Articoli di riviste: "Myriapode"

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Edgecombe, Gregory D. "Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group". Contributions to Zoology 73, n. 3 (2004): 207–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07303002.

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The status of Myriapoda (whether mono-, para- or polyphyletic) and position of myriapods in the Arthropoda are controversial, an impediment to evaluating fossils that may be members of the myriapod stem-group. Parsimony analysis of 319 characters for extant arthropods provides a basis for defending myriapod monophyly and identifying those morphological characters that are necessary to assign a fossil taxon to the Myriapoda. The alliance of hexapods and crustaceans need not relegate myriapods to the arthropod stem-group; the Mandibulata hypothesis accommodates Myriapoda and Tetraconata as sister taxa. No known pre-Silurian fossils have characters that convincingly place them in the Myriapoda or the myriapod stem-group. Because the strongest apomorphies of Myriapoda are details of the mandible and tentorial endoskeleton, exceptional fossil preservation seems necessary to recognise a stem-group myriapod.

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Edgecombe, Gregory D., Christine Strullu-Derrien, Tomasz Góral, Alexander J. Hetherington, Christine Thompson e Markus Koch. "Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and the terrestrial fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 16 (6 aprile 2020): 8966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920733117.

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Identifying marine or freshwater fossils that belong to the stem groups of the major terrestrial arthropod radiations is a longstanding challenge. Molecular dating and fossils of their pancrustacean sister group predict that myriapods originated in the Cambrian, much earlier than their oldest known fossils, but uncertainty about stem group Myriapoda confounds efforts to resolve the timing of the group’s terrestrialization. Among a small set of candidates for membership in the stem group of Myriapoda, the Cambrian to Triassic euthycarcinoids have repeatedly been singled out. The only known Devonian euthycarcinoid, Heterocrania rhyniensis from the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts hot spring complex in Scotland, reveals details of head structures that constrain the evolutionary position of euthycarcinoids. The head capsule houses an anterior cuticular tentorium, a feature uniquely shared by myriapods and hexapods. Confocal microscopy recovers myriapod-like characters of the preoral chamber, such as a prominent hypopharynx supported by tentorial bars and superlinguae between the mandibles and hypopharynx, reinforcing an alliance between euthycarcinoids and myriapods recovered in recent phylogenetic analysis. The Cambrian occurrence of the earliest euthycarcinoids supplies the oldest compelling evidence for an aquatic stem group for either Myriapoda or Hexapoda, previously a lacuna in the body fossil record of these otherwise terrestrial lineages until the Silurian and Devonian, respectively. The trace fossil record of euthycarcinoids in the Cambrian and Ordovician reveals amphibious locomotion in tidal environments and fills a gap between molecular estimates for myriapod origins in the Cambrian and a post-Ordovician crown group fossil record.

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Karam-Gemael, Manoela, Peter Decker, Pavel Stoev, Marinez I. Marques e Amazonas Chagas Jr. "Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda". ZooKeys 930 (28 aprile 2020): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943.

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Red Listing of Threatened species is recognized as the most objective approach for evaluating extinction risk of living organisms which can be applied at global or national scales. Invertebrates account for nearly 97% of all animals on the planet but are insufficiently represented in the IUCN Red Lists at both scales. To analyze the occurrence of species present in regional Red Lists, accounts of 48 different countries and regions all over the world were consulted and all data about myriapods (Myriapoda) ever assessed in Red Lists at any level assembled. Myriapod species assessments were found in eleven regional Red Lists; however, no overlap between the species included in the global IUCN Red List and the regional ones was established. This means that myriapod species considered threatened at regional level may not be eligible for international funding specific for protection of native threatened species (more than US$ 25 million were available in the last decade) as most financial instruments tend to support only threatened species included in the IUCN Red List. As the lack of financial resources may limit protection for species in risk of extinction, it is urgent to increase the possibilities of getting financial support for implementation of measures for their protection. A Red List of all Myriapoda species recorded in Red Lists at national or local (596) and global (210) scales totaling 806 species is presented. This list shows for the first time an overview of the current conservation status of Myriapoda species. Here, the urgent need of establishing a Myriapoda Specialist Group in the Species Survival Commission of IUCN is also stressed.

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Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus, Robert Carton, Alastair R. Tanner, Mark N. Puttick, Mark Blaxter, Jakob Vinther, Jørgen Olesen, Gonzalo Giribet, Gregory D. Edgecombe e Davide Pisani. "A molecular palaeobiological exploration of arthropod terrestrialization". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n. 1699 (19 luglio 2016): 20150133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0133.

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Understanding animal terrestrialization, the process through which animals colonized the land, is crucial to clarify extant biodiversity and biological adaptation. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, centipedes and their allies) represent the largest majority of terrestrial biodiversity. Here we implemented a molecular palaeobiological approach, merging molecular and fossil evidence, to elucidate the deepest history of the terrestrial arthropods. We focused on the three independent, Palaeozoic arthropod terrestrialization events (those of Myriapoda, Hexapoda and Arachnida) and showed that a marine route to the colonization of land is the most likely scenario. Molecular clock analyses confirmed an origin for the three terrestrial lineages bracketed between the Cambrian and the Silurian. While molecular divergence times for Arachnida are consistent with the fossil record, Myriapoda are inferred to have colonized land earlier, substantially predating trace or body fossil evidence. An estimated origin of myriapods by the Early Cambrian precedes the appearance of embryophytes and perhaps even terrestrial fungi, raising the possibility that terrestrialization had independent origins in crown-group myriapod lineages, consistent with morphological arguments for convergence in tracheal systems. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’.

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Shear, William A. "Myriapodous arthropods from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 84, n. 3-4 (1993): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000612x.

