Tesi sul tema "Mouvement de la transition écologique"
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Sussfeld, Frédérique. "Entre expériences, récits et actions la communication du mouvement de la transition écologique traduit-elle un changement d’heuristique?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0069.
The ecological transition is investing the field of environmental communication by mobilising two distinct communicational phenomena, documentary film and transitional civic initiatives revealing attitudes that renew the interconnection between our tradition and the living world. By letting our comprehension of the way species function broaden, the permaculture-inspired ecological transition would allow for another relation to others. In communication sciences, players of the transition movement would be focusing on the present in numerous countries, thus encouraging the creativity of its protagonists based on their abilities and ensuring that daily actions would build the world of tomorrow. Developed by individuals with increased capabilities on environmental issues, inclusive, this cultural movement would rely on different narrative structures composing a communication gathering facts and sensitive experiences. From a corpus of movies that marked a turning point in the field of ecological documentary films, and the observation of a new permaculture-based transition project, the research conducted in information and communication sciences using an inductive and anthropological method prioritises the study of processes set up by the protagonists as well as the narrative processes employed, allowing to access interpersonal and inter-groups communications showing how people integrate notions of culture, performativity and acculturation in their daily lives. In a context where environmental communication calls up notions of fear, catastrophe and anxiety is the communication around the transition movement showing a change in heuristics?
Lepetit, Kevin. "Évaluation biomécanique des capacités musculo-squelettiques lors de la transition assis / debout au moyen d'une centrale inertielle en situation écologique". Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2468/document.
Physical abilities are directly related to healthy aging. Thus, it is essential to be able to estimate them quickly and simply during clinical routines. In this thesis, we focused on the sit-to-stand transition that is already used in geriatrics and that constitutes a movement in everyday life that becomes more complex for people whose physical capacities decrease. The quantification of this movement was proposed using a magneto-inertial measurement unit fixed on the chest. This sensor is small and inexpensive, adapted for ambulatory measurements.First, it was necessary to validate the measurements of the kinematic and the kinetic energy using the inertial unit during the sit-to-stand. This validation was realized on a panel of young and healthy subjects compared to a V icon motion captur using cameras.The second objective was to compare different populations through the quantification of the sit-to-stand. In addition of the healthy young subjects, a group of healthy elderly subjects was included in to study the age effect. A group of frail elderly subjects was also included to investigate the effect of frailty. We proposed the implementation of two composite scores based on the measured parameters. The first is an aging score and the second is a frailty score. Each score was constructed using a principal component analysis. The performance of each score is better than that of any parameter considered independently
Boutin, Suzanne. "Nationalisme et mouvement écologique". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40175.pdf.
Sadoun, Katia. "Du mouvement écologique à l'écologie dans l'entreprise en Allemagne". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10067.
Although the public at large has been aware of the german green movement since the middle of the seventies, interest in nature and above all the existence of associations for the protection of the natural heritage date back to the second half of the 19th century. In a sense the student protests of the sixties and seventies prolonged the pacifist movement of opposition to rearmament of the young federal republic; the protection of the environment was a relatively marginal aspect of the protests. The environmentalist element only began to gain importance at the end of the seventies, when the student movement was disintegrating, confronted by the impasse of the revolution and revelations about the realities in the socialist world. The founding of the green party in the early eighties, concomitant with the increasing number of environmental disasters, is one of the factors which has determined the importance of west germans' concern for the environment. This concern for the environment has today penetrated every area of public life: international, federal and local politics, firms and their representational structures, individual citizens or their associations. German companies have progressed from a defensive attitude to active protection of the environment, compelled by strict legislation, the deterioration of their image after various environmental disasters and increasing pressure from public opinion, amplified by the media. Parallel to this the environment has appeared increasingly as a promising market. Each protagonist is acutely aware of this opportunity and is trying to play a part in it and turn it to his advantage
Hétu, Sébastien. "Approche écologique et multi-modale pour étudier l'observation d'actions". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25407.
During action observation, the perception-action system is responsible for the coupling between the visual and motor representations of observed movement. This coupling induces motor priming effects that could be useful for training the motor system of different clinical populations. This thesis main objective was to test if the effect induced by the observation of simple movements could be obtained during the observation of everyday movements. In order to answer this question, the effect of action observation was studied in healthy subjects using approaches in line with the interests of the rehabilitation domain. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating inter-individual differences in the response to action observation and differences pertaining to the method used to measure this response. Results suggest that the perception-action system is recruited to a greater extend by unfamiliar actions. Our data also indicate that observation of everyday movements can produce anatomically congruent facilitation patterns. Importantly, the magnitude and the pattern of response to action observation greatly vary between individuals. Results also indicate that the facilitation effects can vary depending on the method used to study action observation. Indeed, there seem to be no relation between the behavioral and physiological markers of motor facilitation induced by action observation. Similar to what was shown in studies using simple movements, observing everyday movements can induce a pattern of motor facilitation where the visual representation of the observed movement is associated with its representation in the observer’s motor repertoire. The important inter-individual differences in the effects produced by action observation suggest that some individuals could respond more easily to action observation than others. Hence, identifying patients for whom rehabilitation using action observation could be the most beneficial could ensure a more efficient use of this approach. An important future step in the clinical use of action observation will be the identification of markers that could best predict the clinical improvements produced with action observation.
Krastanova, Radosveta. "Les nouveaux mouvements sociaux : le cas du mouvement écologique en Bulgarie". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOD001/document.
This study examines the Green Movement in Bulgaria (1987-2014) as a typical and specific example of the New Social Movements. It focuses on the interconnection between environmentalism, politics and participation. We present the movement along with its evolution and analyse it on three levels: macro (through its relation to the most important contemporary issues, phenomena and processes); meso (in the national context during the past three generations); and micro (through the prism of individuals and their experience). Our general approach is interdisciplinary, combining qualitative, comparative and quantitative methods. Bulgaria’s green movement is a citizen and political movement of a new type. In the context of the New Social Movements, it is an actor of challenging the status quo; a moral corrective of the power, which implements a genuine ‘citizen environmental politics.’ Secondly, it introduces and fosters New Culture and New Politics based on a novel set of values, practices and behavioural models: one where the individual is essential. Thirdly, it is one of the pillars of Bulgarian civil society, a key factor in democratizing the socio-political life. Last but not least, it is a vehicle of an Eco-humanism originating in the specific environment that gave birth to the citizens’ movements in Eastern Europe under the totalitarian regimes and during the Democratic Transition. It also embodies a specific national attitude towards nature, traditionally stemming from peculiarities of Bulgarian culture
Camachon, Cyril. "Vers une conception écologique de l'apprentissage perceptivo-moteur : L'exemple des déplacements locomoteurs finalisés en réalité virtuelle". Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22091.
Guyot-Phung, Carola. "Comment l’innovation peut contribuer à une dynamique de transition écologique ? : Le cas de l’industrie du recyclage". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX103.
Innovation and public policies can help trigger and monitor sustainability transitions. This implies transformation processes that go beyond mere technological innovation. Such transition dynamics are still to be thoroughly analyzed. We chose to study two innovation cases within the recycling industry. We use the Multilevel Perspective (Geels, 2002, 2011) to shed light upon ongoing processes and dynamics. This literature makes links between three analytical levels: landscape, sociotechnical regime, and sociotechnical niche. The sociotechnical niche is a locus for emerging transformations and a space to shelter innovation development. Concrete projects can appear and strengthen while protected from regime selection. We focus on niche diffusion processes and regime transformation triggered by the niche. We discuss some notions upon empirical analysis and propose to draw a distinction between transition intermediaries and their contributions to the niche-regime link
Munteanu, Anca. "Itinéraire d'un courant politique : le mouvement tunisien Ennahdha". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAD003.
