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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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1

Reynolds, David A., e Bernard H. Kueper. "Multiphase flow and transport through fractured heterogeneous porous media". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 71, n. 1-4 (luglio 2004): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.09.008.

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2

Kueper, Bernard H., Wesley Abbott e Graham Farquhar. "Experimental observations of multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 5, n. 1 (dicembre 1989): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(89)90007-7.

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3

Cai, Jianchao, Reza Rezaee e Victor Calo. "Recent Advances in Multiscale Petrophysics Characterization and Multiphase Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs". Energies 15, n. 8 (14 aprile 2022): 2874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082874.

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4

Li, Xiaoqing, Renqiang Liu, Tianyu Zhang, Peng Yu e Xiaoyan Liu. "Division of paraffin melting zone based on multiscale experiments". Thermal Science, n. 00 (2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200818140l.

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Abstract (sommario):

Phase change energy storage materials are widely used in the field of renewable energy. Paraffin is one of the common phase change energy storage materials. As a multi-component hydrocarbon mixture, the melting of paraffin is different from that of pure substance. In addition to the solid and liquid zones, there is also a fuzzy zone in which solid and liquid coexist. In this paper, the melting characteristics of paraffin in phase transition zone are studied by multi-scale experiments. Through the visualization experiment of square cavity paraffin melting, the solid zone, fuzzy zone and liquid zone are determined, and the moving process of phase interface is tracked by digital pictures and infrared heat maps. The evolution process of the pore structure in the fuzzy zone under different temperatures is photographed by means of the micro experiment, and it is revealed that there are two areas in the fuzzy zone, porous media area and multiphase flow area. The results show that the melting process of paraffin can be divided into four zones: liquid zone, multiphase flow zone, porous media zone and solid phase zone. According to the polarizing optical microscopy (POM) picture, the continuous phase and discrete phase transition relationship between solid wax crystal and liquid paraffin is captured. The POM picture is statistically analyzed, and the critical liquid phase ratio of the transition from porous media area to multiphase flow area is given under experimental conditions.

5

Papamichos, Euripides. "Erosion and multiphase flow in porous media. Application to sand production". European Journal of Environmental and Civil engineering 14, n. 8-9 (28 settembre 2010): 1129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejece.14.1129-1154.

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6

Abdin, A., J. J. Kalurachchi, M. W. Kemblowski e C. M. Chang. "Stochastic analysis of multiphase flow in porous media: II. Nummerical simulations". Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 11, n. 1 (febbraio 1997): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02428427.

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7

Abin, A., J. J. Kalurachchi, M. W. Kemblowski e C. M. Chang. "Stochastic analysis of multiphase flow in porous media: II. Numerical simulations". Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 10, n. 3 (agosto 1996): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581465.

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8

Yan, Guanxi, Zi Li, Thierry Bore, Sergio Andres Galindo Torres, Alexander Scheuermann e Ling Li. "Discovery of Dynamic Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media Using Two-Dimensional Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Simulation". Energies 14, n. 13 (5 luglio 2021): 4044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134044.

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The dynamic two-phase flow in porous media was theoretically developed based on mass, momentum conservation, and fundamental constitutive relationships for simulating immiscible fluid-fluid retention behavior and seepage in the natural geomaterial. The simulation of transient two-phase flow seepage is, therefore, dependent on both the hydraulic boundaries applied and the immiscible fluid-fluid retention behavior experimentally measured. Many previous studies manifested the velocity-dependent capillary pressure–saturation relationship (Pc-S) and relative permeability (Kr-S). However, those works were experimentally conducted on a continuum scale. To discover the dynamic effects from the microscale, the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is usually adopted as a novel method. Compared to the conventional CFD methods solving Naiver–Stokes (NS) equations incorporated with the fluid phase separation schemes, the two-phase Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) can generate the immiscible fluid-fluid interface using the fluid-fluid/solid interactions at a microscale. Therefore, the Shan–Chen multiphase multicomponent LBM was conducted in this study to simulate the transient two-phase flow in porous media. The simulation outputs demonstrate a preferential flow path in porous media after the non-wetting phase fluid is injected until, finally, the void space is fully occupied by the non-wetting phase fluid. In addition, the inter-relationships for each pair of continuum state variables for a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of porous media were analyzed for further exploring the dynamic nonequilibrium effects. On one hand, the simulating outcomes reconfirmed previous findings that the dynamic effects are dependent on both the transient seepage velocity and interfacial area dynamics. Nevertheless, in comparison to many previous experimental studies showing the various distances between the parallelly dynamic and static Pc-S relationships by applying various constant flux boundary conditions, this study is the first contribution showing the Pc-S striking into the nonequilibrium condition to yield dynamic nonequilibrium effects and finally returning to the equilibrium static Pc-S by applying various pressure boundary conditions. On the other hand, the flow regimes and relative permeability were discussed with this simulating results in regards to the appropriateness of neglecting inertial effects (both accelerating and convective) in multiphase hydrodynamics for a highly pervious porous media. Based on those research findings, the two-phase LBM can be demonstrated to be a powerful tool for investigating dynamic nonequilibrium effects for transient multiphase flow in porous media from the microscale to the REV scale. Finally, future investigations were proposed with discussions on the limitations of this numerical modeling method.

