Tesi sul tema "Modélisation de la prévision"
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Fofana, Lazeni. "Modélisation, prévision et couverture du risque de contagion financière". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD028.
Testo completoThis Ph.D thesis focuses on modeling, forecasting and hedging financial contagion. After an overview of the theoretical foundations and spread mechanism relating to financial contagion, we introduce modeling based on nonlinear cointegration and non-linear causality models in which the variables and the error term in the correction model error obey at the dynamics of autoregressive regime change process of type TAR and M-TAR to catch the contagion effect. An extension of this model to conditional probabilistic forecasting framework was done through Bayesian belief networks, to enhance the predictive power. Then we show how a financial institution can hedge its portfolio against this risk by new specifications. Therefore, we offer a purely static hedging strategy in a regulatory perspective using generative models Vines-copula, a semi-static hedging strategy based on risk budgeting and dynamic hedging strategy based on mutually exciting jumps diffusion process. These new models are tested empirically on set of market indices
Huang, Weibing. "Dynamique des carnets d’ordres : analyse statistique, modélisation et prévision". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066525/document.
Testo completoThis thesis is made of two connected parts, the first one about limit order book modeling and the second one about tick value effects. In the first part, we present our framework for Markovian order book modeling. The queue-reactive model is first introduced, in which we revise the traditional zero-intelligence approach by adding state dependency in the order arrival processes. An empirical study shows that this model is very realistic and reproduces many interesting microscopic features of the underlying asset such as the distribution of the order book. We also demonstrate that it can be used as an efficient market simulator, allowing for the assessment of complex placement tactics. We then extend the queue-reactive model to a general Markovian framework for order book modeling. Ergodicity conditions are discussed in details in this setting. Under some rather weak assumptions, we prove the convergence of the order book state towards an invariant distribution and that of the rescaled price process to a standard Brownian motion. In the second part of this thesis, we are interested in studying the role played by the tick value at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. First, an empirical study of the consequences of a tick value change is conducted using data from the 2014 Japanese tick size reduction pilot program. A prediction formula for the effects of a tick value change on the trading costs is derived and successfully tested. Then, an agent-based model is introduced in order to explain the relationships between market volume, price dynamics, bid-ask spread, tick value and the equilibrium order book state
Labib, Richard. "Processus de diffusion, outils de modélisation, de prévision et de contrôle". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53536.pdf.
Testo completoMalakhovskaya, Oxana. "Essais sur la prévision et modélisation d'une économie riche en ressources pétrolières". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN018/document.
Testo completoIt is generally agreed that the severity of oil markets shocks tends to decrease as does dependence of developed economies on those shocks. Developed countries are generally energy importers, and the effect of oil market shocks on oil-exporting countries may be different, especially if energy represents a large percentage of the country’s exports. In addition, the focus on commodity exports may change the relative forecasting performance of econometric models that are generally used for forecasting. This thesis studies and develops models for structural analysis and short-term forecasting of an oil-exporting economy using Russian data for all empirical applications. The first chapter is devoted to a construction of a DSGE model for a country with commodity exports. The DSGE model is estimated by Bayesian methods We find that despite a strong impact of commodity export shocks on GDP, the business cycles in Russia are mostly domestically based.. The second chapter discusses how the Bayesian methods may be applied for forecasting with a BVAR model. The third chapter applies these techniques and compares the performance of a group of non-structural models – univariate and multivariate – for forecasting a set of Russian macroeconomic indicators. In the fourth chapter, the forecasting focuses on multivariate structural (DSGE) and non-structural BVAR models. The fifth chapter quantifies the effect of different types of oil market shocks on several Russian macroeconomic variables
Darras, Thomas. "Prévision de crues rapides par apprentissage statistique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS100/document.
