Bibliografie tematiche / Multileaf collimator

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 25 aprile 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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Kim, Michele M., Douglas Bollinger, Chris Kennedy, Wei Zou, Ryan Scheuermann, Boon-Keng Kevin Teo, James M. Metz, Lei Dong e Taoran Li. "Dosimetric Characterization of the Dual Layer MLC System for an O-Ring Linear Accelerator". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 18 (1 gennaio 2019): 153303381988364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819883641.

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Abstract (sommario):
The Halcyon is Varian’s latest linear accelerator that offers a single 6X flattening-filter-free beam with a jawless design that features a new dual layer multileaf collimator system with faster speed and reduced transmission. Dosimetric characteristics of the dual layer multileaf collimator system including transmission, dosimetric leaf gap, and tongue and groove effects were measured. Ionization chambers, diode arrays, and an electronic portal imaging device were used to measure various multileaf collimator characteristics. Transmission through both multileaf collimator banks was found to be 0.008%, while the distal and proximal banks alone had transmission values of 0.4%. The penumbra was slightly sharper for fields using only the distal multileaf collimator bank but found to be largely independent of leaf position with values between 2.7 to 3.0 mm at dmax for the combined multileaf collimator banks. The dosimetric leaf gap was measured for the proximal and distal multileaf collimator banks both individually and together and found to have values of −0.216 mm, −0.225 mm, and 0.964 mm, respectively. Measurements of dosimetric leaf gap at the leaf edge and midline were also performed. Tongue and groove effects were investigated with both the electronic portal imaging device and a 2-dimensional array of diodes.
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Xin-ye, Ni, Lei Ren, Hui Yan e Fang-Fang Yin. "Sensitivity of 3D Dose Verification to Multileaf Collimator Misalignments in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy of Spinal Tumor". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 15, n. 6 (9 luglio 2016): NP25—NP34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615610251.

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Abstract (sommario):
Purpose: This study aimed to detect the sensitivity of Delt 4 on ordinary field multileaf collimator misalignments, system misalignments, random misalignments, and misalignments caused by gravity of the multileaf collimator in stereotactic body radiation therapy. Methods: (1) Two field sizes, including 2.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y) and 7.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y), were set. The leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were simultaneously opened. (2) Three cases of stereotactic body radiation therapy of spinal tumor were used. The dose of the planning target volume was 1800 cGy with 3 fractions. The 4 types to be simulated included (1) the leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were simultaneously opened, (2) only X1 of the multileaf collimator and the unilateral leaf were opened, (3) the leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator were randomly opened, and (4) gravity effect was simulated. The leaves of X1 and X2 in the multileaf collimator shifted to the same direction. The difference between the corresponding 3-dimensional dose distribution measured by Delt 4 and the dose distribution in the original plan made in the treatment planning system was analyzed with γ index criteria of 3.0 mm/3.0%, 2.5 mm/2.5%, 2.0 mm/2.0%, 2.5 mm/1.5%, and 1.0 mm/1.0%. Results: (1) In the field size of 2.00 cm (X) × 6.00 cm (Y), the γ pass rate of the original was 100% with 2.5 mm/2.5% as the statistical standard. The pass rate decreased to 95.9% and 89.4% when the X1 and X2 directions of the multileaf collimator were opened within 0.3 and 0.5 mm, respectively. In the field size of 7.00 (X) cm × 6.00 (Y) cm with 1.5 mm/1.5% as the statistical standard, the pass rate of the original was 96.5%. After X1 and X2 of the multileaf collimator were opened within 0.3 mm, the pass rate decreased to lower than 95%. The pass rate was higher than 90% within the 3 mm opening. (2) For spinal tumor, the change in the planning target volume V18 under various modes calculated using treatment planning system was within 1%. However, the maximum dose deviation of the spinal cord was high. In the spinal cord with a gravity of −0.25 mm, the maximum dose deviation minimally changed and increased by 6.8% than that of the original. In the largest opening of 1.00 mm, the deviation increased by 47.7% than that of the original. Moreover, the pass rate of the original determined through Delt 4 was 100% with 3 mm/3% as the statistical standard. The pass rate was 97.5% in the 0.25 mm opening and higher than 95% in the 0.5 mm opening A, 0.25 mm opening A, whole gravity series, and 0.20 mm random opening. Moreover, the pass rate was higher than 90% with 2.0 mm/2.0% as the statistical standard in the original and in the 0.25 mm gravity. The difference in the pass rates was not statistically significant among the −0.25 mm gravity, 0.25 mm opening A, 0.20 mm random opening, and original as calculated using SPSS 11.0 software with P > .05. Conclusions: Different analysis standards of Delt 4 were analyzed in different field sizes to improve the detection sensitivity of the multileaf collimator position on the basis of 90% throughout rate. In stereotactic body radiation therapy of spinal tumor, the 2.0 mm/2.0% standard can reveal the dosimetric differences caused by the minor multileaf collimator position compared with the 3.0 mm/3.0% statistical standard. However, some position derivations of the misalignments that caused high dose amount to the spinal cord cannot be detected. However, some misalignments were not detected when a large number of multileaf collimator were administered into the spinal cord.
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Balog, J. P., T. R. Mackie, D. L. Wenman, M. Glass, G. Fang e D. Pearson. "Multileaf collimator interleaf transmission". Medical Physics 26, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598501.