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ABSTRACTSeveral specimens of myriapodous arthropods have been discovered at the early Carboniferous East Kirkton site near Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland. None is particularly well preserved, but they are the earliest known Carboniferous myriapods, filling the time gap between the Old Red Sandstone of the early Devonian and the abundant myriapod faunas of the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian). One of the specimens, a milliped, provides the earliest evidence for both ozopores (repugnatorial gland openings) and spiracles. A second milliped specimen has some characteristics of the living Order Glomeridesmida, and hence of Enghoff's (1990) ‘ground plan’ of chilognathan millipeds. Aspects of these forms and a third suggest a novel early Carboniferous fauna clearly different from both earlier and later ones. The taxon name ‘Myriapoda’ should be abandoned, since it covers a group now recognised as paraphyletic. ‘Archipolypoda’ is probably synonymous with Order Euphoberiida, Class Diplopoda.

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Stoev, Pavel, Marzio Zapparoli, Sergei Golovatch, Henrik Enghoff, Nesrine Akkari e Anthony Barber. "Myriapods (Myriapoda). Chapter 7.2". BioRisk 4 (6 luglio 2010): 97–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.51.

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Ospina Bautista, Fabiola, Pablo A. López Bedoya, Jaime Vicente Estévez, Daniela Martínez Torres e Sebastián Galvis Jiménez. "Restoration strategy drives the leaf litter myriapod richness (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) on a protected area". Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 26, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2022.26.1.1.

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Objective: To determine the leaf litter myriapod community in two restoration strategies of a protective area of Colombia, a secondary forest and an Andean alder plantation. Scope: The knowledge of the biodiversity of invertebrates associated with leaf litter breakdown in restoration forests may contribute to assessing the restoration process efficiency and success. Within this forested soil biodiversity framework, myriapods influence organic matter dynamics by transforming leaf litter (or other plant-derived materials), reducing the surface of decomposition, and affecting decomposer communities and their interactions. Methodology: We designed a leaf litter translocation experiment using leaf litter of Alnus acuminata Kunth and Hedyosmum bonplandianum Kunth, the most abundant species in each restoration strategy underway from the 60s in the Reserva Natural Río Blancoy Quebrada Olivares, Manizales, Colombia. We measured the myriapod richness and abundance two and four months after beginning the leaf litter decomposition experimental trials. Main results: Classes Diplododa, Chilopoda, and Symphyla colonized the leaf litter in both restoration strategies. The restoration strategy affected myriapod richness, abundance and composition. Myriapod richness and abundance were greater in the Andean alder plantation, millipedes were the most abundance myriapods. Myriapod composition also differs among litter species. The plant composition of each restoration strategy could lead to differences in litterfall quality and, consequently, in the resources available for the colonization of the myriapod community, which contributes directly and indirectly to the decomposition process in the restoration strategies.

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Karam-Gemael, Manoela, Thiago Izzo e Amazonas Chagas-Jr. "Why be red listed? Threatened Myriapoda species in Brazil with implications for their conservation". ZooKeys 741 (7 marzo 2018): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21971.

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The biodiversity crisis we live in, marked by high extinction rates, requires well-planned conservation efforts. To overcome this issue, red lists of threatened species are recognized as the main objective approach for evaluating the conservation status of species and therefore guiding conservation priorities. This work focuses on the Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) species listed in the Brazilian red list of fauna to enable discussion of the practical implications of red lists for conservation. Almost all myriapods assessed are endemic to Brazil (99 %) and 73 % are known from subterranean habitats only. Despite of 33 % being recorded from protected areas (PAs), downgrading, degazettement or downsizing of PAs and intense and unregulated ecotourism represent great threats. The PAs network in Brazil tends to fail in conserving myriapod species. The number of data deficient species (42 %) states the need of investing in ecological and taxonomic studies about the group, in order to fill in important knowledge gaps in species assessments nationally and globally. In this work we show that there is a lack of communication between national and global agencies concerning red lists, which results in a significant loss for science and for conservation. Despite investing in national and state red lists, individual countries must take the final step of submitting its data to IUCN global database, as significant international funding is available for IUCN red listed species conservation. Being one of the most diverse countries in the world, and facing the biggest cuts ever on national science funding, losing these important funding opportunities is a huge loss for Brazilian biodiversity conservation and for science. This study raises awareness on subterranean habitats conservation, due to its high endemism and fragility. Since the first edition of the Brazilian Red List in 1968, centipedes are now included for the first time, and millipedes for the second time. The presence of these myriapods in the list brings attention to the group, which usually receives little or no attention in conservation programs and environmental impact assessments. Rather than a specific case for Myriapoda and for Brazil, the points discussed here can be related to arthropods and the tropics, as the most biodiverse countries are emerging economies facing similar challenges in PAs network management, species extinction risks and science funding.

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Langor, David W., Jeremy R. deWaard e Bruce A. Snyder. "Myriapoda of Canada". ZooKeys 819 (24 gennaio 2019): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.819.29447.

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The currently documented fauna of described species of myriapods in Canada includes 54 Chilopoda, 66 Diplopoda, 23 Pauropoda, and two Symphyla, representing increases of 24, 23, 23, and one species, respectively, since 1979. Of the 145 myriapod species currently documented, 40 species are not native to Canada. The myriapods have not been well documented with DNA barcodes and no barcodes are available for Pauropoda. It is conservatively estimated that at least 93 additional myriapods species will be discovered in Canada: Chilopoda (40), Diplopoda (29), Pauropoda (17), and Symphyla (seven). In general, there is a serious dearth of knowledge about myriapods in Canada, and systematics research and surveys continue to be needed to help document the diversity and distribution of these groups in the country.

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Wang, Jiajia, Yu Bai, Haifeng Zhao, Ruinan Mu e Yan Dong. "Reinvestigating the phylogeny of Myriapoda with more extensive taxon sampling and novel genetic perspective". PeerJ 9 (23 dicembre 2021): e12691. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12691.

