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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Movement disorders in children"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 4 marzo 2023

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1

Kiessling, Louise S., Ann C. Marcotte e Larry Culpepper. "Antineuronal Antibodies in Movement Disorders". Pediatrics 92, n. 1 (1 luglio 1993): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.1.39.

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Objective. To determine whether children with recent onset of movement disorders (Tourette syndrome, motor and/or vocal tics, chorea, choreiform movements) show evidence of serological antibodies directed against the human central nervous system as previously documented in research on Sydenham's chorea. Methods. Serum antibodies against previously frozen human caudate nucleus sections were analyzed using a blinded design and immunofluorescent staining methods. The sera of one group of 50 children referred for evaluation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, behavior disorders, and learning disabilities (24 with an associated movement disorder) seen between June 1989 and June 1990 were analyzed. The study was replicated in 33 children (21 with an associated movement disorder) seen between June 1990 and November 1990. Results. In the original sample of 50 children, those with movement disorders were significantly more likely to have evidence of antineuronal antibodies than were those without movement disorders (odds ratio [OR] 4.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58 to 8.93). Results of the replication were similar (OR 6.00, 95% CI 2.56 to 14.03). For the total group, the OR was 5.50, (95% CI 3.54 to 8.99), which is highly significant. The percentage of children with a movement disorder whose sera were strongly positive for antineuronal antibodies (44%) was very similar to that previously found in children with Sydenham's chorea (46%). Children with movement disorders were also more likely than children without movement disorders to have at least one antistreptococcal titer elevated. Conclusions. The data strongly suggest an association between antecedent group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection as inferred from elevated antistreptococcal titers and the presence of serum antineuronal antibodies, which may, in turn, be linked to childhood movement disorders.

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2

Schlaggar, B. L., e J. W. Mink. "Movement Disorders in Children". Pediatrics in Review 24, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2003): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24-2-39.

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Jain, Rahul, Sanjay Pandey e Sanjay Raghav. "Movement Disorders in Children". Indian Pediatrics 58, n. 9 (20 maggio 2021): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-021-2310-7.

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4

Schlaggar, Bradley L., e Jonathan W. Mink. "Movement Disorders in Children". Pediatrics In Review 24, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2003): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24.2.39.

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5

Pearson, Toni S., e Roser Pons. "Movement Disorders in Children". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 25, n. 4 (agosto 2019): 1099–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000000756.

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6

Macias, Michelle M. "Movement Disorders in Children". Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 23, n. 6 (dicembre 2002): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200212000-00014.

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7

Butler, Ian J. "Movement Disorders of Children". Pediatric Clinics of North America 39, n. 4 (agosto 1992): 727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38373-0.

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8

Wilson, Rujuta B., e Adrienne M. Keener. "Movement Disorders in Children". Advances in Pediatrics 65, n. 1 (agosto 2018): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.010.

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9

Choudhury, Sujitnath. "MOVEMENT DISORDERS IN CHILDREN". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 5, n. 07 (25 gennaio 2016): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2016/74.

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10

Faust, Jessica, e Teesta B. Soman. "Psychogenic Movement Disorders in Children". Journal of Child Neurology 27, n. 5 (2 dicembre 2011): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073811422753.

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11

Goraya, Jatinder Singh. "Acute Movement Disorders in Children". Journal of Child Neurology 30, n. 4 (7 ottobre 2014): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073814550828.

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12

Grattan-Smith, P. "Psychogenic Movement Disorders in Children". Journal of Pediatric Neurology 13, n. 04 (3 settembre 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1558864.

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13

Stredny, Coral M., e Jeff L. Waugh. "Autoimmune Movement Disorders in Children". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 25 (aprile 2018): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.006.

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14

Kirsch, Douglas B., e Jonathan W. Mink. "Psychogenic movement disorders in children". Pediatric Neurology 30, n. 1 (gennaio 2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2003.07.001.

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15

Fernández-Alvarez, E. "Transient movement disorders in children". European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 12 (maggio 2008): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70059-x.

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16

Fernandez-Alvarez, Emilio. "Transient movement disorders in children". Journal of Neurology 245, n. 1 (16 dicembre 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050166.

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17

Ferrara, Joseph, e Joseph Jankovic. "Psychogenic movement disorders in children". Movement Disorders 23, n. 13 (15 ottobre 2008): 1875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22220.

