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1
Harold, F. M. "From morphogenes to morphogenesis". Microbiology 141, n. 11 (1 novembre 1995): 2765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-11-2765.
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Yang, Tsung-Lin, Ya-Chuan Hsiao e Tai-Horng Young. "COMPARISON OF PLGA, PCL, AND CHITOSAN IN SALIVARY GLAND BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 20, n. 05 (ottobre 2008): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237208000908.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental morphogenetic process in generating glandular tissues. Although the mechanism of branching morphogenesis has been well-explored in the salivary gland development, its interaction with different biodegradable materials has never been investigated. For the purpose of salivary gland regeneration, recapitulation of morphogenetic processes on biodegradable materials might be requisite. Toward this aim, biodegradable biomaterials including poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), and chitosan were examined in the submandibular gland (SMG) culture systems to elucidate their possible impact on salivary morphogenesis. It was found that when SMG explants were cultured on PLGA and PCL, the explants failed to form well-developed branching phenotypes with limited cell migration (5.6 ± 8.8 μm; 10.0 ± 14.1 μm) and decreasing cell viability (56.9% ± 12.5%; 50.3% ± 8.1%). On the contrary, explants cultured on chitosan showed well-developed branches, which were superior in number to those on the control substrata, without any alteration of the morphogenetic phenotypes. Furthermore, the increased cell migration (267.8 ± 45.2 μm) and explants viability (146.8% ± 18.4%) along with the greater deposition of type III collagen, altogether account for better SMG morphogenesis on chitosan. According to the results, it was found that branching morphogenesis of SMG was affected by different biodegradable materials. Chitosan might be an appropriate biodegradable material for salivary morphogenesis, and has applicable potential in the regeneration of salivary tissue.
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Archer, Charles W., Paul Rooney e Christopher P. Cottrill. "Cartilage morphogenesis in vitro". Development 90, n. 1 (1 dicembre 1985): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.90.1.33.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The morphogenetic capacity of prechondrogenic mesenchyme from two developmentally distinct sources was investigated in high density micromass cultures. We confirmed an earlier report (Weiss & Moscona, 1958) that scleral mesenchyme formed cartilage sheets whilst limb bud mesenchyme formed distinct cartilage nodules. It was thus suggested by these authors that this morphogenesis was tissue type specific. However, by varying cell density at inoculation (which controls cell configuration) and by varying the relative amount of prechondrogenic mesenchyme present in cultures we found that dramatic changes in morphogenesis could be brought about. Viewed in these terms we suggest that cartilage morphogenesis in vitro is dependent on cell configuration and the presence of non-chondrogenic cell types and hence is not necessarily a function of an intrinsic morphogenetic potential of the constituent cells.
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Haiping, Zhao, Chu Wenhui, Liu Zhen e Li Chunyi. "Deer antler: a unique model for studying mammalian organ morphogenesis". Animal Production Science 56, n. 6 (2016): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14902.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is now widely accepted that organ morphogenesis in the lower animals, such as amphibians, is encoded by bioelectricity. Whether this finding applies to mammals is not known, a situation which is at least partially caused by the lack of suitable models. Deer antlers are complex mammalian organs, and their morphogenetic information resides in a primordium, the periosteum overlying the frontal crest of a prepubertal deer. The present paper reviews (1) the influence of morphogenetic information on antler formation and regeneration, and proposes that antlers are an appropriate organ for studying mammalian organ morphogenesis and (2) the storage, duplication and transferring pathways of morphogenetic information for deer antlers, and outlines a preliminary idea about how to understand the morphogenesis of mammalian organs through an involvement of bioelectricity. We believe that findings made using the deer antler model will benefit human health and wellbeing.
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Röper, Katja. "Microtubules enter centre stage for morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n. 1809 (24 agosto 2020): 20190557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0557.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cell shape changes are key to observable changes at the tissue level during morphogenesis and organ formation. The major driver of cell shape changes in turn is the actin cytoskeleton, both in the form of protrusive linear or branched dynamic networks and in the form of contractile actomyosin. Over the last 20 years, actomyosin has emerged as the major cytoskeletal system that deforms cells in epithelial sheets during morphogenesis. By contrast, the second major cytoskeletal system, microtubules, have so far mostly been assumed to serve ‘house-keeping' functions, such as directed transport or cell division, during morphogenetic events. Here, I will reflect on a subset of studies over the last 10 years that have clearly shown a major direct role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in epithelial morphogenesis, suggesting that our focus will need to be widened to give more attention and credit to this cytoskeletal system in playing an active morphogenetic role. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Shi, Zhixin, David Christian e Hei Leung. "Interactions Between Spore Morphogenetic Mutations Affect Cell Types, Sporulation, and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe grisea". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, n. 3 (marzo 1998): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.3.199.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We have previously defined four single-gene mutations, con1, con2, con4, and con7, that control various stages of spore morphogenesis in the rice blast fungus. To delineate the developmental pathway of spore morphogenesis, we investigated the interactions among these morphogenetic genes by generating strains with double mutations via transformation-mediated gene disruption. Plasmids containing portions of the inactivated CON4 and CON7 genes were introduced into strains harboring single mutation to produce double mutants. Interaction between con1 and con4 resulted in reduced vegetative growth and suppression of sporulation. Interaction between con1 and con7 suppressed spore production but not vegetative growth. The con2/con4 and con4/con7 double mutants produced hybrid spore types with characteristic features of both parental mutants. The con2/con7 mutant produced con2 type spores, indicating that con2 is epistatic to con7 in spore morphogenesis. The epistatic relationship, however, reversed when traits related to pathogenesis were considered. Double mutants harboring the con7 mutation could not form appressoria or colonize plant tissue, indicating that con7 is epistatic to con2 and con4 in appressorium formation and pathogenesis. Thus, morphogenetic genes interact at multiple levels leading to different epistatic relationships in the pathways of spore morphogenesis, appressorium formation, and pathogenesis.
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Goldgaber, Deborah. "Morphogenesis". Philosophy Today 63, n. 4 (2019): 999–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2020124306.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article explores the ways new materialism centers the problem of morphogenesis—and de-centers language and culture—in philosophical accounts of corporeality. Attention to organic structures gives insight into the entanglement of nature and culture obscured by tendencies to think matter as lacking agential features. I suggest, in conclusion, that new materialism may operate with a notion of “entanglement” or “intra-activity” that is too productive. New materialisms may require a more pliable set of distinctions to capture the relations between morphogenetic forces.
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Blake, Joshua, e Norman D. Rosenblum. "Renal branching morphogenesis: Morphogenetic and signaling mechanisms". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 36 (dicembre 2014): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.011.
