Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Mousses plastiques – Essais de comportement au feu"
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Tesi sul tema "Mousses plastiques – Essais de comportement au feu":
Dilger, Melvin. "Flame retardant expanded polypropylene for applications in electric vehicles : design and mechanism of action". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR066.
Today the sector of transport is changing with the transition from thermal vehicles to electrical vehicles. Thus, the materials widely used in vehicles as EPP also have to change due to higher requirements in terms of fire properties.In this thesis, three approaches were considered to increase the fire properties of EPP and reach a V0 rating at UL-94 vertical test, according to the three steps of manufacturing EPP. In fact, to manufacture EPP, three steps are necessary: (1) the polypropylene (PP) is melt blended with various additives via an extrusion process, (2) the blended PP is expanded, i.e. an expansion gas is introduced into it to form EPP beads and (3) the EPP beads are then molded into the desired shape. Before investigating the different approaches, the UL-94 vertical test was instrumented in order to obtain more information and have a better understanding in terms of fire properties. The different approaches considered were: (1) incorporating flame retardants and synergists into the PP matrix before expansion, this is the most common approach. This approach was deeply investigated with a comparison between several FRs with different modes of action (intumescent FR, free radical generator, etc), an optimization of the most efficient FRs combination and a study of the influence of industrial manufacturing, especially the expansion step. Indeed, the FRs can disrupt the foaming processability (expansion step), due to the high amount of FRs needed and the fact that FRs can play the role of nucleating agents. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the chosen FRs was studied before and after the expansion step. To counter the complexity of the expansion step in the approach (1), alternative approaches were studied in order to validate others concept. The alternative (2), applying a flame-retardant coating on the EPP beads (before molding) and (3) applying a flame-retardant coating to the molded final piece (EPP bars). However, these approaches have also some drawbacks. Indeed, the EPP has poor adhesion properties because it has no functional groups. Thus, an optimization of a plasma treatment was needed in order to increase the adhesion of EPP. Several flame retardant coatings were applied on the surface and the moldability of the coated EPP beads was studied. Finally, the fire properties at UL-94 vertical test of the molded coated EPP beads and coated EPP bars were studied
Gossiaux, Alexandre. "Comportement au feu de mousses polyuréthanes rigides : Approches systématiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CLIL0021.
A common awareness of environmental factors and more particularly of global warming makes it urgent to better control energy consumption. One solution is to reduce energy loss in building using new and efficient thermal insulation materials such as polymeric foams. Polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams are very effective and competitive materials due to their low cost. However, these materials are extremely flammable due to their organic nature. Researchers and manufacturers add molecules called flame retardants (FRs) to their composition in order to prevent the outbreak of a fire or reduce the intensity of combustion when a fire breaks out. The objective of this PhD work is to study by systematic approaches the fire behavior of PUR and PIR foams. The aim is to propose a scientific approach allowing a quicker and more efficient development of new formulations. This systematic study was also coupled with a multi-scale study of the fire behavior of the foams, as a laboratory-scale fire test was developed (M-SBI), which allowed a quick and efficient examination of the formulations. The FRs studied in this work are phosphorus organic FRs which are currently promoted to replace some halogenated FRs which could be dangerous for the environment and health. The mechanisms of degradation of virgin and flame retarded foams were elucidated using various analytical tools. Thus, in the case of phosphorus FRs, we were able to demonstrate that their mode of action varied according to the phosphorus oxidation degree as well as according to their point of decomposition. Moreover, the efficiency of the FRs also varies according to the foam used (PUR or PIR). All these results can thus advantageously be exploited to propose future efficient flame retardants for specific systems to reduce the combustion intensity of the foams
Lefebvre, Jérôme. "Modélisation et simulation de la dégradation thermique de mousses de polyuréthane : application à la compréhension de leur comportement au feu". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-161.pdf.
Comuce, Maguy. "Caractérisation expérimentale et détermination des paramètres cinétiques de la décomposition thermique du polyméthracrylate de méthyle". Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESMA0020.
The achieved work is part of the project "Compfeu" of the National Research Agency, which aims to provide models for simulating of the thermal decomposition of the main materials of the housing environment in case of fire. The present study aims to develop a pyrolysis model of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Our working approach is innovative in the international community, because it relies on a multi-scale approach, taking into account the evolution of the thermal, physical and chemical properties during the decomposition of the material. Our work was to know the physicochemical properties of our material. The study of the thermal decomposition of the PMMA under inert and oxidizing atmospheres was performed on the scale of the particle by means of differential scanning calorimetry, through thermogravimetric analysis coupled with various analytical devices for different heating rates. The thermal decomposition of PMMA was completed by a study on the scale of the material using the cone calorimeter, coupled with an analytical chain. The study, on the scale of the particle, has allowed us to propose a mechanism of thermal decomposition of PMMA in an inert atmosphere and under oxidizing atmosphere. The rate of each reaction mechanism is described by the Arrhenius law. The determination of these kinetics parameters and stoichiometric coefficient was performed by the optimization method of genetic algorithms
Bellayer, Séverine. "Développement de nouvelles techniques de caractérisation qualitative et quantitative de nanocomposites à matrices polymère : application au textile". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/133c40e2-3f73-4b32-8ecf-37fc1af3f82e.
