Articoli di riviste: "Molars Anatomy"

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Nepal, Manisha, Vanita Gautam, Snigdha Shubham, Rupam Tripathi e Rinku Sah. "An Insight into Anatomical Variations in Maxillary Molars: A Case Series". Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 6, n. 2 (3 dicembre 2018): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v6i2.22502.

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The aim of this article is to show different anatomic complexities of the root canal system related to maxillary molars. Maxillary molars are presumed to have only three roots with three canals but this is not always the case, it might present with different variations. Some of the anatomical variations such as, mesiobuccal2 (MB2) canals in maxillary 1st and 2nd molars, two rooted maxillary 1st and 2nd molar, one rooted maxillary 2nd molar, C-shaped upper 2nd molar and maxillary 2nd molar with extra palatal root are reported in this case series. Hence, in treating each tooth every dentist must keep foresight that complex anatomy occurs often enough to be considered normal and manage them accordingly.

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Singh, Shishir, e Mansing Pawar. "Root canal morphology of South Asian Indian maxillary molar teeth". European Journal of Dentistry 09, n. 01 (gennaio 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149662.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to study the root canal morphology of South Asian Indian Maxillary molars using a tooth clearing technique. Materials and Methods: Hundred teeth each comprising of first, second, and third molars collected from different dental schools and clinics in India were subjected to standard dye penetration, decalcification and clearing procedure before being studied. Results: The first molar mesiobuccal roots exhibited 69% Type I, 24% Type II, 4% Type IV, 2% Type V, and 1% exhibited a Vertuccis Type VIII canal anatomy. In the group with three separate roots the second molar mesiobuccal roots in exhibited 80.6% Type I, 15.3% Type II, 2.7% Type IV, and 1.4% Type V canal anatomy while the third molars mesiobuccal roots exhibited 57.4% Type I, 32% Type II, 2.1% Type III, 8.5% Type IV, 1% had a Type V canal anatomy in the similar group. Conclusion: A varied root canal anatomy was seen in the mesiobuccal root canal of the maxillary molars.

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Jafarzadeh, Hamid, Zahed Mohammadi, Sousan Shalavi e Shilpa Bandi. "Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth". Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, n. 4 (2015): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1681.

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ABSTRACT Successful root canal treatment depends on having comprehensive information regarding the root(s)/canal(s) anatomy. Dentists may have some complication in treatment of third molars because the difficulty in their access, their aberrant occlusal anatomy and different patterns of eruption. The aim of this review was to review and address the number of roots and root canals in third molars, prevalence of confluent canals in third molars, C-shaped canals, dilaceration and fusion in third molars, autotransplantation of third molars and endodontic treatment strategies for third molars. How to cite this article Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Bandi S, Patil SG. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Human Third Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4): 310-313.

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Gupta, Ashu, Saroj Thakur, Vishal Sharma, Anshu Minocha, Bhanu Singh e Rambhika Thakur. "Radix Entomolaris: An Endodontic Challenge". Dental Journal of Advance Studies 01, n. 01 (aprile 2013): 058–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670598.

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AbstractVariation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents two case reports of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.

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Genaro, Luis Eduardo, Gabriely Ferreira, Marcelo Brito Conte, Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves e Ticiana Sidorenko Oliveira Capote. "Morphological Differences between the First and Second Permanent Upper Molars". Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, n. 04 (19 settembre 2019): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695756.

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AbstractThe dental elements present similar and specific anatomical features, depending on the functions they have in the oral cavity. The permanent molars are the most complex structures, mainly the occlusal face, due to their function of food grinding. The aim of the present article is to present the upper first and second molars morphology, emphasizing the similarities and differences between them. Besides, the upper first and second molars of the collection of the Department of Morphology of Universidade Estadual de Paulista (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, were evaluated regarding the presence of the oblique ridge, frequency and classification of the molar tubercle, and the crown morphology (upper second molars). In the 372 evaluated upper first molars, the molar tubercle was absent in most of the teeth. When present, the molar tubercle belonged to the mesiolingual cusp; 8.9% were classified as type I; 9.1% as type II; and 9.4% as type III. The oblique ridge was present in all upper first molars. The morphology of 401 upper second molars was also evaluated; 64.83% were tetracuspid; 35.16% tricuspid; and 17.02% presented compression morphology. In 100 tricuspid teeth, 50% presented oblique ridge, with it being prominent in 30%. No upper second molars presented molar tubercle. Although there are similarities between the upper first and second molars, we must always be aware of the features that differ between them, so their functionality can be restored.

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Kumar, Rahul, Nishant Gandhi, Roshan Shetty e Anuradha Patil. "Radix Entomolaris". Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 2, n. 1 (2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcd-2-1-33.

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Abstract Variation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous confi gurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents one case report of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.

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Froehlich, David J., e Jon E. Kalb. "Internal reconstruction of elephantid molars: applications for functional anatomy and systematics". Paleobiology 21, n. 3 (1995): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013361.

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The unique manner in which molars from members of the family Elephantidae erupt in the jaw and wear obliquely and sequentially has profound effects upon dental function and phylogenetic change within the group. Three-dimensional modeling using a “molar matrix” of elephantid dentition, and application of such models to systematic and functional studies, allows a more refined description of dental morphology. A method of examining variation within elephantid teeth is presented based on successive staging of worn molars. Results indicate that individual plates exhibit increasingly derived features with wear (relative to the systematic analysis used here), while successively worn plates exhibit successively more plesiomorphic features apically and posteriorly. Further, results indicate that the patterns developed by wear on the surface of elephantid molars are conserved throughout life despite their unique successive replacement pattern. The cheek teeth in a molar series act as a single, continuous masticating unit, here termed a “cheek tooth battery.” Overall, the tools developed here, wear staging and molar matrices, allow for a more refined understanding of morphological variation within and between elephantids, with application to more conservative elephantoid taxa.