9

Chang, C., M. W. Kemblowski, J. Kaluarachchi e A. Abdin. "Stochastic analysis of multiphase flow in porous media: 1. Spectral/perturbation approach". Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 9, n. 3 (settembre 1995): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581722.

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10

Li, Guihe, e Jia Yao. "Snap-Off during Imbibition in Porous Media: Mechanisms, Influencing Factors, and Impacts". Eng 4, n. 4 (17 novembre 2023): 2896–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4040163.

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The phenomenon of snap-off during imbibition in porous media, a fundamental two-phase fluid flow phenomenon, plays a crucial role in both crude oil production and carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization and storage. In porous media where two phases coexist, the instability of the phase interface may give rise to various displacement phenomena, including pore–body filling, piston-like displacement, and snap-off. Snap-off, characterized by the generation of discrete liquid droplets or gas bubbles, assumes paramount significance. This study provides a comprehensive overview of snap-off mechanisms, influencing factors, and impacts. Snap-off initiation arises from variations in the curvature radius at the interface between two phases within narrow regions, primarily influenced by capillary pressure. It can be influenced by factors such as the characteristics of multiphase fluids, the wettability of porous media, as well as the pore–throat geometry and topology within porous media. In turn, snap-off exerts a discernible influence on the fluid dynamics within the porous medium, resulting in impacts that encompass unrecoverable oil droplet formation, the oil bridging effect, drainage–imbibition hysteresis, strong foam generation and transient/dynamic effects. Although the snap-off phenomenon exerts detrimental effects during the conventional waterflooding in oil production, its potential is harnessed for beneficial outcomes in CO2-EOR and CO2 storage. This study significantly advances our understanding of snap-off and its multifaceted roles in multiphase fluid dynamics, offering vital insights for the precise prediction of fluid flow behavior and strategic control. These valuable insights can serve as a theoretical foundation to guide our deliberate modulation of snap-off phenomena, aiming at optimizing oil-recovery processes and enhancing the safety and stability of CO2 storage.

11

Moodie, Nathan, William Ampomah, Wei Jia e Brian McPherson. "Relative Permeability: A Critical Parameter in Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". Energies 14, n. 9 (22 aprile 2021): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092370.

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Effective multiphase flow and transport simulations are a critical tool for screening, selection, and operation of geological CO2 storage sites. The relative permeability curve assumed for these simulations can introduce a large source of uncertainty. It significantly impacts forecasts of all aspects of the reservoir simulation, from CO2 trapping efficiency and phase behavior to volumes of oil, water, and gas produced. Careful consideration must be given to this relationship, so a primary goal of this study is to evaluate the impacts on CO2-EOR model forecasts of a wide range of relevant relative permeability curves, from near linear to highly curved. The Farnsworth Unit (FWU) is an active CO2-EOR operation in the Texas Panhandle and the location of our study site. The Morrow ‘B’ Sandstone, a clastic formation composed of medium to coarse sands, is the target storage formation. Results indicate that uncertainty in the relative permeability curve can impart a significant impact on model predictions. Therefore, selecting an appropriate relative permeability curve for the reservoir of interest is critical for CO2-EOR model design. If measured laboratory relative permeability data are not available, it must be considered as a significant source of uncertainty.

12

Thomas, S. G. G., e M. F. F. Wheeler. "Enhanced-Velocity-Multiblock Method for Coupled Flow and Reactive-Species Transport Through Porous Media: Applications to Bioremediation and Carbon Sequestration". SPE Journal 17, n. 03 (23 agosto 2012): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/141824-pa.

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Summary This paper presents a multiblock-discretization method—the enhanced-velocity mixed-finite-element method (EVMFEM) (Wheeler et al. 2002)—for coupled multiphase flow and reactive-species-transport modeling in porous-media applications. The method provides local mass balance and a continuous approximation of fluxes across interfaces of elements and subdomains. It can treat nonmatching grids, allowing for a flexible choice of grid refinements. Further, by distributing the blocks among processors such that each block has approximately the same number of elements, this method can be implemented efficiently in parallel, thereby offering further reductions in computational cost. The paper also presents recent application of EVMFEM to challenging problems such as compositional flow simulations of CO2 sequestration. Tests with EVMFEM suggest that it is advantageous to apply grid refinements around wells and to areas in which dynamics of chemical-species concentration is highest. Allowing for variable grid refinements greatly reduces the simulation cost, while preserving overall accuracy of the solution. For completeness, a few significant analytic results on convergence of the method are stated and referenced, omitting proof. This work is significant in advancing the discretization and application of EVMFEMs in reservoir-simulation development. Problems such as transport of chemical species in multiphase flow and CO2 sequestration have begun to assume significant importance in decisions regarding the preservation of our environment and in the safe and reliable means of delivering energy. This paper offers useful methods and some innovative future directions to address the huge computational costs involved in solving such complex problems.