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Hyer, Daniel E., Laura C. Bennett, Theodore J. Geoghegan, Martin Bues e Blake R. Smith. "Innovations and the Use of Collimators in the Delivery of Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy". International Journal of Particle Therapy 8, n. 1 (1 giugno 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-20-00039.1.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Purpose The development of collimating technologies has become a recent focus in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy to improve the target conformity and healthy tissue sparing through field-specific or energy-layer–specific collimation. Given the growing popularity of collimators for low-energy treatments, the purpose of this work was to summarize the recent literature that has focused on the efficacy of collimators for PBS and highlight the development of clinical and preclinical collimators. Materials and Methods The collimators presented in this work were organized into 3 categories: per-field apertures, multileaf collimators (MLCs), and sliding-bar collimators. For each case, the system design and planning methodologies are summarized and intercompared from their existing literature. Energy-specific collimation is still a new paradigm in PBS and the 2 specific collimators tailored toward PBS are presented including the dynamic collimation system (DCS) and the Mevion Adaptive Aperture. Results Collimation during PBS can improve the target conformity and associated healthy tissue and critical structure avoidance. Between energy-specific collimators and static apertures, static apertures have the poorest dose conformity owing to collimating only the largest projection of a target in the beam's eye view but still provide an improvement over uncollimated treatments. While an external collimator increases secondary neutron production, the benefit of collimating the primary beam appears to outweigh the risk. The greatest benefit has been observed for low- energy treatment sites. Conclusion The consensus from current literature supports the use of external collimators in PBS under certain conditions, namely low-energy treatments or where the nominal spot size is large. While many recent studies paint a supportive picture, it is also important to understand the limitations of collimation in PBS that are specific to each collimator type. The emergence and paradigm of energy-specific collimation holds many promises for PBS proton therapy.
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Smith, A., J. M. Galvin e R. D. Moeller. "Evaluation of multileaf collimator design". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 17 (gennaio 1989): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(89)90802-x.

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Fan, J., S. Hayes, J. Li e C. Ma. "Multileaf Collimator Based Robotic Radiotherapy". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 81, n. 2 (ottobre 2011): S857—S858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1525.

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Gauer, T., F. Cremers, E. Thom, T. Schoenborn e R. Schmidt. "153 Electron beam collimation with an electron multileaf collimator (eMLC)". Radiotherapy and Oncology 76 (settembre 2005): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(05)81129-6.

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Ślosarek, Krzysztof. "Dosimetry for linac with multileaf collimator". Reports of Practical Oncology 2, n. 2 (gennaio 1997): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1428-2267(97)70145-5.