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Felsypremila, Gnanasekaran, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar e Deivanayagam Kandaswamy. "Anatomic symmetry of root and root canal morphology of posterior teeth in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography: A retrospective study". European Journal of Dentistry 09, n. 04 (ottobre 2015): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.172623.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the anatomic symmetry of maxillary and mandibular posteriors in Indian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 246 patients that had at least one noncarious, posterior tooth free of restorations in each quadrant were enrolled for retrospective analysis. A total of 3015 teeth (811 maxillary premolars, 845 mandibular premolars, 738 maxillary molars, and 621 mandibular molars) were analyzed for number of roots and root canals, canal morphology and anatomic symmetry, and concurrent types between the maxilla and mandible. Results: There was no difference in the percentage of symmetry for maxillary first (81.5%) and second (81.5%) premolars. Mandibular second premolars (98.3%) exhibited greater symmetry than mandibular first premolars (96.1%). First molars (77.5% and 82.1%) showed greater symmetry than second molars (70.8% and 78.6%), in both maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. The most common anatomy observed were: maxillary first premolars – 2 roots with 2 canals, maxillary second premolars – 1 root with 2 canals, mandibular first and second premolars – 1 root with 1 canal, maxillary first and second molars – 3 roots with 4 canals, and mandibular first and second molars – 2 roots with 3 canals. When compared with any other teeth, maximum asymmetry was observed in maxillary second molar (29.2%). Conclusion: The percentage of symmetry observed in the present study varied from 70% to 98% with least percentage of symmetry in maxillary second molars. These data should alert the clinicians while treating homonymous teeth of the same patient.

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BARBIZAM, J., R. RIBEIRO e M. FILHO. "Unusual Anatomy of Permanent Maxillary Molars". Journal of Endodontics 30, n. 9 (settembre 2004): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000121618.45515.5a.

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Acharya, N., A. Singh, PS Samant e V. Gautam. "Endodontic Management of Radix Paramolaris with Six Canals: A Clinical Case Report". Kathmandu University Medical Journal 11, n. 4 (23 settembre 2015): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i4.13480.

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Endodontic therapy of mandibular molars is a challenging task due to its varied root canal morphology. A mandibular first molar with additional buccal root (Radix paramolaris) and additional distolingual root (Radix Entomolaris) is an example of its varied anatomy. A successful management of atypical root canal configurations is an important aspect in determining the success rate of root canal therapy. The detail knowledge of the root morphology and canal anatomy allows the clinician for accurate location of the extra roots and canals and accordingly the refinement of the access cavity for the stress free entry of complex anatomy. Hence, for a successful root canal therapy, clinician must be aware of the external and internal anatomic variations .The aim of this clinical case report is to present and describe the unusual presence of two separate mesial roots and six root canals in mandibular first molar, detected during routine endodontic therapy.Kathmandu Univ Med J 2013; 11(4): 338-341

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Cucina, Andrea, Elma Vega Lizama, Marco Ramírez, G. Alvarado Cárdenas e Vera Tiesler. "Morphology of Root and C-Shape Canal in Prehispanic and Modern Maya Groups from Northern Yucatan". Dental Anthropology Journal 21, n. 2-3 (2 settembre 2018): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v21i2-3.101.

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One-rooted mandibular second molars arelabelled “C-molar” because of the root’s morphology.The frequency of C-molars is strongly associatedwith ethnic origin, being most common in North-EastAsians. The present study analyzed the frequency ofone-rooted molars and associated pulpal chamber in 48Prehispanic Mayans and in 142 modern subjects studiedat the School of Endodontics, UADY. The frequency ofone-rooted molars in the Prehispanic sample is 35%,with 32% of these having C-canals. Similarly, 42 of 142 (30%) modern teeth exhibit a C-canal. The similaritybetween ancient and modern samples suggests thatgenetic admixture since the European conquest has notaffected trait expression, and it implies that the Mayaexpress the Sinodontic pattern of dental morphology.Endodontically, the significant correlation betweenC-molar and C-canal is an advantage for recognizingthe canal’s anatomy if treatment is indicated.

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Chaudhary, Devendra, Niti Shah, Abhishek Bansal, Navneet Kukreja e Hitesh Nagarth. "Missed Canals can Never be Missed-CT In Endodontics: A Series of Case Reports". Dental Journal of Advance Studies 03, n. 02 (agosto 2015): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672025.

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AbstractAberrations in the root canal anatomy are a commonly occurring phenomenon. A thorough knowledge of the basic root canal anatomy and its variations is necessary for successful completion of the endodontic treatment. The maxillary molars has fascinated researchers and clinicians for a variety of reasons. Endodontically, these are the most misunderstood teeth, and presents a variety of considerations for the treating practitioner. This case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with five roots and five canals and another case of maxillary third molar with four canals. The clinical detection of the five canals was made using loupes and confirmed using computed tomography (CT) scanning. This report serves to remind clinicians that such anatomical variations should be taken into account during endodontic treatment of the maxillary molars.

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Misic, Aleksandra, Suzana Zivanovic, Mirjana Radovic, Milos Papic e Milica Popovic. "Unusual anatomy of permanent maxillary and mandibular molars: Case reports". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 147, n. 7-8 (2019): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh190305062m.

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Introduction. The anatomy and morphology of the roots and root canal systems of multi-rooted teeth, especially the molars, shows numerous variations. Preoperative radiography, in particular cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), has exceptional significance in detecting anatomical variations and unusual root canal morphologies, which are extremely important to be familiar with in order to undertake successful endodontic therapy and minimize procedural errors. Outline of cases. This report presents cases of incidental diagnosis of an unusual root anatomy and root canal morphology of permanent molars in two patients. Diagnosis in the first case was made using orthopantomography and confirmed after extraction therapy. The second case reviled unusual root anatomy and root canal morphology of the permanent molar after preoperative CBCT imaging. Conclusion. Anatomical and morphological variations of roots and root canal systems can occur in any tooth. Clinicians should expect these variations, which should be thoroughly investigated when considering dental treatment.

