Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Richardson, George B. "The Theory of the Market Economy." Revue économique 46, n. 6 (1 novembre 1995): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.p1995.46n6.1487.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Résumé La coordination des activités économiques dans une économie de libre entreprise prend place de trois façons : à travers les transactions de marché, à travers la coopération entre firmes liées dans des réseaux d'association et d'affiliation, et à l'intérieur des firmes à travers la direction. Les firmes seront en mesure de prendre des décisions informées d'investissement seulement si les marchés sont, à un certain degré, imparfaits. La coordination à l'intérieur des firmes, qui peuvent être regardées comme des microsystèmes artificiels, dépend aussi de la coopération interne et des arrangements de prix.
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Robert, Benoît. "Les cultures légumières de la Côte de Beauport : leurs liens avec la structure agraire et l’urbanisation". Cahiers de géographie du Québec 16, n. 37 (12 aprile 2005): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021019ar.
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Les cultivateurs de la Côte de Beauport ont vécu jusqu'aux années quarante d'une agriculture traditionnelle axée principalement sur l'élevage laitier. Depuis cette date, ils se sont spécialisés dans les cultures maraîchères (surtout légumières). De 1950 à 1965, l'augmentation de la production légumière a été très importante ; par exemple, de 12 500 sacs, la récolte de carottes est passée à 176 125 sacs pour cette période. Même si l'augmentation est moins spectaculaire pour d'autres légumes, elle demeure quand même considérable. Durant cette période « d'effervescence légumière », la trame urbaine s'est développée à l'intérieur de la structure agraire préexistante en s'insérant à l'intérieur du parcellaire lanière orienté selon une direction générale nord-sud. Le développement domiciliaire élimine progressivement les champs légumiers. La partie la plus touchée se situe immédiatement au nord des avenues Royale et des Cascades. Par contre, le rang Saint-Joseph a résisté assez bien à la vague d'urbanisation, sa situation semblait privilégiée. Le parachèvement du boulevard de la Capitale, situé à quelques centaines de pieds au sud du rang Saint-Joseph, semble remettre en question ce château-fort des cultures légumières de la Côte de Beauport.
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Slizhе, M. O., A. B. Semergei-Chumachenko e El Hadri Youssef. "Current distribution of wind in Morocco". Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, n. 17 (29 ottobre 2017): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.17.2016.07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Information about wind is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Wind also causes many dangerous and extreme weather events. Modern climate changes require a certain revision of weather patterns previously accepted for the area. This article provides information on the current space and time distribution of wind characteristics within the territory of Morocco. During the period of 2005-2014 some monthly average wind speed values and data on repeatability of wind directions by gradations were obtained on the basis of physical and statistical analysis of results of observations of wind speed and directions performed at 26 stations.
The authors defined the character of distribution of monthly averages of wind speed within the territory and its seasonal changes. Most of the territory is covered by mountains of Morocco which encourages development of local winds. At central and northern regions of Morocco predominance of weak winds due to complex orography of terrain is observed. In the central part of Morocco there is a region with the lowest values of wind speed. Formation of the wind regime at the coastal stations takes place in a developed breeze circulation. Wind speed and direction are significantly different at the nearby stations, such as Larache and Chefchaouen, Meknes and Fez.
Increase of wind during the warmer half of a year was revealed at all stations. Nature of annual variation of average wind speed at the stations allows us to split the stations into two groups. The first group includes the stations where the average wind speed increases in summer and decreases in winter. The second group includes the stations where the average wind speed increases in spring and decreases in autumn. In the southern part and along the coast, where the terrain is flat, an increase of wind speed is observed. On open plains of the southern part of Atlantic coast during all seasons wind has a direction corresponding to direction of trade winds of the Northern hemisphere. It should be noted that the main factor forming air circulation within the territory of Morocco is represented by trade winds the intensity of which nearly doubles from summer to winter.
Formation of wind directions at the stations takes place mainly under the influence of terrain of the area. At many stations predominant wind direction in January changes by 180º in comparison to the respective July values. Therefore, characteristics of the wind regime of Morocco in 2005-2014 consist in increase of wind speed in the coastal zone and decrease thereof in mountain areas together with presence of two types of annual variation of wind speed depending on physical and geographical conditions.
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Doukkali, Mohammed. "Water institutional reforms in Morocco". Water Policy 7, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2005): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0005.