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18

Thompson, Todd P., Douglas Kondziolka e A. Leland Albright. "Thalamic stimulation for choreiform movement disorders in children". Journal of Neurosurgery 92, n. 4 (aprile 2000): 718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0718.

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Abstract (sommario):

✓ Surgery for movement disorders is most commonly performed in patients with dyskinesia and tremor associated with Parkinson's disease or in those with essential tremor. The role of ablative surgery or deep brain stimulation in patients with choreiform movements is poorly defined.The authors placed thalamic stimulation systems in two children with disabling choreiform disorders due to intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral palsy. Each patient displayed choreiform movements in the upper extremities both at rest and with intention, which interfered with daily activities and socialization. Both children obtained significant improvement in their choreiform movements, and their upper extremity function improved with no incidence of morbidity. Thalamic stimulation appears to be a promising and nonablative approach for children with choreiform movement disorders.

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O’Malley, Jennifer A. "Diagnosing Common Movement Disorders in Children". CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 28, n. 5 (ottobre 2022): 1476–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000001187.

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20

Gilbert, Donald L. "Drug-induced Movement Disorders in Children". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1142, n. 1 (ottobre 2008): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1444.005.

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21

McMahon, William M., Francis M. Filloux, James C. Ashworth e Jenise Jensen. "Movement disorders in children and adolescents". Neurologic Clinics 20, n. 4 (novembre 2002): 1101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00015-4.

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22

van den Noort, Maurits, Peggy Bosch, Heike Staudte, Sujung Yeo e Sabina Lim. "Management of movement disorders in children". Lancet Neurology 15, n. 13 (dicembre 2016): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30286-1.

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Rodnitzky, Robert L. "Drug-induced movement disorders in children". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 10, n. 1 (marzo 2003): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1071-9091(02)00013-x.

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24

Leonard, Chuck, e Suzanne Campbell. "Treatment of Movement Disorders in Children". Neurology Report 16, n. 2 (1992): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01253086-199216020-00015.

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25

Özekmekçi, Sibel, Hulya Apaydin, Burçak Ekinci e Cengiz Yalçinkaya. "Psychogenic movement disorders in two children". Movement Disorders 18, n. 11 (8 settembre 2003): 1395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10539.

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26

Pranzatelli, Michael R. "Movement Disorders in Childhood". Pediatrics In Review 17, n. 11 (1 novembre 1996): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.17.11.388.

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Clinical Aspects Dyskinesias are abnormal involuntary movements. The common dyskinesias include tics, chorea, tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, and hyperactivity (Table 1). Several other less common dyskinesias also are important to recognize. The diagnosis of the type of movement disorder is clinical. When the movements are episodic and not seen by the pediatrician, obtaining a home videotape is recommended. Most patients who have movement disorders, with the exception of tic disorders, should be referred to a neurologist, but it is important for the pediatrician to be able to identify them and to be informed on issues relevant to management. THE MOST COMMON DYSKINESIAS Tic disorders include motor (myoclonic and dystonic), vocal (phonic), and sensory tics. Tics may be simple or complex (Table 2). Myoclonic tics are jerks; dystonic tics are postures. Children who have vocal tics such as throat clearing, coughing, or sniffing may be referred to allergists or ear, nose, and throat specialists before the correct diagnosis is made. Sensory tics are peculiar sensations. Tics are increased by stress, decreased by activities that require concentration, exhibit a fluctuating pattern, and are less noticeable during sleep. The patient can suppress the movements or vocalizations voluntarily for minutes or hours, but then is unable to control the movements or the vocalizations.

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Sharon, Denise, Arthur Scott Walters e Narong Simakajornboon. "Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children". Journal of Child Science 09, n. 01 (gennaio 2019): e38-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678661.

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Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) have been studied more than any other sleep-related movement disorder in the pediatric population. A common feature to both, periodic limb movements, occurs in many other disorders and also in reportedly healthy children and adolescents. In this review, we discuss the different types of limb movements as it pertains to pediatric RLS and PLMD and provides an update on these disorders. Methods A literature search was performed with the following inclusion criteria: English publication, limb movements, leg movements, periodic limb movements of sleep, periodic limb movements during wake, PLMD, RLS, with each of the modifiers, children, pediatric, and adolescents. Identified publications were reviewed and their reference lists were searched for additional relevant publications. Results A total of 102 references were included in this review. These included epidemiological studies, prospective and retrospective studies, case series, observational data, reviews, and consensus guidelines. A critical summary of these findings is presented. Conclusion The limited evidence-based data support the importance of evaluating limb movements in the context of the clinical symptomatology presented by the child or the adolescent. Further research is needed to (1) better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in periodic limb movements as encountered in the pediatric PLMD or RLS patient and their impact on the overall health and well-being, (2) develop objective diagnostic criteria for RLS and differentiate it from its “mimics” in the pediatric population, and (3) establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment.