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Deepalakshmi, Mohanavelu, Chellasamy Savarimala Karumaran, Revathi Miglani e Rajamani Indira. "Independent and Confluent Middle Mesial Root Canals in Mandibular First Molars: A Report of Four Cases". Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/103125.

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Mandibular molars demonstrate considerable variations with respect to number of roots and root canals. The possibility of additional root canals should be considered even in teeth with a low frequency of abnormal root canal anatomy. This paper discusses the endodontic management of the rare anatomical complexity middle mesial canals in mandibular first molar and also serves to remind the clinicians that such anatomical variations should be taken into account during the endodontic treatment of the mandibular molars.

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Ana Clélia Roussenq Baracho, Eun Sol Cho, Nayara Ramos de Almeida Torres, Thiago Gomes da Silva e Antonio Adilson Soares de Lima. "Morphology Analysis of Human Fourth Molars Using Computed Microtomography - Pilot Study". Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 9, n. 4 (28 settembre 2020): 570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020570-581.

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Analyze the morphological characteristics of fourth molars from non-syndromic patients using computed microtomography (microCT). Five human fourth molars (case group) and other three third molars (control group) were obtain from Biobank of UFPR Dentistry School. The teeth were submitted to macroscopic and microCT analysis. Sample characteristics: 60% of the teeth from the lower arch, mainly from the right lower arch (40%). The results showed that eighty percent of the teeth were impacted and all of them presented normal morphology. The microCT revealed that one of the fourth molars had hypercementosis. Concerning the root canal anatomy, all of the fourth molars studied had just one principal root canal. Four teeth had one collateral canal that ended at the lateral face of the root. The volume average of root canal, dentine and enamel were respectively 9.27 mm3, 122.64 mm3 and 74.71 mm3. The averages between these variables in third molars were 46.98 mm3, 473.25 mm3 and 198.34 mm3, respectively. Proportionally, the volume of the fourth molars was five times less than the third molars, but the dentine and enamel volume were, respectively, 3.8 and 2.7 times less than third molars. The fourth molar teeth usually showed only one principal root canal and it can be associated with other alterations, such as hypercementosis. Although the fourth molars were smaller, the proportion of enamel volume is bigger than third molar in comparison.

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Joshi, Neelam, Anshula Deshpande, KS Poonacha, Seema Bargale, Kishan Naik e Dimple Mehta. "Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Root Canal Anatomy in Primary Molars: An in vitro Study". International Journal of Clinical Dentistry and Research 1, n. 1 (2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10060-0004.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Endodontic treatment requires knowledge of root canal morphology and its commonly occurring variation. The utility and relevance of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to the practice of endodontics is reported with increasing frequency in the field of endodontics for successful procedures. Therefore, the present study is undertaken to assess the variation in number and morphology of the root canals of primary molars. Materials and methods Extracted primary molars with at least two-thirds of intact root, and 7 to 12 mm length were cleaned in water and stored in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 week. Thereafter, the anatomy of the root canals of these primary molars was assessed through CBCT. Results In the present study, the majority of canals were ribbon shaped. Accessory canals were few and maximum number was found to be present in mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molar and the least in mesiobuccal root of mandibular second molar. Conclusion The CBCT proved to be as accurate as the gold standard in studying the presence of accessory canals with clinical applicability. This study highlights the usefulness of CBCT imaging for accurate diagnosis of the unusual canal morphology. How to cite this article Joshi N, Deshpande A, Poonacha KS, Bargale S, Naik K, Mehta D. Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Root Canal Anatomy in Primary Molars: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Dent Res 2017;1(1):15-19.

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Badole, Gautam P., Rakesh N. Bahadure, M. M. Warhadpande e Rajesh Kubde. "A Rare Root Canal Configuration of Maxillary Second Molar: A Case Report". Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/767582.

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A thorough knowledge of root canal morphology is a prerequisite for the endodontic therapy. The maxillary molars, especially the second molars, have the most complicated root canal system in permanent dentition. There are many variations in canal number and configuration in maxillary molars. Treatment may be unsuccessful because the dentist may fail to recognize the unusual canal configuration. The present paper describes a case of a right maxillary second molar with a canal configuration rarely reported in the literature. The tooth had four roots with four root canals, two individual palatal roots (mesiopalatal and distopalatal) with their own separate canals. The mesiobuccal and distobuccal root had normal anatomy. This paper may intensify the complexity of maxillary molar variation and is intended to reinforce clinician’s awareness of the rare morphology of root canals.

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Fabra-Campos, Hipólito. "Unusual root anatomy of mandibular first molars". Journal of Endodontics 11, n. 12 (dicembre 1985): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(85)80204-1.

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MANNING, S. A. "Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars." International Endodontic Journal 23, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1990.tb00801.x.

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Khawaja, Naveen, Suneel Kumar Punjabi e Munir Ahmed Banglani. "ROOT CANAL MORPHOLOGY;". Professional Medical Journal 24, n. 04 (6 aprile 2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.04.1451.