Testo completoThe Mediterranean region is frequently subjected to intense rainfalls leading to flash floods. This phenomenon can cause casualties and huge material damages. Facing to this phenomenon, hydrologic forecasting is a major tool used by Service Central d’Hydrométéorologie et d’Appui à la Prévision des Inondations to produce flood warning.During past decades, artificial neural networks showed their efficiency for flash flood forecasting on different type of watershed. The present thesis aims thus to contribute to the development of a generic methodology to design artificial neural networks, that is tested on Gardon d’Anduze and Lez at Lavalette watersheds, both displaying non-linear hydrodynamic behavior. To reduce uncertainties on forecasts, ensemble models, based on the median of forecasts calculated at each time step for an adequate number of models varying only by their initialization, have been proposed. In addition, in order to improve forecasting performances on Gardon d’Anduze, with artificial neural networks, we tried to introduce knowledge about the state of the watersheds before and during the flood. Several variables have thus been tested each one its turn, to select the one given the best performances. On the Lez karst system, that has a strongly heterogeneous structure, the KnoX method have been applicated in order to estimate the contribution to outflow from four geographical zones displaying hydrologic and hydrogeologic behavior considered as homogeneous. Thus, the most contributive zones to the discharge zones have been identified. This will help the investigation of representing humidity variables in these zones.The performances of models underlined that the general methodology of rainfall-runoff model conception could be applied on both basins, even though their hydrological and hydrogeological behavior are very different.The contribution of each zone, estimated from the KnoX methodology, improved comprehension of Lez karst system during flash floods. Selection of relevant variables representing the state of the Lez hydrosystem will be possible thanks to this new knowledge. Performances of models developed in this study underlined the difficulty to find satisfactory models, and showed the interest of the generic methodology used to design neural network adapted to the two targeted basins
Watier-Laquay, Laurence. "Etude des variations temporelles des infections à salmonelles non typiques : modélisation et prévision". Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA11T015.
Testo completoNaulin, Jean-Philippe. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée pour la prévision des coupures de routes par inondation : application au département du Gard". Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0007.
Testo completoAbstract With the development of high spatial and temporal resolution rainfall measurements, distributed hydro-meteorological models can provide useful information to anticipate the local consequences of storm events over a region. Nevertheless, the estimation of local consequences through distributed discharge forecasting is not a straightforward purpose: the uncertainties associated to discharge forecasts may be very important, especially in ungauged areas and the consequences highly depend on the local susceptibility to flooding. In this context, a prototype of road inundation warning system, providing a rating of road submersion risk every 15 minutes during a flood event, has been developed. Initially tested in limited areas, the system has been extended to the entire Gard department which represents an application area of 5000 km² including 2000 target points for which warnings are computed. The system combines a distributed rainfall-runoff model and a susceptibility rating model. The system has been validated against reported road inundations. It appeared to perform well, even if the number of generated false alarms is important. The road inundation warning system has been then used to evaluate the usefulness of radar quantitative precipitation estimates for hydrological distributed applications. In order to improve the results, data assimilation techniques have been implemented to correct the susceptibility rating of the road sections as well as the rainfall-runoff model. Finally, this work demonstrated the potential of highly distributed rainfall-runoff model in combination with local exposure models as an innovating and efficient flood forecasting tool
Edouard, Simon. "Prévision d'ensemble des crues rapides méditerranéennes". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30332/document.
Testo completoIntense precipitation events in the Mediterranean often lead to devastating flash floods. The affected watersheds are characterized by steep slopes and a short response time. Flash floods can be violent and destructive. Dedicated meteorological and hydrological systems are thus necessary to anticipate those flash floods. The ISBA -TOP coupled system was developed to simulate the hydrological reaction of fast responding rivers. It is a coupling between the ISBA surface scheme and a version of the TOPMODEL hydrological model dedicated to mediterranean flash floods simulation. A first part of the thesis aims at assessing the benefit of a better representation of hydrological processes within the soil for discharge simulation with ISBA-TOP. Moreover, it would allow the use of ISBA-TOP for any watershed even ungauged. A version of ISBA-TOP based on ISBA-DF (the diffusive version of ISBA that discretizes soil columns in multiple layers) has been compared to the original ISBA-TOP that relies on ISBA-3L (with only 3 soil layers). On 18 study cases, better discharge simulations are obtained basically using the new ISBA-TOP version. So this improved representation of hydrological processes in the soil allows to improve discharge simulations