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Reddi, A. H. "Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins and cartilage morphogenesis". Microscopy Research and Technique 43, n. 2 (15 ottobre 1998): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19981015)43:2<131::aid-jemt6>3.0.co;2-c.
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Jaslove, Jacob M., e Celeste M. Nelson. "Smooth muscle: a stiff sculptor of epithelial shapes". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, n. 1759 (24 settembre 2018): 20170318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0318.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Smooth muscle is increasingly recognized as a key mechanical sculptor of epithelia during embryonic development. Smooth muscle is a mesenchymal tissue that surrounds the epithelia of organs including the gut, blood vessels, lungs, bladder, ureter, uterus, oviduct and epididymis. Smooth muscle is stiffer than its adjacent epithelium and often serves its morphogenetic function by physically constraining the growth of a proliferating epithelial layer. This constraint leads to mechanical instabilities and epithelial morphogenesis through buckling. Smooth muscle stiffness alone, without smooth muscle cell shortening, seems to be sufficient to drive epithelial morphogenesis. Fully understanding the development of organs that use smooth muscle stiffness as a driver of morphogenesis requires investigating how smooth muscle develops, a key aspect of which is distinguishing smooth muscle-like tissues from one another in vivo and in culture. This necessitates a comprehensive appreciation of the genetic, anatomical and functional markers that are used to distinguish the different subtypes of smooth muscle (for example, vascular versus visceral) from similar cell types (including myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells). Here, we review how smooth muscle acts as a mechanical driver of morphogenesis and discuss ways of identifying smooth muscle, which is critical for understanding these morphogenetic events. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of Development’.
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Martin, Emmanuel, Marie-Hélène Ouellette e Sarah Jenna. "Rac1/RhoA antagonism defines cell-to-cell heterogeneity during epidermal morphogenesis in nematodes". Journal of Cell Biology 215, n. 4 (7 novembre 2016): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201604015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The antagonism between the GTPases Rac1 and RhoA controls cell-to-cell heterogeneity in isogenic populations of cells in vitro and epithelial morphogenesis in vivo. Its involvement in the regulation of cell-to-cell heterogeneity during epidermal morphogenesis has, however, never been addressed. We used a quantitative cell imaging approach to characterize epidermal morphogenesis at a single-cell level during early elongation of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. This study reveals that a Rac1-like pathway, involving the Rac/Cdc42 guanine-exchange factor β-PIX/PIX-1 and effector PAK1/PAK-1, and a RhoA-like pathway, involving ROCK/LET-502, control the remodeling of apical junctions and the formation of basolateral protrusions in distinct subsets of hypodermal cells. In these contexts, protrusions adopt lamellipodia or an amoeboid morphology. We propose that lamella formation may reduce tension building at cell–cell junctions during morphogenesis. Cell-autonomous antagonism between these pathways enables cells to switch between Rac1- and RhoA-like morphogenetic programs. This study identifies the first case of cell-to-cell heterogeneity controlled by Rac1/RhoA antagonism during epidermal morphogenesis.
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Zallen, Jennifer A., e Alpha S. Yap. "Morphogenesis in Kyoto: A Confluence of Cell and Developmental Biology". Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, n. 6 (15 marzo 2010): 845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-12-1076.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Understanding morphogenesis is the ultimate multidisciplinary (ad)venture. Three-dimensional tissues are generated from the actions of genes, biochemical pathways, and cells that form multicellular networks and interact with their biomechanical environment. A comprehensive explanation of morphogenetic processes must encompass these different levels of analysis. A recent meeting in Kyoto on “Building the Body Plan: How Cell Adhesion, Signaling, and Cytoskeletal Regulation Shape Morphogenesis” highlighted recent advances in tackling this challenging problem.
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MACLENNAN, BRUCE J. "EMBODIED COMPUTATION: APPLYING THE PHYSICS OF COMPUTATION TO ARTIFICIAL MORPHOGENESIS". Parallel Processing Letters 22, n. 03 (8 luglio 2012): 1240013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626412400130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We discuss the problem of assembling complex physical systems that are structured from the nanoscale up through the macroscale, and argue that embryological morphogenesis provides a good model of how this can be accomplished. Morphogenesis (whether natural or artificial) is an example of embodied computation, which exploits physical processes for computational ends, or performs computations for their physical effects. Examples of embodied computation in natural morphogenesis can be found at many levels, from allosteric proteins, which perform simple embodied computations, up through cells, which act to create tissues with specific patterns, compositions, and forms. We outline a notation for describing morphogenetic programs and illustrate its use with two examples: simple diffusion and the assembly of a simple spine with attachment points for legs. While much research remains to be done — at the simulation level before we attempt physical implementations — our results to date show how we may implement the fundamental processes of morphogenesis as a practical application of embodied computation at the nano- and microscale.
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Israeli, Alon, Yogev Burko, Sharona Shleizer-Burko, Iris Daphne Zelnik, Noa Sela, Mohammad R. Hajirezaei, Alisdair R. Fernie, Takayuki Tohge, Naomi Ori e Maya Bar. "Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium". PLOS Genetics 17, n. 4 (26 aprile 2021): e1009537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009537.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Morphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development in tomato is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including the CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA), as well as on the morphogenesis-promoting activity of the plant hormone cytokinin (CK). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU, TKN2, CK and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed earlier and more broadly than CLAU and determines the developmental context of CLAU activity. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that LA and CLAU likely promote differentiation in parallel genetic pathways. These pathways converge downstream on tuning the balance between CK and GA. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses support the genetic data and provide insights into the broader molecular basis of differentiation and morphogenesis processes in plants.
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Ripamonti, Ugo, e Nicolaas Duneas. "Tissue Morphogenesis and Regeneration by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 101, n. 1 (gennaio 1998): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199801000-00040.