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Morphological features of mandibular 3rd molar are always unpredictable, andshow a discrepancy by way of different individual. Nevertheless, restorative, prosthetic andorthodontic concerns of these mandibular third molars require root canal treatment in turn topreserve functional elements in the jaw. The variation in the root canal anatomy presents clinicalchallenges and difficulties for clinician to undertake endodontic therapy. Therefore it’s veryessential for practitioners must have adequate knowledge of the internal morphology of rootcanal system, use all techniques, equipments is mandatory to treat the entire root canal system.Study Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Department: Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro. Period: February 2014 to March2016. Methodology: Overall 200 patients of mandibular 3rd molar (fully erupted in the jaw)were enrolled with indicative irreversible pulpitis, Were endodontically treated by conventionalmethod using stainless steel hand files, contra-angle small head hand peace by postgraduatetrainee. After opening of access cavity, every canal was positioned radiographically by the handfiles placed within the canals. Results: Among 200 patients of mandibular third molars wereevaluated by conventionally endodontic treatment, Out of 200 patients were found to havea practical errors in the 65 cases and rest of the 135 cases were treated without any errors.Number of canal configuration has found in lower 3rd molar teeth, one canal contained in4(2.0%) teeth, two canals in 33(16.5%) teeth, three canals in 160(80%) teeth and four in 3(1.5%)teeth. Conclusion: Mandibular third molars showed huge anatomic irregularity. Numberof canals has provided by this study to the practitioner with an understanding of the clinicalrecommended for lowers third molars.

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Scarparo, Roberta Kochenborger, Letícia Pereira, Diana Moro, Grasiela Gründling, Maximiliano Gomes e Fabiana Soares Grecca. "Morphologic Variations of Maxillary Molars Palatal Root and the Importance of Its Knowledge for Endodontic Practice: A Case Series". Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 12, n. 2 (2011): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1024.

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ABSTRACT Aim The present report describes and discusses root canal variations in the internal morphology of maxillary molars. Background Dental internal anatomy is directly related to all the technical stages of the endodontic treatment. Even though, in some situations a typical anatomical characteristics can be faced, and the professional should be able to identify them. Case descriptions This clinical report describes five cases with different pulpar and periapical diagnostics where the endodontic treatment was performed, in which during the treatment the unusual occurrence of two or three canals in the palatal root ‘or even two distinct palatal roots’ of first and second maxillary molars, were described and important details for achieving treatment success were discussed. Conclusion The knowledge of tooth internal anatomy must be considered during clinical and radiographic examinations. This should be valued not only to find atypical canals but also to enable calcified canals cleaning and shaping, once they are frequently omitted during endodontic therapy. Clinical significance Anatomic variations can occur in any tooth, and palatal roots of maxillary first and second molars are no exception. The complexity of the root canal system and the importance of identifying its internal anatomy for planning endodontic treatment increase the chances of success. How to cite this article Scarparo RK, Pereira L, Moro D, Gründling G, Gomes M, Grecca FS. Morphologic Variations of Maxillary Molars Palatal Root and the Importance of Its Knowledge for Endodontic Practice: A Case Series. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(2):138-142.

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Fristad, I., K. J. Heyeraas, I. H. Kvinnsland e R. Jonsson. "Recruitment of immunocompetent cells after dentinal injuries in innervated and denervated young rat molars: an immunohistochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, n. 9 (settembre 1995): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.9.7543913.

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The dental pulp represents a peripheral end-organ deprived of a collateral nerve supply. After inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) axotomy, rat molar pulp is denervated over a period of at least 6 days. Therefore, rat molar pulp was used as an experimental model to study the effect of sensory nerve fibers on influx of immunocompetent cells after dentinal injury. In the present study we performed a quantitative analysis of CD43+, CD4+, CD11b+, and I-A antigen-expressing cells subjacent to dentinal cavities in denervated and innervated first mandibular molars. For visualization of nerve fibers, antibodies to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, the sensory neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the sympathetic neuropeptide Y (NPY) were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. In the innervated teeth, a correlation between increased sensory nerve density and influx of immunocompetent cells was found. Compared to the contralateral innervated molars, a significant reduction in recruitment of immunocompetent cells was found in the denervated pulp tissue subjacent to the dentinal cavities. The rat molar represents a unique model to illustrate the influence of sensory nerves and neuropeptides on inflammation and recruitment of immunocompetent cells.

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Terada, Kazuto, Takashi Kameda, Ikuo Kageyama e Makoto Sakamoto. "Estimation of three-dimensional long axes of the maxillary and mandibular first molars with regression analysis". Anatomical Science International 95, n. 1 (25 ottobre 2019): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-019-00506-1.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the long axes of molars with multiple roots through ordinary least squares regression (LSR) and to compare them with the axes defined by principal component analysis (PCA). Three-dimensional radiological images of 20 dry skulls were obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data from maxillary and mandibular first molars were extracted from the CBCT DICOM data with a three-dimensional image visualization system. The obtained data were reconstructed, converted to STL files, and three-dimensional coordinate values were extracted. The long axes were estimated by an algorithm to synchronize the LSR line with the horizontal axis which was translated to the vertical axis. The axes of the molars defined by LSR were compared with the axes of the molars defined by PCA. The coordinate point number of each molar was 5400–5800. The algorithm for determining the tooth axes in this study consisted of four stages containing three steps each. The distance between the two axes calculated by the two methods (LSR and PCA) on the horizontal plane through the origin was less than 10−12 mm and the deviations between them were less than 0.003°. The long axes of the molars estimated by LSR agree almost exactly with the axes estimated by PCA, and the accuracy is sufficient for clinical usage; however, the distance between them would shorten with a more severe convergence condition of the α value at each stage of this LSR system.

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Umashankar, KV, NB Radhika e TS Satisha TS. "Third Root (Radix Entomolaris) In Permanent Mandibular First Molars in Pediatric Patients – An Endodontic Challenge". Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 5, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-5-1-49.

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ABSTRACT The study of root and root canal anatomy of molars in children is important for pediatric practice successfull. Normally the permanent mandibular first molar has two roots, one mesial and the other distal. Rarely an additional third root is seen, which is found distolingually and called as Radix Entomolaris. This extra root is typically smaller than the distobuccal root and is usually curved, requiring special attention when root canal treatment is being considered for such a tooth. The aim of the present paper is to present two cases of permanent mandibular first molars with an additional third root.