The challenge of this thesis was to present the ideology and the turning points in the history of the Tunisian Islamist movement, Ennahdha, starting from its creation in the late 1960s until 2018. The first part of the thesis focuses on its political commitment. This approach enabled us to distinguish several phases that marked the development of the party: after the clandestine activity at the time of the jama‘a islamiyya and the MTI, some brief moments of semi-legality (in the 1980s) and about twenty years of repression, the leadership of the party has been giving evidence of political pragmatism mostly after 2013. In fact, Ennahdha’s experience indicates that since the revolution the electoral victories have become its major interest. The second part of the thesis highlights that this strategy imposes on the party a constant evolution in the attempt to respond to the political actors’ demands, while keeping its militant base faithful and aiming, at the same time, to attract new members outside the Islamist core. Thus, our research studies the recent reconfigurations of the movement and draws the attention to the limits of these mutations. We emphasize especially on the “restyling” of Ennahdha′s discourse which renew its political and ideological references on the occasion of its tenth congress (in May 2016). Moreover, we resorted to various theories of elites and political transitions, in order to analyse Ennahdha′s political practice after the revolution. Additionally, in a comparative perspective, we examined its history and ideological reconfigurations in contrast with the experience of the occidental communist and Christian democratic parties and the Party of Justice and Development in Morocco. This theoretical framework enabled us to evaluate Ennahdha′s political strategies and its ideological mutations and study how the party operates, how it is structured and how its leaders are selected, in order to determine its degree of democratization, as well as its perspectives on the Tunisian political scene
Giomi, Andrea. "La pensée sonore du corps : Pour une approche écologique à la médiation technologique, au mouvement et à l'interaction sonore". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR2041/document.
During the last years, motion sensing technologies have radically transformed the universe of the artistic practice. This dramatic change has recently inspired new perspectives in scientific research. Music is actually among the most affected domaines by this expressive and epistemological renewal. The interactive relation between mediation technology, movement and sound, seems to be declined into two main modalities : on one hand, movement analysis’ technologies allow to study mutual connections between acoustic phenomenon and sensorimotor system, on the other hand, embodied understanding of musical experience can help to devise an holistic approach to interactive systems conception and development. Given this background scenario, this thesis focuses on how movement’s qualities transformation into sound allows the performer to become aware of physiological and imaginative processes in gesture composition. In this framework, sound feedback-movement relation is analyzed from an ecological point of view. According to this approach, mediation technology seems to elicit an autopoietic process of extension and intensification of corporeality. Especially in the artistic performance, sound interaction offers to performer a new sensorial geography that allows him/her to renew his/her perceptive organization and thereby rethink expressive composition of movement
Fériel, Louis. "Les obligations environnementales en droit des contrats". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0237.
Whether voluntary or required, the obligations that take the environment into consideration in the contracts are on the rise. In this regard and in a context where university research work on the phenomenon of ‘private law greening’ is making remarkable progress, the notion of environmental obligation turns out to be promising. It may actually be seen as a resource of legal intelligibility leading to understanding how a real environmental function of contract law is currently becoming visible. Consequently, how can this notion be defined? How can we provide solid conceptual grounds for it and include it in the field of legal knowledge, more specifically in the contract sector? The approach of this research is first and foremost based on the observation of a strong trend: the evolution of environmental law into ecological transition law. With this in mind, environmental obligations should be perceived as obligations which precisely bring contracts to support the ecological transition. In the first instance, the research developments are aiming to demonstrate the importance of the contribution of contractual freedom to the practical effectiveness of the environmental obligations provided by environmental law. Secondly, the analysis focuses on a contractual strong hand as a way of creating environmental obligations and connecting them to contract law. At the end of the research work, the lineaments of ‘responsible contract law’, decisively focused on the resolution of the societal challenge related to the ecological crisis, are beginning to emerge
Raccary, Bastien. "La transition écologique en chimie analytique : vers une évaluation multicritère basée sur l’analyse du cycle de vie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0223.
In October 2020, a report by the European Commission revealed that 90% of Europeans are concerned about the environmental impacts of chemical products. The increasing public mistrust, worries over diminishing raw materials and energy resources, and escalating environmental pollution have driven the chemistry community to shift from a productivityfocused approach to a vision geared towards sustainability. Analytical chemistry, which lies at the heart of industrial product development, has also embraced this vision through the concept of Green Analytical Chemistry. By adopting the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and using tools to assess the sustainability of analytical methods, analytical chemists seek to reduce their environmental footprint. However, none of these tools quantitatively assess the environmental impacts throughout the entire lifecycle of a method. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a recognized environmental evaluation tool framed by ISO 14040/44 standards, aimed at preventing impacts on three protection areas: ecosystem health, human health, and natural resources. LCA offers a complementary alternative to the previously published tools, though it has never been applied to the field of analytical chemistry. The objective of this thesis is to assess the relevance of LCA compared to the greenness evaluation tools and apply it to the analytical chemistry sector, evaluating the opportunities and limitations of such an approach. Two underlying themes are included in this objective: improving and enabling the quantification of environmental impacts in analytical chemistry and democratizing the LCA approach among analytical chemistry operators through the development of a user-friendly LCA-based tool. Firstly, we examine specific environmental evaluation tools in analytical chemistry by comparing them to an LCA-inspired framework. This study allows us to investigate the elements and calculation methods used by these tools to identify the potential benefits of applying LCA in the sector. Next, we apply LCA to two sample preparations to compare their respective environmental impacts and establish the relevance and feasibility of comparative analysis in analytical chemistry. LCA is then applied to a complete analytical method under two scenarios: a "business-as-usual" scenario with "conventional" analytical parameters observed in laboratories and an "eco-design" scenario incorporating optimized characteristics such as extended instrument lifespans and reduced analysis durations. This study assesses LCA's ability to quantify the influence of laboratory decision-making on its environmental impacts, promoting eco-design practices. Following these two LCAs, we propose a prototype of a multicriteria tool applicable to analytical methods. We present the tool's inputs, outputs, and general structure, while offering potential areas for improvement. Finally, while LCA provides an impact-oriented approach, a risk-based approach is necessary to avoid or better anticipate the effects of potential climate-related hazards. The laboratory is a system, and disruption within it can have repercussions on the entire activity. This risk-based approach is discussed, and clues for further development are proposed
Baudouin, Valentin. "Étude juridique sur les petites et moyennes sociétés commerciales en transition écologique : l'entreprise sobre en contribution à une nouvelle approche de la RSE". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAA003.
Business is an ambiguous idea of freedom, it is as much a vehicule of progress as a risk. The current ecological crisis is leading enterprises to take into account the effects of economic activity on society and environment. Pressured by new social standards, enterprises are led to change their conduct, especially through a societal and environmental responsibility approach. Then, it is the commercial company – the legal entity of the enterprise, not defined by french law – that is questioned in its definition and its social function. This is reflected in the recent reform of the french commercial company contract to consider social and environmental issues. It’s mainly the adoption of voluntary commitments that contributes to a change in the commercial company through the elaboration by private law persons of soft-law, i.e. norms devoid of coercion. As a post-modern law phenomenom, voluntary commitments lead the company to raise its standard behaviour to a higher degree of responsibility than de lege lata law, may succeed to the engagement of its legal liability. Also, the development of the social and solidarity economy’s corporate forms and the emergence of enterprises inspired by foreign models are a first breach in the classical commercial company approach. Noting the inadequacy of CSR and the corporate forms of responsible commercial companies to really take into account environmental issues, it is proposed to conceptualize a « sober enterprise ». A reflection on sobriety, an emerging legal concept, is carried out on the basis of the terminology already present in the legislation. The juridical definition of sobriety and more precisely, what constitutes sober behaviour, must make it possible to provide support for the integration of the environment into the enterprise. Or for the judge, to characterize the legal standard of sober behaviour. Instruments for characterizing sober behaviour are considered through a review of the elements of the commercial company contract (associate, contribution, profit, social purpose and social interest). These developments are raised in a dynamic of change of the the commercial company and should highlight the need to define the enterprise : both on its social function and to reach to satisfy common interests
Steinmetz, Lucille. "Fonctionnement et évaluation des systèmes de productions diversifiés en agriculture biologique : des références pour la transition agro-écologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UCFAC119.