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Leung-Hagesteijn, Chungyee, Ming Chang Hu, Ahalya S. Mahendra, Sunny Hartwig, Henry J. Klamut, Norman D. Rosenblum e Gregory E. Hannigan. "Integrin-Linked Kinase Mediates Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7-Dependent Renal Epithelial Cell Morphogenesis". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, n. 9 (1 maggio 2005): 3648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.9.3648-3657.2005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) stimulates renal branching morphogenesis via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) (M. C. Hu, D. Wasserman, S. Hartwig, and N. D. Rosenblum, J. Biol. Chem. 279:12051-12059, 2004). Here, we demonstrate a novel role for integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in mediating renal epithelial cell morphogenesis in embryonic kidney explants and identify p38MAPK as a target of ILK signaling in a cell culture model of renal epithelial morphogenesis. The spatial and temporal expression of ILK in embryonic mouse kidney cells suggested a role in branching morphogenesis. Adenovirus-mediated expression of ILK stimulated and expression of a dominant negative ILK mutant inhibited ureteric bud branching in embryonic mouse kidney explants. BMP7 increased ILK kinase activity in inner medullary collecting duct 3 (IMCD-3) cells, and adenovirus-mediated expression of ILK increased IMCD-3 cell morphogenesis in a three-dimensional culture model. In contrast, treatment with a small molecule ILK inhibitor or expression of a dominant negative-acting ILK (ILKE359K) inhibited epithelial cell morphogenesis. Further, expression of ILKE359K abrogated BMP7-dependent stimulation. To investigate the role of ILK in BMP7 signaling, we showed that ILK overexpression increased basal and BMP7-induced levels of phospho-p38MAPK and phospho-ATF-2. Consistent with its inhibitory effects on IMCD-3 cell morphogenesis, expression of ILKE359K blocked BMP7-dependent increases in phospho-p38MAPK and phospho-ATF-2. Inhibition of p38MAPK activity with the specific inhibitor, SB203580, failed to inhibit BMP7-dependent stimulation of ILK activity, suggesting that ILK functions upstream of p38MAPK during BMP7 signaling. We conclude that ILK functions in a BMP7/p38MAPK/ATF-2 signaling pathway and stimulates epithelial cell morphogenesis.
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Zeng, Gefei, Sarah M. Taylor, Janet R. McColm, Nicholas C. Kappas, Joseph B. Kearney, Lucy H. Williams, Mary E. Hartnett e Victoria L. Bautch. "Orientation of endothelial cell division is regulated by VEGF signaling during blood vessel formation". Blood 109, n. 4 (26 ottobre 2006): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-07-037952.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract New blood vessel formation requires the coordination of endothelial cell division and the morphogenetic movements of vessel expansion, but it is not known how this integration occurs. Here, we show that endothelial cells regulate division orientation during the earliest stages of blood vessel formation, in response to morphogenetic cues. In embryonic stem (ES) cell–derived vessels that do not experience flow, the plane of endothelial cytokinesis was oriented perpendicular to the vessel long axis. We also demonstrated regulated cleavage orientation in vivo, in flow-exposed forming retinal vessels. Daughter nuclei moved away from the cleavage plane after division, suggesting that regulation of endothelial division orientation effectively extends vessel length in these developing vascular beds. A gain-of-function mutation in VEGF signaling increased randomization of endothelial division orientation, and this effect was rescued by a transgene, indicating that regulation of division orientation is a novel mechanism whereby VEGF signaling affects vessel morphogenesis. Thus, our findings show that endothelial cell division and morphogenesis are integrated in developing vessels by flow-independent mechanisms that involve VEGF signaling, and this cross talk is likely to be critical to proper vessel morphogenesis.
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Pankratz, M. J., e M. Hoch. "Control of epithelial morphogenesis by cell signaling and integrin molecules in the Drosophila foregut". Development 121, n. 6 (1 giugno 1995): 1885–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.6.1885.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coordinated cell movements are critical for tissue and organ morphogenesis in animal development. We show that the Drosophila genes hedgehog and wingless, which encode signaling molecules, and the gene myospheroid, which encodes a beta subunit of the integrins, are required for epithelial morphogenesis during proventriculus development. In contrast, this morphogenetic process is suppressed by the decapentaplegic gene, which encodes a member of the TGF beta family of growth factors. These results identify a novel cell signaling center in the foregut that directs the formation of a multiply folded organ from a simple epithelial tube.
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Martin, Adam C. "Self-organized cytoskeletal alignment during Drosophila mesoderm invagination". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n. 1809 (24 agosto 2020): 20190551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0551.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During tissue morphogenesis, mechanical forces are propagated across tissues, resulting in tissue shape changes. These forces in turn can influence cell behaviour, leading to a feedback process that can be described as self-organizing. Here, I discuss cytoskeletal self-organization and point to evidence that suggests its role in directing force during morphogenesis. During Drosophila mesoderm invagination, the shape of the region of cells that initiates constriction creates a mechanical pattern that in turn aligns the cytoskeleton with the axis of greatest resistance to contraction. The wild-type direction of the force controls the shape and orientation of the invaginating mesoderm. Given the ability of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to self-organize, these types of feedback mechanisms are likely to play important roles in a range of different morphogenetic events. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Davies, Jamie A., e Fokion Glykofrydis. "Engineering pattern formation and morphogenesis". Biochemical Society Transactions 48, n. 3 (8 giugno 2020): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The development of natural tissues, organs and bodies depends on mechanisms of patterning and of morphogenesis, typically (but not invariably) in that order, and often several times at different final scales. Using synthetic biology to engineer patterning and morphogenesis will both enhance our basic understanding of how development works, and provide important technologies for advanced tissue engineering. Focusing on mammalian systems built to date, this review describes patterning systems, both contact-mediated and reaction-diffusion, and morphogenetic effectors. It also describes early attempts to connect the two to create self-organizing physical form. The review goes on to consider how these self-organized systems might be modified to increase the complexity and scale of the order they produce, and outlines some possible directions for future research and development.
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Ward, Robert E., Janelle Evans e Carl S. Thummel. "Genetic Modifier Screens in Drosophila Demonstrate a Role for Rho1 Signaling in Ecdysone-Triggered Imaginal Disc Morphogenesis". Genetics 165, n. 3 (1 novembre 2003): 1397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.3.1397.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Drosophila adult leg development provides an ideal model system for characterizing the molecular mechanisms of hormone-triggered morphogenesis. A pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone at the onset of metamorphosis triggers the rapid transformation of a flat leg imaginal disc into an immature adult leg, largely through coordinated changes in cell shape. In an effort to identify links between the ecdysone signal and the cytoskeletal changes required for leg morphogenesis, we performed two large-scale genetic screens for dominant enhancers of the malformed leg phenotype associated with a mutation in the ecdysoneinducible broad early gene (br1). From a screen of >750 independent deficiency and candidate mutation stocks, we identified 17 loci on the autosomes that interact strongly with br1. In a complementary screen of ∼112,000 F1 progeny of EMS-treated br1 animals, we recovered 26 mutations that enhance the br1 leg phenotype [E(br) mutations]. Rho1, stubbloid, blistered (DSRF), and cytoplasmic Tropomyosin were identified from these screens as br1-interacting genes. Our findings suggest that ecdysone exerts its effects on leg morphogenesis through a Rho1 signaling cascade, a proposal that is supported by genetic interaction studies between the E(br) mutations and mutations in the Rho1 signaling pathway. In addition, several E(br) mutations produce unexpected defects in midembryonic morphogenetic movements. Coupled with recent evidence implicating ecdysone signaling in these embryonic morphogenetic events, our results suggest that a common ecdysone-dependent, Rho1-mediated regulatory pathway controls morphogenesis during the two major transitions in the life cycle, embryogenesis and metamorphosis.