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Kuzenkova, Lyudmila M., Anastasiya A. Lyalina, Olga I. Zyryanova, Mariya A. Yarosh, Ilya V. Kanivets e Kirill V. Savostyanov. "A clinical case of a developmental disorder of the nervous system with involuntary movements associated with the spectrum of GNAO1-associated diseases". L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal 3, n. 4 (15 gennaio 2023): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2022-3-4-178-184.

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Nervous Developmental Disorder with Involuntary Movements (NEDIM) (OMIM 617493) is a rare movement disorder in children on the spectrum of GNAO1-associated movement disorders. With NEDIM, movement disorders appear in early childhood, progress and lead to disability. The disease is caused by pathogenic heterozygous variants in the GNAO1 gene and has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The epidemiology of NEDIM has not yet been established. Clinical symptoms are extensive, ranging from severe motor and cognitive impairment with self-injurious behaviour and seizures to a mild phenotype of movement disorders without mental retardation and seizures. Some patients develop epilepsy. Hyperkinetic syndrome in most children is manifested with chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and ballism, affecting the muscles of the body, limbs and face. According to MRI, in some patients, gradually progressive atrophy of the brain substance is visualized. Currently, the disease has no developed pathogenetic methods of therapy. Treatment is symptomatic, including various drug regimens to reduce the severity of movement disorders and seizures. Management of nutrition of the patient and the prevention of secondary complications of movement disorders are also important. In foreign sources there is described the experience of using topiramate and teterabenazine, as well as deep brain stimulation (DBS), which demonstrate a good effect in the form of a significant reduction in the frequency of dystonic storms and the severity of motor disorders. The article presents a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of a child with this disease, and also current trends in therapy.

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Parameshwarappa, Navya N., Vykuntaraju K. Gowda e Sanjay K. Shivappa. "Childhood movement disorders: Clinicoetiological pattern and long-term follow-up at tertiary care center from South India". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 14 (22 ottobre 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jnrp_17_2022.

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Objectives: Movement disorders are common neurological problems. There is a considerable delay in the diagnosis of movement disorders which indirectly indicates their under-recognition. The studies regarding relative frequencies and their underlying etiology are limited. Describing and classifying them with a diagnosis helps in treating the condition. To study the clinical pattern of various movement disorders in children and to establish their etiology and outcome. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in tertiary care hospital from January 2018 to June 2019. Children from 2 mo. to 18 years of age presenting with involuntary movements on the first Monday of every week were included in the study. History and clinical examination were carried out with a pre-designed proforma. A diagnostic workup was done, results were analyzed to find the common movement disorders and their etiology, and follow-up was analyzed for 3 years. Results: A total of 100 cases out of 158 with known etiology were included in the study of which 52% were females and 48% were males. The mean age at presentation was 3.15 years. The various movement disorders are dystonia-39(39%), choreoathetosis-29(29%), tremors-22(22%), gratification reaction-7(7%), and shuddering attacks-4(4%). Ballismus and myoclonus were found in 3(3%) children each. Tics, stereotypes, and hypokinesia were found in 2(2%) children each. A total of 113 movement disorders were found in 100 children. Etiologically, perinatal insult was the most common cause 27(27%), followed by metabolic/genetic/hereditary causes 25(25%). Infantile tremor syndrome due to Vitamin B12 deficiency-16/22(73%), was a major contributor in children with tremors. Rheumatic chorea was less in our study 5(5%). Out of the 100 study subjects, 72 cases were followed up. Out of which 26 children have completely recovered. Based on the modified Rankins score(MRS), 7 children belong to category I, 2 children belong to category II, 1 child to category III, 6 children to category IV, and 14 children to category V of MRS. A total of 16 children have died (MRS VI). Conclusion: Perinatal insult and Infantile tremor syndrome are more important and preventable causes. Rheumatic chorea is found to be less common. A significant number of children had more than one type of movement disorder, which warrants the need to look for varied types of movement disorders in the same child. Long-term follow-up shows complete recovery in one-fourth of children and the remaining surviving with disability.