13

Berning, Torsten, Madeleine Odgaard e So̸ren K. Kær. "A Computational Analysis of Multiphase Flow Through PEMFC Cathode Porous Media Using the Multifluid Approach". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 156, n. 11 (2009): B1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3206691.

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14

Man, Yu, Junjie Tong, Tingyu Wang, Shuxiang Wang e Hu Xu. "Study on Intermittent Microwave Convective Drying Characteristics and Flow Field of Porous Media Food". Energies 16, n. 1 (30 dicembre 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010441.

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Numerical simulations were carried out for moist, porous media, intermittent microwave convective drying (IMCD) using a multiphase flow model in porous media subdomains coupled with a forced-convection heat-transfer model in an external hot air subdomain. The models were solved by using COMSOL Multiphysics was applied at the pulse ratio (PR) of 3. Based on drying characteristics of porous media and the distribution of the evaporation interface, IMCD was compared with convection drying (CD). Drying uniformity K, velocity difference, temperature difference, and humidity difference were introduced to evaluate the performance of three models with different inlets and outlet wall curvature. The numerical results show that as the moisture content of slices was reduced to 3 kg/kg, the drying rate in IMCD was 0.0166–0.02 m/s higher than that in CD, and the total drying time of the former was 81.35% shorter than that of the latter. In the late drying stage of IMCD, the core of the sample still had a high vapor concentration and temperature, which led to the evaporation interface remaining on the surface. The vapor evaporated from the slices can diffuse rapidly to the outside, which is why IMCD is superior to traditional convection drying. Through the comprehensive analysis of the models with different inlet and outlet wall curvatures, the drying uniformity K of the type III was the highest, reaching 89.28%. Optimizing flow-field distribution can improve uniform of airflow distribution.

15

Golparvar, Amir, Matthias Kästner e Martin Thullner. "P3D-BRNS v1.0.0: a three-dimensional, multiphase, multicomponent, pore-scale reactive transport modelling package for simulating biogeochemical processes in subsurface environments". Geoscientific Model Development 17, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2024): 881–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-881-2024.

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Abstract. The porous microenvironment of soil offers various environmental functions which are governed by physical and reactive processes. Understanding reactive transport processes in porous media is essential for many natural systems (soils, aquifers, aquatic sediments or subsurface reservoirs) or technological processes (water treatment or ceramic and fuel cell technologies). In particular, in the vadose zone of the terrestrial subsurface the spatially and temporally varying saturation of the aqueous and the gas phase leads to systems that involve complex flow and transport processes as well as reactive transformations of chemical compounds in the porous material. To describe these interacting processes and their dynamics at the pore scale requires a well-suited modelling framework accounting for the proper description of all relevant processes at a high spatial resolution. Here we present P3D-BRNS as a new open-source modelling toolbox harnessing the core libraries of OpenFOAM and coupled externally to the Biogeochemical Reaction Network Simulator (BRNS). The native OpenFOAM volume-of-fluid solver is extended to have an improved representation of the fluid–fluid interface. The solvers are further developed to couple the reaction module which can be tailored for a specific reactive transport simulation. P3D-RBNS is benchmarked against three different flow and reactive transport processes: (1) fluid–fluid configuration in a capillary corner, (2) mass transfer across the fluid–fluid interface and (3) microbial growth with a high degree of accuracy. Our model allows for simulation of the spatio-temporal distribution of all biochemical species in the porous structure (obtained from μ-CT images), for conditions that are commonly found in the laboratory and environmental systems. With our coupled computational model, we provide a reliable and efficient tool for simulating multiphase, reactive transport in porous media.

16

Wu, Yu-Shu, e Peter A. Forsyth. "On the selection of primary variables in numerical formulation for modeling multiphase flow in porous media". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 48, n. 3-4 (aprile 2001): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7722(00)00180-7.

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17

Tsakiroglou, Christos D. "A method to calculate the multiphase flow properties of heterogeneous porous media by using network simulations". AIChE Journal 57, n. 10 (22 dicembre 2010): 2618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12493.