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Hogan, Brigid L. M. "Morphogenesis". Cell 96, n. 2 (gennaio 1999): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80562-0.
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Moore, David. "Morphogenesis". Mycological Research 110, n. 6 (giugno 2006): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.004.
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Bard, Jonathan. "Morphogenesis". Scholarpedia 3, n. 6 (2008): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.2422.
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Chen, Wenping, Xumiao Chen, Lifang Li, Alan Warren e Xiaofeng Lin. "Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer & Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_1 (1 gennaio 2015): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.067801-0.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The morphology and morphogenesis of an oxytrichid ciliate, Rubrioxytricha haematoplasma (Blatterer & Foissner, 1990) Berger, 1999, collected from brackish and marine waters in China, were investigated using live observation and the protargol staining method. The main features of the morphogenetic process are: (i) the parental adoral zone of membranelles is retained completely in the proter and the anlage of undulating membranes originates from dedifferentiation of the old structures; (ii) three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri are derived from the anlagen of the undulating membranes and the five streaks of frontal-ventral-transverse anlagen in the pattern of 1 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 from left to right; (iii) the morphogenesis of the dorsal kineties is simpler than the Oxytricha pattern, i.e. without fragmentation of the dorsal kinety 3 anlagen; (iv) the single caudal cirrus originates from the dorsal kinety 3 anlage on the right side; (v) the two macronuclear nodules fuse into a single mass during the mid-stage of morphogenesis. These features correspond well with Rubrioxytricha indica, indicating that the morphogenetic pattern of Rubrioxytricha is stable. Phylogenetic analysis based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequence data supports the monophyly of the genus Rubrioxytricha, which is nested within the non-Stylonychinae clade.
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Alsufyani, Taghreed, Gianmaria Califano, Michael Deicke, Jan Grueneberg, Anne Weiss, Aschwin H. Engelen, Michiel Kwantes, Jan Frieder Mohr, Johann F. Ulrich e Thomas Wichard. "Macroalgal–bacterial interactions: identification and role of thallusin in morphogenesis of the seaweed Ulva (Chlorophyta)". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n. 11 (4 febbraio 2020): 3340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa066.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Macroalgal microbiomes have core functions related to biofilm formation, growth, and morphogenesis of seaweeds. In particular, the growth and development of the sea lettuce Ulva spp. (Chlorophyta) depend on bacteria releasing morphogenetic compounds. Under axenic conditions, the macroalga Ulva mutabilis develops a callus-like phenotype with cell wall protrusions. However, co-culturing with Roseovarius sp. (MS2) and Maribacter sp. (MS6), which produce various stimulatory chemical mediators, completely recovers morphogenesis. This ecological reconstruction forms a tripartite community which can be further studied for its role in cross-kingdom interactions. Hence, our study sought to identify algal growth- and morphogenesis-promoting factors (AGMPFs) capable of phenocopying the activity of Maribacter spp. We performed bioassay-guided solid-phase extraction in water samples collected from U. mutabilis aquaculture systems. We uncovered novel ecophysiological functions of thallusin, a sesquiterpenoid morphogen, identified for the first time in algal aquaculture. Thallusin, released by Maribacter sp., induced rhizoid and cell wall formation at a concentration of 11 pmol l−1. We demonstrated that gametes acquired the iron complex of thallusin, thereby linking morphogenetic processes with intracellular iron homeostasis. Understanding macroalgae–bacteria interactions permits further elucidation of the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation, and development of new applications in microbiome-mediated aquaculture systems.
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Eckert, Priska, Max D. Knickmeyer, Lucas Schütz, Joachim Wittbrodt e Stephan Heermann. "Morphogenesis and axis specification occur in parallel during optic cup and optic fissure formation, differentially modulated by BMP and Wnt". Open Biology 9, n. 2 (febbraio 2019): 180179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180179.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Optic cup morphogenesis is an intricate process. Especially, the formation of the optic fissure is not well understood. Persisting optic fissures, termed coloboma, are frequent causes for congenital blindness. Even though the defective fusion of the fissure margins is the most acknowledged reason for coloboma, highly variable morphologies of coloboma phenotypes argue for a diverse set of underlying pathomechanisms. Here, we investigate optic fissure morphogenesis in zebrafish to identify potential morphogenetic defects resulting in coloboma. We show that the formation of the optic fissure depends on tissue flow movements, integrated into the bilateral distal epithelial flow forming the optic cup. On the temporal side, the distal flow translates into a ventral perpendicular flow, shaping the temporal fissure margin. On the nasal side, however, the distal flow is complemented by tissue derived from the optic stalk, shaping the nasal fissure margin. Notably, a distinct population of TGFβ-signalling positive cells is translocated from the optic stalk into both fissure margins. Furthermore, we show that induced BMP signalling as well as Wnt-signalling inhibition result in morphogenetic defects of the optic fissure. Our data also indicate that morphogenesis is crucial for a proper positioning of pre-specified dorsal–ventral optic cup domains.
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Vlasova, Elvira, e Aleksandr Khmelkov. "Morphogenetic features of garnets from Dyukunakh placer (Yakutian diamondiferous province)". Ores and metals, n. 1 (21 maggio 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2021-10007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Morphological features of garnets from the Upper Paleozoic Dyukunakh placer were studied and the conditions of their morphogenesis were interpreted. As a result of the morphogenetic analysis, it was found that garnets have evolved in exogenous conditions, including extreme wear in coastal marine conditions and repeated redeposition. In addition, garnets underwent significant hypergene corrosion in the residual soil and subsequent dissolution under metasomatic conditions. As a result of such exogenous evolution, no trace of their primary morphological characters associated with the deep stage of morphogenesis remained on garnets. For this reason, it is impossible to quantify the degree of primary sources removal.