and to be confident into the results obtained for small ungauged catchments. The second part of this PhD work concerns the uncertainty that affects ISBA-TOP simulations. For flash floods, rainfall data used to drive an hydrological model are the major source of uncertainty. But initial soil moisture knowledge is also uncertain and the hydrological model himself is affected by uncertainty. The sensitivity of ISBA-TOP model to its parameters and initial soil moisture is investigated to document those two sources of uncertainty. First an academic case is used to verify some preliminary hypotheses and then real cases are studied to properly consider the different data heterogeneities. Discharge simulations with ISBA-TOP are sensitive to three hydro dynamical parameters : the saturated soil water content, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the rate of decrease of the transmissivity with depth. This sensitivity is found very dependant on initial soil moisture conditions. Perturbation methods varying the 3 parameters that have the highest impact on discharge simulations as well as initial soil moisture allow to design an ensemble prediction system. This ensemble has been assessed for 6 real cases. Using this ensemble-based approach for discharge simulation lead to better results than using the deterministic version. The skill of the ensemble with 30 to 50 members is close to the skill of this ensemble with 100 members whereas it outerperfoms an ensemble with 10 members. The last part of the thesis is the conception of a complete hydrometeorological ensemble prediction system (HEPS). The hydrological ensemble defined in the second part of the thesis is used to take the uncertainty that affects the hydrological modelling and initials soil moisture into account. The uncertainty that affects precipitation fields is sampled using the AROME ensemble prediction system (AROME-EPS). The skill of this complete chain is better than an HEPS based on AROME-EPS and the deterministic version of ISBA-TOP. But both HEPS exhibit a low bias for discharge simulation on the study cases sample. This bias can come from a low bias that is found for the AROME-EPS rainfall forecasts. A simple bias correction applied on rainfall forecasts improves the bias on discharge forecasts
Bonnel, Patrick. "Prévision de la demande de transport". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00268919.
Testo completoCette réflexion sur les outils (analyse des comportements, méthode de production de données, modélisation) a été complétée par une analyse des politiques de déplacements urbains. Elle a été conduite notamment à travers une comparaison des politiques de déplacements urbains menées dans plusieurs agglomérations européennes.
Ce rapport d'habilitation permet de clarifier et d'expliciter ces différentes dimensions développées tout à la fois au niveau de l'activité de recherche et au niveau de l'activité d'enseignement. Il constitue à ce titre un apport original qui devrait servir de base à la publication d'un manuel de prévision de la demande de transport, occupant ainsi un espace plutôt délaissé au sein des publications de langue française.
Pannekoucke, Olivier. "Modélisation des structures locales de covariance des erreurs de prévision à l'aide des ondelettes". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00285515.
Testo completoNjimi, Hassane. "Mise en oeuvre de techniques de modélisation récentes pour la prévision statistique et économique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210441.
Testo completoHans, Etienne. "Modélisation des lignes de bus pour la prévision temps réel et la régulation dynamique". Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0006/document.
Testo completoBus is cheaper than other transport modes. However, maintaining optimal operations is harder than for streetcars or subways since buses are surrounded by traffic flows. Sometimes, buses of the same route bunch and travel together instead of keeping constant time headways. This phenomenon increases the average waiting time of passengers. As a result, they may tend to shift to other transport modes. This thesis proposes some methods to keep bus routes regular. Two main lines of research are investigated.First, classical models of bus routes do not account for external events like traffic signals and traffic flows. Due to this gap, existing control strategies only apply on buses through their drivers.Traffic flows are not controlled to favor buses compared to cars. Thus, the first area of research consists in refining bus models to account for external events. Several travel time estimation methods on urban arterials are proposed. They are based on the kinematic wave model (LWR). It is known to be a fine trade-off between simplicity and robustness to properly reproduce traffic dynamics.Second, control strategies are often applied once the bus route is too disrupted to be restored to regularity. Predictions of future bus route states could improve the efficiency of regulations. The second area of research consists in using the refined bus models in real time operations. The model forecasts the evolution of buses on their route for short-term. The predictions are evaluated thanks to real data to guarantee their quality. Then it enables regulations to be applied before bunching. In particular, height holding control methods are presented and compared in simulation
Wotling, Geoffroy. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'aléa hydrologique à Tahiti". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20170.
Testo completoAudard-Vincendon, Béatrice. "Apport des modèles météorologiques de résolution kilométrique pour la prévision des crues rapides méditerranéennes : vers une prévision d'ensemble des débits en région Cévennes-Vivarais". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1093/.
