead of outcomes), in a color-blind manner, has further perpetuated poor outcomes for marginalized communities.[11] ll. Historical and Ongoing Disparities Across socio-demographic groups, the medical system exacerbates historical and current inequities. Members of marginalized races,[12] women,[13] LGBTQ people,[14] and poor people[15] experience trauma caused by discrimination, marginalization, and failure to access high-quality public and private goods. Through the unequal treatment of marginalized communities, these historic traumas continue. In the US, people of color do not receive equal and fair medical treatment. A meta-analysis found that Hispanics and Black Americans were significantly undertreated for pain compared to their white counterparts over the last 20 years.[16] This is partly due to provider bias. Through interviewing medical trainees, a study by the National Academy of Science found that half of medical students and residents harbored racist beliefs such as “Black people’s nerve endings are less sensitive than white people’s” or “Black people’s skin is thicker than white people’s skin.”[17] More than 3,000 Indigenous American women were coerced, threatened, and deliberately misinformed to ensure cooperation in forced sterilization.[18] Hispanic people have less support in seeking medical care, in receiving culturally appropriate care, and they suffer from the medical community’s lack of resources to address language barriers.[19] In the US, patients of different sexes do not receive the same quality of healthcare. Despite having greater health needs, middle-aged and older women are more likely to have fewer hospital stays and fewer physician visits compared to men of similar demographics and health risk profiles.[20] In the field of critical care, women are less likely to be admitted to the ICU, less likely to receive interventions such as mechanical ventilation, and more likely to die compared to their male ICU counterparts.[21] In the US, patients of different socioeconomic statuses do not receive the same quality of healthcare. Low-income patients are more likely to have higher rates of infant mortality, chronic disease, and a shorter life span.[22] This is partly due to the insurance-based discrimination in the medical community.[23] One in three deaths of those experiencing homelessness could have been prevented by timely and effective medical care. An individual experiencing homelessness has a life expectancy that is decades shorter than that of the average American.[24] lll. Action Needed: Policy Reform While steps need to be taken to provide equitable care in the current pandemic, including the allocation of vaccines, they may not address the historical failures of health policy, hospital policy, and clinical care to eliminate bias and ensure equal treatment of patients. According to an applied distributive justice framework, inequities must be corrected. Rather than focusing primarily on fair resource allocation, medicine must be actively anti-racist, anti-sexist, anti-transphobic, and anti-discriminatory. Evidence has shown that the health inequities caused by COVID-19 are smaller in regions that have addressed racial wealth gaps through forms of reparations.[25] Distributive justice calls for making up for the past using tools of allocation as well as tools to remedy persistent problems. For example, Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, began “Healing ARC,” a pilot initiative that involves acknowledgement, redress, and closure on an institutional level.[26] Acknowledgement entails informing patients about disparities at the hospital, claiming responsibility, and incorporating community ideas for redress. Redress involves a preferential admission option for Black and Hispanic patients to specialty services, especially cardiovascular services, rather than general medicine. Closure requires that community and patient stakeholders work together to ensure that a new system is in place that will continue to prioritize equity. Of note, redress could take the form of cash transfers, discounted or free care, taxes on nonprofit hospitals that exclude patients of color,[27] or race-explicit protocol changes (such as those being instituted by Brigham and Women’s Hospital that admit patients historically denied access to certain forms of medical care). In New York, for instance, the New York State Bar Association drafted the COVID-19 resolutions to ensure that emergency regulations and guidelines do not discriminate against communities of color, and even mandate that diverse patient populations be included in clinical trials.[28] Also, physicians must listen to individuals from marginalized communities to identify needs and ensure that community members take part in decision-making. The solution is not to simply build new health centers in communities of color, as this may lead to tiers of care. Rather, local communities should have a chance to impact existing hospital policy and should also use their political participation to further their healthcare interests. Distributive justice does not seek to disenfranchise groups that hold power in the system. It aims to transform the system so that those in power do not continue to obtain unfair benefits at the expense of others. The framework accounts for unjust historical oppression and current injustices in our system to provide equitable outcomes to all who access the system. In this vein, we can begin to address the flagrant disparities between communities that have always – and continue to – exist in healthcare today.[29] CONCLUSION As equality focuses on access, it currently fails to do justice. Instead of outcomes, it is time to focus on equity. A focus on equity rather than equality would better address and prevent the disparities seen in COVID-19. A distributive justice framework can gain traction in clinical decision-making guidelines and system-level reallocation of resources but will succeed only if the medical community engages in outreach, anti-racism measures, and listens to communities in need. There should be an emphasis on implementing a distributive justice framework that treats all patients equitably, accounts for historical harm, and focuses on transparency in allocation and public health decision-making. [1] APM Research Lab Staff. 2020. “The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.” APM Research Lab. https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race. [2] Bharmal, N., K. P. Derose, M. Felician, and M. M. Weden. 2015. “Understanding the Upstream Social Determinants of Health.” California: RAND Corporation 1-18. https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1096.html. [3] Yancy, C. W. 2020. “COVID-19 and African Americans.” JAMA. 323 (19): 1891-2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6548; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. “COVID-19 in Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/racial-ethnic-disparities/index.html. 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