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Eberl, D. F., e A. J. Hilliker. "Characterization of X-linked recessive lethal mutations affecting embryonic morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 118, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1988): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.1.109.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This study attempted to assay the zygotic contribution of X chromosome genes to the genetic control of embryonic morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. A systematic screen for X-linked genes which affect the morphology of the embryo was undertaken, employing the phenotype of whole mount embryos as the major screening criterion. Of 800 EMS-induced lethal mutations analyzed, only 14% were embryonic lethal, and of these only a minority affected embryonic morphogenesis. By recombination and complementation analyses, the mutations that affected embryonic morphogenesis were sequestered into 26 complementation groups. Fourteen of the loci correspond to genes previously identified in a large-scale screen in which fixed cuticles were examined, and 12 new loci have been identified. Most of the mutations which disrupt embryonic morphology had specific and uniform mutant phenotypes. Mutations were recovered which disrupt major morphogenetic events such as gastrulation, germ band retraction and head involution. No mutations were found which arrest the embryos prior to blastoderm formation. However, a novel class was found, one comprised of mutations which interfere with the development of internal structures but not cuticular structures. Nevertheless, saturation of the X chromosome for genes important for embryonic morphogenesis is probably incomplete.
30
Grevengoed, Elizabeth E., Joseph J. Loureiro, Traci L. Jesse e Mark Peifer. "Abelson kinase regulates epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila". Journal of Cell Biology 155, n. 7 (24 dicembre 2001): 1185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200105102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) contributes to the development of leukemia, but the complex roles of Abl in normal development are not fully understood. Drosophila Abl links neural axon guidance receptors to the cytoskeleton. Here we report a novel role for Drosophila Abl in epithelial cells, where it is critical for morphogenesis. Embryos completely lacking both maternal and zygotic Abl die with defects in several morphogenetic processes requiring cell shape changes and cell migration. We describe the cellular defects that underlie these problems, focusing on dorsal closure as an example. Further, we show that the Abl target Enabled (Ena), a modulator of actin dynamics, is involved with Abl in morphogenesis. We find that Ena localizes to adherens junctions of most epithelial cells, and that it genetically interacts with the adherens junction protein Armadillo (Arm) during morphogenesis. The defects of abl mutants are strongly enhanced by heterozygosity for shotgun, which encodes DE-cadherin. Finally, loss of Abl reduces Arm and α-catenin accumulation in adherens junctions, while having little or no effect on other components of the cytoskeleton or cell polarity machinery. We discuss possible models for Abl function during epithelial morphogenesis in light of these data.
31
Fletcher, Alexander G., Fergus Cooper e Ruth E. Baker. "Mechanocellular models of epithelial morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n. 1720 (27 marzo 2017): 20150519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0519.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Embryonic epithelia achieve complex morphogenetic movements, including in-plane reshaping, bending and folding, through the coordinated action and rearrangement of individual cells. Technical advances in molecular and live-imaging studies of epithelial dynamics provide a very real opportunity to understand how cell-level processes facilitate these large-scale tissue rearrangements. However, the large datasets that we are now able to generate require careful interpretation. In combination with experimental approaches, computational modelling allows us to challenge and refine our current understanding of epithelial morphogenesis and to explore experimentally intractable questions. To this end, a variety of cell-based modelling approaches have been developed to describe cell–cell mechanical interactions, ranging from vertex and ‘finite-element’ models that approximate each cell geometrically by a polygon representing the cell's membrane, to immersed boundary and subcellular element models that allow for more arbitrary cell shapes. Here, we review how these models have been used to provide insights into epithelial morphogenesis and describe how such models could help future efforts to decipher the forces and mechanical and biochemical feedbacks that guide cell and tissue-level behaviour. In addition, we discuss current challenges associated with using computational models of morphogenetic processes in a quantitative and predictive way. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware’.
32
Brodland, G. W., e D. A. Clausi. "Embryonic Tissue Morphogenesis Modeled by FEM". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 116, n. 2 (1 maggio 1994): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895713.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A three-dimensional, large-strain finite element formulation for the simulation of morphogenetic behaviors in embryonic tissues is presented. It is used to investigate aspects of invagination, neural tube morphogenesis, contraction wave propagation and mechanical pattern formation. The simulations show that the spacing of patterns and the shapes produced by certain morphogenetic movements in epithelial sheets depend only slightly on the properties of the materials which underlie these sheets. Simulations of neural tube closure show that numerous, experimentally-observed features can be produced by contraction of apical microfilament bundles alone. That certain systems of forces are mechanically equivalent and that certain patterns of deformations are equivalent set practical limits on what can be inferred from the simulations.
33
Kardon, G. "Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian hind limb". Development 125, n. 20 (15 ottobre 1998): 4019–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.20.4019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The proper development of the musculoskeletal system in the tetrapod limb requires the coordinated development of muscle, tendon and cartilage. This paper examines the morphogenesis of muscle and tendon in the developing avian hind limb. Based on a developmental series of embryos labeled with myosin and tenascin antibodies in whole mount, an integrative description of the temporal sequence and spatial pattern of muscle and tendon morphogenesis and their relationship to cartilage throughout the chick hind limb is presented for the first time. Anatomically distinct muscles arise by the progressive segregation of muscle: differentiated myotubes first appear as a pair of dorsal and ventral muscle masses; these masses subdivide into dorsal and ventral thigh, shank and foot muscle masses; and finally these six masses segregate into individual muscles. From their initial appearance, most myotubes are precisely oriented and their pattern presages the pattern of future, individual muscles. Anatomically distinct tendons emerge from three tendon primordia associated with the major joints of the limb. Contrary to previous reports, comparison of muscle and tendon reveals that much of their morphogenesis is temporally and spatially closely associated. To test whether reciprocal muscle-tendon interactions are necessary for correct muscle-tendon patterning or whether morphogenesis of each of these tissues is autonomous, two sets of experiments were conducted: (1) tendon development was examined in muscleless limbs produced by coelomic grafting of early limb buds and (2) muscle development was analyzed in limbs where tendon had been surgically altered. These experiments demonstrate that in the avian hind limb the initial morphogenetic events, formation of tendon primordia and initial differentiation of myogenic precursors, occur autonomously with respect to one another. However, later morphogenetic events, such as subdivision of muscle masses and segregation of tendon primordia into individual tendons, do require to various degrees reciprocal interactions between muscle and tendon. The dependence of these later morphogenetic events on tissue interactions differs between different proximodistal regions of the limb.
34
Lv, Zhiyi, Qiongxuan Lu e Bo Dong. "Morphogenesis: a focus on marine invertebrates". Marine Life Science & Technology 1, n. 1 (novembre 2019): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42995-019-00016-z.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMorphogenesis is a process describing how the shapes of living tissues and bodies are created during development. Living and fossil organisms exhibit enormously diverse tissue architecture and body forms, although the functions of organs are evolutionally conserved. Current knowledge reveals that relatively conserved mechanisms are applied to control development among different species. However, the regulations of morphogenesis are quite diverse in detail. Animals in the ocean display a wide range of diversity of morphology suitable for their seawater environment. Nevertheless, compared with the intensive studies on terrestrial animals, research on marine animal morphogenesis is still insufficient. The increasing genomic data and the recently available gene editing methods, together with the fast development of imaging techniques, quantitative analyses and biophysical models, provide us the opportunities to have a deeper understanding of the principles that drive the diverse morphogenetic processes in marine animals. In this review, we summarize the recent studies of morphogenesis and evolution at molecular, cellular and tissue levels, with a focus on three model marine animals, namely ascidians, sea urchins and sea anemones.