Testo completoThe northwestern Mediterranean is prone to heavy rainfall events that lead to flash-floods over the small to medium basins of the region. The first part of the thesis is to assess the benefit of using the ISBA-TOPMODEL coupled system to simulate this type of flooding on three watersheds of the Cévennes-Vivarais region. Mediterranean flash-floods. The potential of convective-scale deterministic forecasts (such as those provided by the French AROME model) for flow forecasting is discussed in the second part of the Ph. D work. It is shown that location errors in the rainfall forecast propagate into the hydrologic model to grow. In the last part, to quantify these uncertainties, a perturbation method of the AROME precipitation forecast is is developed. The rainfall scenarios are then igested into ISBA-TOPMODEL to generate an ensemble of dicharge forecasts. The resulting discharge ensembles are found better than the discharge simulation driven by the single deterministic operational AROME forecast
Dupland, Laure. "Modélisation de la turbulence thermique : modèles algébriques pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents". Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0023.
Testo completoMohamad, Kari Behrouz. "Modélisation du comportement hygrothermique de parois multicouches : application à la prévision des risques de condensation". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30122.
Testo completoEl, Moumen Ahmed. "Prévision du comportement des matériaux hétérogènes basée sur l’homogénéisation numérique : modélisation, visualisation et étude morphologique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10077/document.
Testo completoThe homogenization is a technique of Micro-Macro passage taking into account the influence of morphological, mechanical and statistical parameters of the representative microstructure of an heterogeneous material. Numerical modeling has contributed significantly to the development of this technique to determine the physical and mechanical properties of bi-and multi-phase heterogenous materials. The main objective of this work is the prediction of the macroscopic elastic and thermal behaviors of heterogeneous materials. The mechanical and thermal behaviors was determined numerically and compared with experimental and analytical results. The variation of the representative volume element (RVE) versus volume fraction and the contrast was analyzed. This study showed the importance of a rigorous determination of the optimal RVE size. Indeed, it must take into account several parameters such as : volume fraction, contrast, type of property and the morphology of the heterogeneity. A new concept of the equivalent morphology was proposed. This concept introduces the equivalence of the elastic and thermal characteristics of a microstructure of heterogeneous materials with complex morphology and those of a microstructure containing spherical particles. This work led us to developement of a comprehensive approach to microstructural design by integrating the real morphology of heterogeneous microstructure phases incorporating at the same time the image visualization, the morphological study and the geometric and numerical modeling
Woloszko, Nicolas. "Essays on Nowcasting : Machine learning, données haute-fréquence et prévision économique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1257.
Testo completoCOVID-19 has abruptly accelerated the need for policy makers to have real-time data on economic activity. This event has accelerated earlier research on the use of new methods in economics, such as machine learning and Big Data. While the big data created and held by companies contains real-time information on the economy, its processing requires a specific approach that relies on non-linear algorithms.This research introduces the OECD Weekly Tracker, a tool for monitoring economic activity that provides real-time estimates of weekly GDP for 48 countries. It relies on Google Trends data, which reflect the evolution of topics of interest to Google Search users. The main methodological innovation lies in the implementation of a non-linear panel model. A neural network jointly models the relationship between GDP and Google Trends data for 48 countries while allowing for disparities between countries in this relationship.The Weekly Tracker has been updated every week since the summer of 2020. An analysis of its historical performance shows that its forecasts were more reliable than those of the OECD's flagship publication, the Economic Outlook, during the years of the pandemic. By studying the numerous press publications citing the figures from the Weekly Tracker, it is also shown that this tool provided qualitatively accurate and relevant indications to guide policy making.The policy relevance of the Weekly Tracker lies in both its timeliness and high frequency. The weekly series available since 2004 allow for retrospective policy analysis that exploits high-frequency statistical identification methods. The Tracker is used in an article published in Nature Communications, which examines the consequences of the introduction of the COVID certificates in France, Italy, and Germany. Among other findings, it reveals that vaccination efforts were positively correlated with economic growth and that the COVID certificates led to a €6 billion increase in GDP in France, and respectively €1.4 billion and €2.1 billion in Germany and Italy
Lacarrière, Laurie. "Prévision et évaluation de la fissuration précoce des ouvrages en béton". Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000165/.