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Garone, Giacomo, Federica Graziola, Melissa Grasso e Alessandro Capuano. "Acute Movement Disorders in Childhood". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, n. 12 (17 giugno 2021): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122671.

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Acute-onset movement disorders (MDs) are an increasingly recognized neurological emergency in both adults and children. The spectrum of possible causes is wide, and diagnostic work-up is challenging. In their acute presentation, MDs may represent the prominent symptom or an important diagnostic clue in a broader constellation of neurological and extraneurological signs. The diagnostic approach relies on the definition of the overall clinical syndrome and on the recognition of the prominent MD phenomenology. The recognition of the underlying disorder is crucial since many causes are treatable. In this review, we summarize common and uncommon causes of acute-onset movement disorders, focusing on clinical presentation and appropriate diagnostic investigations. Both acquired (immune-mediated, infectious, vascular, toxic, metabolic) and genetic disorders causing acute MDs are reviewed, in order to provide a useful clinician’s guide to this expanding field of pediatric neurology.

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Romero, Ana Carla Leite, Mariana Banzato Stenico, Letícia Sampaio de Oliveira, Eloisa Sartori Franco, Simone Aparecida Capellini e Ana Claudia Figueiredo Frizzo. "Vectoelectronystagmography in children with dyslexia and learning disorder". Revista CEFAC 20, n. 4 (agosto 2018): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216201820412717.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe and compare the results of ocular (saccadic, screening, and optokinetic) tests of vectoelectronystagmography among the groups with dyslexia, learning disorder and control. Methods: 28 male and female students aged 8 to 11 years participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: Group I, 10 students with dyslexia, Group II, 9 students with learning disorders and Group III, 9 students with no learning disorders. In this research, digital vectoelectronystagmography - ocular test - was performed. Results: saccadic movement, optokinetic nystagmus, and pendular tracking tests were found to show subtle differences among the three groups. Comparing the saccadic eye movements and the optokinetic nystagmus tests, it was observed that the movement in the left eye was slower for Group I, and even slower for Group II. It was also observed that GI and GII were slower for the pendular tracking of luminous stimulus in relation to the control group. Conclusion: in general, there are differences among the groups in the vectoelectronystagmography, which indicated slower tracking and vestibulo-ocular reflex in children with dyslexia and learning disorders.

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Ahmed, M. A. S., Adelaida Martinez, Ayeaye Yee, Denise Cahill e Frank M. C. Besag. "Psychogenic and organic movement disorders in children". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50, n. 4 (aprile 2008): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02043.x.

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Resić, J., B. Rešić, M. Tomasović, R. Kuzmanic-Samija, A. Ursic e M. Solak. "Non epileptic paroxysmal movement disorders in children". European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 12 (maggio 2008): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(08)70166-1.

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Pagliano, Emanuela, Giovanni Baranello, Riccardo Masson, Maria Foscan, Maria Teresa Arnoldi, Alessia Marchi, Giorgia Aprile e Chiara Pantaleoni. "Outcome measures for children with movement disorders". European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 22, n. 3 (maggio 2018): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.014.

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Canavese, Carlotta, Claudia Ciano, Federica Zibordi, Giovanna Zorzi, Vanessa Cavallera e Nardo Nardocci. "Phenomenology of psychogenic movement disorders in children". Movement Disorders 27, n. 9 (7 marzo 2012): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.24947.

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Fearon, Conor, e Orna O'Toole. "Autoimmune Movement Disorders". Seminars in Neurology 38, n. 03 (giugno 2018): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660851.

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AbstractAutoimmune movement disorders are rare but potentially treatable entities. They can present with an excess or paucity of movement and may have other associated neurological symptoms. These disorders were originally recognized by their classic clinical presentations and the cancers associated with them. Recent emphasis has been targeted on associated, and sometimes causative, antibodies. Although some disorders have stereotypical presentations, the spectrum of abnormalities reported in association with antibodies is widening. Determining whether antibodies are incidental or pathogenic and, hence, foregoing or commencing immunotherapy treatment can be challenging for practicing neurologists. Physicians often have to make the decision to empirically treat patients while awaiting test results. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials, the ideal immunotherapy treatments and regimens are unknown. Patients with intracellularly targeted antibodies tend to fare less well, while those with extracellularly targeted antibody disorders often respond to treatments reducing antibody production. This review aims to summarize reported adult-onset autoimmune movement disorders to date, and to provide a template for the workup and treatment of suspected disorders. Rarer antibodies that are not yet fully characterized, or reported in a few cases only, will not be covered in detail as these are not likely to be readily commercially available. Childhood disorders will be only be mentioned briefly in the discussion, as there is a separate article in this issue on autoimmune neurologic diseases in children.