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Pönisch, Falk, Uwe Titt, Stephen F. Kry, Oleg N. Vassiliev e Radhe Mohan. "MCNPX simulation of a multileaf collimator". Medical Physics 33, n. 2 (24 gennaio 2006): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2163833.

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Galvin, James M., Alfred R. Smith e Brian Lally. "Characterization of a multileaf collimator system". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 25, n. 2 (gennaio 1993): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(93)90339-w.

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Tesi sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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Greer, Peter Brian. "A dual assembly multileaf collimator for radiotherapy". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg81659.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 241-250. A multileaf collimator for radiation therapy has been designed that splits each leaf bank into two vertically displaced assemblies or levels with each level consisting of alternate leaves and leaf spaces. The radiation profiles transmitted for image formation through the collimator design were investigated to examine their dependence on the collimator design features.
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Örn, Rafaela. "Measurement and modeling of the Multileaf collimator MLCi2". Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254434.

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Williams, Matthew John Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Investigations into static multileaf collimator based intensity modulated radiotherapy". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20577.

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Abstract (sommario):
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is a modern radiotherapy treatment technique used to obtain highly conformal dose distributions. The delivery of IMRT is commonly achieved through the use of a multileaf collimator (MLC). One of the hindrances at present to the widespread use of IMRT is the increased time required for its planning, delivery and verification. In this thesis one particular method of MLC based IMRT, known as Static Multileaf Collimator based IMRT (SMLC-IMRT), has been studied along with methods for improving it???s delivery efficiency. The properties of an MLC commonly used in SMLC-IMRT have been characterised. The potential ramifications of these properties on the dosimetric accuracy of the delivered IMRT field were also investigated. An Interactive Leaf Sequencing (ILS) program was developed that allowed for the manipulation and processing of intensity maps using a variety of methods. The objective of each method was to improve the delivery efficiency whilst maintaining the dosimetric quality of the IMRT treatment. The different methods investigated were collimator angle optimisation, filtration, and intensity level optimisation. The collimator was optimised by identifying the angle at which the minimum monitor unit???s (MU???s) were required when using a sliding-window delivery method. A Savitzky-Golay filter was applied to random intensity maps and suitable filtration parameters identified for filtering clinical IMRT fields, and the intensity levels were optimised based on a deviation threshold. The deviation threshold identified the acceptable level of difference tolerable between the original and modified intensity map. Several IMRT cases were investigated and the impact of each the methods on MU???s, segments and dose distribution observed. As the complexity of IMRT fields increases the dosimetric impact of the MLC properties increases. Complex SMLC-IMRT fields require longer delivery times due to the increased number of MU???s and segments. Collimator optimisation was shown to be a fast and effective means of improving delivery efficiency with negligible dosimetric change to the optimised plan. Modifying intensity maps by applying a filter and optimising the intensity levels did reduce the complexity and improve the delivery efficiency, but also required a dosimetric compromise of the optimised plan.
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Gélinas, Dominic. "Commissioning a dynamic multileaf collimator on a linear accelerator". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0023/MQ50775.pdf.

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Krauß, Andreas [Verfasser], e Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Oelfke. "Compensation of intra-fractional organ motion through multileaf collimator tracking / Andreas Krauß ; Betreuer: Uwe Oelfke". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1179783794/34.

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Inokuchi, Haruo. "Clinical effect of multileaf collimator width on the incidence of late rectal bleeding after high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate carcinoma". Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215942.

