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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Multisteps organic synthesis"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 25 gennaio 2025

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1

Huang, Jianhui, Caifeng Li, Liu Liu e Xuegang Fu. "Norbornene in Organic Synthesis". Synthesis 50, n. 15 (25 giugno 2018): 2799–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610143.

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The norbornene skeleton possesses an alkene functionality with a fixed conformation, and represents unique reactivity. The use of norbornene and analogues as substrates is overviewed; reactivities are discussed as well as the role of norbornenes as ligands assisting modern organic transformations.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Substituted Norbornenes2.1 Preparation of Functionalized Norbornenes by Deprotonation and Substitution Reactions2.2 Preparation of Functionalized Norbornenes under Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction Conditions2.3 Alkylation of Norbornene2.4 Multistep Synthesis3 Synthesis of Substituted Norbornanes3.1 Three-Membered-Ring Formation3.2 Formation of Four-Membered Rings3.3 Five- and Six-Membered Ring Formation3.4 Syntheses of Difunctionalized Norbornanes4 Synthesis of Cyclopentanes4.1 Oxidation Reactions4.2 Ring-Opening Cross Metathesis (ROCM)4.3 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)4.4 Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Norbornene5 Norbornene-Mediated Reactions5.1 Palladium Insertion into Carbon–Halide Bonds5.2 Palladium Insertion into N–H and C–H Bonds5.3 Norbornene as Ligand in Mediated Reactions6 Conclusion

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Ren, Yun-Lai, Jianji Wang, Xinzhe Tian, Fangping Ren, Xinqiang Cheng e Shuang Zhao. "Direct Conversion of Benzyl Ethers into Aryl Nitriles". Synlett 29, n. 18 (16 ottobre 2018): 2444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611062.

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A direct method was developed for the conversion of benzyl ethers into aryl nitriles by using NH4OAc as the nitrogen source and oxygen as the terminal oxidant with catalysis by TEMPO/HNO3; the method is valuable for both the synthesis of aromatic nitriles and for the deprotection of ether-protected hydroxy groups to form nitrile groups in multistep organic syntheses.

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Sakai, Naomi, e Stefan Matile. "Multistep organic synthesis of modular photosystems". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (19 giugno 2012): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.102.

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Quite extensive synthetic achievements vanish in the online supporting information of publications on functional systems. Underappreciated, their value is recognized by experts only. As an example, we here focus in on the recent synthesis of multicomponent photosystems with antiparallel charge-transfer cascades in co-axial hole- and electron-transporting channels. The synthetic steps are described one-by-one, starting with commercial starting materials and moving on to key intermediates, such as asparagusic acid, an intriguing natural product, as well as diphosphonate “feet”, and panchromatic naphthalenediimides (NDIs), to finally reach the target molecules. These products are initiators and propagators for self-organizing surface-initiated polymerization (SOSIP), a new method introduced to secure facile access to complex architectures. Chemoorthogonal to the ring-opening disulfide exchange used for SOSIP, hydrazone exchange is then introduced to achieve stack exchange, which is a “switching” technology invented to drill giant holes into SOSIP architectures and fill them with functional π-stacks of free choice.

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Glaser, John A. "Multistep organic synthesis using flow chemistry". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 15, n. 2 (31 marzo 2013): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-013-0599-1.

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Shukla, Chinmay A., e Amol A. Kulkarni. "Automating multistep flow synthesis: approach and challenges in integrating chemistry, machines and logic". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (19 maggio 2017): 960–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.97.

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The implementation of automation in the multistep flow synthesis is essential for transforming laboratory-scale chemistry into a reliable industrial process. In this review, we briefly introduce the role of automation based on its application in synthesis viz. auto sampling and inline monitoring, optimization and process control. Subsequently, we have critically reviewed a few multistep flow synthesis and suggested a possible control strategy to be implemented so that it helps to reliably transfer the laboratory-scale synthesis strategy to a pilot scale at its optimum conditions. Due to the vast literature in multistep synthesis, we have classified the literature and have identified the case studies based on few criteria viz. type of reaction, heating methods, processes involving in-line separation units, telescopic synthesis, processes involving in-line quenching and process with the smallest time scale of operation. This classification will cover the broader range in the multistep synthesis literature.