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Background There have been extensive debates on the interrelationships among the four major classes of Myriapoda—Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, and Pauropoda. The core controversy is the position of Pauropoda; that is, whether it should be grouped with Symphyla or Diplopoda as a sister group. Two recent phylogenomic studies separately investigated transcriptomic data from 14 and 29 Myriapoda species covering all four groups along with outgroups, and proposed two different topologies of phylogenetic relationships. Methods Building on these studies, we extended the taxon sampling by investigating 39 myriapods and integrating the previously available data with three new transcriptomic datasets generated in this study. Our analyses present the phylogenetic relationships among the four major classes of Myriapoda with a more abundant taxon sampling and provide a new perspective to investigate the above-mentioned question, where visual genes’ identification were conducted. We compared the appearance pattern of genes, grouping them according to their classes and the visual pathways involved. Positive selection was detected for all identified visual genes between every pair of 39 myriapods, and 14 genes showed positive selection among 27 pairs. Results From the results of phylogenomic analyses, we propose that Symphyla is a sister group of Pauropoda. This stance has also received strong support from tree inference and topology tests.

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Eckert, Rolf, e JÜRgen Becker. "Myriapoden aus mitteldeutschen Höhlen (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72, n. 2 (28 ottobre 1996): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800720202.

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Eckert, Rolf, e Jürgen Becker. "Myriapoden aus mitteldeutschen Höhlen (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)". Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie (Berlin) 72, n. 2 (1996): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19960720203.

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Eckert, Rolf, e Jürgen Becker. "Myriapoden aus mitteldeutschen Höhlen (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)". Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologisches Museum und Institut für Spezielle Zoologie 〈Berlin〉 72, n. 2 (28 ottobre 1996): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4830720203.

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Ciucă, Valerius M., e Aurora Ciucă. "L'âme myriapode, la multiplication des choses et le droit de la créativité". Innovations 32, n. 2 (2010): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inno.032.0181.

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Wang, Jia-Jia, Yu Bai e Yan Dong. "A Rearrangement of the Mitochondrial Genes of Centipedes (Arthropoda, Myriapoda) with a Phylogenetic Analysis". Genes 13, n. 10 (3 ottobre 2022): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101787.

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Due to the limitations of taxon sampling and differences in results from the available data, the phylogenetic relationships of the Myriapoda remain contentious. Therefore, we try to reconstruct and analyze the phylogenetic relationships within the Myriapoda by examining mitochondrial genomes (the mitogenome). In this study, typical circular mitogenomes of Mecistocephalus marmoratus and Scolopendra subspinipes were sequenced by Sanger sequencing; they were 15,279 bp and 14,637 bp in length, respectively, and a control region and 37 typical mitochondrial genes were annotated in the sequences. The results showed that all 13 PCGs started with ATN codons and ended with TAR codons or a single T; what is interesting is that the gene orders of M. marmoratus have been extensively rearranged compared with most Myriapoda. Thus, we propose a simple duplication/loss model to explain the extensively rearranged genes of M. marmoratus, hoping to provide insights into mitogenome rearrangement events in Myriapoda. In addition, our mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses showed that the main myriapod groups are monophyletic and supported the combination of the Pauropoda and Diplopoda to form the Dignatha. Within the Chilopoda, we suggest that Scutigeromorpha is a sister group to the Lithobiomorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Scolopendromorpha. We also identified a close relationship between the Lithobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha. The results also indicate that the mitogenome can be used as an effective mechanism to understand the phylogenetic relationships within Myriapoda.

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Gueriau, Pierre, James C. Lamsdell, Roy A. Wogelius, Phillip L. Manning, Victoria M. Egerton, Uwe Bergmann, Loïc Bertrand e Julien Denayer. "A new Devonian euthycarcinoid reveals the use of different respiratory strategies during the marine-to-terrestrial transition in the myriapod lineage". Royal Society Open Science 7, n. 10 (ottobre 2020): 201037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201037.

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Myriapods were, together with arachnids, the earliest animals to occupy terrestrial ecosystems, by at least the Silurian. The origin of myriapods and their land colonization have long remained puzzling until euthycarcinoids, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods considered amphibious, were shown to be stem-group myriapods, extending the lineage to the Cambrian and evidencing a marine-to-terrestrial transition. Although possible respiratory structures comparable to the air-breathing tracheal system of myriapods are visible in several euthycarcinoids, little is known about the mechanism by which they respired. Here, we describe a new euthycarcinoid from Upper Devonian alluvio-lagoonal deposits of Belgium. Synchrotron-based elemental X-ray analyses were used to extract all available information from the only known specimen. Sulfur X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping and spectroscopy unveil sulfate evaporation stains, spread over the entire slab, suggestive of a very shallow-water to the terrestrial environment prior to burial consistent with an amphibious lifestyle. Trace metal XRF mapping reveals a pair of ventral spherical cavities or chambers on the second post-abdominal segment that do not compare to any known feature in aquatic arthropods, but might well play a part in air-breathing. Our data provide additional support for amphibious lifestyle in euthycarcinoids and show that different respiratory strategies were used during the marine-to-terrestrial transition in the myriapod lineage.

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Cupul-Magaña, Fabio Germán, María del Rosario Valencia Vargas, Julián Bueno Villegas e Rowland M. Shelley. "MYRIAPODA: Notes on Myriapods (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) from Jalisco, Mexico: Distribution and new records (In spanish)". Dugesiana 21, n. 2 (dicembre 2014): 83–97. https://doi.org/10.32870/dugesiana.v21i2.4139.

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Presentamos un listado de las 33 especies de miriápodos que se han registrado para Jalisco, México: 15 de ciempiés, un sínfilo y 17 milpiés. De acuerdo con esta diversidad, Jalisco se coloca en la décima primera posición a nivel nacional en cuanto a número de miriápodos. Elaboramos un listado a partir de la revisión de la literatura especializada y de nuevo material biológico examinado. La lista de especies incluye información geográfica tanto a nivel mundial como nacional y estatal. De las especies identificadas, tres especies de ciempiés y 10 de milpiés son endémicas en el país. Siete especies de ciempiés, cinco de milpiés y la especie de sínfilo son introducidas en México. Solo el ciempiés Arenobius sontus (Chamberlin, 1912) es endémico del estado. Se han recolectado miriápodos en 27 de los 125 municipios jaliscienses. La Huerta y Puerto Vallarta son las dos entidades administrativas estatales con el mayor número de registros de especies de miriápodos con 18 y 16, respectivamente.