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18

Elhaj, Murtada A., Syed A. Imtiaz, Greg F. Naterer e Sohrab Zendehboudi. "Entropy Generation Minimization of Two-Phase Flow Irreversibilities in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs". Energies 16, n. 10 (15 maggio 2023): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104096.

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The efficient use of available energy in hydrocarbon extraction processes is essential to reducing overall emissions in the petroleum industry. The inefficient design of an extraction process leads to higher emissions per unit mass of hydrocarbon recovery. Fluid friction and heat transfer are irreversible processes that are vital in decreasing the overall system’s operational efficiency. To reduce these irreversible energy losses in the petroleum reservoir production’s life, contributing factors such as the characteristic features of a reservoir formation, reservoir fluids, and production rate are investigated in this paper. This study examines irreversible energy loss in porous media and wellbore formations using entropy generation minimization at various stages of production and thermodynamic conditions, eventually achieving higher hydrocarbon recovery factors. Entropy production is used to develop predictive models that calculate reservoir and wellbore energy losses for multiphase flow. The proposed models consider oil and water as the working fluids in a porous medium and a wellbore. This paper also investigates the thermophysical effects around the wellbore by incorporating Hawkin’s model. A sensitivity analysis assessed the impact of rock and fluid properties and thermodynamic conditions such as temperature, wettability, and capillary pressure on the total entropy generation. The findings reveal that the capillary pressure significantly impacts the oil and water recovery factor and total entropy production. Additionally, the capillary pressure strongly influences the reservoir production life. The two-phase models show that as the recovery factor increases, the total entropy production decreases at lower production rates. This article helps to address the impact of irreversible processes on multiphase hydrocarbon reservoir operational efficiency. Furthermore, the results obtained from the numerical-simulation model open up a new research area for scholars to maximize the recovery factor using entropy generation minimization in heterogeneous reservoirs.

19

Huyakorn, P. S., S. Panday e Y. S. Wu. "A three-dimensional multiphase flow model for assesing NAPL contamination in porous and fractured media, 1. Formulation". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 16, n. 2 (giugno 1994): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(94)90048-5.

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20

Gong, Wenbo, e Jinhui Liu. "Effect of Wettability Heterogeneity on Water-Gas Two-Phase Displacement Behavior in a Complex Pore Structure by Phase-Field Model". Energies 15, n. 20 (17 ottobre 2022): 7658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207658.

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Understanding the immiscible displacement mechanism in porous media is vital to enhancing the hydrocarbon resources in the oil and gas reservoir. Improving resource recovery requires quantitatively characterizing the effect of wettability heterogeneity on the immiscible displacement behaviors at the pore scale, which can be used to predict the displacement distribution of multiphase fluids and evaluate the optimal wettability strategy in porous media. The heterogeneity of fluid wettability in a natural rock makes it extremely hard to directly observe the fluid displacement behaviors in the reservoir rocks and quantify the sensitivity of preferential displacement path and displacement efficiency to wettability distribution. In this study, the phase-field model coupling wettability heterogeneity was established. The gas-water two-phase displacement process was simulated under various wettability distributions and injecting flux rates in a complex pore structure. The effect of wettability heterogeneity on immiscible displacement behavior was analyzed. The results indicated that wettability heterogeneity significantly affects the fluid displacement path and invasion patterns, while the injecting flux rate negatively influences the capillary–viscous crossover flow regime. The continuous wetting patches enhanced the preferential flow and hindered displacement, whereas the dalmatian wetting patches promoted a higher displacement efficiency. The results of the fractal dimensions and specific surface area also quantitatively show the effects of wettability distribution and heterogeneity on the complexity of the two-phase fluid distribution. The research provides the theoretical foundation and analysis approach for designing an optimal wettability strategy for injecting fluid into unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.

21

Zou, Shuangmei, Peixing Xu, Congjiao Xie, Xuan Deng e Haodong Tang. "Characterization of Two-Phase Flow from Pore-Scale Imaging Using Fractal Geometry under Water-Wet and Mixed-Wet Conditions". Energies 15, n. 6 (10 marzo 2022): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062036.

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High resolution micro-computed tomography images for multiphase flow provide us an effective tool to understand the mechanism of fluid flow in porous media, which is not only fundamental to the understanding of macroscopic measurements but also for providing benchmark datasets to validate pore-scale modeling. In this study, we start from two datasets of pore scale imaging of two-phase flow obtained experimentally under in situ imaging conditions at different water fractional flows under water-wet and mixed-wet conditions. Then, fractal dimension, lacunarity and succolarity are used to quantify the complexity, clustering and flow capacity of water and oil phases. The results show that with the wettability of rock surface altered from water-wet to mixed-wet, the fractal dimension for the water phase increases while for the oil phase, it decreases obviously at low water saturation. Lacunarity largely depends on the degree of wettability alteration. The more uniform wetting surfaces are distributed, the more homogeneous the fluid configuration is, which indicates smaller values for lacunarity. Moreover, succolarity is shown to well characterize the wettability effect on flow capacity. The succolarity of the oil phase in the water-wet case is larger than that in the mixed-wet case while for the water phase, the succolarity value in the water-wet is small compared with that in the mixed-wet, which show a similar trend with relative permeability curves for water-wet and mixed-wet. Our study provides a perspective into the influence that phase geometry has on relative permeability under controlled wettability and the resulting phase fractal changes under different saturations that occur during multiphase flow, which allows a means to understand phase geometric changes that occur during fluid flow.