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Salame, Issa I., Pauline Casino e Natasha Hodges. "Examining Challenges that Students Face in Learning Organic Chemistry Synthesis". International Journal of Chemistry Education Research 3, n. 3 (22 maggio 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijcer.vol4.iss1.art1.

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Organic chemistry is the offered after general chemistry and is the course that many find it challenging and difficult. Synthesis is first introduced in organic chemistry I course and is widely considered as one of the topics in which students struggle with and is evident in their performance in the topic. Our method of data collection is a Likert-type and open-ended questionnaire that was distributed at the end organic chemistry I course in an anonymous fashion. The collected data enabled us to examine the challenges students face in learning organic chemistry synthesis. Our findings support the notion that students have many difficulties with multistep organic chemistry synthesis including challenges recalling all of the varied required reactions, the amount of content and topics covered in organic chemistry, conceptual understanding of needed important topics such as mechanisms, acids and bases, nucleophiles and electrophiles, and stereochemistry, and problem-solving competency. Students view organic chemistry synthesis as challenging because of their reliance on memorization of a large number of reactions, reagents, and rules, poor conceptual understanding of the topics, ineffective teaching methods which lacks active learning and student engagement, and the myriad number of possible pathways to solve synthesis problems. Our participants suggest that memorization and rote-learning plays an important role in the learning of multistep organic synthesis, which might cause a hindrance to process of learning and can impede students’ problem-solving ability.

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7

Ortega, Pedro, Miguel Guzmán e Leonel Vera. "Useful Spreadsheet for Updating Multistep Organic Synthesis". Journal of Chemical Education 73, n. 8 (agosto 1996): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p726.

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8

Azzena, Ugo, Massimo Carraro, Gloria Modugno, Luisa Pisano e Luigi Urtis. "Heterogeneous acidic catalysts for the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols in green ethereal solvents". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (3 luglio 2018): 1655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.141.

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The application of heterogeneous catalysis and green solvents to the set up of widely employed reactions is a challenge in contemporary organic chemistry. We applied such an approach to the synthesis and further conversion of tetrahydropyranyl ethers, an important class of compounds widely employed in multistep syntheses. Several alcohols and phenols were almost quantitatively converted into the corresponding tetrahydropyranyl ethers in cyclopentyl methyl ether or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran employing NH4HSO4 supported on SiO2 as a recyclable acidic catalyst. Easy work up of the reaction mixtures and the versatility of the solvents allowed further conversion of the reaction products under one-pot reaction conditions.

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9

Saito, Hayate, Jun Shimokawa e Hideki Yorimitsu. "The dioxasilepanyl group as a versatile organometallic unit: studies on stability, reactivity, and utility". Chemical Science 12, n. 27 (2021): 9546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc02083h.

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Sharma, Mrityunjay K., Roopashri B. Acharya, Chinmay A. Shukla e Amol A. Kulkarni. "Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (26 luglio 2018): 1917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.166.

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The multistep flow synthesis of complex molecules has gained momentum over the last few years. A wide range of reaction types and conditions have been integrated seamlessly on a single platform including in-line separation as well as monitoring. Beyond merely getting considered as ‘flow version’ of conventional ‘one-pot synthesis’, multistep flow synthesis has become the next generation tool for creating libraries of new molecules. Here we give a more ‘engineering’ look at the possibility of developing a ‘unified multistep flow synthesis platform’. A detailed analysis of various scenarios is presented considering 4 different classes of drugs already reported in the literature. The possible complexities that an automated and controlled platform needs to handle are also discussed in detail. Three different design approaches are proposed: (i) one molecule at a time, (ii) many molecules at a time and (iii) cybernetic approach. Each approach would lead to the effortless integration of different synthesis stages and also at different synthesis scales. While one may expect such a platform to operate like a ‘driverless car’ or a ‘robo chemist’ or a ‘transformer’, in reality, such an envisaged system would be much more complex than these examples.