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Moreno, Miriam Zarza. "Monte Carlo simulations for dosimetric verification in photon and electron beam radiotherapy". Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7835.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Biomédica
One of the primary requirements for successful radiotherapy treatments is the accurate calculation of dose distributions in the treatment planning process. Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms are currently recognized as the most accurate method to meet this requirement and to increase even further dose accuracy. The improvements in computer processor technology and the development of variance reduction techniques for calculations have led to the recent implementation and use of MC algorithms for radiotherapy treatment planning at many clinical departments. The work conducting to the present thesis consists of several dosimetric studies which demonstrate the potential use of MC dose calculations as a robust tool of dose verification in two different fields of external radiotherapy: electron and photon beam radiotherapy. The first purpose of these studies is to evaluate dose distributions in challenging situations where conventional dose calculation algorithms have shown some limitations and it is very difficult to measure using typical clinical dosimetric procedures, namely in regions containing tissue inhomogeneities, such as air cavities and bones, and in superficial regions. A second goal of the present work is to use MC simulations to provide a detailed characterization of photon beams collimated by a multileaf collimator (MLC) in order to assess the dosimetric influences of these devices for the MC modeling of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) plans. Detailed MC model of a Varian 2100 C/D linear accelerator and the Millenium MLC incorporated in the treatment head is accurately verified against measurements performed with ionization chambers and radiographic films. Finally, it is also an aim of this thesis to make a contribution for solving one of the current problems associated with the implementation and use of the MC method for radiotherapy treatment planning, namely the clinical impact of converting dose-to-medium to dose-to-water in treatment planning and dosimetric evaluation. For this purpose, prostate IMRT plans previously generated by a conventional dose algorithm are validated with the MC method using an alternative method, which involves the use of non-standard CT conversion ramps to create CT-based simulation phantoms.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia; Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa
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Rice, Brandon. "Methods for producing off-axis ratio tables from mini-multileaf collimator shaped circular fields for input into a stereotactic radiosurgery treatment planning system". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010840.

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Barker, Jennifer. "A comparison study of multileaf and micro-multileaf collimators /". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31188.

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Abstract (sommario):
The dosimetric characteristics of a standard Varian 52-leaf multileaf collimator (MLC) and BrainLAB m3 micro-multileaf collimator (micro-MLC) have been investigated for square, rectangular, and irregular fields for 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams provided by a Varian Clinac 2300 C/D linear accelerator (linac). The percentage depth dose data and the conventional collimator factor are unaffected by the addition of MLC or micro-MLC shaped field unless, in the latter case, the tertiary field is much less than the jaw setting. However, relative dose factors for a given MLC or micro-MLC field size depend on the jaw setting. The penumbra is generally sharpest for fields defined by the micro-MLC and the least sharp for fields defined by the MLC. Average transmission values were found to be between 1.5% and 2.5%. Comparison and evaluation of two treatments, one delivered using the MLC and the other using the micro-MLC, for the same radiosurgical target volume are described.
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Kamath, Srijit. "Algorithms for sequencing multileaf collimators". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011548.

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Libri sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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Böhler, Andreas. Collimator-Based Tracking with an Add-On Multileaf Collimator. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10658-4.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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Böhler, Andreas. "Literature Overview". In Collimator-Based Tracking with an Add-On Multileaf Collimator, 5–13. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10658-4_1.

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Böhler, Andreas. "Materials & Methods". In Collimator-Based Tracking with an Add-On Multileaf Collimator, 15–35. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10658-4_2.

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Böhler, Andreas. "Results". In Collimator-Based Tracking with an Add-On Multileaf Collimator, 37–44. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10658-4_3.

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Böhler, Andreas. "Discussion". In Collimator-Based Tracking with an Add-On Multileaf Collimator, 45–47. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10658-4_4.

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Georg, D., U. Wolff, R. F. E. Hartl, J. Moitzi, U. Haverkamp e R. P�tter. "Commissioning of a Micro-Multileaf Collimator". In Controversies in Neuro-Oncology, 51–63. Basel: KARGER, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000061246.

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González, W., A. M. Lallena e R. Alfonso. "Monte Carlo Simulation of a Micro-multileaf Collimator". In V Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2011 May 16-21, 2011, Habana, Cuba, 1252–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21198-0_318.

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Cambazard, Hadrien, Eoin O’Mahony e Barry O’Sullivan. "Hybrid Methods for the Multileaf Collimator Sequencing Problem". In Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, 56–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13520-0_9.

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Solberg, T. D., R. Fogg, M. T. Selch e A. A. F. De Salles. "Conformal Radiosurgery Using a Dedicated Linac and Micro Multileaf Collimator". In Radiosurgery 1999, 53–63. Basel: KARGER, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000062298.