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Using a teleological perspective and an analytical categorization of the history of water institutions in Morocco, this paper aims to review and evaluate the institutional reforms in the country in the light of the results and hypotheses presented in some recent literature on the subject. The review suggests that considering their overall thrust and direction, the institutional reforms undertaken in Morocco are truly remarkable. While these reforms have paved a solid institutional foundation for promoting an economically responsive water sector, there are still serious reform gaps, especially in areas such as groundwater regulation and supportive institutions for irrigated agriculture. The evaluation of the reform process suggests that Morocco has exploited well the political contexts of resource limit and economic crisis, path dependent opportunities provided by existing institutions and earlier reforms, and the synergetic influences of the countrywide economic reforms and changing political conditions. Clearly, the reform experience of Morocco indicates that although undertaking initial reform can be difficult, subsequent reforms are relatively easier when the political opportunities for reforms provided by both endogenous and exogenous factors are well exploited.
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Martínez Sánchez, Rafael M., Juan Carlos Vera Rodríguez, Jesús Gámiz Caro, Salvador Pardo-Gordó, Guillem Pérez-Jordà e Leonor Peña-Chocarro. "Reflections on the Other Side. A Southern Iberia Origin for the First Pottery Production of Northern Morocco?" Open Archaeology 7, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 1054–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0174.
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Abstract This work is a starting point for rethinking the role of the Iberian Peninsula in the neolithisation of northern Morocco. It focuses on the similarities and divergences between the first pottery productions and their decorations in both territories. This relationship is supported by the existence of an accurate chronological gradation between the first evidence of Neolithisation in Iberian Peninsula and that of northern Morocco which suggests a north–south direction. We also present arguments on the possible links between the early ceramics from the north of Morocco and those from the south of Iberia, providing a first approach to an issue that will need to be carefully analysed in future research.
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Frémeaux, Jacques. "Les forces supplétives de l'armée française au Maroc (1912-1934)". Revue Historique des Armées 235, n. 2 (2004): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2004.5598.
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The auxiliary force of the French Army in Morocco (1912-1934) longside the Moroccan regular units, the French army in Morocco counted in its strength some important contingents of auxiliaries or supplementary forces. The flexibility of their recruitment and the diversity of the roles in which they were employed made them highly valued by French commanders. They formed shock units, such as the famous goums, as well as police forces at the service of the officers of the Bureau of Indigenous Affairs. Others, less well-known, operated under the direction of Moroccan leaders. This article attempts to lift the veil on these formations.
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Okacha, Abdelmonaim, Adil Salhi, Mounir Bouchouou, Kamal Lahrichi, Hamid Fattasse e Kamal Abdelrahman. "High-Resolution Precipitation Mapping for Morocco: Integrating Orographic and Geographic Influences". European Modern Studies Journal 8, n. 2 (30 maggio 2024): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59573/emsj.8(2).2024.45.
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Morocco's mountainous regions play a crucial role in shaping its precipitation patterns, influencing everything from water resources to agricultural potential. However, accurately mapping precipitation in such complex terrain is challenging for traditional methods. This study proposes a model that incorporates both topographic and geographic features and prevailing weather patterns to create more accurate maps of average annual precipitation across Morocco. What sets this model apart is its ability to determine the direction of prevailing weather circulation and incorporate geographic and topographic parameters that influence precipitation patterns. Using data from 1965 to 2010, the model estimates an average annual rainfall of 206.4 mm, equivalent to 146.6 billion cubic meters per year, with a terrain aspect deviation to the dominant moisture flux direction set at 280 degrees. This approach is particularly valuable in regions with limited climate data networks, as it leverages existing information to fill in the gaps. By providing more accurate precipitation maps, this model can be a valuable tool for environmental modeling, water resource management, and agricultural planning in Morocco.
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Benyetho, Yousra, e Abdelilah El Attar. "Economic Development and Renewable Energy Nexus in Morocco". Finance & Economics Review 5, n. 1 (13 agosto 2023): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/fer.v5i1.557.
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Purpose The present study explores the causal relationships between economic development, renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in the context of Morocco. Methods The panel unit root test, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and bounds test were used to assess the co-integration of the variables in the study and the long-run relationship between them. It employs the Granger causality test using a vector error correction model to determine the existence and direction of causality among the variables. It uses Morocco's annual statistical data from 1990 through 2019. Results The co-integration of the variables in the study was confirmed, implying that a long-run relationship exists between them. The causality test results suggest that a bidirectional causality exists between renewable energy consumption and economic development, which validates the feedback hypothesis of the mutual link between renewable energy consumption and economic development. Implications These findings suggest that Morocco's economic development is critical in providing the required resources for sustainable development. It also implies that boosting renewable energy utilization would enhance Morocco's economic development and limit environmental degradation.