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Edgar, Terence S. "Oral Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Movement Disorders". Journal of Child Neurology 18, n. 1_suppl (gennaio 2003): S40—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073803018001s0601.

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Movement disorders, a common problem in children with neurologic impairment, are receiving increasing clinical attention. The differences in movement disorders between adults and children are striking; presentation is frequently insidious and may be characterized by mild hypotonia. The clinical manifestations of extrapyramidal disorders are profoundly influenced by the age of onset. The conditions reviewed in this article are expressed clinically by the occurrence of abnormalities of movement and posture, often in association with disturbances of muscle tone. This article reviews empiric drug use and recommendations for childhood movement disorders. (J Child Neurol 2003;18:S40—S49).

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Subki, Ahmed, Mohammed Alsallum, Majed Alnefaie, Abdulaziz Alkahtani, Sameer Almagamsi, Zaher Alshehri, Rayyan Kinsara e Mohammed Jan. "Pediatric Motor Stereotypies: An Updated Review". Journal of Pediatric Neurology 15, n. 04 (18 aprile 2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602256.

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AbstractMotor stereotypies are repetitive, purposeless movements that cannot be categorized into any of the known pathological movement disorders. They can be “primary,” occurring in normal children as a normal physiological variation or “secondary,” occurring in children with autism, intellectual disability, or other developmental disorders. Observation and videotaping are crucial for excluding seizures and other pathological movement disorders. They usually last for seconds to minutes and can occur spontaneously or be triggered by fatigue, excitement, or stress. Another key feature is the ability to suppress these movements by distraction or sensory stimulation. In this article, we aim to present an updated review of this topic and highlight important diagnostic tips and management pitfalls. Recognition of such movements is critical to prevent unnecessary investigations or treatments.

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Koy, Anne, Jean-Pierre Lin, Terence D. Sanger, Warren A. Marks, Jonathan W. Mink e Lars Timmermann. "Advances in management of movement disorders in children". Lancet Neurology 15, n. 7 (giugno 2016): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00132-0.

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Koy, Anne, Jean-Pierre Lin, Terence D. Sanger, Warren A. Marks, Jonathan W. Mink e Lars Timmermann. "Management of movement disorders in children – Authors’ reply". Lancet Neurology 15, n. 13 (dicembre 2016): 1302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30284-8.

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Bloomfield, Elana R., e Jess P. Shatkin. "Parasomnias and Movement Disorders in Children and Adolescents". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 18, n. 4 (ottobre 2009): 947–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2009.04.010.

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Rodnitzky, Robert L. "Drug-induced movement disorders in children and adolescents". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 4, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.4.1.91.

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Lin, Jean-Pierre. "Advances in pharmacotherapies for movement disorders in children". Current Opinion in Pediatrics 29, n. 6 (dicembre 2017): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mop.0000000000000555.

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Asakawa, Tetsuya, Kenji Sugiyama, Takao Nozaki, Tetsuro Sameshima, Susumu Kobayashi, Liang Wang, Zhen Hong et al. "Current behavioral assessments of movement disorders in children". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 24, n. 10 (24 luglio 2018): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.13036.

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Fernández-Alvarez, Emilio. "Movement disorders in children: Recent advances in management". Indian Journal of Pediatrics 76, n. 5 (maggio 2009): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-009-0138-6.

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46

Bonjardim, Leonardo Rigoldi, Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião, Luciano José Pereira e Paula Midori Castelo. "Mandibular movements in children with and without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders". Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, n. 1 (marzo 2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000100008.

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Abstract (sommario):

This research aimed to evaluate mandibular movements in children with and without signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. The sample taken consisted of 99 children aged 3 to 5 years distributed in two groups: I - Absence of signs and/or symptoms of TMD (25 girls/40 boys); II - Presence of signs and symptoms of TMD (16 girls/18 boys). The symptoms were evaluated through an anamnesis questionnaire answered by the child's parents/caretakers. The clinical signs were evaluated through intra- and extraoral examination. Maximum mouth opening and left/right lateral movements were measured using a digital caliper. The maximum protrusive movement was measured using a millimeter ruler. The means and standard deviations for maximum mouth opening in Group I and Group II were 40.82mm±4.18 and 40.46mm±6.66, respectively. The values found for the left lateral movement were 6.96mm±1.66 for Group I and 6.74mm±1.55 for Group II, while for the right lateral movement they were 6.46mm±1.53 and 6.74mm±1.77. The maximum protrusion movements were 5.67mm±1.76 and 6.12mm±1.92, in Groups I and II, respectively. The mandibular movement ranges neither differed statistically between groups nor between genders. FAPESP Process 96/0714-6.