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Graham, Kate J., Chris P. Schaller, Brian J. Johnson e John B. Klassen. "Student-Designed Multistep Synthesis Projects in Organic Chemistry". Chemical Educator 7, n. 6 (dicembre 2002): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897020612a.

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12

Herath, Ananda, e Nicholas D. P. Cosford. "Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (7 febbraio 2017): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.26.

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A versatile continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized 1,2,4-oxadiazoles starting from carboxylic acids is reported. This process was applied to the multistep synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles, using a three reactor, multistep continuous-flow system without isolation of intermediates. This continuous-flow method was successfully combined with a single-step liquid–liquid microextraction unit to remove high boiling point polar solvents and impurities and provides the target compounds in high purity with excellent overall yields.

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13

Yang, Yang, Xiao Hui Wang e Long Tu Li. "Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays Through Multistep Anodization". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (febbraio 2008): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.526.

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Multistep electrochemical anodization is an electrochemical experiment orderly conducting in different electrolytes. In this paper, TiO2 nanotube arrays have been firstly anodic grown in aqueous electrolyte (H3PO4/HF) and later anodic grown in organic electrolyte (glycerol/NH4F). Compared with separately anodizing in aqueous and organic electrolyte, the morphology of the resulting nanotube arrays can be optimized. SEM images showed that the obtained nanotubes have a length of more than 2 μm and single-pore diameter ranging from 120 to 150 nm. The current work indicates that the multistep electrochemical anodization has a contribution to the optimization of the morphology of TiO2 nanotube arrays.

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14

Lyle, Steven J., Thomas M. Osborn Popp, Peter J. Waller, Xiaokun Pei, Jeffrey A. Reimer e Omar M. Yaghi. "Multistep Solid-State Organic Synthesis of Carbamate-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks". Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, n. 28 (21 giugno 2019): 11253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b04731.

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McKee, Mireya L., Phillip J. Milnes, Jonathan Bath, Eugen Stulz, Rachel K. O’Reilly e Andrew J. Turberfield. "Programmable One-Pot Multistep Organic Synthesis Using DNA Junctions". Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, n. 3 (13 gennaio 2012): 1446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja2101196.

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16

Sharma, Nisha, Rashmi Pundeer e Om Prakash. "8-Aryloct-7-en-2,4,6-triones as Useful Precursors for the Regioselective Synthesis of Some New 2-Methyl-5-styryl-7-thioxo-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines". INDIAN JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 33, n. 03 (30 settembre 2023): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.59467/ijhc.2023.33.355.

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Dehydroacetic acid, commonly abbreviated as DHA, and its derivatives have been extensively used as important intermediates in organic synthesis particularly for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The reaction of 8-aryloct-7-en-2,4,6-triones (DHA-triones, readily prepared from commercially available DHA by the use of a multistep procedure) with thiosemicarbazide led the formation of some new 2-methyl-5-styryl-7-thioxo-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidines.

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17

Gramage-Doria, Rafael, Yu-Chao Yuan e Christian Bruneau. "Merging Transition-Metal Catalysis with Phthalimides: A New Entry to Useful Building Blocks". Synthesis 50, n. 21 (17 settembre 2018): 4216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610282.

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Phthalimides have found their main application in organic synthesis as protecting groups for primary amines during the multistep synthesis of biologically relevant targets. On the other hand, phthalimide functionalization is rather challenging and it is traditionally associated with the use of over-stoichiometric amounts of environmentally hazardous reagents. In this short review, we describe and discuss how, in the last decades, transition-metal catalysts have provided useful organic building blocks after selective transformation of the phthalimide skeleton in a more efficient and sustainable manner.1 Introduction2 Partial Carbonyl Reduction3 Full Carbonyl Reduction4 Aromatic Ring Reduction5 Five-Membered-Ring Opening6 Conclusion

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18

Balasubramaniam, Sivaraman, Sajith Vijayan, Liam V. Goldman, Xavier A. May, Kyra Dodson, Sweta Adhikari, Fatima Rivas, Davita L. Watkins e Shana V. Stoddard. "Design and synthesis of diazine-based panobinostat analogues for HDAC8 inhibition". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (7 aprile 2020): 628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.59.