Résumé en anglais : Mixed livestock farming systems, i.e. where two or more animal species are kept on the same farm simultaneously, could potentially enhance system productivity, while limiting the use of external inputs. In lines with the agroecological principles, these farming systems are being developed in organic farming, where benefits come from both species combination and implemented practices. This work aims at describing and understanding farm operation of multi-species livestock systems in organic farming as well as analyzing their multi-performance, i.e., technical, economic, environmental and social performance. Two methodologies have been used to describe the farm operation: i) ecological network analysis that characterize interactions between farm components through fluxes. This method has been applied here for the first time on temperate livestock farms; and (ii) a set of indicators that we proposed to represent the integration level of the different components of the system through agronomic interaction, but also through work organization and sales management. These two methods were implemented on 17 farms, each associating beef cattle with either sheep, pig or poultry in two different regions: Auvergne and Occitanie. Then we used a larger farm network of 96 mixed organic farming systems from six European countries that covered a broader diversity in term of animal combination in order to study farm productive efficiency at three different levels: (i) use of inputs, (ii) use of concentrates, (iii) animal feed vs. human food competition. Farm operation and performance of multi-species livestock system depend not only on the animal species that are being combined, but also on species ratio, as well as on the farming system i.e. grassland-based or integrated crop-livestock. Work organization and sales management were shown to be closely related. Systems productive efficiency is primarily limited by animal concentrate consumption but also by the level of interaction between agricultural productions. Systems efficiency is also related to human related factors explained by the composition and versatility of the working collective. On the methodology side, we suggest to use relative efficiency indicators linked solely to the type of animal production in order to highlight factors of efficient mixed systems resulting from their operation and not from differences in productivity between productions. Finally, results show antagonism that can arise between crop-livestock integration and competition between animal feed and human food, when animals are fed with an excess of cereal produced on-farm at the expense of a good management of pastures. This raises questions about feeding strategies for livestock that are compatible with sustainable food systems
Subashi, Albana. "La tradition coutumière albanaise dans le cadre du mouvement de transition (1990-2007) : La vendetta". Paris, INALCO, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INAL0014.
The Albanian customary code has set up regulations of the life in the Northern moutainous regions and in some areas in the South, during the Ottaman Empire, imposing a social structure based upon family and clan. The Ottoman Empire tolerated the blood feud, it is after an Albanian independent State has been created that blood feud was prosecuted, especially under King Zog's reign. Enver Hoxha's dictatorship led a merciless struggle against the customary code, broadly speaking, and peculiarly against blood feud. Blood feud stayed as embers under the communist ideology ashes. Only after the communist regime collapsed, came back the blood feud. Albania came out of communism as a poor country without reference. Criminality raised, Police and Justice inherited from communism were not prepared for that. Unemployment and poverty resulting from the shock therapy, generated conflicts out of the State capability for control. The 1997 chaos, the institutions collapse and the arming of people pushed for a return back to customary rules. Blood feud spread to valleys and cities, following movement of population to large cities. The seclusion of families fearing to be targets of blood feud remains a problem. Only lately the Albanian State has realised the importance of this problem. The State relied on NGOs for mediation, they were given free hand at such an extent that the situation came out of the State's control. There were some efforts only in judiciary and legislative matters with reinforcing the penal code. Without economic rise, without neither a strong state, neither an efficient Police, nor an equitable and respected Justice, blood feud shall continue again in Albania
El-Samman, Hussein. "Mouvement collectif et alignement de particules à haut moment angulaire étude de noyaux de transition... /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376010327.
Fabre, Virginie. "Réponse démographique des Néandertaliens face aux pressions environnementales du stade isotopique 3 : approche par modélisation écologique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20711/document.
The Neanderthal population lived and thrived in Europe during about 300ky in Middle Pleistocene. The causes of their disappearance about 30ky ago are strongly debated. Among the current hypotheses developed to explain this demographical crisis, competition with Modern humans, climate changes, epidemic diseases or demographical changes have often been evoked. The aim of this thesis was to re-analyse these assumptions and their determinants by using mathematical modelling. Models are used here to synthesize the data obtained by classical paleoanthropological studies and try to understand the complex and unknown phenomenon relative to the dramatic demographic fluctuation observed in Neanderthal populations during OIS3. Classical mathematical models are firstly used to analyse the influence of both demographical parameters and environmental stresses on the Neanderthal population. Next, we created new deterministic models more specified to the Neanderthal population. After checking the relevance of these models, we used them to analyse the demographical crisis of OIS3 and the information given by modelling have been checked with the information supplied by classical paleoanthropological, zooarchaeological and prehistorical studies. Our results allowed us to exclude the assumption of an epidemic disease or a climate change or even a resource competition as a cause of Neanderthal extinction whereas competition in a broad sense and above all demographic change could have led, under specific conditions, to Neanderthal demise. A demographic modification in the Neanderthal population across the time, in terms of fecundity or maturation speed, could be the reason of Neanderthals disappearance
Leriche, Nicolas. "Étude de la Transition Colonnaire-Equiaxe dans les lingots et en coulée continue d’acier et influence du mouvement des grains". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0276/document.
It is possible to distinguish two main types of structures in castings: columnar and equiaxed. The dynamic set up of these structures has a strong impact on other heterogeneities, especially the chemical macrosegregations. Developed at the Institut Jean Lamour, SOLID is a numerical code that accounts for natural convection as well as the germination, growth and transport of equiaxed grains. The purpose of this work is to model the appearance and the growth of the columnar structures coupled with the description of the equiaxed grains. The model can therefore predicts the Columnar-to-Equiaxed (CET) and Equiaxed-to Columnar (ECT) Transitions. The main characteristic of the model is to consider the coupled growth of both structures only in the zone near the tips of the primary columnar dendrites. It is indeed there that the strongest solute gradients are located. The model is verified by comparing it to experiments and other models of the literature. The model is then applied to the case of industrial steel ingots and compared to experimental measurements. The first result is that without taking into account the movement of the equiaxed grain the results for equiaxed grain morphology and for macrosegregation do not agree with the measurements. Next, we find that the phenomenon considered for equiaxed grain formation is decisive for the CET prediction. When heterogeneous volumic nucleation is considered, we were not able to predict the CET correctly. However, when fragmentation at the columnar front is considered – along with a criterion for the onset of fragmentation – the results agree quite well with the experiments. It is also shown that the hot-top of ingots is consequently an important source of equiaxed grains
Thiébaut-Rizzoni, Tabatha. "Amorcer le processus de transition écologique dans la pêche artisanale : apports d'une approche multi-niveaux pour l'implémentation d'un filet de pêche biodégradable". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORIS660.