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Meeks, S. L., F. J. Bova, J. M. Buatti, W. A. Friedman e S. Kim. "Clinical Dosimetry Considerations for a Doubled-Focused Miniature Multileaf Collimator". In Radiosurgery 1999, 83–90. Basel: KARGER, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000062302.

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Hamacher, Horst W., e Frank Lenzen. "A mixed integer programming approach to the multileaf collimator problem". In The Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, 210–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59758-9_78.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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Zhou, Jie, Chaohui Zhang, Dong Zhou e Hui Zhang. "Multileaf collimator for radiation therapy". In International Conference on Medical Engineering and Bioinformatics. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meb140521.

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Harasimowicz, Janusz, Grzegorz Plebański e Krzysztof Sajna. "Multileaf collimator for Coline medical accelerators". In SPIE Proceedings, a cura di Ryszard S. Romaniuk. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.784726.

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Farr, J. B. "A multileaf collimator for neutron radiation therapy". In CYCLOCTRONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 2001: Sixteenth International Conference. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1435224.

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Janiszewska, Marzena, Dorota Dupla e Grzegorz Nowakowski. "Application of multileaf collimator in breast cancer radiation techniques". In SPIE Proceedings, a cura di Antoni Nowakowski e Bogdan B. Kosmowski. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.577930.

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Jing, Jia, Ruifen Cao, Xi Pei, Yican Wu, Guoli Li e Hui Lin. "Optimization of Multileaf Collimator Leaf Sequences Based on Multiple Algorithms". In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5514734.

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Wu, Q. Jackie, Zhiheng Wang e Claudio H. Sibata. "Improving spatial resolution of multileaf-collimator-defined radiation treatment field". In Medical Imaging 2001, a cura di Seong K. Mun. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.428112.

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Dan Ruan e Paul Keall. "Dynamic multileaf collimator control for motion adaptive radiotherapy: An optimization approach". In 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peam.2011.6135024.

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Kulik, Carine, Maximilien Vermandel, Jean Rousseau, D. Gibon e Salah Maouche. "Gamma knife, stereotactic linac radiosurgery, and micro multileaf collimator optimized treatment plan comparison". In Medical Imaging 2002, a cura di Seong K. Mun. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.466913.

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Witten, Matthew R., e Owen C. Clancey. "A mimetic algorithm for simultaneous multileaf collimator aperture shape and dosimetric optimization in CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery". In 2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cec.2015.7257077.

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Juste, B., R. Miro, J. M. Campayo, S. Diez e G. Verdu. "Nuclear MCNP simulation of the photoneutron dose contribution in linac radiotherapy treatments with multileaf collimation systems". In 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2011 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2011.6154622.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Multileaf collimator"

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McKenna, W. G. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441861.

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McDonough, James, Chris Ainsley, Steven Avery, Derek Dolney, James Durgin, Richard Maughan, James Metz, Zelig Tochner, Arnaud Belard e Yu Chen. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada572209.

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Tochner, Zelig, Chris Ainsley, Maura Kirk, Derek Dolney, James McDonough e Neha Vapiwala. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, novembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601961.

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McDonough, James. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573177.

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McDonough, James, Steven Avery, Peter Bloch, Dickson Goulart, Mark Ingram, Richard Maugham, James Metz, Joshua Scheuermann, Zelig Tochner e Arnaud Belard. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573178.

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6

McKenna, W. G. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada551932.

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7

Tochner, Zelig, James McDonough, Derek Dolney, Neha Vapiwala e Ramesh Rengan. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Radiotherapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574243.

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8

Song, Yulin, e Steve B. Jiang. A Multileaf Collimator for Modulated Electron Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, aprile 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada405423.

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Boyer, Arthur, Peter Biggs, James Galvin, Eric Klein, Thomas LoSasso, Daniel Low, Katherine Mah e Cedric Yu. Basic Applications of Multileaf Collimators. AAPM, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.37206/71.

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