Testo completoThe purpose of this work concerns the design of a simulation tool box able to predict the early age cracking in order to help to the choice of adequate technical solutions. The numerical tool box has been developed in the finite element code CASTEM and is based on two successive models: the first one determines the hydration degree and the hydric and thermal states of the structure while the second one uses these data to assess the risk of early age cracking. The hydration modelling proposed is a multiphasic model which allows the prediction of the coupled evolution of the hydration degree of several anhydrous phases, of the temperature andwater content. It is based on the resolution of hydration kinetic laws coupled with the water mass balance equation and the heat balance one. The kinetic laws used to model the reactions of the different phases of the binder are based on a phenomenological approach of the development of reactions and of the interactions between phases (clinker and mineral admixtures). The model has been successfully applied to the simulation of a 27 m2 massive in situ structure. The knowledge of hydration, hydric and thermal states then allows the prediction of the strains induced by water content or temperature variations. The induced stresses and the cracking risk associated can be evaluated using the mechanical model. The proposed model is based on a non linear viscoelastic module coupled to an anisotropic damage one. It models the shrinkage and creep phenomena with a global phenomenological approach using a rheological model that reproduces the hydro mechanical behaviour of unsaturated concrete
Quaglia, Michael. "Méthodes de prévision acoustique semi-analytiques pour un doublet d'hélices contrarotatives isolé". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC063/document.
Testo completoNo abstract
Baïle, Rachel. "Analyse et modélisation multifractales de vitesses de vent. Application à la prévision de la ressource éolienne". Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604139.
Testo completoTatsa, Sylvestre. "Modélisation et prévision de la consommation horaire d'électricité au Québec : comparaison de méthodes de séries temporelles". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30329/30329.pdf.
Testo completoThis work explores the dynamics of residential electricity consumption in Quebec using hourly data from January 2006 to December 2010. We estimate three standard autoregressive models in time series analysis: the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing, the seasonal ARIMA model (SARIMA) and the seasonal ARIMA model with exogenous variables (SARIMAX). For the latter model, we focus on the effect of climate variables (temperature, relative humidity and dew point and cloud cover). Climatic factors have a significant impact on the short-term electricity consumption. The intra-sample and out-of-sample predictive performance of each model is evaluated with various adjustment indicators. Three out-of-sample time horizons are tested: 24 hours (one day), 72 hours (three days) and 168 hours (1 week). The SARIMA model provides the best out-of-sample predictive performance of 24 hours. The SARIMAX model reveals the most powerful out-of-sample time horizons of 72 and 168 hours. Additional research is needed to obtain predictive models fully satisfactory from a methodological point of view. Keywords: modeling, electricity, Holt-Winters, SARIMA, SARIMAX.
Gratton, Michel. "Comportement d'un composite 3D carb/carb : méso-modélisation pour la prévision de la réponse sous choc". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0004.
Testo completoGutiérrez, López Martin Alfonso. "Modélisation stochastique des régimes pluviométriques à l'échelle régionale pour la prévision des crues au Nord-Mexique". Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0043.
Testo completoCalderón, Raúl. "Modélisation des efforts aérodynamiques instationnaires pour la prévision du phénomène de tremblement sur des avions civils". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESAE0005/document.
Testo completoThe buffeting is a phenomenon that can affect various parts of the aircraft creating problems of structural fatigue or comfort as well as limiting the flight envelope. It is hence important to understand this phenomenon in order to be able to better predict it. Four types of buffeting are studied in this thesis, the horizontal tail plane buffeting, the wing lower surface buffeting, the APF buffeting and the wing upper surface buffeting. The first part of the thesis describes the physics of these phenomena based on the information collected in the literature and analysis of different wind tunnel test campaign data. This section highlights the unsteady characteristics of each buffeting phenomenon. The second part presents the state of the art of the buffeting prediction, showing not only the difficulties associated with previous modelling methods but also the benefits of the use of certain tools such as CFD to better understand these phenomena. Finally, the third part presents the new semi-empirical model based on coherence functions and developed to better predict the different types of buffeting. A validation of this model was performed on various wind tunnel tests campaigns giving very good results for most of the analysed phenomena
Cauduro, Dias de Paiva Rodrigo. "Hydrologie du bassin amazonien : compréhension et prévision fondées sur la modélisation hydrologique-hydrodynamique et la télédétection". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2009/.