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Bachvarova, Darina, Aleksandar Doichinov e Rasim Halilov. "Comparative analysis of the myriapod fauna (Diplopoda, Chilopoda) of the Shumen Plateau and the Madara Plateau (Northeastern Bulgaria)". Acta Scientifica Naturalis 9, n. 3 (1 novembre 2022): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2022-0020.

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Abstract At present, the inventory lists of the Myriapoda of many geographical areas in Bulgaria and the comparative analyzes of the similarity between such local faunas are scarce or completely missing. The present paper presents the results of the comparative analysis of α- and β-diversity of the myriapoda communities in natural habitats in two regions in Northeastern Bulgaria – the Shumen Plateau and the Madara Plateau. The compared habitats in these plateaus have similar geographical, soil and climatic conditions, and similar species composition of plant formations. The analysis of the structure of the myriapoda communities included estimation of species diversity by determining the Shannon-Wiever index (H’) and the Berger-Parker index (d). The degree of similarity between the species composition of the communities was analyzed by the Czekanowski-Dice-Sörensen, Jaccard, Bray-Curtis, Horn, Morisita-Horn indices and the corrected Chao-Sörensen and Chao-Jaccard indices. The species diversity of the millipede community in the Shumen Plateau is much greater than that of the Madara Plateau, while the diversity of the centipede communities in the two plateaus does not differ significantly. In both classes the greatest species diversity is registered in deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests. Chao-Sörensen and Chao-Jaccard indices of similarity for the myriapod communities in these habitats are the highest, approaching 1, in contrast to the other sites where the registered species composition of the centipedes is smaller and the degree of similarity is about 0.6.

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Horňák, Ondřej, Andrej Mock, Bořivoj Šarapatka e Ivan Hadrián Tuf. "Character of woodland fragments affects distribution of myriapod assemblages in agricultural landscape". ZooKeys 930 (28 aprile 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48586.

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Fragments of woodland fulfil many irreplaceable functions in the agricultural landscape including being the main source of biodiversity of soil invertebrates. Due to intensive farming and land use changes, especially in the second half of the 20th century, fragments of woodland in agricultural landscape almost disappeared. This has led to a decrease in the diversity of invertebrates, especially those for which the presence of these woodland habitats in the landscape is a key element for survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of fragments of woodland (characterised by their area, vegetation structure, the amount of leaf litter layer and soil moisture) on the distribution of centipedes and millipedes (Myriapoda) in the agricultural landscape of South Moravia (Czech Republic). Myriapods were collected using pitfall traps during summer in 2016 and 2017. Results showed that activity-density of myriapods is positively correlated with thickness of the leaf litter layer. Moreover, the species richness of centipedes is positively correlated with increasing size of fragments of woodland although higher centipedes’ activity-density was found in rather uniform woodlands in term of diversity of tree species.

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Sammet, Kaarel, Mari Ivask e Olavi Kurina. "A synopsis of Estonian myriapod fauna (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla and Pauropoda)". ZooKeys 793 (29 ottobre 2018): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.793.28050.

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The data on Estonian Myriapoda are scattered in various publications and there has been no overview of the fauna up to the present. A critical summary of the previous information on Estonian Myriapoda is given, supplemented by new records and distribution maps. Altogether, 5784 specimens from 276 collecting sites were studied. To the hitherto recorded 14 centipede species are addedLithobiusmelanops,L.microps,Geophiluscarpophagus,G.flavus,StrigamiatranssilvanicaandStenotaenialinearis, a probably introduced species. Of the 27 published Estonian millipede species, the data on two species proved erroneous, and two new species were recorded (CraspedosomaraulinsiiandCylindroiulusbritannicus). Two previously recorded millipede species –BrachyiuluspusillusandMastigophorophyllonsaxonicum– were not found in the recent samples, the latter may have become more rare or extinct. Pauropoda and Symphyla lack previous reliable records. Combined with published data, the number of myriapod species known from Estonia is now set at 52. Some changes in species distribution and frequencies were detected comparing the published data with new records. Some data about habitat preferences of the more common species are also given. The majority of species have a western Palaearctic distribution, while six species are at the northern limit of their ranges.

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Emerson, Michael J., e Frederick R. Schram. "A Novel Hypothesis for the Origin of Biramous Appendages in Crustaceans". Short Courses in Paleontology 3 (1990): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001781.

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Phylogenetic Uncertainty.— Invertebrate zoologists have long debated the relationships of biramous-limbed Crustacea to other groups of arthropods. Haeckel (1866) recognized two groups of arthropods on the basis of respiratory anatomy. The Carides included the crustaceans, trilobites, xiphosures, and eurypterids; and the Tracheata, included the arachnids, insects, and myriapods. Work on the onychophorans (Mosely, 1874) indicated a link between annelids and the terrestrial myriapod-insect line, but this left the origins of the aquatic carides unresolved. Lankester (1881) demonstrated that the xiphosures were allied to the arachnids rather than to the crustaceans. These and other studies led Haeckel (1896) to revise his position and propose two separate lines of arthropods: one of primarily aquatic groups with primitively biramous appendages (crustaceans, trilobites, and chelicerates); and the other of primarily terrestrial groups with uniramous limbs (onychophorans, myriapods, and insects). Haeckel's new arrangement emphasized the convergent origins of trachea in the arachnids and uniramians. Korschelt and Heider (1890) preferred a monophyletic scheme with the two evolutionary lines united by a pre-onychophoran, “protostracan,” ancestor. By modern standards, however, this might indicate that the arthropods are a morphological grade, rather than a true clade.