35
Doedt, Thomas, Shankarling Krishnamurthy, Dirk P. Bockmühl, Bernd Tebarth, Christian Stempel, Claire L. Russell, Alistair J. P. Brown e Joachim F. Ernst. "APSES Proteins Regulate Morphogenesis and Metabolism inCandida albicans". Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, n. 7 (luglio 2004): 3167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-11-0782.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fungal APSES proteins regulate morphogenetic processes, including filamentation and differentiation. The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans contains two APSES proteins: the regulator Efg1p and its homologue Efh1p, described here. Overexpression of EFG1 or EFH1 led to similar phenotypes, including pseudohypha formation and opaque-white switching. An efh1 deletion generated no phenotype under most conditions but caused hyperfilamentation in an efg1 background under embedded or hypoxic conditions. This suggests cooperation of these APSES proteins in the suppression of an alternative morphogenetic signaling pathway. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling revealed that EFG1 and EFH1 regulate partially overlapping sets of genes associated with filament formation. Unexpectedly, Efg1p not only regulates genes involved in morphogenesis but also strongly influences the expression of metabolic genes, inducing glycolytic genes and repressing genes essential for oxidative metabolism. Using one- and two-hybrid assays, we further demonstrate that Efg1p is a repressor, whereas Efh1p is an activator of gene expression. Overall, the results suggest that Efh1p supports the regulatory functions of the primary regulator, Efg1p, and indicate a dual role for these APSES proteins in the regulation of fungal morphogenesis and metabolism.
36
Kruglova, Natalia, Anna Zinatullina e Natalia Yegorova. "Histological Approach to the Study of Morphogenesis in Callus Cultures In Vitro: A Review". International Journal of Plant Biology 14, n. 2 (13 giugno 2023): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14020042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. This review article analyzes data devoted to the study of the histological features of formed primary morphogenic calli (formation of morphogenetic centers and superficial meristematic zones), as well as the in vitro morphogenesis pathways in calli that lead to the formation of regenerants (de novo organogenesis and in vitro somatic embryogenesis). The terminology used is considered. Some questions for discussion are raised. The opinion is expressed that histological (structural) studies should be considered as a methodologic basis for further investigation of various morphogenetic scenarios in in vitro callus cultures, especially in economically valuable plants and for biotechnological purposes.
37
Radlanski, RJ. "Prenatal craniofacial morphogenesis: four-dimensional visualization of morphogenetic processes". Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 6 (agosto 2003): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0544.2003.240.x.
Testo completo
38
Enemchukwu, Nduka O., Ricardo Cruz-Acuña, Tom Bongiorno, Christopher T. Johnson, José R. García, Todd Sulchek e Andrés J. García. "Synthetic matrices reveal contributions of ECM biophysical and biochemical properties to epithelial morphogenesis". Journal of Cell Biology 212, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2015): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506055.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Epithelial cells cultured within collagen and laminin gels proliferate to form hollow and polarized spherical structures, recapitulating the formation of a rudimentary epithelial organ. However, the contributions of extracellular matrix (ECM) biochemical and biophysical properties to morphogenesis are poorly understood because of uncontrolled presentation of multiple adhesive ligands, limited control over mechanical properties, and lot-to-lot compositional variability in these natural ECMs. We engineered synthetic ECM-mimetic hydrogels with independent control over adhesive ligand density, mechanical properties, and proteolytic degradation to study the impact of ECM properties on epithelial morphogenesis. Normal cyst growth, polarization, and lumen formation were restricted to a narrow range of ECM elasticity, whereas abnormal morphogenesis was observed at lower and higher elastic moduli. Adhesive ligand density dramatically regulated apicobasal polarity and lumenogenesis independently of cell proliferation. Finally, a threshold level of ECM protease degradability was required for apicobasal polarity and lumen formation. This synthetic ECM technology provides new insights into how cells transduce ECM properties into complex morphogenetic behaviors.
39
Gunawan, Felix, Alessandra Gentile, Ryuichi Fukuda, Ayele Taddese Tsedeke, Vanesa Jiménez-Amilburu, Radhan Ramadass, Atsuo Iida, Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa e Didier Y. R. Stainier. "Focal adhesions are essential to drive zebrafish heart valve morphogenesis". Journal of Cell Biology 218, n. 3 (11 gennaio 2019): 1039–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201807175.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Elucidating the morphogenetic events that shape vertebrate heart valves, complex structures that prevent retrograde blood flow, is critical to understanding valvular development and aberrations. Here, we used the zebrafish atrioventricular (AV) valve to investigate these events in real time and at single-cell resolution. We report the initial events of collective migration of AV endocardial cells (ECs) into the extracellular matrix (ECM), and their subsequent rearrangements to form the leaflets. We functionally characterize integrin-based focal adhesions (FAs), critical mediators of cell–ECM interactions, during valve morphogenesis. Using transgenes to block FA signaling specifically in AV ECs as well as loss-of-function approaches, we show that FA signaling mediated by Integrin α5β1 and Talin1 promotes AV EC migration and overall shaping of the valve leaflets. Altogether, our investigation reveals the critical processes driving cardiac valve morphogenesis in vivo and establishes the zebrafish AV valve as a vertebrate model to study FA-regulated tissue morphogenesis.
40
Ruiz-Roldán, Carmen, Yolanda Pareja-Jaime, José Antonio González-Reyes e M. Isabel G. Roncero. "The Transcription Factor Con7-1 Is a Master Regulator of Morphogenesis and Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, n. 1 (gennaio 2015): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0205-r.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Previous studies have demonstrated the essential role of morphogenetic regulation in Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis, including processes such as cell-wall biogenesis, cell division, and differentiation of infection-like structures. We identified three F. oxysporum genes encoding predicted transcription factors showing significant identities to Magnaporthe oryzae Con7p, Con7-1, plus two identical copies of Con7-2. Targeted deletion of con7-1 produced nonpathogenic mutants with altered morphogenesis, including defects in cell wall structure, polar growth, hyphal branching, and conidiation. By contrast, simultaneous inactivation of both con7-2 copies caused no detectable defects in the resulting mutants. Comparative microarray-based gene expression analysis indicated that Con7-1 modulates the expression of a large number of genes involved in different biological functions, including host–pathogen interactions, morphogenesis and development, signal perception and transduction, transcriptional regulation, and primary and secondary metabolism. Taken together, our results point to Con7-1 as general regulator of morphogenesis and virulence in F. oxysporum.