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Amane, Mounia, Mohamed Echchakery, Mohamed Daoudi, Mohamed Hafidi e Samia Boussaa. "Determinants of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis by case-control study in Morocco". PLOS ONE 17, n. 10 (14 ottobre 2022): e0266291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266291.
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Leishmaniasis is endemic in Morocco where both cutaneous and visceral forms coexist. To date, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) determinants remain poorly investigated in Morocco. However, the disease risk factors identification is vital to determine the specific preventive process. In this aim, a case-control study was conducted in the main active ACL foci in central Morocco. Epidemiological data were extracted from bulletins, registers and annual reports of the regional direction of Health offices. The socioeconomic and environmental data were collected from epidemiological surveys, completed by a questionnaire intended for accessible positive population and control people selected from the cases’ entourage. The study included 258 cases and 395 controls. Our results showed that many socioeconomic factors were associated with ACL in Morocco such as the rural habitation (OR = 4.163; 95% CI: 2.91–5.96), movement to endemic area (OR = 4.53; 95% CI: 3.03–6.77), provenance from leishmaniasis foci (in Essaouira focus OR = 5.34; 95% CI: 1.19–24.03) and poverty. In addition, environmental factors like proximity of vegetation (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14–5.25), poor domestic hygiene, particularly the absence of sewage system/waste management (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.35–1.96), and presence of animals (OR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.14–5.25) increase the risk of ACL in Morocco. Except for Matrimonial status (married people, OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 1.80–9.41), there is however no significant association of the disease with the other socio-demographic factors in the study area (p>0.05). These several risk factors must be taken in consideration to prevent this disease through multidisciplinary collaboration and community participation.
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Driouch, Anas, Latifa Ouadif, Khalid Benjmel, Mohamed Bhilisse e Said Ilmen. "Determining the regional tectonic stress field by remote sensing in the Bou Azzer inlier, Central Anti-Atlas, Morocco". Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, n. 2 (30 giugno 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.02.049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose. This paper deals with the determination of the regional stress field direction of the Bou Azzer inlier using the remote sensing tool. Methods. CIn this study, we use an approach to digital mapping by remote sensing, including the steps of pre-processing and processing of Landsat-8 OLI images. Then, an automatic extraction of lineaments based on directional filtering has been performed. To determine the main directions of major mean fractures, these results have been supplemented and confirmed by an integrated model, including a synthesis of bibliographic works and field studies. Findings. The directional rosette analysis results show four systems of major directions namely, N0°, N45°, N90° and N135°. The regional stress field in the study area, according to tectonic history, is characterized by a horizontal compression tectonic regime, as indicated by several systems of strike-slip faults with a high tendency to deformation. Thus, the abundance of brittle and ductile microtectonic indicators confirms the direction of the main compressive stress N°30. The direction of the three-dimensional stress field: σ1: N°30, σ2: N°120, σ3: Vertical component. Originality. The present study allows to determine the regional stress field direction of the Bou Azzer inlier, in particular, in areas affected by complex tectonics of various scales, as well as in hard-to-reach areas. Practical implications. In mining practice, the study of stability using 2D and 3D geotechnical numerical modeling of underground mine workings is essential. The stress field direction is an important input parameter to develop more realistic decision support models, as well as to ensure the safety of people and materials at the Bou Azzer mine.