22

Muaaz-Us-Salam, Syed, Peter John Cleall e Michael John Harbottle. "The case for examining fluid flow in municipal solid waste at the pore-scale – A review". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, n. 4 (21 febbraio 2019): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828120.

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In this paper, we discuss recent efforts from the last 20 years to describe transport in municipal solid waste (MSW). We first discuss emerging themes in the field to draw the reader’s attention to a series of significant challenges. We then examine contributions regarding the modelling of leachate flow to study transport via mechanistic and stochastic approaches, at a variety of scales. Since MSW is a multiphase, biogeochemically active porous medium, and with the aim of providing a picture of transport phenomena in a wider context, we then discuss a selection of studies on leachate flow incorporating some of the complex landfill processes (e.g. biodegradation and settlement). It is clear from the literature survey that our understanding of transport phenomena exhibited by landfilled waste is far from complete. Attempts to model transport have largely consisted of applying representative elementary-scale models (the smallest volume which can be considered representative of the entire waste mass). Due to our limited understanding of fluid flow through landfilled waste, and the influence of simultaneously occurring biogeomechanical processes within the waste mass, elementary-scale models have been unable to fully describe the flow behaviour of MSW. Pore-scale modelling and experimental studies have proven to be a promising approach to study fluid flow through complex porous media. Here, we suggest that pore-scale modelling and experimental work may provide valuable insights into transport phenomena exhibited by MSW, which could then be used to revise elementary-scale models for improved representation of field-scale problems.

23

Li, Yanyan, Shuoliang Wang, Zhihong Kang, Qinghong Yuan, Xiaoqiang Xue, Chunlei Yu e Xiaodong Zhang. "Research on the Correction Method of the Capillary End Effect of the Relative Permeability Curve of the Steady State". Energies 14, n. 15 (27 luglio 2021): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154528.

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Relative permeability curve is a key factor in describing the characteristics of multiphase flow in porous media. The steady-state method is an effective method to measure the relative permeability curve of oil and water. The capillary discontinuity at the end of the samples will cause the capillary end effect. The capillary end effect (CEE) affects the flow and retention of the fluid. If the experimental design and data interpretation fail to eliminate the impact of capillary end effects, the relative permeability curve may be wrong. This paper proposes a new stability factor method, which can quickly and accurately correct the relative permeability measured by the steady-state method. This method requires two steady-state experiments at the same proportion of injected liquid (wetting phase and non-wetting phase), and two groups of flow rates and pressure drop data are obtained. The pressure drop is corrected according to the new relationship between the pressure drop and the core length. This new relationship is summarized as a stability factor. Then the true relative permeability curve that is not affected by the capillary end effect can be obtained. The validity of the proposed method is verified against a wide range of experimental results. The results emphasize that the proposed method is effective, reliable, and accurate. The operation steps of the proposed method are simple and easy to apply.

24

Iravani, Mohammad Ali, Jacques Deparis, Hossein Davarzani, Stéfan Colombano, Roger Guérin e Alexis Maineult. "Complex Electrical Resistivity and Dielectric Permittivity Responses to Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquids' Imbibition and Drainage in Porous Media: A Laboratory Study". Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 25, n. 4 (dicembre 2020): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32389/jeeg20-050.

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The effective techniques for remediation of sites polluted by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) remains a challenge. Among the various technical monitoring methods, there is an increasing interest in studying the geophysical characteristics of contaminated soils, as indicators of the progress in clean-up programs. This work sought to investigate the variation of the electrical complex resistivity and the relative permittivity by analyzing the results obtained from spectral induced polarization (SIP) and time domain reflectometry (TDR). Different series of measurements during drainage and imbibition of DNAPLs in porous media were done to validate the clean-up process on sites polluted by DNAPLs. Therefore, a methodology based on laboratory work was designed and carried out to study the electrical complex resistivity (both in magnitude and phase) in the frequency range 0.183 Hz to 20 kHz, and the relative dielectric permittivity at 70 MHz. The experiments were done on small 1D cells. In these cells, glass beads were used as a porous medium. Two different fluid couples, i.e., coal tar (CT)/water and canola oil (CO)/salty ethanol (SE), were used to produce two-phase flow. Our findings highlight that due to the high resistivity of CO and CT, an increase in water saturation led to decrease in amplitude and phase. Saturation change of SE had the same effect on resistivity but no relationship was found for phase and saturation for the mixture CO and SE. It is also showed that the complex resistivity and relative permittivity measurements were compatible with generalized Archie's law and complete complex refractive index method (CRIM) model as two empirical models for defining the correlation between the electrical resistivity, relative permittivity, and saturation of each phase in the multiphase porous medium.