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Guided by computational analysis, herein we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of four novel diazine-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). The targets of interest (TOI) are analogues of panobinostat, one of the most potent and versatile HDACi reported. By simply replacing the phenyl core of panobinostat with that of a diazine derivative, docking studies against HDAC2 and HDAC8 revealed that the four analogues exhibit inhibition activities comparable to that of panobinostat. Multistep syntheses afforded the visualized targets TOI1, TOI2, TOI3-rev and TOI4 whose biological evaluation confirmed the strength of HDAC8 inhibition with TOI4 displaying the greatest efficacy at varying concentrations. The results of this study lay the foundation for future design strategies toward more potent HDACis for HDAC8 isozymes and further therapeutic applications for neuroblastoma.

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Johnston, Meghan R., Alexandros Makriyannis, Kyle M. Whitten, Olivia C. Drew e Fiona A. Best. "Biocatalyzed Regioselective Synthesis in Undergraduate Organic Laboratories: Multistep Synthesis of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol". Journal of Chemical Education 93, n. 12 (25 ottobre 2016): 2080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00225.

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20

Yang, Jye-Shane, Hsin-Hau Huang e Shih-Hsun Lin. "Facile Multistep Synthesis of Isotruxene and Isotruxenone†". Journal of Organic Chemistry 74, n. 10 (15 maggio 2009): 3974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo900299q.

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21

Sun, Xiao Xia, Xiao Xiao Zhuang e Yu Hu. "Synthesis, Characterization of Novel π-Conjugated Polymers Acceptor 5,6-bis(heptyloxy)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole". Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (settembre 2013): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.444.

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Monomers based on 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole bearing solubilizing side chains have been synthesized in high yields over four steps from readily available starting materials. A multistep synthesis of the electron-poor 5,6-bis (heptyloxy) benzo [[1,2,thiadiazole are presented. The new deficient acceptor has good solubility in organic solvents to permit an appropriate coating process.

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Sun, Xiao Xia, Xiao Long Lei, Chun Hua Qi e Yu Hu. "The New Synthesis of 4,7-dithienyl[ 2,1,3]-benzoselenadiazole". Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (settembre 2013): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.440.

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Heterocyclic monomers based on benzo [[1,2,thiadizole bearing solubilizing side chains have been synthesized in high yields over four steps from readily available starting materials. A multistep synthesis of the electron-poor 4,7-di (thiophen-2-yl) benzo [[1,2,selenadizole are presented. The new dificient acceptor has good solubility in organic aolvents to permit an appropriate coating process.

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Peters, Dennis G., e Chang Ji. "A Multistep Synthesis for an Advanced Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory". Journal of Chemical Education 83, n. 2 (febbraio 2006): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p290.

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24

Wegner, Jens, Sascha Ceylan e Andreas Kirschning. "Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis". Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 354, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 17–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201100584.

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25

Wu, Shuke, e Zhi Li. "Whole-Cell Cascade Biotransformations for One-Pot Multistep Organic Synthesis". ChemCatChem 10, n. 10 (23 febbraio 2018): 2164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701669.

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Ardila-Fierro, Karen J., Andrij Pich, Marc Spehr, José G. Hernández e Carsten Bolm. "Synthesis of acylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (29 marzo 2019): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.78.

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In recent times, many biologically relevant building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, saccharides, nucleotides and nucleosides, etc. have been prepared by mechanochemical synthesis. However, mechanosynthesis of lipids by ball milling techniques has remained essentially unexplored. In this work, a multistep synthetic route to access mono- and diacylglycerol derivatives by mechanochemistry has been realized, including the synthesis of diacylglycerol-coumarin conjugates.

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Sun, Xiao Xia, Xiao Xiao Zhuang, Ying Chun Li, Xi Mei Liu e Ya Zhou Lou. "Synthesis of [6,7]-Dihydro-[1,4]-Dioxino-[2,3-f][2,1,3]-Benzothiadiazole: A Novel Building Block for Electron-Poor Conjugated Polymers"". Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (luglio 2011): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.601.