Fishing is a high-risk activity that is mainly studied in ergonomics in order to optimise safety on board. The current ecological issue pushes to be interested in it in a new way to conceive fishing gears more respectful of the environment. The INdIGO project aims to design a biodegradable fishing net (FPB) that meets this challenge. In this context, the thesis seeks to understand the conditions facilitating the transition from current fishing practices to "more sustainable" practices through the implementation of a FPB. To answer this question, two theoretical fields were mobilised: acceptability (Bobillier Chaumon & Dubois, 2009) and activity theory (Engeström, 1987; Rabardel, 1995). Four studies were conducted. The measurement of acceptability was used to identify the obstacles and levers to the use of an FPB based on a questionnaire on fishermen's representations. The analysis of the fishing activity in situ enabled a detailed understanding of the use of the fishing net, the habits of the operators and the constraints they face. The analysis of the fishing activity system (SAP) highlighted the multiplicity of actors involved in the activity, and revealed opportunities for developing the system. Finally, the analysis of the past evolution of the SAP revealed the favourable and unfavourable conditions for a change in the fishing activity. This work questions the transition of fishing practices at different levels (representations, real activity, system). It contributes to the definition of avenues aimed at developing the fishermen's power to act within the framework of the implementation of a FPB
Costes, Antony. "Une nouvelle approche du cyclisme : la transition assis-danseuse comme prétexte à l'étude de l'optimisation du mouvement". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30402.
The aim of this work has been to deepen the knowledge about the choices spontaneously made by humans in order to realize simple locomotor tasks, with a focus on the pedaling movement. The analysis of the spontaneous transition from the seated to the standing position in cycling was the main topic of this thesis. Little studied in comparison to the walk-run transition, this transition is of interest given the possibilities to constrain the pedaling movement, and because of its abrupt nature making easier the identification of the criteria optimized in the movement. The combination of full-body kinematics, electromyography, inverse dynamics, and the measure of the efforts applied on each of the cyclist's supports on a fully instrumented cycling-ergometer offered a new perspective on the pedaling movement. These methods provide new leads to understand the spontaneous choices made in order to pedal under increasing power-output constraints
Landel, Pauline. "Participation et verrouillage technologique dans la transition écologique en agriculture. Le cas de l'Agriculture de Conservation en France et au Brésil". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0022/document.
Intensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices
Aimé, Serge. "Etude écologique de la transition entre les bioclimats subhumide, semi-aride et aride dans l'étage thermo-méditerranéen du tell oranais (Algérie occidentale)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30081.
Arriaga, Jimenez Alfonsina. "Distribution des coléoptères coprophages (Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae et Aphodiinae) dans les hautes montagnes de la Zone de Transition Mexicaine : analyse écologique et biogéographique". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30018/document.
High mountains' dung beetles fauna was still little studied. Punctual works have been done for some mountains, but a deep and simultaneous analysis that includes several mountains has never been done before, especially with a dual approach, ecological and historical. Mountain ranges are extremely favorable systems to analyze biogeographic influences and ecological interactions in species assemblages. This thesis objective is to describe and analyze the richness and distribution of Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae and Aphodiinae of four volcanoes in the eastern part of the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), located in the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ). Transition zones are remarkable regions where different evolutionary lineages coexist. Sampled mountains are La Malinche, Cofre de PEROTE, Pico de Orizaba and Sierra Negra. These volcanoes are located in the Eastern part of the TMVB. Malinche is separated from the other three mountains which have certain connectivity between them. The importance of our work is based on the fact that it is the first systematic and simultaneous sampling performed at Pico de Orizaba, Sierra Negra and La Malinche, with both an ecological and biogeographic approach. For each mountain, we used three complementary sampling techniques, baited traps with feces, direct collection at each of the stations, and excavation of pocket gopher's burrows, to find the dung beetles associated with their droppings. For each mountain, the sampling was conducted at two altitude levels, one about 2800 meters and another one of about 3400 meters, taking into account both sides of each mountain, windward (wet) and leeward (dry). Sampling was conducted during rainy season (June to August) for three consecutive years (2011-2013). After the collection and identification of beetles, the biogeographic affinities of the dung beetles' communities of each mountain were compared. The differences in composition and abundance showed that the predominant pattern affinities are the Nearctic, Mountain Paleomaerican and Mountain Mesoamerican patterns. Abundance and richness was higher in the middle elevations and in the windward side. Horizontal colonization is predominant in these four volcanoes. Tree new dung beetles' species for science were discovered thanks to this work (one Onthophagus and two Aphodiinae) as well as six phoretic mite new species. In general, montane species have a dispersion following the mountain ranges or the high lands of the High Plateau. Species with a Neotropical affinity were found to have a wider distribution and found instead at the low altitude range. The High Plateau affinity species were found mainly at the leeward side and at the lower altitude range in La Malinche. These results have helped to define the distribution of Nearctic, Montane Paleoamerican and Montane Mesoamerican genera in the SVT, mainly for Aphodiinae. This work provides a solid basis of knowledge of the distribution of this fauna in these four mountains, which had never been studied extensively in Mexico
Duhamel, Sophie. "Les effets développementaux du couplage entre activités et situations de conseil : Analyse d’un dispositif d’échange entre conseillers agricoles accompagnant la transition agro-écologique des agriculteurs". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0022.
The professional development process and everything supporting it in transitional work situations – here, agricultural advisory services –, is the core subject of this thesis. Within their service relationship with farmers, agricultural advisors see their activities and missions evolve as they support the farmers during a transition to agro-ecology. In this context, they question the effectiveness of their advice and the relationship to be built with farmers, since the very purpose of that relationship is expanding, both spatially and temporally, and is activating new agro-systemic reasoning. Therefore, it appears necessary to restore farmer’s central role as the actor and designer of his operating system, rather than considering him as applying the rules laid down by scientific and technical prescribers.The challenge in practical terms is to enable agricultural advisors both to understand what is changing for them and for farmers, and to develop new effective practices in these unfamiliar work situations. Our research question is then: how and under what conditions are peer encounters likely to produce developmental effects in this context of professional transition?We study this question by applying the theoretical framework of professional didactics to a longitudinal analysis of a system of exchange between advisors about their profession. This device alternates between group discussions and practical work in the field. It combines reflexivity and activity, so that the advisors involved analyse the activity/situation coupling, examine the sources of uncertainty, and become aware of the increasing complexity of their work situations. We analyse the developmental effects owing to this device, for both the designer-facilitators, and for the collective and advisors.We thus show how advisors, by identifying the active dimensions of their work situations, learn to manipulate them differently, and succeed in making them “potential development situations” for both farmers and themselves. We also highlight the emerging collective debates on how to mobilize agronomy, through on-going analyses of the coupling of activity and advisory situations, and on-going questions on professional postures and standards.We highlight the contribution of a didactic progressiveness playing on the articulation between collective discussion and practice, and iteratively provoking reflexivity at different organizational levels of activity. We also highlight the resulting professional development for the designer-facilitators.We propose to qualify this device as "didactic intervention" to take into account both the progressiveness of the contents built to support advisors in rethinking their activity, and the adjustments made to create the conditions for collective work on the profession. We then discuss how the didactic intervention, which structures the discussions, opens up new possibilities for action for advisors in different ways, depending on to their trajectories and contexts of action.Finally, we formalize this intervention in order to allow other professionals to understand its principles. We discuss the relevance of this type of didactic intervention and its formalization in order to design a training device that promotes individual and collective professional development in work situations where the activity to be developed is neither defined a priori nor stabilized, but evolves during interaction between peers and with farmers
Majaj, Maha. "L'enseignement de l'arithmétique en France au collège et à la transition collège / lycée". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598426.
Mouhali, Waleed. "Etude d'un écoulement forcé par précession : transition vers la turbulence et applications à l'effet dynamo". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077242.
This thesis is the study of hydrodynamic flow in a cylindrical precession. This study brings together aspects of analytical (non-linear coupling) and experimental (PIV). The results are promising for a dynamo
Feuillastre, Anne Laure. "Le nouveau théâtre espagnol : la résistance politique, culturelle et esthétique d’un mouvement néo-avant-gardiste (1967-1978)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100130.