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Khosravifard, Negar, Zahra Dalili Kajan e Homayoon Hasanpoor. "Cone beam computed tomographic survey of the mesiobuccal root canal anatomy in the maxillary first and second molar teeth of an Iranian population". European Journal of Dentistry 12, n. 03 (luglio 2018): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_60_18.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the mesiobuccal (MB) root canal(s) anatomy of the maxillary first and second molar teeth in an Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images of 280 teeth (145 maxillary first molars and 135 maxillary second molars) were analyzed to determine the number and types of the MB root canals. Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between the number of MB canals and sex and Mann–Whitney analysis was used to define the relationship between the number of canals and the buccopalatal dimension of the MB roots. The level of interobservers' agreement was assessed with Kappa test. Results: Nearly 44.8% of the first molar and 18.5% of the second molar teeth had an additional MB canal (MB2). Types I and III of root canals had the highest frequencies. There was no significant relationship between the number of MB root canals of maxillary first and second molars and sex (P = 0.829). The relationship between the buccopalatal dimension of the MB roots and the number of root canals was shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Presence of MB2 had a relatively high frequency, especially in the maxillary first molars. The mean buccopalatal dimension of the MB roots showed to be interrelated with the number of root canals.

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Mohara, Nelson Tsutomu, Marcelo Santos Coelho, Nathalia Valle de Queiroz, Marcelle Louise Sposito Borreau, Marko Massao Nishioka, Adriana de Jesus Soares e Marcos Frozoni. "Root Anatomy and Canal Configuration of Maxillary Molars in a Brazilian Subpopulation: A 125-μm Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study". European Journal of Dentistry 13, n. 01 (febbraio 2019): 082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688736.

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Abstract Objective Knowledge of internal anatomy of the teeth is of great importance in endodontics, leading to success in root canal therapy (RCT). The aim of this study was to assess the root anatomy and canal configuration of maxillary molars in a Brazilian subpopulation using tomographic images using a voxel size of 125 μm. Materials and Methods This in vivo retrospective study assessed 651 cone-beam computed tomographic scans from 328 maxillary first molars and 323 maxillary second molars. The images were assessed by two endodontists and an oral radiologist. Only permanent molars with fully developed roots and with no signs of RCT were included. Results Maxillary first and second molars presented three separated roots in 99.39 and 90.09% of the cases, respectively. The presence of mesiolingual canals in the mesiobuccal roots was 64.22% for maxillary first molars and 33.56% for maxillary second molars. Distobuccal canals in the maxillary first and second molars presented Vertucci's Type I configuration in 99.39 and 99.66%, respectively, and palatal canals in the maxillary first and second molars presented Vertucci's Type I configuration in 99.69 and 99.68%, respectively. Maxillary second molars were more subjected to anatomical variations than first molars. Female patients presented higher prevalence of mesiolingual canals in the maxillary second molars. Conclusions The most prevalent morphology in the maxillary first and second molars was three root canals. The presence of only one or two roots is more likely to occur in the maxillary second molars than in the maxillary first molars. Mesiolingual canals in mesiobuccal roots are more frequent in the maxillary first molars than in the maxillary second molars, and the occurrence of two distobuccal or two palatal canals is rare.

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Martins, Jorge N. R., António Mata, Duarte Marques e João Caramês. "Prevalence of C-shaped mandibular molars in the Portuguese population evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography". European Journal of Dentistry 10, n. 04 (ottobre 2016): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.195175.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of first and second C-shaped mandibular molars in a Western European population of Portuguese Caucasians. Materials and Methods: Patients having both routine panoramic radiograph and presurgical cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams were selected. The CBCT examination was performed at five different axial levels and the mandibular molars were classified as C-shape according to the Fan criteria. Differences between genders, age groups, left and right side, type of tooth, and root concavity side were determined. The molars were classified as nonfused roots (NFRI–II), FRI–III, or single root with single canal (SS) groups, using the panoramic radiograph. The prevalence of C-shaped anatomy was calculated to each group. Results: A total of 1783 teeth (695 first molars and 1088 second molars) from 792 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of C-shaped configurations was 0.6% and 8.5% to mandibular first and second molars, respectively. The differences between gender, teeth, and root concavity direction were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05). The FR had a significantly higher rate of C-shapes when compared to NFR (P < 0.05). Intrarater reliability was 93.6%. Conclusions: The FR radiographic appearance may be considered a predictor of this anatomy. Second mandibular molars and females had a higher incidence ratio. Apparently, the mandibular C-shaped anatomy is more common in the population of this study than that has been previously reported for the European population.

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Prasad, Ashwini B., Deepak Raisingani, Deeksha Khurana, Prachi Mital, Harshit Srivastava e Pooja Sen. "Maxillary Second Molar with a Rare Palatal Root Canal Morphology: A Case Report". Journal of Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology 5, n. 1 (2020): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10057-0118.

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ABSTRACT Knowledge of the root canal anatomy and its variations is essential for successful completion of the endodontic treatment. Root canal treatment of maxillary second molars with aberrant canal configuration can be challenging. The incidence of two palatal canals in a palatal root is quite rare in maxillary molars. The novel diagnostic aids such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) help in the successful management of such cases. This case report describes the successful diagnosis and treatment of a maxillary second molar with two palatal canals, merging at the apical third of the root. How to cite this article: Sen P, Prasad AB, Mital P, et al. Maxillary Second Molar with a Rare Palatal Root Canal Morphology: A Case Report. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2020;5(1):23–25.

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Razumova, Svetlana, Anzhela Brago, Lamara Khaskhanova, Ammar Howijieh, Haydar Barakat e Ashot Manvelyan. "A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scanning of the Root Canal System of Permanent Teeth among the Moscow Population". International Journal of Dentistry 2018 (25 settembre 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2615746.