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Delgado, Mauricio R., e A. Leland Albright. "Movement Disorders in Children: Definitions, Classifications, and Grading Systems". Journal of Child Neurology 18, n. 1_suppl (gennaio 2003): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073803018001s0301.

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Abstract (sommario):

Disorders that affect movement in children are relatively common. However, they have received little attention, especially when compared with epilepsy and neuromuscular disorders. In this review article, we address the major types of movement disorders that affect children, their clinical characteristics and etiologies, and, when available, the scales used to grade them. A discussion on spasticity, which traditionally is not addressed in reviews of “movement disorders,$quotedblright is also included. (J Child Neurol 2003;18:S1—S8).

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48

Golubovic, Spela, Tatjana Tubic e Slavica Markovic. "Psychomotor re-education: Movement as therapeutic method". Medical review 64, n. 1-2 (2011): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1102061g.

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Abstract (sommario):

Introduction. Psychomotor re-education represents a multidimensional therapeutic approach in dealing with children and adults with psychomotor disorders. Therapeutic programs should be based on individual differences, abilities and capabilities, relationships, feelings and individual developmental needs as well as emotional condition of a child. Body and movement as the bases of the treatment. A movement, glance, touch, voice and word, all being an integral part of a process of psychomotor re-education, are used with a purpose of helping children to discover their own body, their feelings, needs, behaviour. When moving, children discover the space of their own bodily nature, and, subsequently, gestural space and objective space. The body represents a source of pleasure and the freedom of movement, as well as one?s own existence, are soon to be discovered. Practical application. An adequate assessment is a precondition to design a work plan, select the best exercises for each child individually and direct the course of therapy. This is the most suitable method for treating children with slow or disharmonious development, mentally challenged children, children with speech and behaviour disorders. It is also used in the treatment of children with dyspraxic difficulties, difficulties in practognostic and gnostic development, pervasive developmental disorder and children with lateral dominance problems. Conclusion. Therefore, a systematic observation seems to be necessary as well as an increased number of research projects aimed at assessing results obtained by exercises in order to get a more precise insight into the process of re-education, selection of exercises, duration period and possible outcomes.

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Chrysoula Moscholouri e Konstantinos Chandolias. "Anxiety management through hippotherapy in children with developmental disorders". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2021): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.1.0031.

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Abstract (sommario):

A large number of children with developmental disorders show symptoms of anxiety compared to children with normal development. High levels of stress weaken relationships with people around these children, thus limiting the social interaction they may have. In addition to having higher anxiety overall, children with developmental disorders also have a higher comorbidity of anxiety with other disorders. Hippotherapy is an intervention, which uses the natural gait and movement of a horse to provide motor, and sensory stimulation. It is a unique treatment strategy for children with disabilities, as it improves movement coordination and posture control. By improving movement, children with disabilities gain confidence and sense of security which helps them to deal with stress.

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Brasić, James R., e Jacqueline Y. Barnett. "Hyperkinesias in a Prepubertal Boy with Autistic Disorder Treated with Haloperidol and Valproic Acid". Psychological Reports 80, n. 1 (febbraio 1997): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.163.

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Abstract (sommario):

A 7-yr.-old Bangladeshi boy with autistic disorder, unspecified mental retardation, asthma, pica, and generalized tonic seizures, presented for hyperactivity, aggression, and disruptive behaviors. He had a history of an elevated blood lead level. He was being treated with haloperidol and valproic acid. He was assessed in an unstimulated state for the occurrence of adventitious movements. He exhibited hand flapping, jumping, running, and spinning as well as other motor and phonic stereotypies typical of autistic disorder. Although the presence of subjective distress and a sensation of inner restlessness could not be ascertained given his cognitive impairments, the objective picture of constant leg movement and inability to sit still was consistent with akathisia. The hyperkinesias may be due to autistic disorder, multiple comorbid conditions, and medications. Further studies with large populations of medicated and unmedicated children with autistic disorder are needed to characterize further the associated movement disorders which may result from neurological disorders and pharmacological treatments.

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