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Adamski, Zbigniew, Jerzy Błoszyk, Katarzyna Piosik e Kamila Tomczak. "Effects of diflubenzuron and mancozeb on soil microarthropods: a long-term study". Biological Letters 46, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2009): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-009-0008-y.

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Effects of diflubenzuron and mancozeb on soil microarthropods: a long-term studySoil microarthropods exposed to the pesticides mancozeb (240 mg per 1 m2) or diflubenzuron (7.2 mg of diflubenzuron per 1 m2) were studied for 6 months after a single application. The observed taxa included Collembola, Insecta, Myriapoda, and 4 groups of mites: Actinedida (=Prostigmata), Gamasina, Uropodina, and Oribatida. Their abundance in soil was subject to seasonal fluctuations, but for a majority of taxa no significant differences were noticed between the control and exposed plots. The total number of microarthropods was insignificantly lower in exposed groups. Myriapods were the only taxon that was close to extinction after a single exposure to diflubenzuron. These data prove that soil has some buffering capacity, and this fact should always be taken into consideration when estimating the risk for the environment. However, the situation may change if the application of pesticides is repeated.

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Kenning, Matthes, Carsten H. G. Müller e Andy Sombke. "The ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability". PeerJ 5 (14 novembre 2017): e4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4023.

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The arthropodium is the key innovation of arthropods. Its various modifications are the outcome of multiple evolutionary transformations, and the foundation of nearly endless functional possibilities. In contrast to hexapods, crustaceans, and even chelicerates, the spectrum of evolutionary transformations of myriapod arthropodia is insufficiently documented and rarely scrutinized. Among Myriapoda, Chilopoda (centipedes) are characterized by their venomous forcipules—evolutionarily transformed walking legs of the first trunk segment. In addition, the posterior end of the centipedes’ body, in particular the ultimate legs, exhibits a remarkable morphological heterogeneity. Not participating in locomotion, they hold a vast functional diversity. In many centipede species, elongation and annulation in combination with an augmentation of sensory structures indicates a functional shift towards a sensory appendage. In other species, thickening, widening and reinforcement with a multitude of cuticular protuberances and glandular systems suggests a role in both attack and defense. Moreover, sexual dimorphic characteristics indicate that centipede ultimate legs play a pivotal role in intraspecific communication, mate finding and courtship behavior. We address ambiguous identifications and designations of podomeres in order to point out controversial aspects of homology and homonymy. We provide a broad summary of descriptions, illustrations, ideas and observations published in past 160 years, and propose that studying centipede ultimate legs is not only essential in itself for filling gaps of knowledge in descriptive morphology, but also provides an opportunity to explore diverse pathways of leg transformations within Myriapoda.

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Son, Le Xuan, Le Xuan Dac, Ngo Trung Dung, Dinh The Dung, Nguyen Duc Hung e Nguyen Duc Anh. "The myriapod fauna (Chilopoda, Diplopoda) of the Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelago, Vietnam". Academia Journal of Biology 44, n. 4 (28 dicembre 2022): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/17621.

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This paper provides the first data on myriapods in the Truong Sa archipelago (Vietnam). A total of 292 myriapod specimens identified 9 species in 7 genera, 6 families, 5 orders of two classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda were collected from 10 islands in the Spratly archipelago of Khanh Hoa province in Vietnam including Southwest Cay (Song Tu Tay), Sand Cay (Son Ca), Namyit island (Nam Yet), Grierson Reef (Sinh Ton Dong), Sin Cowe island (Sinh Ton), Pearson Reef (Phan Vinh), Central Reef (Truong Sa Dong), Spratly island (Truong Sa), West Reef (Da Tay), and Amboyna Cay (An Bang), , , during two surveys in October–November 2020 and May–June 2021. The class Chilopoda has 276 specimens of seven species, 6 genera, 5 families in three orders (Scolopendromorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Lithobiomorpha); The class Diplopoda has 16 specimens of 2 species, 2 genera, and 2 families in two orders (Polydesmida and Spirobolida). Among the recorded species, Rhysida longipes (Newport, 1845) were commonly recorded on all islands.

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Battirola, Leandro D., Sergei I. Golovatch, Tamaris G. Pinheiro, Daniel A. Batistella, Germano H. Rosado-Neto, Amazonas Chagas Jr, Antônio D. Brescovit e Marinêz I. Marques. "Myriapod (Arthropoda, Myriapoda) diversity and distribution in a floodplain forest of the Brazilian Pantanal". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 53, n. 1 (10 novembre 2017): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2017.1397978.

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Nefediev, P. S., S. Yu Knyazev, G. Sh Farzalieva e I. H. Tuf. "A contribution to the myriapod fauna of the Omsk Area, Siberia, Russia (Myriapoda: Diplopoda, Chilopoda)". Arthropoda Selecta 26, n. 1 (dicembre 2017): 113118–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.26.2.03.

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27

Christie, Andrew E. "Neuropeptide discovery in Symphylella vulgaris (Myriapoda, Symphyla): In silico prediction of the first myriapod peptidome". General and Comparative Endocrinology 223 (novembre 2015): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.021.

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Akkari, Nesrine, Anne-Sarah Ganske, Ana Komerički e Brian Metscher. "New avatars for Myriapods: Complete 3D morphology of type specimens transcends conventional species description (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)". PLOS ONE 13, n. 7 (3 luglio 2018): e0200158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200158.

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29

Robison, R. A., e E. O. Wiley. "A new arthropod, Meristosoma: More fallout from the Cambrian explosion". Journal of Paleontology 69, n. 3 (maggio 1995): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000034855.