41
Brown, Jason W. "Morphogenesis and mental process". Development and Psychopathology 6, n. 4 (1994): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400004685.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractParcellation and heterochrony (neoteny) reflect the pattern and rate of a growth mechanism in morphogenesis. Structure (morphology) and function (behavior) are staged realizations of morphogenetic process. This process continues into adult cognition in the actualization of the mind/brain state. Parcellation obtains in the pruning of cells and connections in early growth, whereas inhibition obtains in a relatively stable morphology with constraints on context: item transforms in microgeny. Selective retardation in process (neoteny) leads to growth at earlier (juvenile) phases. This accounts for the specification of the language areas and elaboration at preliminary phases in mind — for example, dominance, introspection, and creativity.
42
Slavkov, I., D. Carrillo-Zapata, N. Carranza, X. Diego, F. Jansson, J. Kaandorp, S. Hauert e J. Sharpe. "Morphogenesis in robot swarms". Science Robotics 3, n. 25 (19 dicembre 2018): eaau9178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aau9178.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Morphogenesis allows millions of cells to self-organize into intricate structures with a wide variety of functional shapes during embryonic development. This process emerges from local interactions of cells under the control of gene circuits that are identical in every cell, robust to intrinsic noise, and adaptable to changing environments. Constructing human technology with these properties presents an important opportunity in swarm robotic applications ranging from construction to exploration. Morphogenesis in nature may use two different approaches: hierarchical, top-down control or spontaneously self-organizing dynamics such as reaction-diffusion Turing patterns. Here, we provide a demonstration of purely self-organizing behaviors to create emergent morphologies in large swarms of real robots. The robots achieve this collective organization without any self-localization and instead rely entirely on local interactions with neighbors. Results show swarms of 300 robots that self-construct organic and adaptable shapes that are robust to damage. This is a step toward the emergence of functional shape formation in robot swarms following principles of self-organized morphogenetic engineering.
43
Zubairova, U. S., e A. V. Doroshkov. "Wheat leaf epidermal pattern as a model for studying the influence of stress conditions on morphogenesis". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 19, n. 6 (18 dicembre 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/10.18699/vj18.32-o.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The leaf epidermis of a monocotyledonous plant is a widely used model system for studying the differentiation of plant cells, as it contains readily observable specialized cells. The approach proposed in this paper uses a growing cereal leaf to study stress-induced dynamic changes in morphogenesis. In the process of formation, the linear leaf of wheat remains in the stationary growth phase for long. This fact permits us to observe a series of successive morphogenetic events recorded in the cellular structure of the mature leaf. In studying the cellular architecture of the wheat leaf epidermis, we obtained and processed confocal 3D images of wheat leaves stained with fluorescent dyes. This procedure allows an accurate morphometric description and determination of quantitative characteristics of the leaf epidermal pattern. Low temperatures are among the factors limiting the growing of crop plants in the temperate zone. In the present work, we show significant aberrations of stomatal morphogenesis in the epidermis of boot leaves of wheat varieties Saratovskaya 29 and Yanetskis Probat in response to cold stress. We found that nonfunctional stomata predominated in the zone of maximum manifestation of stress, whereas in the zones formed before and after the stress impact, the developmental anomalies come to the disturbance in the morphogenesis of subsidiary cells. In Saratovskaya 29, a significant amount of ectopic trichomes formed in rows predetermined to stoma formation. The proposed approach can provide standardized qualitative and quantitative data on stressinduced morphogenesis aberrations in wheat leaf epidermis. Subsequently, these data can be used for verification of computer models of leaf morphogenesis. Further study of the mechanisms of the effect of cold stress on morphogenesis will add to the search for additional opportunities to increase wheat yields in areas of risky agriculture.
44
Zubairova, U. S., e A. V. Doroshkov. "Wheat leaf epidermal pattern as a model for studying the influence of stress conditions on morphogenesis". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, n. 7 (9 novembre 2018): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.32-o.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The leaf epidermis of a monocotyledonous plant is a widely used model system for studying the differentiation of plant cells, as it contains readily observable specialized cells. The approach proposed in this paper uses a growing cereal leaf to study stress-induced dynamic changes in morphogenesis. In the process of formation, the linear leaf of wheat remains in the stationary growth phase for long. This fact permits us to observe a series of successive morphogenetic events recorded in the cellular structure of the mature leaf. In studying the cellular architecture of the wheat leaf epidermis, we obtained and processed confocal 3D images of wheat leaves stained with fluorescent dyes. This procedure allows an accurate morphometric description and determination of quantitative characteristics of the leaf epidermal pattern. Low temperatures are among the factors limiting the growing of crop plants in the temperate zone. In the present work, we show significant aberrations of stomatal morphogenesis in the epidermis of boot leaves of wheat varieties Saratovskaya 29 and Yanetskis Probat in response to cold stress. We found that nonfunctional stomata predominated in the zone of maximum manifestation of stress, whereas in the zones formed before and after the stress impact, the developmental anomalies come to the disturbance in the morphogenesis of subsidiary cells. In Saratovskaya 29, a significant amount of ectopic trichomes formed in rows predetermined to stoma formation. The proposed approach can provide standardized qualitative and quantitative data on stress-induced morphogenesis aberrations in wheat leaf epidermis. Subsequently, these data can be used for verification of computer models of leaf morphogenesis. Further study of the mechanisms of the effect of cold stress on morphogenesis will add to the search for additional opportunities to increase wheat yields in areas of risky agriculture.
45
Berdichevsky, F., D. Alford, B. D'Souza e J. Taylor-Papadimitriou. "Branching morphogenesis of human mammary epithelial cells in collagen gels". Journal of Cell Science 107, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1994): 3557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.12.3557.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To study the morphogenesis of human epithelial cells in vitro we have used a three-dimensional collagen matrix and a newly developed mammary epithelial cell line, 1–7 HB2. In standard medium 1–7 HB2 cells formed compact balls/spheres inside collagen type I gels, while cocultivation with various fibroblast cell lines or growth in fibroblast-conditioned media resulted in the appearance of branching structures. At least two different soluble factors secreted by fibroblasts were found to be implicated in the branching morphogenesis. Firstly, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor could induce branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, a polyclonal serum against hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor completely inhibited the branching morphogenesis induced by medium conditioned by MRC-5 fibroblast cells. In contrast, a morphogenetic activity secreted by human foreskin fibroblasts was identified that appears to be different from hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and from a number of other well-characterized growth factors or cytokines. This model system has been used to examine the role of integrins in mammary morphogenesis. The expression of the alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrins was decreased when cells were plated on collagen gels. The addition of specific blocking monoclonal antibodies directed to the alpha 2- and beta 1-integrin subunits to growth media impaired cell-cell interactions and interfered with the formation of compact structures inside collagen gels, suggesting that the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin can control intercellular adhesion in mammary morphogenesis. In contrast one of the blocking monoclonal antibodies against the alpha 3-integrin subunit (P1B5) mimicked the effect of soluble ‘morphogens’. Our results suggest that the modulation of alpha 3 beta 1 activity may represent an important event in the induction of branching morphogenesis of human mammary epithelial cells.