Tesi sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Martinez, Lopez Sofia. "Contributions au sondage de canal à l'intérieur des bâtiments : Direction de Départ, étalement Doppler, polarisation des ondes reçues et modélisation de canaux UWB". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004397.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dans le contexte actuel où le spectre électromagnétique est saturé, une transmission efficace par les systèmes sans fils exige une connaissance approfondie du comportement du canal de propagation. La modélisation stochastique du canal permet d'évaluer les performances d'un système de communication dans un environnement donné. Ces dernières années, nous assistons à l'apparition de techniques mettant à profit les diversités du canal (diversité temporelle, diversité spatiale et diversité de polarisation). Pour évaluer leurs performances, les sondeurs de canal et les modèles proposés se sont complexifiés. Cette thèse est une contribution au sondage multiparamétrique d'un canal radiofréquence à l'intérieur des bâtiments. Elle aborde l'amélioration du sondeur de canal développé préalablement à TELECOM ParisTech. La caractéristique originale de ce sondeur est l'utilisation de récepteurs cinq-port. Le cinq-port est un circuit interférométrique qui permet de calculer le rapport complexe entre deux signaux hyperfréquences. Son faible coût permet d'exploiter seize chaînes parallèles en réception. Le signal utilisé pour le sondage est un signal chirp couvrant la bande de fréquences entre 2.2 et 2.7 GHz. Des estimations haute-résolution de direction de départ, direction d'arrivée, polarisation, fréquence Doppler et retard sont effectuées pour valider le sondeur. Cette thèse est aussi une contribution à la modélisation statistique des canaux UWB. Un modèle spatio-temporel est élaboré à partir de mesures SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) couvrant la bande de fréquences entre 2 GHz et 8 GHz. Les valeurs des paramètres du modèle sont comparées pour différents environnements, de type bureau et de type résidentiel, en condition de visibilité et de non visibilité.
Libri sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Bousquet, Gérard. Autobiograflic: La police judiciaire vécue de l'intérieur. Saint-Malo: P. Galodé éditeurs, 2010.
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Fuligni, Bruno. Secrets d'Etat: Les grands dossiers du ministère de l'Intérieur, 1870-1945. Paris: L'Iconoclaste, 2014.
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Boulais, Stéphane-Albert. Le Cinéma vécu de l'intérieur, mon expérience avec Pierre Perrault: Suivi de, Autocritique. Hull: Éditions de Lorraine, 1988.
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Birenbaum, Guy. Le cabinet noir: Au coeur du système Yves Bertrand. Paris: Les Arènes, 2008.
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Rougelet, Patrick. Les carnets noirs de la République. Paris: Albin Michel, 2009.
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Rougelet, Patrick. Les carnets noirs de la République. Paris: Albin Michel, 2009.
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Les carnets noirs de la République. Paris: Albin Michel, 2009.
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Birenbaum, Guy. Le cabinet noir: Au coeur du système Yves Bertrand. Paris: Les Arènes, 2008.
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Eric, Branca, a cura di. Je ne sais rien... mais je dirai (presque) tout: Conversations avec Eric Branca. Paris: Plon, 2007.
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Recasens, Olivia. L'espion du président: Au cœur de la police politique de Sarkozy. Paris: Laffont, 2012.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Aydemir, Oguzhan, e Banu Demirhan. "The Relationship Between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates". In Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities, 171–85. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2245-4.ch011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The relationship and causality between stock prices and exchange rates has preoccupied the minds of economists, investors and policy makers for a long time. However, the relationship or the direction of causality between these two variables still remains unresolved in both theory and empirics. This study examines panel Granger causality relationship between stock price and exchange rate for selected six MENA countries (Bahrain, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia) over the period of 2005:01 and 2013:12. Panel DOLS and FMOLS methods are used to estimate long-run coefficients. On the other hand, panel based error-correction model is used to perform causality analysis. The findings of FMOLS and DOLS methods indicate that the appreciation of local currency in Bahrain, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan and Qatar leads to a reduction in stock prices. Contrary, in Saudi Arabia, the appreciation of local currency increases stock prices. Panel Granger causality analysis shows that there is a unidirectional causality from exchange rate to stock prices in MENA countries.
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CEA, Roberto. "Politique de santé entre concurrence scientifique et pouvoir des experts". In Les épidémies au prisme des SHS, 109–14. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.5996.