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Background. Successful endodontic treatment requires a significant knowledge of root canal anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and root canal number of permanent teeth among the Moscow population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning. Materials and methods. 300 CBCT images of subjects were analyzed to study the anatomy of roots and root canal system of each tooth. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software 22.0 version. Results. The maxillary incisors and canines had one root with one canal in 100%. Maxillary premolars had one root with one or two canals and two roots with two canals, while mandibular premolars were single-rooted with one or two canals. Maxillary first and second molar had three separated roots, and the prevalence of four canals was more often in first molars. Mandibular molars had two roots with different number of canals. Conclusion. The root canal system varies greatly among populations and even in different individuals within the same population; thus, using CBCT scanning is an effective technique in investigating the root canal system.

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Santana, Ronaldo B., M. Ilhan Uzel, Heloisa Gusman, Yilmaz Gunaydin, Judith A. Jones e Cataldo W. Leone. "Morphometric Analysis of the Furcation Anatomy of Mandibular Molars". Journal of Periodontology 75, n. 6 (giugno 2004): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2004.75.6.824.

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MANNING, S. A. "Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. Part I". International Endodontic Journal 23, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1990.tb00800.x.

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BATBAYAR, Nomintsetseg, Takashi KAMEDA, Natsuki SANO-SEKIKAWA e Kazuto TERADA. "Crown shape of maxillary molars with delayed eruption". Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 93, n. 3 (2016): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj.93.89.

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Acharya, Nisha, Durga Paudel e Anil Chakradhar. "Incidence of Four Canals in Permanent Mandibular First Molar in Patients Attending Dhulikhel Hospital." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, n. 1 (30 marzo 2018): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i1.18707.

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Background & Objectives:The success of root canal therapy greatly depends upon the proper cleaning, shaping and three dimensional sealing. Besides these, the locations of all the canals, is mandatory to achieve the rationale of endodontic therapy. Hence, variation in root canal anatomy has clinical significance. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of four root canals in permanent mandibular first molars in patients attending Dhulikhel Hospital.Materials & Methods:The clinical and radiographic examination of one hundred and nine permanent mandibular first molars, undergoing root canal treatment was conducted. Mandibular first molar teeth of both male and female patients of all age groups were included.Results:Out of 109 samples (46.8% male and 53.2% female), three and four canals were found in 44.1% and 55.9% respectively in root treated permanent mandibular first molars.Conclusion:This study concluded that 55.9% of permanent mandibular first molars have four root canals, indicating higher incidence than that of three canals, in patients attending Dhulikhel hospital.

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Visser, Chris J. "Coronal access of the Canine Dentition". Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 8, n. 4 (dicembre 1991): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649100800403.

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Access preparation for endodontic treatment should be very exact, and knowledge of the anatomy of the teeth is a very important requirement for success. The use of radiographs is indispensable and should be used throughout endodontic treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate correct coronal access for endodontic treatment in regard to the anatomy of the endodontic system. The most common teeth that require endodontic treatment are the canines, fourth maxillary premolars, first mandibular molars, incisors, and then the remaining premolars and molars. Special emphasis will be placed on coronal access of the canine, carnassial and incisor dentition.

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Kharouf, Naji, Youssef Haïkel e Davide Mancino. "Unusual Maxillary First Molars with C-Shaped Morphology on the Same Patient: Variation in Root Canal Anatomy". Case Reports in Dentistry 2019 (22 ottobre 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1857289.

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A maxillary first molar should be considered a four-canal tooth until proved otherwise; however, a clinician should also be aware of the possibility of the presence of C-shaped root canal configuration with or without possibility of splitting into two or three canals. The two clinical cases reported in this paper describe the endodontic treatment of two maxillary first molars, on the same patient, with uncommon anatomy: the first case is about a maxillary first molar with only one C-shaped root and one oval canal with a large buccolingual diameter, a C1 type according to Fan’s classification; the second case, about the contralateral maxillary first molar, is probably the first case documented of a maxillary first molar with a C-shaped root canal and C-shaped root with complete fusion of the three roots, having a C3 configuration.

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Shalabi, R. M. Al, O. E. Omer J Glennon, M. Jennings e N. M. Claffey. "Root canal anatomy of maxillary first and second permanent molars". International Endodontic Journal 33, n. 5 (settembre 2000): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00221.x.

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Matsuda, Hiroyuki, Ali Borzabadi-Farahani e Bach T. Le. "Three-Dimensional Alveolar Bone Anatomy of the Maxillary First Molars". Implant Dentistry 25, n. 3 (giugno 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/id.0000000000000430.

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Pawar, AjinkyaM, e Shishir Singh. "New classification for pulp chamber floor anatomy of human molars". Journal of Conservative Dentistry 23, n. 5 (2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_477_20.

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Shenoi, Pratima R., Rajesh Kubde, Gautam P. Badole e Pooja Singare. "Variant Anatomy of Mandibular First Permanent Molar: A Case Series". Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 5, n. 2 (2015): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1119.

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ABSTRACT The advent of new dental imaging techniques and equipments, dental operating microscopes and loupes in endodontics have proved to be a boon for clinicians today. One of the causes of endodontic failure is missed canals. These technologies have greatly improved the ability to detect the presence of extra canals and thus seem to improve the success rate of endodontic treatment and the prognosis of endodontically treated tooth. The present article is a case series describing the endodontic management of two mandibular first permanent molars, one having two roots with six canals and other with three roots and five canals. How to cite this article Shenoi PR, Kubde R, Badole GP, Singare P. Variant Anatomy of Mandibular First Permanent Molar: A Case Series. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(2):113-117.

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Lézot, Frédéric, Jean-Luc Davideau, Bethan Thomas, Paul Sharpe, Nadine Forest e Ariane Berdal. "Epithelial Dlx-2 Homeogene Expression and Cementogenesis". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 48, n. 2 (febbraio 2000): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800213.