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Heterocyclic monomers based on 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole bearing solubilizing side chains have been synthesized in high yields over four steps from readily available starting materials. A multistep synthesis of the electron-poor 6, 7-dihydro-1, 4-dioxino-[2, 3-f][2,1,3]-benzothiadiazole are presented. The new dificient acceptor has good solubility in organic aolvents to permit an appropriate coating process.

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Howard, Joseph L., William Nicholson, Yerbol Sagatov e Duncan L. Browne. "One-pot multistep mechanochemical synthesis of fluorinated pyrazolones". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (14 settembre 2017): 1950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.189.

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Solventless mechanochemical synthesis represents a technique with improved sustainability metrics compared to solvent-based processes. Herein, we describe a methodical process to run one solventless reaction directly into another through multistep mechanochemistry, effectively amplifying the solvent savings. The approach has to consider the solid form of the materials and compatibility of any auxiliary used. This has culminated in the development of a two-step, one-jar protocol for heterocycle formation and subsequent fluorination that has been successfully applied across a range of substrates, resulting in 12 difluorinated pyrazolones in moderate to excellent yields.

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McQuade, D. Tyler, e Peter H. Seeberger. "Applying Flow Chemistry: Methods, Materials, and Multistep Synthesis". Journal of Organic Chemistry 78, n. 13 (20 giugno 2013): 6384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo400583m.

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Damha, Masad José, Nassim Usman e Kelvin Kenneth Ogilvie. "Solution and solid phase chemical synthesis of arabinonucleotides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, n. 5 (1 maggio 1989): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-129.

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A fast and convenient procedure for the chemical synthesis of arabinonucleotides, which eliminates the multistep protection of the arabinonucleoside building blocks, is described. The results of these studies were successfully applied to the automated chemical synthesis of the hexanucleotide 5′-aUpaApaUpaApaUpaA-3′. Both solution and solid phase phosphite triester procedures are described. Keywords: arabinonucleotides, arabinophosphoramidites, automated chemical synthesis, protected arabinonucleosides.

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Pfund, Emmanuel, e Thierry Lequeux. "Synthesis of Fluoropyrrolidines and (Fluoroalkyl)pyrrolidines". Synthesis 49, n. 17 (3 agosto 2017): 3848–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589078.

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Pyrrolidines and their derivatives are of great interest in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. Fluoropyrrolidines and (fluoroalkyl)pyrrolidines have been utilized in the preparation of medicinal drugs and also as organocatalysts. The synthesis of such compounds is achieved through the fluorination of pyrrolidine derivatives or by multistep synthesis from already containing fluoroalkyl precursors.1 Introduction1.1 General Interest of Fluorine-Containing Pyrrolidines1.2 Fluoroalkylpyrrolidines and the Gauche Effect2 Fluoropyrrolidines2.1 3-Fluoropyrrolidines2.2 3,3- and 3,4-Difluoropyrrolidines2.3 3,3,4-Trifluoropyrrolidines2.4 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluoropyrrolidines3 (Difluoromethyl)- and (Trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidines3.1 2-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidines3.2 3- and 4-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidines3.3 2-(Difluoromethyl)pyrrolidines3.4 3- and 4-(Difluoromethyl)pyrrolidines4 (Monofluoroalkyl)pyrrolidines4.1 2-(Monofluoromethyl)pyrrolidines4.2 2-(Monofluoroalkyl)pyrrolidines4.3 2-(Monofluoroalkenyl)pyrrolidines5 Conclusion

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Bell, Russell A., Kieran C. Dickson e John F. Valliant. "The total synthesis of a technetium chelate - tamoxifen complex". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1999): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-220.

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A potential agent for imaging breast cancer has been synthesized by derivatization of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen. A multistep synthesis was required to conjugate a technetium chelate to tamoxifen in such a fashion that the biodistribution of the complex should mimic that of the parent compound.Key words: tamoxifen, radioimaging, technetium, synthesis.