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La communication vise à analyser les épidémies de choléra en Italie à la fin du XIXe siècle comme une étude de cas utile pour étudier la relation entre les experts et les décideurs politiques lors les situations d'urgence épidémiques. L’épidémie de 1884-1887 a marqué un tournant décisif dans l’histoire des institutions sanitaires de l’État italien. Le nombre élevé de décès, environ 34.000, a attiré l’attention sans précédent de la presse, alors que l'opinion publique a été particulièrement impressionnée par les effets de la maladie dans les grandes villes comme Naples, qui est devenu rapidement le symbole de la relation entre le choléra et la dégradation hygiénique-environnemental. Sous la pression des événements, le gouvernement a décidé de modifier sa stratégie initiale en matière de santé, passant d'une approche strictement contagionniste à une approche anti- contagionniste, tandis que les questions concernant la santé et la sécurité collectives devenaient de plus en plus centrales dans le débat public et politique. La principale conséquence de l'épidémie a été l'approbation en 1888 d'une vaste réforme sanitaire, qui a conduit à la création d'une Direction de la santé publique au Ministère de l'Intérieur et à la mise en place d'un corps de fonctionnaires hygiénistes au sein de l'administration publique. Le cadre institutionnel créée par la réforme est resté en place pendant environ un siècle, jusqu'à l'entrée en fonction du SSN (Service Sanitaire National) en 1978. L’étude de cas proposée a donc une double portée. D'une part, il permet de vérifier la configuration des épidémies passées en tant que phénomènes d'accélération des processus sociaux et institutionnels. D'autre part, il souligne la capacité des crises épidémiques à avoir des effets durables sur l'organisation institutionnelle et administrative des États. En partant de ces hypothèses, et en utilisant les sources archivistiques et imprimées nécessaires à la réalisation d'une étude historiographique, la question sera abordée sur la base de deux niveaux d'analyse. Le premier entend reconstruire le champ scientifique des experts, avec ses caractéristiques et ses conflits internes. Les mesures sanitaires proposées par les différents groupes d'experts, au-delà de leur attribution à la doctrine contagionniste ou anti-contagionniste, étaient enracinées dans des traditions scientifiques d'origine locale, antérieures à l'Unité nationale et dotées d'une forte valeur identitaire pour les élites médicales régionales. Le domaine médical a produit des indications qui n'étaient pas unanimes, mais qui reflétaient les contrastes présents en son sein et qui n'étaient que partiellement justifiés par des raisons scientifiques. Le deuxième niveau d'analyse explorera la relation entre les experts et les décideurs politiques. Cette relation a été certainement décisive pour le gouvernement central, mais elle a pris forme également au niveau local et périphérique, puisque presque toutes les municipalités et de nombreuses préfectures ont formé des commissions spéciales chargées d'élaborer des mesures sanitaires pour contenir l'épidémie. Les médecins et les hygiénistes ont pu définir le champ des possibilités dans lequel les décideurs politiques pouvaient agir, même si leur rôle, externe à l'administration publique, était peu formalisé sur le plan institutionnel. Les conclusions illustreront les conséquences produit par la relation entre les experts et le pouvoir politique construit entre 1884 et 1887, notamment en ce qui concerne le contenu de la réforme de la santé, les compétences des hygiénistes employés par le Ministère de l'Intérieur et la réglementation sanitaire du commerce international.
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Usifoh, Saturday E., Benjamin Männel, Pierre Sakic, Joseph D. Dodo e Harald Schuh. "Determination of a GNSS-Based Velocity Field of the African Continent". In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2022_180.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractGNSS-based velocity fields are a key tool to assess the boundaries around major deforming areas, to explain the main patterns of surface motion and deformation, to analytically review existing kinematics models and finally, to study the underlying tectonic activities. Determination of a velocity field for Africa is of great importance in the determination of the African Reference Frame; this is essential for better understanding the African plate tectonics. Therefore, this study focusses on the determination of the African velocity fields using continuously operated GNSS stations. We processed and analyzed 11 years of data obtained from a total number of 145 GNSS site using GFZ’s EPOS.P8 software. The result shows that Africa moves in the North-East direction. The station coordinates derived with PPP show averaged RMS values of 2.9 mm, 9.9 mm and 8.5 mm for the north, east and up components with respect to the estimated trajectory models. Horizontal velocities at sites located on stable Nubia plate fit a single plate model with residual motion below 1 mm/year of RMS. We confirm significant southeast motion in Morocco and Zambia with residual velocities of 1.4 mm/year and 0.9 mm/year, respectively. We estimate the Euler Poles for Nubia and Somalia with 48.59°N, −78.64°E, 0.264°/Myr and 60.38°N, −83.33°E, 0.272°/Myr, respectively. Vertical velocities range from −2 to +2 mm/year, close to their uncertainties, with no distinct geographic pattern. The study also provides continental-wide position and velocity field solution for Africa, and can also be considered as a contribution to the upcoming AFREF, the African Geodetic Reference Frame.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Liping, Xiong, Liu Yanli e Shi Danni. "Research on the Tectonic Evolution of the North Africa from Morocco to Libya as the Controlling Factor on the petroleum basins’ Hydrocarbon Accumulation". In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2566974-ms.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the tectonic evolution of the North African petroleum basins as the controlling factors on the major basins’ formation, evolution and the hydrocarbon accumulation, analyzing the petroleum enrichment conditions and proposing hydrocarbon accumulation mode. The analysis concludes that the distribution of North Africa Basins is in regular east-west direction, clear depression associates with highland structure. The basins becomes gradually older from the west to the east, corresponding to the Western Paleozoic basin, the Middle part Paleozoic and Mesozoic superimposed basin and the Eastern Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basin. Petroleum in the Middle-West basins is mainly controlled by western Hercynian tectonic movement with obvious NE – SW distribution character, while petroleum in the East basins controlled by the Alpine tectonic movement, showing NW-SE distribution. Experienced a number of north-south direction reversals, the Paleozoic basin developed in the South and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic superimposed basin overlaying the Paleozoic Basin located in the North. The basins have two different accumulation models, which are younger source rocks associated with the older reservoirs and the older source rocks with the younger reservoirs.