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The Dlx-2 (distal-less gene) homeoprotein transcription factor controls early tooth development but has not been studied during the late stages of biomineralization. Transgenic mice containing a Dlx-2/LacZ reporter construct were used to map the Dlx-2 expression pattern in cementoblasts, the dental cells most closely related to bone cells and therefore suggested to be uniquely positioned osteoblasts. During initial root formation, marked expression of Dlx-2 was evident in molar and incisor root epithelium, whereas dental papilla and follicle were negative. Dlx-2 was expressed in this epithelium from the apical loop to the area of its disruption. During acellular cementum formation in both incisors and molars, Dlx-2 expression was observed in the majority of differentiated cementoblasts from the apical region to the erupting zones. During cellular cementum formation, the presence of which characterizes growth-limited molars, Dlx-2 expression was restricted to the innermost cementoblasts and entrapped cementocytes. These data further support the hypothesis of a complex origin and fate of cementum-forming cells, as previously suggested by the expression patterns of a set of mesenchymal and epithelial markers, notably ameloblastin as shown here. Dlx-2 expression might constitute a landmark of cementoblast subpopulations of epithelial origin.

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Yamada, Hiroyuki, e Tasman Brown. "Contours of maxillary molars studied in Australian Aboriginals". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76, n. 3 (luglio 1988): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330760311.

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Vaishnavi Devi B e Delphine Priscilla Antony S. "Prevalence of Canal Variations in Mandibular 1st Molar in South Indian Population and Association with Age and Gender". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (20 dicembre 2020): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3819.

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Mandibular first molars are amongst the most common teeth requiring endodontic treatment due to their early emergence in the oral cavity and subsequent caries. Proper knowledge and understanding of the root canal morphology and anatomy of mandibular first molars, will help the clinician in developing a proper and standard treatment protocol by predicting possible variations that potentially challenge the treatment outcome. The main objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of canal variations in mandibular 1st molar among the South Indian population and its association with age and gender. All the patients who reported during June 2019 to March 2020 for mandibular 1st molar endodontic therapy were chosen for the study. Information was collected from the dental hospital record system and the resulting data was tabulated in excel and imported to SPSS for correlation and association. Within the limits of the study, the results obtained are: prevalence of canal variations is 7.6% and 2.2% in single and multi visit root canal treatment respectively with a higher incidence among the male patients and it is primarily seen in the age group of 21 to 40 years. This knowledge about the canal variations in the South Indian population will be helpful to the clinician to look for any unusual anatomy while performing endodontic therapy which will prevent any unwanted procedural errors. It necessitates the careful negotiation and cleaning of all accessible canal spaces.

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Ţuculină, Mihaela Jana, Sanda Mihaela Popescu, Marilena Bătăiosu, Constantin Dăguci, Cristian Marian Petcu, Horia Octavian Manolea, Ionela Teodora Dascălu e Oana Andreea Diaconu. "The Importance of the Magnification Use for the Additional Root Canals Localization at the Second Maxillary Molars". Defect and Diffusion Forum 376 (luglio 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.376.89.

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The aim of this study is to highlight the morphology of the second maxillary molars root canals and to draw a comparison between the data obtained with and without magnifying means. The study covered a total of 31 extracted human second maxillary molars. After being examined by a thorough physical exam and an X-ray examination, teeth were trepanned in the place of election. Thereby the access cavity was performed using: a) for the stage of pulp chamber ceiling penetration, a globular diamond bur for the turbine, b) for the stage of broadening access cavity, a cylindrical bur inactive in the head for the opposite-angle piece and c ) a Batt bur for the flaring and finishing stage.Afterwards, the sighting of the main root canals was performed using the endodontic probe or Miller file. Examination and sighting of the additional canals was made under magnification using the dental microscope. The molars with three canals had the highest prevalence of endodontic morphology of two upper molars (90.32%). But there were special cases with two channels morphology (6.45%) and four channels morphology (3.22%). After examining the endodontic space under the microscope, there have been identified and secondary canals, approximately 32.25% of molars examined presenting one or more secondary canals. The anatomy of the most frequent upper second molar was three roots with three root canals; the most common variation in morphology is the presence of an mesiobuccal additional canal (MB2). However, we can encounter an unusual number of canals. The importance of magnification, of the dental microscope in our study cannot be ignored because using only the latter we could highlight the real endodontic morphology of the two upper molars extracted examined, finding additional canals in 32.25% of the molars undergoing examination.

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Yamada, H., e T. Brown. "Shape components of the maxillary molars in Australian Aboriginals". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82, n. 3 (luglio 1990): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330820306.

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Pampush, James D., Jordan Crowell, Aleksis Karme, Scott A. Macrae, Richard F. Kay e Peter S. Ungar. "Technical note: Comparing dental topography software using platyrrhine molars". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 169, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2019): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23797.

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Kondo, Shintaro, Grant C. Townsend e Hiroyuki Yamada. "Sexual dimorphism of cusp dimensions in human maxillary molars". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128, n. 4 (2005): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20084.

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Singh, Mahesh P., Rizwan Qureshi, Santosh K. Singh e Kriti Sharma. "Endodontic Management of a Rare Anatomic Variation of Radix Entomolaris in Mandibular First and Second Molar using Cone-beam Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Aid". International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 7, n. 1 (2017): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1172.

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ABSTRACT Radix entomolaris (RE) is the presence of an extra root in the lingual aspect of the mandibular molars. This is a rare anatomic variant, prevalence of which ranges between 5.96 and 6.67% in the Indian population. For a successful endodontic management, detection of these extra roots is important. In conventional radiography, these extra roots tend to be overlapped; thus, cone- beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides a noninvasive technique to study the internal and external anatomy and aids in proper detection. The endodontic treatment of RE requires some modifications in the endodontic treatment as compared with the common two-rooted anatomic variant. This article presents a clinical case report of successful detection and endodontic man- agement of mandibular first and second molar with extralingual root using CBCT as a diagnostic tool. This case report involves the endodontic treatment and presence of extra roots in both the mandibular first molar and second molar simultaneously in a single patient of Indian origin, which is a rare finding and has not been reported in endodontic literature till date. How to cite this article Qureshi R, Agarwal M, Singh MP, Singh SK, Sharma K. Endodontic Management of a Rare Ana- tomic Variation of Radix Entomolaris in Mandibular First and Second Molar using Cone-beam Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Aid. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(1):30-33.