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New Middle Cambrian fossils demonstrate unusual tagmosis within the Arthropoda. Rare specimens from the Spence Shale of northern Utah are assigned to Meristosoma paradoxum n. gen. and sp. One specimen from the Marjum Formation of west-central Utah is assigned to Meristosoma sp. These taxa are further assigned to the new family Meristosomatidae. Meristosoma, which reached 17 cm in length, is characterized by a short anterior shield, a long thorax with 36 or more articulating segments, and a posterior shield with as many as 11 fused segments. Its short anterior shield and long, multisegmented thorax have a myriapodan aspect, but Meristosoma differs from all myriapods by its posterior tagmosis. In dorsal view, its posterior shield is most like that of some macropygous trilobites, but Meristosoma differs from all trilobites by having a shorter anterior shield, ringed thoracic segments without trilobation, and no ventral doublure. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Meristosoma is a primitive and basal arthropod. A more precise taxonomic assignment is hampered by a lack of information about its limb morphology.

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LONSDALE, OWEN, e MICHELLE M. LOCKE. "Name-bearing type specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes (CNC): Blattodea, Dermaptera, Notoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Myriapoda, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phthiraptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera & Siphonaptera". Zootaxa 4526, n. 2 (29 novembre 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4526.2.1.

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A catalogue is provided for the name-bearing types of most of the less diverse arthropod groups deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes (CNC). There are 90 name-bearing types of Myriapoda [Chilopoda (3 types), Diplopoda (2)], Arachnida [Pseudoscorpiones (1)], and Insecta [Blattodea (1), Dermaptera (1), Notoptera (3), Mecoptera (3), Megaloptera (2), Neuroptera (11), Odonata (2), Orthoptera (5), Phthiraptera (2), Psocoptera (10), Raphidioptera (1) and Siphonaptera (43)]. Three myriapod syntypes are represented by an unknown number of specimens. Holotypes for Plesiorobius canadensis Klimaszewski & Kevan (Neuroptera) and Sphaeropsocoides canadensis Grimaldi & Engel (Psocoptera) are amber-preserved fossils. Portions of the holotype of Chaetospania assamensis Sakai are considered lost, as are an unknown number of syntype specimens for the centipede species Ethopolys alaskanus Chamberlin and E. integer Chamberlin. Collembola types were treated in Stebaeva et al. (2016), and Araneae, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera will be treated in future catalogues, completing inventories for the orders without associated research staff in the CNC. Definitions of relevant type specimens are provided, as is a preliminary summary of all 16,710 name-bearing type specimens held by the CNC, including those of the more diverse orders for which there are associated research staff: Nematoda, Acari, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera/Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.

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Nefediev, P. S., J. S. Nefedieva e G. Sh Farzalieva. "New data on the myriapod fauna (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Diplopoda) of the Republic of Khakassia, central Siberia, Russia". Invertebrate Zoology 18, n. 1 (marzo 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.18.1.04.

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Janssen, Ralf. "Developmental abnormalities in Glomeris marginata (Villers 1789) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda): implications for body axis determination in a myriapod". Naturwissenschaften 100, n. 1 (10 novembre 2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0989-y.

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Marek, Paul E., e William A. Shear. "Myriapods". Current Biology 32, n. 23 (dicembre 2022): R1294—R1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.058.

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34

Moritz, Leif, e Thomas Wesener. "A tarsal spinning organ in glomeridesmid millipedes (Diplopoda: Pentazonia: Glomeridesmida)". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 79 (18 ottobre 2021): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e70002.

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Abstract The production of sticky threads from spinnerets is known from various myriapod groups including some representatives of the millipedes (Diplopoda). In Diplopoda the thread-producing glands are mostly seta-like and positioned terminally on the telson, and the secretion product is typically used to build molting chambers or egg sacs. So far, no such secretions or organs have been documented for the subgroup Pentazonia. Here we describe thread-producing glands from the species-poor Glomeridesmida. These putative spinning organs are single circular fields of small pores (spinning fields) positioned on the outer side of the tarsi of all walking legs of mature and juvenile individuals of both sexes. These pores are the openings of cuticular tubuli (conducting canals), which extend from the tarsus to an aggregation of cells, a putative gland, within the femur. In several specimens thin threads were observed to be extruded from the pores. The tarsal spinning fields are present in all 21 investigated Glomeridesmida morphospecies, including Termitodesmidae and Glomeridesmidae from South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Oceania, and South and Central America. These organs might constitute an apomorphic character of the Glomeridesmida, as similar organs are absent in other Myriapoda. The function of the extruded threads in Glomeridesmida remains speculative, because observations of living specimens of the group are almost non-existing. We suggest that the secretion might be used for defense, to build molting chambers or to secure tunnels burrowed in the substrate.

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Dong, Yan, Hongying Sun, Hua Guo, Da Pan, Changyuan Qian, Sijing Hao e Kaiya Zhou. "The complete mitochondrial genome of Pauropus longiramus (Myriapoda: Pauropoda): Implications on early diversification of the myriapods revealed from comparative analysis". Gene 505, n. 1 (agosto 2012): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.049.

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Donovan, Stephen K. "Arthropleurid myriapods". Geology Today 18, n. 1 (gennaio 2002): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00322.x.

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37

Moritz, Leif, Thomas Wesener e Markus Koch. "An apparently non-swinging tentorium in the Diplopoda (Myriapoda): comparative morphology of the tentorial complex in giant pill-millipedes (Sphaerotheriida)". ZooKeys 741 (7 marzo 2018): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21909.