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Campos, João. "Kilwa, the first European overseas’ fortification built in the East". In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17944.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Portuguese Fort of Kilwa, 300 km south of Dar-es-Salam, is part of the archaeological landscape of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara (Tanzania), classified as World Heritage in 1981. Together with the Fort they stand out the ruins of the Great Mosque (11th/13th c.) and the Husuni Kubwa Palace (14th c.). Since the 10th century there were flourishing cities at , through which passed much of the trade in the Indian Ocean. As the control came to the Portuguese hands in the 16th century, the region went into decline. Built in 17 days (23 July – 9 August 1505) during the inauguration voyage of Francisco de Almeida, the designated 1st Viceroy of India, the Fort was enshrined in royal rules for the ordering of the colonial direction of the Expansion. Therefore, it can be considered as the first construction of stone (coral) and lime made by Europeans in the eastern side of the world, 500 years ago. The Portuguese occupation only last for 7 years, but its use remain until the mid-nineteenth century, during the operational city. Despite the evolutionary adaptations that lend some contours of Swahili culture to the Fort, its original compositional principles are clearly identified. It is a practical and expeditious example of military architecture, in transition to pyroballistic architecture, designed with a square shape and two round bastions at opposite angles. This model possibly corresponds to the one idealized by Leonardo da Vinci, serving the requirements of the first phase of the Expansion (although it was also adapted in the remodeling of the medieval castles on the border with Spain). The period in which it occurs is called Manueline (King Manuel, 1495-1521), important examples remaining in Africa (Morocco with El Jadida and Aguz, or Ghana with Mina) and in India (Cranganor, Chale), some abandoned or destroyed, and others replaced by more advanced equipment. Kilwa's Fort (located on the seashore served by ships, like all Expansion forts) had internally 2 floors with flat cover in the bastions for artillery.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Morocco. Direction de l'intérieur"
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Banque Interaméricaine de Développement rapport annuel 2009: Bilan de l'année. Inter-American Development Bank, febbraio 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005829.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ce volume est le premier de deux qui constituent le rapport annuel de la Banque interaméricaine de développement. La Discussion et Analyse de la Direction, les états financiers vérifiés (uniquement en anglais et en espagnol) et les annexes, dans leur totalité, sont publiés dans un volume séparé, à savoir le Rapport annuel de la BID : États financiers et Annexes générales. Ce rapport en deux volumes comporte un examen des activités de la Banque en 2009 (prêts, garanties et dons) et, dans un volume à part, une discussion et analyse de la Direction : Capital ordinaire, états financiers de la Banque et les annexes générales. Les volumes records de décaissements et d'approbations de la Banque ont été rendus possibles par une action tendant à mobiliser les montants maximums autorisés au titre du Nouveau cadre de prêt pour 2009-2012. En 2009, la composition du portefeuille de projets approuvés est restée conforme à la tendance des années précédentes, avec environ 15 % du volume pour le secteur de l'énergie, 12,8 % pour l'eau et l'assainissement, 10,9 % pour les transports, 9,4 % pour les marchés des capitaux et 8,7 % pour la réforme et la modernisation de l'État. Les approbations de prêts au sous-secteur de l'investissement social ont affiché une hausse de 12,4 % du programme de prêt en 2008 à 18,2 % en 2009. La stratégie institutionnelle de la Banque vise à traiter deux principaux obstacles structurels à la réduction de la pauvreté : le manque d'égalité des chances et les écarts de croissance de plus en plus prononcés à l'intérieur de la Région et avec d'autres régions.