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Kitson, Philip J., Guillaume Marie, Jean-Patrick Francoia, Sergey S. Zalesskiy, Ralph C. Sigerson, Jennifer S. Mathieson e Leroy Cronin. "Digitization of multistep organic synthesis in reactionware for on-demand pharmaceuticals". Science 359, n. 6373 (18 gennaio 2018): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3466.

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Catellani, M. "The use of palladium complexes in highly selective multistep organic synthesis". Russian Chemical Bulletin 44, n. 3 (marzo 1995): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00702374.

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Zhu, Jian-Bo, Hao Chen, Lijia Wang e Yong Tang. "Stereospecific synthesis of highly functionalized benzo[3.1.0]bicycloalkanes via multistep cascade reactions". Org. Chem. Front. 1, n. 8 (2014): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qo00134f.

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Kupracz, Lukas, Jan Hartwig, Jens Wegner, Sascha Ceylan e Andreas Kirschning. "Multistep flow synthesis of vinyl azides and their use in the copper-catalyzed Huisgen-type cycloaddition under inductive-heating conditions". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (20 ottobre 2011): 1441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.168.

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The multistep flow synthesis of vinyl azides and their application in the synthesis of vinyltriazoles is reported. The synthesis relies on a stable polymer-bound equivalent of iodine azide that serves to carry out 1,2-functionalization of alkenes in a telescope flow protocol. The intermediate 2-iodo azides are subjected to a DBU-mediated polymer-supported elimination step yielding vinyl azides in good yield. The third step involves the formation of vinyl triazoles by a copper-catalyzed Huisgen-"click" cycloaddition. The required heat is generated by electromagnetic induction based on copper. Copper serves both as heatable as well as catalytically active packed-bed material inside the flow reactor.

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Sahoo, Pathik. "Time Crystal Synthon: The Way to Integrate Cascade Reactions for Advancing Multistep Flow Synthesis". ChemEngineering 7, n. 5 (18 settembre 2023): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7050088.

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Multistep flow catalytic reactions in organic chemistry integrate multiple sequential organic reactions to enhance cost-efficiency, time management, and labour resources, all while boosting effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Similar to how we select molecular synthons for reactions in retrosynthesis, we can employ time-crystal synthons to integrate catalytic reaction cycles in the development of a reaction pathway. This involves considering individual catalytic reaction steps of cycles as time-consuming events that can be topologically arranged like a clock. This results in a perpetual machine that violates time translational symmetry, leading to the production of a time crystal. This approach involves transferring a single product from one catalytic cycle to a neighbouring reaction cycle, connecting various reaction vessels vertically to establish a ‘cascade’ of reaction cycles. Additionally, catalytic cycles can be integrated by sharing common reaction steps or implementing a metathesis reaction at the junction zone of two neighbouring cycles. Here, the concept of time-crystal synthons facilitates the linear integration of heterogeneous catalytic cycles, step by step, to transfer products through the common reaction medium when modifying conventional flow synthesis. Significantly, this time-crystal synthon-driven multistep approach offers advantages over conventional flow synthesis, as the reaction vessels can be equipped with microwave and photosynthesis methodologies, allowing for the collection of specific products from their respective vessels as needed, providing more options to integrate reactions and enabling flow control using gravity.

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38

Zhilitskaya, Larisa V., Bagrat A. Shainyan e Nina O. Yarosh. "Modern Approaches to the Synthesis and Transformations of Practically Valuable Benzothiazole Derivatives". Molecules 26, n. 8 (10 aprile 2021): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082190.

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The review is devoted to modern trends in the chemistry of 2-amino and 2-mercapto substituted benzothiazoles covering the literature since 2015. The reviewed heterocycles belong to biologically active and industrially demanded compounds. Newly developed synthesis methods can be divided into conventional multistep processes and one-pot, atom economy procedures, realized using green chemistry principles and simple reagents. The easy functionalization of the 2-NH2 and 2-SH groups and the benzene ring of the benzothiazole moiety allows considering them as highly reactive building blocks for organic and organoelement synthesis, including the synthesis of pharmacologically active heterocycles. The review provides a summary of findings, which may be useful for developing new drugs and materials and new synthetic approaches and patterns of reactivity.