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Pawarti, Pawarti, e Fathiah Fathiah. "PERBEDAAN TOPICAL FLUORIDE APPLICATION DAN FISSURE SEALANT DALAM MENCEGAH KARIES PADAGIGI MOLAR SATU". Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan 3, n. 2 (31 luglio 2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30602/jvk.v3i2.112.

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Abstract: Topical Fluoride Application And Fissure Sealant To Prevent Dental Caries Permanent First Molars. Anatomy pits and fissures of teeth are caries initiation vulnerable areas of the permanent molars that grow at the age of 6 years where children can not perform oral hygiene. Caries prevention can be done by closing the pits and fissures or application of fluoride (topical fluoride application) on the surface of the teeth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference fissure sealants and topical application of fluoride to prevent dental caries of first permanent molars. This study was a quasi-experimental study with time series, a sample was taken by purposive 117-second grade students of SDN District of North Pontianak. Data were analyzed using t-test. The result showed that fissure sealant more effective in caries prevention of first permanent molar than topical fluoride application where there were none caries teeth after and month fissure sealant, 25% sealant partially off and 11% fully off. Teeth that have done fluoride after 6 months of 3.9% of dental caries, the eighth month of 5.4% of dental caries. There was a significant difference between the effectiveness of fissure sealants with topical application of fluoride to prevent dental caries in first permanent molars p-value < 0.05, after 6-month p-value: 0.004 and after 8-month p-value: 0.001.Abstrak: Topical Fluoride Application Dan Fissure Sealant Untuk Mencegah Karies Pada Gigi Molar Satu Permanen. Anatomi pit dan fisura gigi merupakan daerah rentan inisiasi karies gigi molar satu permanen yang tumbuh pada usia 6 tahun anak belum bisa melakukan kebersihan mulutnya. Pencegahan karies dapat dilakukan dengan cara menutup pit dan fissure atau pengolesan fluor (topical fluoride application) pada permukaan gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan efektivitas fissure sealant dan topical fluoride application untuk mencegah karies gigi molar satu permanen anak usia 6 sampai 7 tahun .Penelitian ini merupakan experimental semu dengan studi time series , evaluasi perlakuan dilakukan setelah 3 bulan, 3 bulan dan 8 bulan, Sampel diambil secara purposive yaitu 117 siswa kelas 2 SDN Kecamatan Pontianak Utara. Analisis data menggunakan uji t tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukan fissure sealant lebih efektive mencegah karies pada molar satu permanen dibanding topical fluoride application pada tindakan fissure sealant setelah 8 bulan tidak ada gigi karies, 25 % sealant lepas sebagian dan 11% lepas seluruhnya. Gigi yang dilakukan pengolesan fluor setelah 6 bulan 3,9% gigi karies, bulan ke delapan 5,4% gigi karies, Ada perbedaan efektivitas yang signifikan antara fissure sealant dengan topical flouride application dalam mencegah karies gigi molar satu permanen dengan nilai p <0,05, yaitu pada bulan ke 6 (enam) nilai p : 0,004 dan pada bulan ke 8 (delapan) nilai p : 0,001.

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Park, Jun-Beom, NamRyang Kim, Seojin Park e Youngkyung Ko. "Evaluation of number of roots and root anatomy of permanent mandibular third molars in a Korean population, using cone-beam computed tomography". European Journal of Dentistry 07, n. 03 (luglio 2013): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.115413.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and number of roots of Korean mandibular third molars, and to evaluate the prevalence of C-shaped, two-rooted, and three-rooted mandibular third molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Serial axial CBCT images of the mandibles were gathered from 137 Korean patients. The total number of roots in the mandibular third molars of these patients was measured, and both the incidence and the correlations between left- and right-side occurrences, as well as between males and females, were analyzed. Results: Most of the mandibular third molars either had two roots (56.5%) or one root (37.9%). There was no significant difference regarding the incidence of the different types of roots according to gender (female versus male) or topology (right versus left side). A higher percentage (80.5%) of the patients had similar root morphology on both sides. Conclusion: The morphology and number of 214 mandibular third molars were examined using CBCT. There was a high prevalence of two-rooted mandibular and one-rooted mandibular third molars from this Korean population. Even though the anatomical variations in the mandibular third molars may not be high, these data regarding the occurrence and morphology of the roots will provide useful information to dentists performing these procedures.

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Sana, U., I. U. Niazi, R. S. Din, M. Rasheed, I. Haider e O. Yousaf. "Root. Canal. Morphology. of Mandibular. First. Permanent. Molars. in a Pakistani. Sub-population". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n. 6 (30 giugno 2021): 1314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561314.

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Aim : To investigate the number and. patterns of. root canals. of mandibular. first. molars.. Methods.: Descriptive observational study to investigate the canal morphology using clearing technique. The duration of the study was one year from 1st February 2020 to 1st February 2021.Non purposive sampling technique was used and 200 mandibular first molar were collected. Data collected was analysed using the SPSS Vr 10. Study variables include Number and pattern of the roots in mandibular teeth. Descriptive statistics were used; frequencies of the root canals and their canal pattern were calculated. Results: In the mesial root, 14 teeth had a one root canal,186 possessed double root canals were observed. Distal root of 160 teeth possessed one canal, 40 teeth possessed two root canals with type 1 pattern mostly observed. Conclusion: Like other populations Pakistani population may have a diverse root canal system in the mandibular molars that ultimately affect endodontic therapy. Keywords: Roots, canals, anatomy, tooth clearing technique, demineralization

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