This Ph. D. thesis tries to reconstruct, under a double perspective, the history of the Spanish New Theatre, an artistic manifestation marginalised from the scenes on its times; the essay considers its extent –on multiple aspects– and its ethic and aesthetic characterisation. Including also censored and unpublished plays, this study intends to revive an innovative scenic and dramatic movement which developed in Spain during the late Francoism and the early Spanish Transition (1967-1978); it was artistically experimental, culturally non-conformist, aesthetically unconventional and politically anti-Francoist. The search for new scenic propositions and solutions provoked the appearance of a new avant-garde at the end of the dictatorship; its productions were incomprehensible within the structural limits of commercial theatre (classic drama, light comedies) or even contemporary Realism’s propositions. The transformation of the dramatic scene implied a progressive awareness of group –marginalised in many ways– and generated the creation of multiple non-Aristotelic forms (sometimes inspired in the European and American avant-gardes); it supposed also new modes of expression based on a creative language, verbal provocation and an extended use of allegory and symbol. These pages propose a reflection about the Spanish New Theatre’s name and very concept, on its socio-cultural and political context –capital for its birth and development– offering a stylistic analysis approach in order to specify the movement’s defining features
Fabre, Adrien. "Is decarbonization achievable? : essays on the economics of the energy transition". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E011.
This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies
Guignard, Brice. "Perception et action en natation : effets de l'environnement aquatique et de la vitesse de mouvement sur la dynamique des coordinations". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR040/document.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the coordination dynamics of expert swimmers as a function of both task (swimming speed) and environmental (fluid flow) constraints manipulation. The intra - and inter-segmental coordination (arms vs. arms and arms vs. legs) are assessed by inertial measurement units positioned on expert swimmers swimming two separated scanning tasks in a flume and in a pool. We investigate the effect of aquatic flow by comparing the upper limb coordination when the swimmers swim at a similar speed in pool and flume, then, the upper limb coordination dynamics during a scanning procedure where speed is increased through eight steps. Finally, the arms vs. legs coordination dynamics and the right/left asymmetry were analyzed.Our findings demonstrate that flume is channeling the emergence of functional expert swimmers’ movement patterns, in particular the decrease of glide phase duration related to the moving body of water. The increase of speed reveals larger implications of the lower limbs in the propulsion. Flume swimming leads to lower coupling strength between oscillators and higher asymmetries in the flume. Our findings thus demonstrated that experts are able to adapt their coordination patterns at different levels (intra-segmental of the upper limbs / inter-limb i.e., arms vs. legs) and by transiting between different patterns according to the constraints encountered. Thus swimmers exhibit both periods of behavioral stability and periods of adaptive flexibility, showing their ability to achieve the task-goal by functional interaction with the aquatic environment
Simon, Patrice. "Ferroélectricité, mouvement des protons et instabilités dans les cristaux du type KH₂PO₄ : étude par réflexion infrarouge". Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE3024.
Roubeix, Vincent. "Transformations biogéochimiques et transfert du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer: le rôle des diatomées planctoniques". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210638.
La construction d’un modèle global du cycle de Si le long du continuum aquatique continent-océan a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la zone de transition fleuve-mer pour le transfert du silicium continental vers les océans. Ce transfert est influencé par les diatomées planctoniques qui fixent le DSi et, en sédimentant, retiennent une partie du silicium continental dans les sédiments des estuaires.
Les modifications des flux de Si continentaux par les diatomées planctoniques dans les estuaires ont été clarifiées par :
1) des expériences sur l’écophysiologie d’une diatomée d’eau douce euryhaline (Cyclotella meneghiniana) particulièrement peu affectée par l’augmentation de salinité subi par le plancton lors de son transport des fleuves à la mer,
2) l’étude de la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) qui constitue la coque externe des diatomées, et notamment l’effet de la salinité et des bactéries sur ce processus de recyclage du DSi,
3) la reconstitution du mélange des eaux et des diatomées dans un estuaire par l’expérimentation (3 espèces de diatomées dans un gradient salin artificiel) et par la construction et l’utilisation d’un modèle de Si dans la zone de mélange estuarienne.
Les résultats soulignent notamment l’importance des variations de salinité, de la turbidité de l’eau, de la nature des diatomées de rivière (sténohalines versus euryhalines) et de la viabilité des cellules sur les transformations et la rétention du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lulovicova, Andrea. "Évaluation environnementale des systèmes alimentaires territoriaux : Apports de l'analyse du cycle de vie territoriale à la construction et à l'évaluation des processus de reterritorialisation durables des systèmes agroalimentaires en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2002.
The current climatic and environmental upheavals deeply impact our society and ecosystems. Food production and consumption play an essential role in these disruptions. The globalized food system, characterized by mass production and consumption and a disconnect between producers and consumers, places significant pressure on territories and their resources. To address this, the reterritorialization of food is emerging as a promising solution for a more sustainable food system. France is at the forefront of this initiative, with the recent development of Territorial Food Projects (Projets Alimentaires Territoriaux, PAT) led by local authorities. These projects aim to promote a local and sustainable food economy while supporting short supply chains. However, despite their potential, the environmental impacts of these initiatives remain understudied. Most current studies compare short and long food supply chains, focusing on transportation-related impacts. Consequently, they do not consider the systemic benefits associated with the development of more sustainable practices within local food systems. To respond to this issue, this thesis adapts the Territorial Life Cycle Assessment (TLCA) methodology to assess local food systems from a systemic and environmental perspective. This adapted methodology is applied to two diverse territories in France and their local food systems: the municipality of Mouans-Sartoux and the Finistere department. Both territories are pioneers in implementing food territorial projects (PAT). The environmental assessment of the two local food systems reveals the extent of both direct and indirect impacts, notably related to imported products and agricultural inputs. The results demonstrate that transportation played a minor role in these impacts. Both local systems heavily depend on imports to feed their inhabitants. The short food supply chains, and consequently their impact, remain limited. The assessment of the impact of the Mouans-Sartoux local food policies demonstrates positive effects since their implementation. An estimated reduction in environmental impact equals approximately 20 % of the entire local food system's impact, particularly in terms of climate change and land use. In Finistere, the prospective analysis highlights the potential benefits of local strategies, particularly in connection with the promotion of agroecological practices. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary work confirms the relevance of life cycle assessment methodologies for local planning and assessment. It equally reveals the potential of local food policies to contribute to the ecological transition
Lancesseur, Nicolas. "Macroeconomic scenarios for employment in the socio-ecological transition". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010043.
The general objective of this dissertation is the ex ante assessment of the economic policy response needed in the European Union to take up the climate change issue. Moreover, we tried to maximise the employment results of these policies. The results of the scenarios designed in this framework, lead us to the following beliefs: (i) to respect the recommendations of the IPCC, which is an absolute necessity, the political reaction needs to be rapid and strong from now. (ii) Despite the intensity of the policy response, the scale of the endeavours is not so exceptional in a historical perspective, while global warming is definitely a historical challenge. (iii) The economic instruments aiming at reducing GHG emissions will result, if they are well calibrated, in a significant better situation of the European labour market. (iv) However it would be very dangerous to wait for climate mitigation policies that could selve also completely the labour market issue, because such policies are unlikely to exist. Indeed, the European labour market currently faces serious difficulties and will face important structural risks in the next decades. It is a good thing if the mitigation policies participate to the solution, but the structural disequilibrium of labour market requires a much larger response from policy makers. One of the policy response scenarios led us to make an empirical investigation to verify the credibility of one modelling choice we made. Then, we developed an original econometric mode! aiming to capture the effect of the preferences change on consumption. We used therefore the Kalman fil ter to estimate this bias of preference changes in a consumption demand system in the framework of a panel data model. Severa! structural changes independent of prices or income motions, such as the rise in environmental, health, and well-being concems, are captured by our estimations. Moreover, the empirical results provided by the mode! confirm that the consumers behaviour changes simulated in the scenario built in the first part, are in a reasonable order of magnitude
Pain, Michel. "Mouvement brownien branchant et autres modèles hiérarchiques en physique statistique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS305.