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The presence of a swinging tentorium is a key apomorphy of Myriapoda, but this character has been studied in detail in only few species. Here the tentorium, i.e., the peristomatic skeleton of the preoral chamber, is comparatively studied in three species of the millipede order Sphaerotheriida Brandt, 1833. Since dissections of the fragile tentorial components proved to be difficult, despite the large head size, they were analysed mainly in situ via micro-computed tomography. Our results confirm previous observations of large differences in the tentorial construction in the giant pill-millipedes compared to chilognathan diplopods. The tentorium of Sphaerotheriida consists of a curved, plate-like epipharyngeal bar with distal projections, an elongate and thin hypopharyngeal bar, and a plate-like triangular posterior process; a transverse bar is absent. Only seven muscles attach at the tentorium in giant pill-millipedes, including two antennal muscles and two muscles of the gnathochilarium. Within the order Sphaerotheriida, the composition of the tentorium and its muscular equipment seems to be conserved, except for some variability in the shape of the epipharyngeal bar. As the transverse bar has been considered essential for the mobility of the tentorium in myriapods, its absence in Sphaerotheriida may indicate that their tentorium is not capable of performing a swing. Loss of tentorial mobility may also pertain to the order Glomerida Brandt, 1833, inferred here from the absence of a posterior process. An apparently immobile tentorium in Glomerida and Sphaerotheriida can straightforwardly be correlated with transformations of the head related to their ability of volvation. The different transformations of the tentorium, here hypothesised to cause immobility, may support current assumptions that the ability of volvation evolved convergently in Glomerida and Sphaerotheriida. This conclusion, however, still requires more detailed studies of the head anatomy in Glomerida and Glomeridesmida Cook, 1895.

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Hughes, Cynthia L., e Thomas C. Kaufman. "Exploring the myriapod body plan: expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede". Development 129, n. 5 (1 marzo 2002): 1225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1225.

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The diversity of the arthropod body plan has long been a fascinating subject of study. A flurry of recent research has analyzed Hox gene expression in various arthropod groups, with hopes of gaining insight into the mechanisms that underlie their evolution. The Hox genes have been analyzed in insects, crustaceans and chelicerates. However, the expression patterns of the Hox genes have not yet been comprehensively analyzed in a myriapod. We present the expression patterns of the ten Hox genes in a centipede, Lithobius atkinsoni, and compare our results to those from studies in other arthropods. We have three major findings. First, we find that Hox gene expression is remarkably dynamic across the arthropods. The expression patterns of the Hox genes in the centipede are in many cases intermediate between those of the chelicerates and those of the insects and crustaceans, consistent with the proposed intermediate phylogenetic position of the Myriapoda. Second, we found two ‘extra’ Hox genes in the centipede compared with those in Drosophila. Based on its pattern of expression, Hox3 appears to have a typical Hox-like role in the centipede, suggesting that the novel functions of the Hox3 homologs zen and bicoid were adopted somewhere in the crustacean-insect clade. In the centipede, the expression of the gene fushi tarazu suggests that it has both a Hox-like role (as in the mite), as well as a role in segmentation (as in insects). This suggests that this dramatic change in function was achieved via a multifunctional intermediate, a condition maintained in the centipede. Last, we found that Hox expression correlates with tagmatic boundaries, consistent with the theory that changes in Hox genes had a major role in evolution of the arthropod body plan.

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Scheller, Ulf. "Beringian Pauropoda (Myriapoda)". Insect Systematics & Evolution 17, n. 3 (1986): 363–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631286x00297.

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AbstractPauropoda have been collected for the first time from northeastern Siberia and central Alaska. 12 species were found belonging to two genera in Pauropodidae and one genus in Brachypauropodidae. All but one were new to science: allopauopus retusus, frigoripatiens, alaskae; Stylopauropus longitarsus, boreus, subarcticus, siberiae, longipes, capricornutus, diffissus; Brachypauropus inopinabilis. One species, Stylopauropus californianus Remy, has been found to be trans-Beringian. Its collecting site on the north coast of the Chukotka Peninsula represents also the northernmost Pauropoda locality known. The species composition was unexpected: species belonging to Allopauropus were few but all new, the genus Slylopauropus was unusually diverse, all but one new, and a new Brachypauropus species appeared far to the north of the known range of the genus. These pauropods may be part of an old, pre-Wisconsinan fauna.

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Wang, Lili, Na Li, Qiuying Zhang, Sunqi Lou, Yunxuan Zhao, Mindong Chen e Fei Teng. "An innovative glycine complexing approach to silver phosphate myriapods with improved photocatalytic activity". CrystEngComm 16, n. 39 (2014): 9326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce01296h.

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Sekulić, Slobodanka, e Nebojša Živić. "Fauna centipedes (Myriapoda) environment of Leposavic (Serbia)". Zbornik radova Uciteljskog fakulteta Prizren-Leposavic, n. 11 (2017): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrufpl1711191s.

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42

YONI, Moïse, Aristide Wendyam SEMPORE e Kangbeni DIMOBE. "Dynamics of the Soil Macrofauna Influenced by Improved Fallows With Andropogon gayanus in Hydromorphic Soil at Bondoukuy (Western Burkina Faso)". International Journal of Biology 14, n. 2 (13 ottobre 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v14n2p46.

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In western Burkina Faso, in the Bondoukuy cotton zone, on silty-clay soils, the rarefaction of the perennial grass Andropogon gayanus, characteristic of old fallows, is noticed. This grass is known to restore the structural stability of the soil rather quickly, due to a stimulation of biological activity, while the storage of organic matter in the soil remains slow. The biological aspect has been prospected through the study of invertebrate populations in 3 sites, all of which present 4 situations: 30-year-old fallows, 5-year-old natural fallows, and 5-year-old A. gayanus improved fallows and 10-year-old permanent crop fields. The results show that invertebrate populations are very diverse. A total of 172 morphotypes were recorded, including 115 species of insects (24 species of social insects), 31 species of Chelicerata, 8 Myriapoda and 5 earthworms. In the fields, earthworms and Diplopoda populations are less important than in old fallows. On the other hand, the fields have the highest species diversity, 50 species on average. The most abundant population is found in natural fallows, with a density of 835 individuals/m² and 43 species represented. Improved fallows with A. gayanus have a lower stand density and species richness than natural fallows (less than 50% and 43 species). In old fallows, stands are stable with a richness limited to 30 species, while earthworms and myriapods have significantly reduced densities. Soil invertebrate communities thus recover rapidly after crop abandonment and are fully active during the most intense phase of recovery in the first 5 years. Trees do not appear to have a significant effect on the conservation and stimulation of macrofauna except for Coleoptera. Our results show that the cropping system adopted in the region allows for minimal conservation of soil macrofauna and that the macrofauna recovers rapidly during the fallow. Improved fallows with A. gayanus differ from natural fallows in limiting Termite density, while old fallows and fields are of comparable density.