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Kyprianou, Dimitris, Michael Berglund, Giovanni Emma, Grzegorz Rarata, David Anderson, Gabriela Diaconu e Vassiliki Exarchou. "Synthesis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Using Flow Chemistry". Molecules 25, n. 16 (6 agosto 2020): 3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163586.

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This paper describes the nitration of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and its conversion to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at a gram scale with the use of a fully automated flow chemistry system. The conversion of DNT to TNT traditionally requires the use of highly hazardous reagents like fuming sulfuric acid (oleum), fuming nitric acid (90–100%), and elevated temperatures. Flow chemistry offers advantages compared to conventional syntheses including a high degree of safety and simpler multistep automation. The configuration and development of this automated process based on a commercially available flow chemistry system is described. A high conversion rate (>99%) was achieved. Unlike established synthetic methods, ordinary nitrating mixture (65% HNO3/98% H2SO4) and shorter reaction times (10–30 min) were applied. The viability of flow nitration as a means of safe and continuous synthesis of TNT was investigated. The method was optimized using an experimental design approach, and the resulting process is safer, faster, and more efficient than previously reported TNT synthesis procedures. We compared the flow chemistry and batch approaches, including a provisional cost calculation for laboratory-scale production (a thorough economic analysis is, however, beyond the scope of this article). The method is considered fit for purpose for the safe production of high-purity explosives standards at a gram scale, which are used to verify that the performance of explosive trace detection equipment complies with EU regulatory requirements.

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Ota, Yusuke, Toshiki Murayama e Kyoko Nozaki. "One-step catalytic asymmetric synthesis of all-syn deoxypropionate motif from propylene: Total synthesis of (2R,4R,6R,8R)-2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic acid". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n. 11 (23 febbraio 2016): 2857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518898113.

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Abstract (sommario):

In nature, many complex structures are assembled from simple molecules by a series of tailored enzyme-catalyzed reactions. One representative example is the deoxypropionate motif, an alternately methylated alkyl chain containing multiple stereogenic centers, which is biosynthesized by a series of enzymatic reactions from simple building blocks. In organic synthesis, however, the majority of the reported routes require the syntheses of complex building blocks. Furthermore, multistep reactions with individual purifications are required at each elongation. Here we show the construction of the deoxypropionate structure from propylene in a single step to achieve a three-step synthesis of (2R,4R,6R,8R)-2,4,6,8-tetramethyldecanoic acid, a major acid component of a preen-gland wax of the graylag goose. To realize this strategy, we focused on the coordinative chain transfer polymerization and optimized the reaction condition to afford a stereo-controlled oligomer, which is contrastive to the other synthetic strategies developed to date that require 3–6 steps per unit, with unavoidable byproduct generation. Furthermore, multiple oligomers with different number of deoxypropionate units were isolated from one batch, showing application to the construction of library. Our strategy opens the door for facile synthetic routes toward other natural products that share the deoxypropionate motif.

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Turkyilmaz, Murat, e Fatma Genc. "Multistep Synthesis of Phosphazene Derivative of Chenodeoxycholicacid (CDCA)". Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 189, n. 11 (21 ottobre 2014): 1723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2014.887080.

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42

Li, Lianhai, e Waepril Kimberly S. Chua. "One-pot multistep synthesis of 3-aminoindolizine derivatives". Tetrahedron Letters 52, n. 12 (marzo 2011): 1392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.087.

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43

Stradling, Samuel S., e Clarke L. Gage. "And the winner is . . . A multistep synthesis for the introductory organic course". Journal of Chemical Education 62, n. 12 (dicembre 1985): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p1116.

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44

Wegner, Jens, Sascha Ceylan e Andreas Kirschning. "ChemInform Abstract: Flow Chemistry - A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis". ChemInform 43, n. 18 (5 aprile 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201218270.