25

Ansari, Md Irshad, e Suresh Kumar Govindarajan. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE IMPACT OF INITIAL WATER SATURATION DISTRIBUTION ON HOT WATER FLOODING PERFORMANCE UNDER NON-ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS". Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, n. 2 (2023): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2023.2.11.

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The heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of initial water saturation influences the performance of hot water flooding. The prospect of a reduction in oil recovery arises from the development of viscous instability. In the present study, a numerical simulation model has been developed by coupling heat transport, and multiphase flow in porous media integrated with the non-isothermal flow, and the numerical model has been verified with the existing analytical solution by Buckley and Leverett. The formation of a wavy temperature profile at the condensation front was found with a decreased depth of temperature penetration. The average rise of temperature is drastically affected by the spatial distribution of initial water saturation. The formation of viscous fingering was highly dominating in the reservoir, with initial water saturation randomly distributed and causing the front to move in an irregular pattern from the initial stage of the flooding. The heterogeneous reservoir with initial water distribution showed the earlier formation of viscous fingering than the homogeneous reservoir. The heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of initial water saturation had caused viscous instability, lower viscosity reduction, lower displacement sweeps efficiency, and higher residual oil saturation. The present study is limited to spatial distribution in initial water saturation to a certain degree of heterogeneity. The heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of initial water saturation highly impacted the production performance of hot water flooding. The present study provides an idea for the implementation and future development of hot water flooding in a randomly initial water saturation distributed environment.

26

Bhat, Sourabh P., B. V. Rathish Kumar, Shainath Ramesh Kalamkar, Vinay Kumar, Sudhir Pathak e Walter Schneider. "Modeling and simulation of the potential indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus through respiratory droplets". Physics of Fluids 34, n. 3 (marzo 2022): 031909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085495.

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Respiratory viruses are transported from an infected person to other neighboring people through respiratory droplets. These small droplets are easily advected by air currents in a room and can potentially infect others. In this work, the spread of droplets released during coughing, talking, and normal breathing is numerically analyzed in a typical conference room setting. The room space is occupied by ten people, with eight people sitting around a conference table and two people standing. Four different scenarios are considered, with the air-conditioning turned on/off and people wearing/not-wearing masks, to understand the spread of respiratory droplets inside the room. The flow in the room is simulated using a multiphase mixture model with properties computed for the inhaled and exhaled air using fundamental gas relations. The transport of respiratory droplets is analyzed using the discrete phase model with a range of droplet sizes fitted to data from previous experimental studies. The mask is modeled as porous media with the properties of a woven fabric computed using a newly developed model for multilayered homemade masks. The human inhalation and exhalation are modeled using analytical functions to mimic the biological flow patterns during breathing, coughing, and talking. Important observations about the air flow and dispersion of respiratory droplets in the conference room are presented based on the numerical analysis. Animations of all the results are included to provide insight into flow physics of the various dynamic conditions occurring in the room during an ongoing meeting. Although this study is conducted for a typical conference room, the newly developed models and techniques can be applied to other confined environments.

27

Li, Qingping, Shuxia Li, Shuyue Ding, Zhenyuan Yin, Lu Liu e Shuaijun Li. "Numerical Simulation of Gas Production and Reservoir Stability during CO2 Exchange in Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoir". Energies 15, n. 23 (27 novembre 2022): 8968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238968.

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The prediction of gas productivity and reservoir stability of natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs plays a vital role in the exploitation of NGH. In this study, we developed a THMC (thermal-hydrodynamic-mechanical-chemical) numerical model for the simulation of gas production behavior and the reservoir response. The model can describe the phase change, multiphase flow in porous media, heat transfer, and deformation behavior during the exploitation of NGH reservoirs. Two different production scenarios were employed for the simulation: depressurization and depressurization coupled with CO2 exchange. The simulation results suggested that the injection of CO2 promotes the dissociation of NGH between the injection well and the production well compared with depressurization only. The cumulative production of gas and water increased by 27.88% and 2.90%, respectively, based on 2000 days of production simulation. In addition, the subsidence of the NGH reservoir was lower in the CO2 exchange case compared with the single depressurization case for the same amount of cumulative gas production. The simulation results suggested that CO2 exchange in NGH reservoirs alleviates the issue of reservoir subsidence during production and maintains good reservoir stability. The results of this study can be used to provide guidance on field production from marine NGH reservoirs.