Branching Brownian motion (BBM) is a particle system, where particles move and reproduce randomly. Firstly, we study precisely the phase transition occuring for this particle system close to its minimum, in the setting of the so-called near-critical case. Then, we describe the universal 1-stable fluctuations appearing in the front of BBM and identify the typical behavior of particles contributing to them. A version of BBM with selection, where particles are killed when going down at a distance larger than L from the highest particle, is also sudied: we see how this selection rule affects the speed of the fastest individuals in the population, when L is large. Thereafter, motivated by temperature chaos in spin glasses, we study the 2-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field, which is a model with an approximative hierarchical structure and properties similar to BBM, and show that, from this perspective, it behaves differently than the Random Energy Model. Finally, the last part of this thesis is dedicated to the Derrida-Retaux model, which is also defined by a hierarchical structure. We introduce a continuous time version of this model and exhibit a family of exactly solvable solutions, which allows us to answer several conjectures stated on the discrete time model
Vardar, Baris Nevzat. "Optimal transition to clean technologies". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E022/document.
This dissertation investigates the economic mechanisms underlying the transition to clean technologies and examines policy approaches to achieve the socially optimal path. It studies various policy measures aiming to deal with climate change, such as adaptation and taxation of non-renewable resources. Furthermore, it examines the policy instruments that target increasing the use of efficient technologies and identifies cases in which the policy reaches its objectives or not. It also analyzes the role of heterogeneity in society on agents' willingness to support a pollution tax. The first chapter studies the energy transition by using an optimal growth model in which non-renewable and renewable natural resources are imperfect substitutes in providing energy services necessary for production. The second chapter studies the role of adaptation policy on the transition to a low carbon economy. lt incorporates adaptation policy into the problem of optimal non-renewable resource extraction with pollution externalities, by focusing on the capital nature of adaptation measures. The third chapter focuses on the problem of adopting new technologies in a micro-economic framework. lt studies the behavior of firms when they face a decision to invest either in a cheap but inefficient production capacity or in an expensive but efficient one, by taking into account the presence of a financial constraint. The fourth and last chapter investigates the distributional impacts of a pollution tax by considering a society in which wealth is distributed heterogeneously among households
Majaj, Maha. "L’enseignement de l’arithmétique en France au collège et à la transition collège / lycée". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10062/document.
In this research, we are interested in a didactic study of the arithmetical contents, where arithmetic refers to elementary theory of numbers. We aimed to study choices of the teaching of arithmetic in France from the early XXth century and to identify institutional constraints for the reintroduction of arithmetic in the secondary education that occurred in the early XXIth and their effects on teaching practices and students’ experiences. First, we lead an epistemological analysis to describe the different mathematical organizations, and definitions that should be chosen for the teaching of arithmetic that we have completed with a review of previous researches in the Anglo-Saxon world on one hand, and in the French works on the other hand. We lead then an institutional analysis of the arithmetic in an ecological perspective to reveal different systems of constraints and conditions that should have an influence on the evolutions of this knowledge during the process of internal didactic transposition, by analyzing the programs and the textbooks in two institutions: Middle school and the fifth year of High school, from the reform of 1902 till 2010, tracking the mathematical organizations and the definitions. Second, we lead a study of the personal relationships of teachers and students regarding the arithmetical concepts involved in fifth year of high school through two questionnaires, including a comparison between teachers’ answers and the answers of their own pupils. A main result of our research is the great instability of the arithmetical content in the French curriculum at Middle school and at the transition from Middle school into High school
Babu, Sujin Nicolai Taco Gimel Jean-Christophe. "Propriétés statiques et dynamiques de sphères dures attractives étude par simulation numérique /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1001.pdf.
Trabelsi, Meriem. "Comment mesurer la performance agroécologique d'une exploitation agricole pour l'accompagner dans son processus de transition?" Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30037/document.
The use of plant protection products enables farmers to maximize economic performance and yields, but in return, the environment and human health can be greatly affected because of their toxicity. There are currently strong calls for farmers to reduce the use of these toxic products for the preservation of the environment and the human health, and it has become urgent to invest in more sustainable models that help reduce these risks. One possible solution is the transition toward agroecological production systems. These new systems must be beneficial economically, socially, and environmentally in terms of human health. There are many tools available, based on a range of indicators, for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems on conventional farm holdings. These methods are little suitable to agroecological farms and do not measure the performance of agroecological transition farms. In this article, we therefore develop a model for the strategic definition, guidance, and assistance for a transition to agroecological practices, capable of assessing performance of this transition and simulating the consequences of possible changes. This model was built by coupling (i) a decision-support tool and a technico-economic simulator with(ii) a conceptual model built from the dynamics of agroecological practices. This tool is currently being tested in the framework of a Compte d’Affectation Spéciale pour le Développement Agricole et Rural (CASDAR) project (CASDAR: project launched in 2013 by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, on the theme Bcollective mobilisation for agroecology,^ http://agriculture.gouv.fr/ Appel-a-projets-CASDAR) using data from farms, most of which are engaged in agroenvironmental process and reducing plant protection treatments since 2008
Mancois, Vincent. "Non-equilibrium long-range phase transition in cold atoms : theory and experiment". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS427.
We study the long-range force arising from the absorption of non-saturating laser beams in a two-dimensional cloud of cold atoms. The force created by the lasers is at- tractive and similar to the usual Newtonian gravity along the beam. The cloud is composed of bosonic strontium 88 cooled and trapped on the intercombination line. Transferring the atoms in a two-dimensional optical dipole trap in a magical wavelength configuration, a canonical non-equilibrium phase transition is expected. Below a critical temperature, self- gravitating particles in two dimensions can collapse, nearly by the same mechanism stars are forming. We observed experimentally transient compressions, a halfway satisfactory result originating from the power limitation of our dipole trap. The second part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical realization a minimal Brownian motor within a system of trapped particles in 2D, similarly to our experimental situation. The phenomenon char- acterizing the Brownian motor is the appearance of a macroscopic current of particles. We have shown that this direct transport of particles is independent of the details of the trapping potential and obtained if and only if two symmetries are jointly broken: By the presence of two heat baths along orthogonal directions together and an anisotropic trap misaligned from the temperature axes
Ntsonde, Joël. "Entre utopie et action collective, comment accompagner la transition des territoires vers l'économie circulaire ? : Le cas de la commande publique dans le secteur de la construction". Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM035.
Circular economy is meeting with growing success in society and appears to be a major lever that can be put to the service of the ecological transition. But paradoxically enough, the current craze around this new model seems more linked to its utopian dimension than to its scientific solidity. This observation raises several questions such as: why are so many actors attracted by a concept that is still unclear? What can management science teach us about this phenomenon? How can circular economy help foster an ecological transition? Until now, academic literature has paid little attention to the utopian dimension of circular economy and its impact in terms of collective action. In order to study this phenomenon, the thesis focuses on the cognitive, organizational and inter-organizational mechanisms that underlie the transition of a territory to circular economy. Using the case of public procurement in the construction sector, we then question the transition studies (Markard et al., 2012) to propose a transition model conceptualizing the mechanisms that can enable economic, social and political actors to support the transition of their local area to circular economy. This model starts from the processes that lead entrepreneurs to design innovations, and then conceptualizes the mechanisms that lead public and private organizations to cooperate with these entrepreneurs, before explaining the mechanisms from which this dynamic of collective action can materialize the transition of a territory
Meyer, Thibault. "La dégradation des acides hydroxycinnamiques comme signal de perception de la plante : régulation et rôle dans l’écologie d’Agrobacterium fabrum". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1101.