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Chia, L. P., e H. T. Liu. "Fossil Myriapods From Choukoutien*". Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 30, n. 1 (1 giugno 2009): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1950.mp30001004.x.

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44

Scheller, Ulf. "Pauropoda (Myriapoda) from Portugal". Stobaeana : occasional papers published by the Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden 11, n. 11 (25 agosto 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.345491.

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45

Dallai, R., E. Bigliardi e N. J. Lane. "Intercellular junctions in myriapods". Tissue and Cell 22, n. 3 (gennaio 1990): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-8166(90)90010-7.

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Utami, Sri, Arim Wahyu Novika Pradani e Soeprijadi Djoko Laksana. "PENGEMBANGAN KUNCI DETERMINASI MYRIAPODA DALAM MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INQUIRY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR TAKSONOMI INVERTEBRATA MAHASISWA PRODI PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI IKIP PGRI MADIUN SEMESTER GENAP 2013/2014". Jurnal Edukasi Matematika dan Sains 2, n. 1 (19 dicembre 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/jems.v2i1.166.

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<p>This study aims to develop a key book in the Myriapoda determination Inquiry learning model to improve learning outcomes and determine the feasibility Taxonomy Inveretebrata the book as a learning supporting Prodi Biology Education. The subjects that students Prodi Biology Education IIB half the number 12. Collecting data using multiple assessment sheet including key book appraisal determination Myriapoda, the student questionnaire responses, the performance test sheet, sheet cognitive test results, student activity sheets, and activity sheets lecturer. Analysis of the data using the average of each assessment. The result of this research is a key book Myriapoda determination developed with 4D models (Four D Models) with the stages of defining, designing, developing, while the spread was not done because of the larger scale. The results showed that 80% assessment supervisor and lecturer of Invertebrate Taxonomy courses give a good assessment can be categorized or fit for use Other research results are students responded positively to the book developed by providing an assessment that is equal to 70.8% agreed, and 22% strongly agreed, besides learning the Inquiry model can improve the process and the results of this study demonstrated the value of cognitive test results the average is 80 so it can be categorized as good.</p>

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47

Matayoshi, T., K. Yamada e S. Endo. "Multi-agent Myriapod Robot". Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2003 (2003): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2003.108_3.

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48

Tousignant, S., J. Martel e Y. Mauffette. "Invertébrés de la litière dans des érablières saines et dépéries du sud-est du Québec". Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, n. 11 (1 novembre 1990): 2445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-339.

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A study was carried out during the summers of 1987 and 1988 in healthy and declining maple forests in southeastern Quebec to estimate the impact of forest decline on the litter's invertebrate mesofauna communities. Insects, arachnids (opilions and spiders), gastropods, and myriapods were the four major groups sampled. The class Insecta represented 50% of all organisms collected. The mean abundance of insects and, for the most part, arachnids and gastropods tended to be lower in declining sites. However, myriapods were always more abundant in these sites. The variability observed in the litter pH and thickness can not alone account for the changes observed in the litter fauna communities. We suggest that temperature and moisture modifications resulting from canopy opening may be responsible for such a variation in abundance.

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Haľková, Beáta, Ivan Hadrián Tuf, Karel Tajovský e Andrej Mock. "Subterranean biodiversity and depth distribution of myriapods in forested scree slopes of Central Europe". ZooKeys 930 (28 aprile 2020): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48914.

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The shallow underground of rock debris is a unique animal refuge. Nevertheless, the research of this habitat lags far behind the study of caves and soil, due to technical and time-consuming demands. Data on Myriapoda in scree habitat from eleven localities in seven different geomorphological units of the Czech and Slovak Republics were processed. Based on previous studies, as well as knowledge of cave and soil fauna, it was hypothesised that the occurrence of a varied and peculiar fauna would show a pattern of depth distribution with variations due to local specificities. From 2005–2016 (at least one year on each site), macrofauna was collected via sets of three long-term exposed subterranean traps consisting of 110 cm long perforated tube, with ten cups located in a gradient at 5–95 cm below the soil surface. In total, 14 symphylans (not identified to species level), 271 centipedes (23 spp.) and 572 millipedes (32 spp.) were sampled. The overall depth distribution of centipedes and millipedes appeared to have relatively similar pattern, with both groups being found at all depth levels. Nevertheless, this pattern depends on locations. The depth distribution trend lines are mostly in the form of an asymmetric ‘U’, with decreased abundance until the middle of the gradient, followed by increase in the deepest levels. Epigeic species were sporadically distributed along the whole depth gradient, but concentrated at the soil surface, while some subterranean species, such as the centipede Lithobius lucifugus and the millipedes Geoglomeris subterranea, Cibiniulus slovacus and Archiboreoiulus pallidus, were recorded in the deepest parts of the gradient. This characterises the debris community as a mixture of soil and subterranean species with an absence of species exclusively found in caves. The use of different fixation methods in traps had a significant and selective impact on samples; millipedes were either attracted by ethylene glycol or repelled by formaldehyde. Centipedes were also captured more frequently in ethylene glycol; however, the species composition varied in each of the fixatives. Depth distribution of myriapods was similar in both fixative solutions. Traps with these fixatives could be recommended for similar ecological studies.

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Rádis-Baptista, Gandhi, e Katsuhiro Konno. "Arthropod Venom Components and Their Potential Usage". Toxins 12, n. 2 (25 gennaio 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020082.

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Arthropods comprise a predominant and well-succeeded phylum of the animal kingdom that evolved and diversified in millions of species grouped in four subphyla, namely, Chelicerata (arachnids), Crustacea, Myriapoda (centipedes), and Hexapoda (insects) [...]

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