28

Bai, Xue, Jian Tian, Na Jia e Ezeddin Shirif. "A Novel Tripod Methodology of Scrutinizing Two-Phase Fluid Snap-Off in Low Permeability Formations from the Microscopic Perspective". Energies 15, n. 17 (24 agosto 2022): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176141.

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Abstract (sommario):

According to the requirements of carbon-neutral development, this study explores the comparison and new discussion of replacing nitrogen with carbon dioxide in the conventional two-phase microfluid flow. Thus, carbon dioxide application in various fields can be more precise and convenient. This research uses an artificially continuously tapering micro model to mimic the natural rock channel in low permeability formation, where the liquid imbibition process is entirely under surface tension-dominant. The tested capillary number decreased to 8.49 × 10−6, and the thinnest observed liquid film was reduced to 2 μm. The comparison results in two gas groups (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) show that CO2 gas fluid in microscopic porous media would have more tendency to snap off and leave fewer residual bubbles blocked between the constrictions. However, the N2 gas fluid forms smaller isolated gas bubbles after snap-off. By combining the experimental data and numerical output with the theoretical evolution equation by Beresnev and Deng and by Quevedo Tiznado et al., the results of interface radius, temporal capillary pressure, and velocity profiles for axisymmetric and continuously tapering models are presented and validated. Those findings create a paradigm for future studies of the evolution of microscopic multiphase fluid and enhance a deeper understanding of geological underground fluid properties for greenhouse gas storage and utilization in low permeability formations.

29

Adler, P. M., e H. Brenner. "Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 20, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.20.010188.000343.

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30

Higdon, J. J. L. "Multiphase flow in porous media". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 730 (30 luglio 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.296.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractMultiphase flows in porous media represent fluid dynamics problems of great complexity involving a wide range of physical phenomena. These flows have attracted the attention of an impressive group of renowned researchers and have spawned a number of classic problems in fluid dynamics. These multiphase flows are perhaps best known for their importance in oil recovery from petroleum reservoirs, but they also find application in novel areas such as hydrofracturing for natural gas recovery. In a recent article, Zinchenko & Davis (J. Fluid Mech. 2013, vol. 725, pp. 611–663) present computational simulations that break new ground in the study of emulsions flowing through porous media. These simulations provide sufficient scale to capture the disordered motion and complex break-up patterns of individual droplets while providing sufficient statistical samples for estimating meaningful macroscopic properties of technical interest.

31

Adler, Pierre M. "Multiphase flow in porous media ? Preface". Transport in Porous Media 20, n. 1-2 (agosto 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00616922.

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32

Parker, J. C. "Multiphase flow and transport in porous media". Reviews of Geophysics 27, n. 3 (1989): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg027i003p00311.

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33

Rangel-German, Edgar, Serhat Akin e Louis Castanier. "Multiphase-flow properties of fractured porous media". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 51, n. 3-4 (maggio 2006): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2005.12.010.

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34

Bekri, S., e P. M. Adler. "Dispersion in multiphase flow through porous media". International Journal of Multiphase Flow 28, n. 4 (aprile 2002): 665–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(01)00089-1.

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35

Papamichos, Euripides. "Erosion and multiphase flow in porous media". European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 14, n. 8-9 (settembre 2010): 1129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2010.9693284.

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36

Christie, M. A. "Flow in porous media — scale up of multiphase flow". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 6, n. 3 (giugno 2001): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(01)00087-5.

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37

Dullien, F. A. L. "Capillary Effects and Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". Journal of Porous Media 1, n. 1 (1998): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jpormedia.v1.i1.20.

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38

Allen, Myron B. "Numerical modelling of multiphase flow in porous media". Advances in Water Resources 8, n. 4 (dicembre 1985): 162–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(85)90062-4.

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39

Pesavento, Francesco, Bernhard A. Schrefler e Giuseppe Sciumè. "Multiphase Flow in Deforming Porous Media: A Review". Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 24, n. 2 (25 marzo 2016): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11831-016-9171-6.

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40

Aryana, Saman A., e Anthony R. Kovscek. "Nonequilibrium Effects and Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". Transport in Porous Media 97, n. 3 (19 febbraio 2013): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-013-0129-y.

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41

Chen, Songhua, Fangfang Qin, Kyung-Hoe Kim e A. Ted Watson. "NMR imaging of multiphase flow in porous media". AIChE Journal 39, n. 6 (giugno 1993): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690390602.