Agrobacterium establish long term interactions with plants, either in a rhizosphere or pathogenic lifestyle. Pathogenic agrobacteria are causing the crown gall disease by genetically modifying the plant cells host, thus creating a specific ecological niche (tumor). The transition from the rhizosphere to the pathogenic lifestyle is triggered by bacterial perception of plant-derived signals, including hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) such as ferulic acid. However, A. fabrum strains have species-specific genes that allow HCAs degradation.We hypothesized that in A. fabrum, the degradation of the HCAs is perceived as a plant signal which influences important functions involved in the interaction with plants. We characterized the regulation of HCAs degradation, evaluated its role in the fitness of A. fabrum, and suggested its importance for the transition between the rhizosphere and pathogenic lifestyles. Then, we showed that the degradation of HCAs modulates carbon metabolism, such as the use of amino acids and sugars belonging to the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). We have demonstrated that besides these sugars, the MelB protein allows the import melibiose and galactinol. Their use is important for plant colonization, since seed germination. The analyzes of gene expression and bacterial metabolism in the presence of a plant signal compound, revealed new determinants important for A. fabrum ecology, including transcription factors. In addition, it confirmed the importance of cellular exchanges and bacterial competition for Agrobacterium fitness in planta
Grégoire, Guillaume. "Comportements collectifs d'animaux et physique hors-équilibre". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077091.
Berry, Audrey. "Essais sur la précarité énergétique : mesures multidimensionnelles et impacts de la fiscalité carbone". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH044/document.
This thesis explores two questions about fuel poverty in France: What indicator(s) should be adopted to quantify fuel poverty and capture its multiple dimensions? To what extent does ecological taxation amplify the phenomenon or, on the contrary, provides an opportunity to fight it?A first chapter introduces the social and economic issues of fuel poverty in France, as well as the challenges this phenomenon raises for public actors in the context of an ecological transition (chapter 1). Then the thesis is divided into two main parts.The first part deals with the measurement of fuel poverty. I start by highlighting the current debates on the measurement of fuel poverty and the limitations of existing approaches (chapter 2). Next, I explore the transport dimension of fuel poverty and I propose a composite index of the various factors that constrain household mobility and their possibilities to adapt to higher fuel prices. This index identifies three levels of exposure to rising fuel prices: precariousness, vulnerability and dependence (chapter 3). I then continue studying the design of a multidimensional index of energy poverty and I seek to uncover its political implications. Two indices are developed: one for housing and one for transport. I show how these new indices, through addressing the cumulative factors that disadvantage households in terms of energy, can help limit the inclusion and exclusion errorsfrom which conventional approaches suffer. Quantification in the French context brings new insights on the targeting of policy responses and emphasizes the need to address the non-monetary dimensions of fuel poverty (chapter 4). The second part studies the distributive impacts of carbon taxation. Based on a review of literature, I discuss the methodological issues and the modelling choices to represent the distribution of impacts (chapter 5). I then develop a microsimulation model to assess the impact of the French carbon tax on households. This model simulates, for a representative sample of the French population, the taxes levied on their energy consumption in housing and transport. I use this model to quantify the impact of the carbon tax on inequality and fuel poverty. Finally, I explore different scenarios of redistribution of carbon tax revenues to households, with the objective to correct the found inequities - in particular, to compensate for the regressivity of the carbon tax and to reduce fuel poverty. I evaluate the cost of these measures in respect to the amount of carbon tax revenues (chapter 6)
Andrieu, Cyril. "Rôle de MMP14/MT1-MMP au cours de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse et de la migration des crêtes neurales dans l'embryon de poulet". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30321/document.
Cell migration is an essential event during embryonic development, immunity and wound healing. Furthermore, the activation of migration program in non-physiologic conditions can have side effects. For example, cell migration promotes invasion of primary tumor cells in new territories and the formation of secondary tumors or metastasis. When an epithelial tissue initiates migration, epithelial cells need to gain mesenchymal attributes. To this end, they decrease their cell-cell adhesions, loss their apico-basal polarity, reorder their cytoskeleton, change their matrix adhesions and modify the matrix composition and organization. This event is named epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The family of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) is known to reshape the matrix. MMP family is composed of 25 members which are secreted or linked to the membrane. One of the membrane-bound MMP is MMP14 or MT1-MMP. MMP14 is known to promote physiological and pathologic cell migration by inducing degradation of numerous matrix components. MMP14 cleaves also non-matrix proteins which are secreted or membrane-bound. Moreover, MMP14 can act independently of its catalytic activity for example in the regulation of small GTPases, signaling pathway and in gene expression control. However, the vast majority of MMP14 related studies were conducted in vitro or ex vivo and it is not clear whether some of its functions occur in vivo. More specifically, MMP14's putative functions in EMT and migration are still ill-defined. We propose to use the Neural Crest (NC) of chick embryo as model to study MMP14 during in vivo EMT and migration. NC is an embryonic cell population located in the dorsal part of the neural tube. NC cells realize an EMT to leave the neural tube before performing a long-distance migration and producing a myriad of cell types as neurons, bones and cartilages of the face and pigment cells. NC cells are divided in two populations, the cephalic NC in embryo's head and the trunk NC in the posterior part. The cephalic NC perform a fast and massive EMT while the trunk NC's EMT is slower and continuous. Although the EMT are different, they conserve common characteristics with a decrease of cell junctions, a loss of the apico-basal polarity, a change of matrix adherence and a rearrangement of the matrix. One particularity of trunk NC is the epithelium basal position of the nucleus just prior their exit from the neural tube. Many MMP14's substrates are found during NC EMT and migration and a study suggested by PCR that chick cephalic NC express MMP14 mRNA. The goal of this thesis is to explore the function of MMP14 during chick NC EMT and migration. Our results show that MMP14 is expressed by the two populations of NC during EMT and migration. Moreover, MMP14 cell localization changes from apical to basal during EMT. Loss of function experiments show that MMP14 is needed for NC EMT. Our rescues with various MMP14 versions indicate that: 1/ the cytoplasmic domain is not essential, 2/ the extracellular domain is needed and 3/ the catalytic activity is not required for EMT. MMP14 is involved in the control of cell junctions by a switch between cadherin-6B and cadherin-7 but not in the remodeling of the matrix during NC EMT. We have also showed that MMP14 is necessary for the change of cell polarity during EMT. Furthermore, we have showed that MMP14 is needed for the formation of matrix adherence. In conclusion, our study shows that MMP14 is involved in NC EMT and migration and that NC are a good model to investigate MMP14 function in vivo
Matheron, Corine. "Des productions artistiques et culturelles pour protéger la nature ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030009.
Environmental art has long been implicitly associated with nature conservation. Climate breakdown has recently brought an increase in the use of art to help facilitate the ecologic transition. Starting from the analysis of cultural projects and artwork aimed at the protection of nature, this thesis seeks to inquire about the terms of dialogue between artists, professionals in the cultural sector, environment scientists, and ecologists who become involved in various projects in our regions. The cross-fertilisation of outlooks in search of appropriate actions seems to be necessary in order to make relevant choices between artistic or cultural actions.The effectiveness of resorting to art and culture in support of nature conservation is nevertheless undermined, not only by the inherent weakness of the multi-sectorial approach, but also by the many questions emerging from the reconciliation of art, culture, and ecology: the diversity of nature representation, the sheer number of priorities in environmental science, the array of public policy directions.The current excitement around the theme of ‘Culture and Ecology’, which has inspired many diverse projects (for example the scheduling of cultural activities committed to the green agenda, green sustainable projects, or education programmes), shows nevertheless a partitioning which actually constrains imagination and cross-fertilisation.This work raises several discussions at the intersection of all these threads, with a view to help with policy choices and to avoid greenwashing, which likens the environmental logic to a fad. Among the possible avenues, the question of the inherent value of nature, of the value given to artworks or cultural actions to protect nature, comes across as a serious way to pull the environmental artistic offering away from the dead-ends of sustainable development
Bouhafs, Ilana. "La fabrique de la transition : construire, diffuser et négocier le sens de la soutenabilité au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement textile". Thesis, Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILD007.