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45

Yadav, Amar, e Vinod Pandey. "Multistep organic synthesis leading to the formation of triazinothiazoloquinoxalines involving cost effective rea-gents". International Journal of Scientific World 5, n. 2 (5 settembre 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v5i2.6154.

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Abstract (sommario):

A simple and efficient chemical method has been attempted for the synthesis of biologically and commercially important 2-aryl [-s-] triazino [1], [3], [5] thiazolo [6], [5-b] quinoxalin -4- thiones in moderate to excellent yields through cyclization reaction of o-phenylenediamino using readily available and fewer costly reagents viz. oxalic acid, PCl5thiourea, aromatic aldehydes and ammonium thiocyanate at an ambient temperature.

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Shainyan, Bagrat A., Larisa V. Zhilitskaya e Nina O. Yarosh. "Synthetic Approaches to Biologically Active C-2-Substituted Benzothiazoles". Molecules 27, n. 8 (18 aprile 2022): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082598.

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Abstract (sommario):

Numerous benzothiazole derivatives are used in organic synthesis, in various industrial and consumer products, and in drugs, with a wide spectrum of biological activity. As the properties of the benzothiazole moiety are strongly affected by the nature and position of substitutions, in this review, covering the literature from 2016, we focus on C-2-substituted benzothiazoles, including the methods of their synthesis, structural modification, reaction mechanisms, and possible pharmacological activity. The synthetic approaches to these heterocycles include both traditional multistep reactions and one-pot atom economy processes using green chemistry principles and easily available reagents. Special attention is paid to the methods of the thiazole ring closure and chemical modification by the introduction of pharmacophore groups.

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Hemalatha, Kanagarajan, Gunabalan Madhumitha, Amir Kajbafvala, Narayanan Anupama, Rajesh Sompalle e Selvaraj Mohana Roopan. "Function of Nanocatalyst in Chemistry of Organic Compounds Revolution: An Overview". Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/341015.

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Abstract (sommario):

Heterocyclic motif is an important scaffold which has both industrial and pharmaceutical applications. These motifs can be prepared using wide variety of reaction conditions such as the use of expensive catalyst, toxic solvent, harsh reaction condition like the use of base, high temperature, and multistep reaction. Although various methods are involved, the chemistry arena is now shifted towards the greener way of synthesis. Nanocatalyst constitutes an important role in the green synthesis. This is because the activity of the catalyst resides in the exposed portion of the particles. By decreasing the size of the catalyst, advantages such as more surface area would be exposed to the reactant, only negligible amount would be required to give the significant result and selectivity could be achieved, thereby, eliminating the undesired products. The current review enlists the various types of nanocatalyst involved in the heterocyclic ring formation and also some other important functionalization over the ring.

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48

Hissler, Muriel, Christophe Lescop e Régis Réau. "Functional phosphorus-based π-conjugated systems: Structural diversity without multistep synthesis". Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2007): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779020201.

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Abstract (sommario):

The synthesis and properties of linear π-conjugated systems incorporating phosphole rings are described. Their supramolecular organization in the solid state can be controlled either by chemical modifications or coordination to transition metals of the phosphorus atom. Furthermore, chemical transformations of the phosphole ring allow organizing these P-chromophores in 3D assemblies exhibiting σ-π conjugation or in organometallic ferrocene-like derivatives. Phosphole-pyridine-containing π-conjugated chromophores act as P,N-chelates toward transition-metal ions, giving rise to mono- and di-nuclear complexes. The specific properties of these complexes make them valuable materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and interesting building blocks for the tailoring of π-conjugated systems.

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Corey, E. J., Alan K. Long, Theodora W. Greene e John W. Miller. "Computer-assisted synthetic analysis. Selection of protective groups for multistep organic syntheses." Journal of Organic Chemistry 50, n. 11 (maggio 1985): 1920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00211a027.

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50

KATELLANI, M. "ChemInform Abstract: Application of Palladium Complexes in Highly Selective Multistep Organic Syntheses". ChemInform 26, n. 35 (17 agosto 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199535312.

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