Viretto, Amandine. "Influence de la morphologie sur la dégradation thermique et le comportement au feu de formulations polymères complexes en vue d'applicationsen en câblerie". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20045.
The cable industry is a major consumer of industrial polymers. In this area, the standards impose to limit the fire risk and thus to enhance the fireproof of the polymeric materials which are important sources of fuel. Many studies have focused on their flame retardancy by using additive flame retardants, but few of them have studied the influence of the morphology of filled polymer blends on the thermal stability and the fire behavior. This thesis follows a previous project which demonstrated a significant influence of the morphology on the fire behavior of a binary polymer blend (PC / PBT). It aims to improve the understanding of this influence in the case of more complex formulations (ternary or quaternary) with ethylene methylacrylate (EMA) matrix. The first strategy was the identification of a flame retardant system including polyester that is able to char when a flame retardant is added. Once the system is identified (PBT + MDH), it was incorporated in EMA matrix by varying the composition and the morphology (selective dispersion, particle size ...). This approach showed significant differences between the different formulations and very interesting results have been obtained in terms of fire reaction at the laboratory scale. However, the scale-up approach (flame spread test) did not validate these formulations for cables applications. Therefore, the last part has been proposed to try to improve the cohesion of the residue by adding ammonium polyphosphate
Nyazika, Tatenda. "Conceptualization of fire barriers : fundamentals and experimental approach". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R044/document.
Fire causes injuries, the loss of lives and property. In the case of a fire in an enclosed system such as buildings, naval ships or aircraft, the fire should be compartmentalized and restricted from spreading from one point to another in order to save lives and property as well as give people enough time to evacuate. To accomplish this, fire barriers exhibiting low flammability and limiting fire spread need to be designed and assembled. The aim of this PhD is to provide with the fundamentals on how to design efficient fire barriers when subjected to a thermal stress. Based on understanding the fire behavior of selected reference fire retardant materials i.e. calcium silicate, closed-cell mullite foam, phenolic foam and a silicone-based intumescent coating, fire tests using the external radiant heat flux from the ISO 5660 cone calorimeter are conducted. At the same time, numerical models are developed to predict the fire behavior of these fire barriers and their applicability as well as limitations are explained. The input materials properties to run the numerical models are obtained from both direct measurements and from the literature. In addition, sensitivity studies are conducted in order to identify the governing parameters that control the fire behavior of the reference fire resistant materials. The numerical models are then used for the conceptualization of innovative fire safe materials based on the performance-based design process and optimization. Finally, based on the sensitivity studies and the conceptualization process, fundamental rules on how to make an efficient fire barrier in order to meet certain requirements in a given fire scenario are clearly stated
Michaux, Gwénaëlle. "Fire retardancy of Polyamide 6 for electrotechnical applications". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10200.
This study deals with the fireproofing of a thermoplastic, polyamide 6 (PA6), especially with the addition of a mass of flame retardant (FR) mineral: magnesium dihydroxide (MDH). The objective of this project is to replace the flame retardant of an existing formulation, consisting of polyamide 6 reinforced with glass fibers (GF) and fire retarded with melamine cyanurate, for electrotechnical applications. Initially, the MDH, with or without surface treatment, is studied in a mixture PA6 18% GF 40% FR and the use of the filler treated with vinylsilane was particularly effective in terms of fire performances. Fireproofing mechanisms were studied and show that the surface treatment acts as a compatibilizing agent and as a dispersing agent which allows a better action in the condensed phase. As large quantities of MDH are needed to obtain good fire properties, which alters the mechanical properties, the reduction of the glass fiber content was considered in a second time. It has been shown that glass fibers contribute to the formation of the condensed phase generated by the dehydration of MDH by increasing its effectiveness. Thirdly, the influence of the addition of titanium dioxide used as a whitening pigment was studied. It was suggested that TiO2 induced the cleavage of polyamide 6 chains during processing and during combustion of the material, but that the extent of this effect depends on the composition of the formulation
Louisy, Jérémie. "Synthesis of novel phosphinate salts and development of formulations for the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10162/document.
This study deals with the formulation of an innovative flame retardant material based on glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT/GF) used in Electronic and Electrical Equipments (EEE). In a first approach, the flame retardant properties of various additives in combination with the commercial aluminium diethylphosphinate are evaluated in PBT/GF. In a second approach, a variety of phosphinate salts derived from carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinic acids are synthesized and then tested alone or in combination with FR additives. Two innovative flame retardant systems, namely the combination of Resorcinol bis-Diphenyl Phosphate (RDP) modified bentonite clay with either the aluminium diethylphosphinate or the aluminium phenyl amide of carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinate, were found to greatly improve the fire behavior of PBT/GF. The FR mechanism of flame retardants were investigated and compared. Both phosphinate salts from the innovative systems mainly act through a gas phase mode of action by releasing phosphinic acids. Regarding the commercial product, the release of phosphinic acid occurs due to chemical interaction between the phosphinate salt and the PBT matrix while the synthesized product only moderately interacts with the polymer