The latest IPCC report (2022) sounds the alarm bell on the acceleration and intensification of climate change. More than ever, researchers should focus their attention on processes likely to transform our production and consumption patterns to make them more sustainable. Rooted in the field of transition studies, and more especially on the multilevel perspective, and by jointly mobilizing Karl Weick's work on sensemaking and sensegiving (Weick, 1989, 1995, 2005), our reseach aims to bring a new understanding of transition by identifying its micro-foundations and more specifically by understanding how individuals influence both transition and supply chain management (Geels, 2020).Thanks to a multiple and comprehensive case study, mobilizing several methods (semi-structured interviews, observations, and secondary data and press archives), we retrace sensemaking processes of retailers' employees, industrial leaders, and entrepreneurs, and identify both their action and their justifications. Several interpretations of transition, with specific repercussions on supply chain management had been identified. According to our findings, both transition and supply chain management models should be considered as eminently interpretative concepts. Resulting of social processes, they are influenced by interaction and which can also be influenced by intermediary devices
Chenet, Jean-Baptiste. "Mouvements populaires et Partis politiques (1986-1996) : la restructuration manquée de l’ordre politique agonisant". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030079/document.
The fall of the dictatorship duvalierist, on February 7, 1986, mark a true turning point in the political evolution of the country. The new situation which results from it is generally analyzed or included/understood under the angle of the explanation rising from the paradigm of the transitions. This framework of analysis appeared in all points misfit to give an account of the recorded upheavals. Consequently, the search for an alternative explanation has been suddenly posed. This research tries to explore this way. And it raises a fundamental questioning which apprehends the Haitian crisis under the angle of the exhaustion of the political order imposed at the time of the first American occupation for the period 1915-1934. The challenge of this reorganization of the political field had more requested the role and the action of two new actors who durably emerged in the political life of the country as from the Eighties: popular movements and political parties. The interaction which is established between these two actors had acquired at the same time a complex and problematic dimension. On the one hand, they (actors) had not been able to develop a clear conscience of their role in the process of political transformation in progress. In addition, it was established between the two actors a radical antagonism which ended up compromising the possibility of construction of the capacities national policies in order to support a positive development of the known as process. The return to the American direct domination, with the military intervention of 1994, will devote impossibility of finding an exit with the crisis with the internal plan. This intervention will confirm the reality of the exhaustion of the political order of 1934 whole while causing new contradictions. It in particular contributed to precipitate the removal of the army, while proceeding in a quasi-total way to the confiscation of the sovereignty of the country. During the decade 1986-1996 which remains hinge in the process of political change in Haiti, it was not possible thus to lead to a redefinition of the political order failing. But the stake of its renewal remains essential. In spite of their weaknesses and the controversies at the base of their relation, the popular movements and the political parties remain still the two principal forms of political representation or class action suit who can help to advance in this direction. The major difficulty is to manage to define the originality of the articulation between these two actors which could be appropriate well in the current context marked at the same time by the backward flow of the movements and the low level of rooting of the form partisane
Pagni, Olivier. "Economie du développement durable et politiques publiques d’énergies en Europe : de l’étude des paradigmes à une évaluation multicritère appliquée aux scénarios d’avenirs énergétiques en Corse". Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0002/document.
The study reveals a multidisciplinary character concerning, in the first time, the economy of the sustainable development, economy of the environment and ecological economy.In the second time, we will study precisely, the way public policies on energy are carried out and regarded at, on a continental, national and territorial ladder, by leaning on the political data of the macroeconomics of energy politics for Europe, France and finally the Corsican region. The frame of the analysis was delimited by an applied formal perimeter, and inscribes itself in a continuum of integration of sustainable development as an aim. All the aspects of the particular situation of Corsica due to its insularity will be approached and studiedA multicriteria simulation and evaluation of different energy scenarios which will conclude our work. The objective here is to determine the best possible ways for Corsica to source its energy in the future.This includes the construction of scenarios, a presentation of the research typology of a multicriteria evaluation, including a summary of the scientific literature applied to energy scenarios as part of the multicriteria evaluation, and a synthesis of multicriteria problematic, as well as a development concerning the choice of the applied method.The results of our study point out a strong preference for the scenario of sustainable development. They determine the best possible compromise between the different hypothetical scenarios according to our chosen criteria. Our obtained result points out that sustainable development offers the best solutions to local given problems
Babu, Sujin. "Propriétés statiques et dynamiques de sphères dures attractives : étude par simulation numérique". Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1001.pdf.
This thesis deals with the study of the structure and the dynamics of attractive spheres. For this purpose a new simulation technique called the Brownian cluster dynamics (BCD) was introduced. With BCD we can relax the system by cooperative cluster relaxation and can also study the effect of bond rigidity. The method was compared with Event Driven Brownian Dynamic simulations which gave the same static and dynamic properties. Using zero interaction range we were able to suppress phase separation and thereby to study the slow dynamics of strongly attracting spheres. The results disproves the existence of so-called attractive glasses proposed in the literature. By introducing rigid bonds we suppressed crystallization for short range interaction which allowed us to study the kinetics of phase separation and more specifically the inter play between phase separation and gelation. As we distribute bonds between nearest neighbors we were able to trace out two kinds of percolation lines as a function of volume fraction and interaction strength : the bond percolation and the contact percolation. We also studied the effect of flexibility of bonds on irreversible aggregation. Even though the structures created by flexibly bonded diffusion limited cluster aggregation were locally quite dense they showed fractal behavior at large length scales. Tracer diffusion was studied in gels formed by irreversible aggregation of hard spheres. It was found that the diffusion coefficient is determined by the accessible volume, i. E. The volume available to the centre of mass of the tracer. We put forward a phenomenological equation connecting the diffusion coefficient and the accessible valid for different gel structures and tracer sizes
Mazel, Ivan. "Habitation écologique et dispersion bâtie : les « habitats alternatifs » comme expérimentations pour des transitions socioécologiques en territoires de moyenne montagne". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH025/document.
This thesis examines the mutations of housing in the context of socio-ecological transitions. These society change processes aim to reduce ecological footprint and are initiated in niches by marginal changes. This work addresses the transformations in the margins of habitat production and it focuses of bottom-up initiatives driven by the inhabitants who set up self-promotion housing or that are involved in public authorities’ projects. The studied alternative housing projects are located in urbanization margins, in mid mountains rural areas. Indeed, in these territories, new ruralities have emerged based on the arrival of new residents supported by non-profit organization and promoted by local government policies and Parcs naturels régionaux. In this work, I thus question the organization of ecological housing in rural areas in the context of the socio-ecological transitions.The general hypothesis of this research is the following one: the alternative housing projects experiment ecological housing in mid mountain rural areas. I propose to test this hypothesis with a global approach to alternative housing projects in order to understand the ecological housing system organization. First, I analyze the relationship between actors in the project process and the use of material, energy and water resources in the construction and operation of these habitats. I then explore the deployment of the ways of living in the organization of the habitat and in the local space through the mobilities. Addressing different types of alternative housing, ecocommunity, rural cohousing and ecological estate, first allows to analyze the rural planning changes from inhabitants’ initiatives. In this way, I highlight the links between individual projects, support program of non-profit organizations and incentivizing public policies. Then, in the context of habitat production margins, I examine the contribution of alternative housing projects to the ecological housing of dispersedly built areas. I show the importance of collective strategies to allow a sober lifestyles, a use of local resources and mutualisation of space and goods. This work brings to light an ecological housing of dispersedly built areas between based on local autonomy and integration within physical and virtual networks