46
Stewart, Katherine, You Chi Tang, Maxwell E. R. Shafer, Adda-Lee Graham-Paquin e Maxime Bouchard. "Modulation of apoptotic response by LAR family phosphatases–cIAP1 signaling during urinary tract morphogenesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n. 43 (9 ottobre 2017): E9016—E9025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707229114.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The elimination of unwanted cells by apoptosis is necessary for tissue morphogenesis. However, the cellular control of morphogenetic apoptosis is poorly understood, notably the modulation of cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Ureter maturation, the process by which the ureter is displaced to the bladder wall, represents an exquisite example of morphogenetic apoptosis, requiring the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs): LAR and RPTPσ. Here we show that LAR-RPTPs act through cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) to modulate caspase 3,7-mediated ureter maturation. Pharmacologic or genetic inactivation of cIAP1 reverts the apoptotic deficit of LAR-RPTP–deficient embryos. Moreover, Birc2 (cIAP1) inactivation generates excessive apoptosis leading to vesicoureteral reflux in newborns, which underscores the importance of apoptotic modulation during urinary tract morphogenesis. We finally demonstrate that LAR-RPTP deficiency increases cIAP1 stability during apoptotic cell death. Together these results identify a mode of cIAP1 regulation playing a critical role in the cellular response to apoptotic pathway activation in the embryo.
47
Skaptsov, M. V., M. A. Krasnoborodkina, M. G. Kutsev, S. V. Smirnov, A. I. Shmakov e A. V. Matsyura. "УРОВНИ ПЛОИДНОСТИ И ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ДНК В КУЛЬТУРЕ КЛЕТОК И ТКАНЕЙ РАСТЕНИЙ IN VITRO". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 6, n. 3 (4 novembre 2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201667.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>We presented results of variations in the ploidy level and the genome size of the <em>R. acetosa</em> regenerants. These regenerants was obtained by indirect and direct morphogenesis in in vitro culture. Explants were prepared from seedlings on the three-leaf stage of plant development. More than 100 explants were used to stimulate the indirect and direct morphogenesis. Mesophilic explants were cultured on the MS nutrient medium containing auxin to callus proliferation (2 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA). Cultivation of the callus was maintained for 4 weeks followed by an indirect morphogenes. Indirect morphogenesis stimulated on the MS medium with cytokinin and gibberellic acid predominance (0.5 mg/L BA, 0.2 mg/L GA3). Direct stimulate morphogenesis from the apical meristem of seedlings on nutrient media with a predominance of cytokinins (1 mg/L BA, 0.25 mg/L NAA). Rhizogenesis have stimulated by transferring of the regenerants to the ½MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L of NAA. Research of a ploidy level and genome size was performed by flow cytometry used propidium iodide staining with <em>Vicia faba</em> cv “Innovec” (2C=26.90 pg) as internal DNA standard. We calculated the relative DNA content (2C) for <em>R. acetosa</em> equal to 6,98 pg. Cytogenetical analisis showed that the maximum genome size variation recorded for regenerants obtained through the indirect morphogenesis. Variations in the genome size of the regenerants obtained by direct morphogenesis deviates from the control group to 0.30 pg (2С=7.28 pg) and after indirect morphogenesis to 1.04 pg (2С=8.2 pg). Cytogenetical analysis of the regenerated plants showed the presence of different somatic chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 14 to 2n = 28. The relative DNA content of tetraploid forms was 11.87 pg. In our study was shown, that the most effective method of plant conservation in the <em>in vitro</em> culture is a direct morphogenesis. Analysis of the relative nuclear DNA content and chromosome counts of regenerants obtained by indirect morphogenesis from the callus cultures showed significant variations in the DNA content, as well as the appearance of polyploid forms. Therefore, long-term cultivation of callus cultures increases the probability of genomic aberrations, which reduces the stability of the plant genome.</p>
48
Swartz, Melody A. "Signaling in morphogenesis: transport cues in morphogenesis". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14, n. 5 (ottobre 2003): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2003.09.003.
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49
Yamamoto, A., S. L. Amacher, S. H. Kim, D. Geissert, C. B. Kimmel e E. M. De Robertis. "Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin is a downstream target of spadetail involved in morphogenesis of gastrula mesoderm". Development 125, n. 17 (1 settembre 1998): 3389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.17.3389.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin (papc) encodes a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (PAPC) expressed in trunk mesoderm undergoing morphogenesis. Microinjection studies with a dominant-negative secreted construct suggest that papc is required for proper dorsal convergence movements during gastrulation. Genetic studies show that papc is a close downstream target of spadetail, gene encoding a transcription factor required for mesodermal morphogenetic movements. Further, we show that the floating head homeobox gene is required in axial mesoderm to repress the expression of both spadetail and papc, promoting notochord and blocking differentiation of paraxial mesoderm. The PAPC structural cell-surface protein may provide a link between regulatory transcription factors and the actual cell biological behaviors that execute morphogenesis during gastrulation.
50
Pannekoek, Willem-Jan, Johan de Rooij e Martijn Gloerich. "Force transduction by cadherin adhesions in morphogenesis". F1000Research 8 (10 luglio 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18779.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mechanical forces drive the remodeling of tissues during morphogenesis. This relies on the transmission of forces between cells by cadherin-based adherens junctions, which couple the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeletons of neighboring cells. Moreover, components of cadherin adhesions adopt force-dependent conformations that induce changes in the composition of adherens junctions, enabling transduction of mechanical forces into an intracellular response. Cadherin mechanotransduction can mediate reinforcement of cell–cell adhesions to withstand forces but also induce biochemical signaling to regulate cell behavior or direct remodeling of cell–cell adhesions to enable cell rearrangements. By transmission and transduction of mechanical forces, cadherin adhesions coordinate cellular behaviors underlying morphogenetic processes of collective cell migration, cell division, and cell intercalation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this central role of cadherin adhesions in force-dependent regulation of morphogenesis.