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42

Helmig, Rainer, Bernd Flemisch, Markus Wolff, Anozie Ebigbo e Holger Class. "Model coupling for multiphase flow in porous media". Advances in Water Resources 51 (gennaio 2013): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.07.003.

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43

Blunt, Martin J. "Flow in porous media — pore-network models and multiphase flow". Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 6, n. 3 (giugno 2001): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(01)00084-x.

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44

Frisken, B. J., Andrea J. Liu e David S. Cannell. "Critical Fluids in Porous Media". MRS Bulletin 19, n. 5 (maggio 1994): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036526.

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Abstract (sommario):

The behavior of fluids confined in porous materials has been of interest to engineers and scientists for many decades. Among the applications driving this research are the use of porous membranes to achieve liquid-liquid separations and to deionize water, the use of porous materials as beds for catalysis, and the need to extract liquids (especially oil and water) from such media. Many of these applications depend on transport, which is governed by flow or diffusion in the imbibed fluids. Both the flow and diffusion of multiphase fluids in porous media, however, strongly depend on the morphology of phase-separated domains, and on the kinetics of domain growth. Thus, it is worthwhile to study the behavior of multiphase fluids in porous media in the absence of flow. Recently, much attention has focused on even simpler systems that still capture these essential features, namely, near-critical binary liquid mixtures and vapor-liquid systems in model porous media, such as Vycor and dilute silica gels. Although near-critical fluids may seem rather artificial as models for multiphase liquids, there are several advantages associated with them. In general, domain morphology and growth kinetics are governed primarily by competition between interfacial tension and the preferential attraction of one phase to the surface of the medium. In near-critical fluids, the relative strength of these two energy scales is sensitive to temperature, and can therefore be altered in a controlled fashion. In addition, the kinetics of domain growth are sensitive to the temperature quench depth, and can be controlled.

45

Bedeaux, Dick, e Signe Kjelstrup. "Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorems for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". Entropy 24, n. 1 (27 dicembre 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010046.

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Abstract (sommario):

A thermodynamic description of porous media must handle the size- and shape-dependence of media properties, in particular on the nano-scale. Such dependencies are typically due to the presence of immiscible phases, contact areas and contact lines. We propose a way to obtain average densities suitable for integration on the course-grained scale, by applying Hill’s thermodynamics of small systems to the subsystems of the medium. We argue that the average densities of the porous medium, when defined in a proper way, obey the Gibbs equation. All contributions are additive or weakly coupled. From the Gibbs equation and the balance equations, we then derive the entropy production in the standard way, for transport of multi-phase fluids in a non-deformable, porous medium exposed to differences in boundary pressures, temperatures, and chemical potentials. Linear relations between thermodynamic fluxes and forces follow for the control volume. Fluctuation-dissipation theorems are formulated for the first time, for the fluctuating contributions to fluxes in the porous medium. These give an added possibility for determination of the Onsager conductivity matrix for transport through porous media. Practical possibilities are discussed.

46

LEI, G., P. C. DONG, S. Y. MO, S. H. GAI e Z. S. WU. "A NOVEL FRACTAL MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN POROUS MEDIA". Fractals 23, n. 02 (28 maggio 2015): 1550017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x15500176.

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Abstract (sommario):

Multiphase flow in porous media is very important in various scientific and engineering fields. It has been shown that relative permeability plays an important role in determination of flow characteristics for multiphase flow. The accurate prediction of multiphase flow in porous media is hence highly important. In this work, a novel predictive model for relative permeability in porous media is developed based on the fractal theory. The predictions of two-phase relative permeability by the current mathematical models have been validated by comparing with available experimental data. The predictions by the proposed model show the same variation trend with the available experimental data and are in good agreement with the existing experiments. Every parameter in the proposed model has clear physical meaning. The proposed relative permeability is expressed as a function of the immobile liquid film thickness, pore structural parameters (pore fractal dimension Dfand tortuosity fractal dimension DT) and fluid viscosity ratio. The effects of these parameters on relative permeability of porous media are discussed in detail.

47

Bui, Quan M., Howard C. Elman e J. David Moulton. "Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioners for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media". SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 39, n. 5 (gennaio 2017): S662—S680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1082652.

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48

Wells, G. N., T. Hooijkaas e X. Shan. "Modelling temperature effects on multiphase flow through porous media". Philosophical Magazine 88, n. 28-29 (ottobre 2008): 3265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786430802566364.

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49

Allen, M. B., G. A. Behie, J. A. Trangenstein e Joel Koplik. "Multiphase Flow in Porous Media: Mechanics, Mathematics and Numerics". Physics Today 43, n. 3 (marzo 1990): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810495.

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50

Sha, W. T., e B. T. Chao. "Novel porous media formulation for multiphase flow conservation equations". Nuclear Engineering and Design 237, n. 9 (maggio 2007): 918–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.01.001.

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