Testo completoThe Amazon basin is known as the world's main hydrological system and by its important role in the earth system, carbon cycle and global climate. Recent anthropogenic pressure, such as deforestation, climate change and the construction of hydropower dams, together with increasing extreme floods and droughts, encourage the research on the hydrology of the Amazon basin. On the other hand, hydrological methods for modeling and remotely sensed observation are being developed, and can be used for this goal. This work aimed at understanding and forecasting the hydrology of the Amazon River basin. We developed and evaluated techniques for large scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic modeling, data assimilation of both in situ and remote sensing data and hydrological forecasting. By means of these techniques, we explored the functioning of the Amazon River basin, in terms of its physical processes and its hydrological predictability. We used the MGB-IPH large scale hydrologichydrodynamic model forced by satellite-based precipitation. The model had a good performance when extensively validated against in situ discharge and stage measurements and also remotely sensed data, including radar altimetry-based water levels, gravimetric-based terrestrial water storage and flood inundation extent. We showed that surface waters governs most of the terrestrial water storage changes, the influence of large water bodies on precipitation spatial variability and the importance of the floodplains and backwater effects on the routing of the Amazon floodwaves. Analyses showed the dominant role of hydrological initial conditions, mainly surface waters, on hydrological predictability on the main Amazon Rivers, while the knowledge of future precipitation may be secondary. Aiming at the optimal estimation of these hydrological states, we developed, for the first time, a data assimilation scheme for both gauged and satellite altimetry-based discharge and water levels into a large scale hydrologic-hydrodynamic model, and it showed a good performance. We also developed a forecast system prototype, where the model is based on initial conditions gathered by the data assimilation scheme and forced by satellite-based precipitation. Results are promising and the model was able to provide accurate discharge forecasts in the main Amazon rivers even for very large lead times (~1 to 3 months), predicting, for example, the historical 2005 drought. These results point to the potential of large scale hydrological models supported with remote sensing information for providing hydrological forecasts well in advance at world's large rivers and poorly monitored regions
Pushpalatha, Raji. "Simulation et prévision des étiages sur des bassins versants français : Approche fondée sur la modélisation hydrologique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00912565.
Testo completoHavas, Juliane. "Modélisation des efforts aérodynamiques instationnaires pour la prévision des phénomènes aéroélastiques liés au tremblement d'avions civils". Toulouse, ISAE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESAE0024.
Testo completoPeredo, Ramirez Daniela. "Quels gains d’une modélisation hydrologique adaptée et d’une approche d’ensemble pour la prévision des crues rapides ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS058.
Testo completoFlood forecasting plays a fundamental role in anticipating and implementing measures to protect lives and property. The objective of this thesis is to investigate our ability to improve the simulation and forecasting of major flash flood events in France. First, we analyse the limitations of the lumped hydrological modelling approach, and how the contribution of the semi-distributed hydrological model GRSD, with fine mesh and hourly time step, to improve the simulation of major flood events. We also propose a modification of the structure of the model, in order to make it better suited to reproducing the response of the catchments to high rainfall intensities. An adaptation of the model structure, based on the calculation of the production rate function, resulted in the introduction of a new parameter and the proposal of a new model (GRSDi) capable of better simulating the hydrological response to heavy rains that occur in autumn, after a dry summer period. Second, we explore the ability of a meteorological ensemble prediction approach, combined with the semi-distributed hydrological model, to better predict flash flood events, the amplitude and the time of occurrence of peak flows, whether in gauged or ungauged basins. The results made it possible to identify, from a hydrological point of view, the strengths and weaknesses of the products evaluated. The work carried out constitutes a step forward towards the use of conceptual, continuous and semi-distributed hydrological models for the forecasting of major flood events and flash floods in the Mediterranean context
Pushpalatha, Raji. "Simulation et prévision des étiages sur des bassins versants français : Approche fondée sur la modélisation hydrologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0012.
Testo completoLong-term stream low-flow forecasting is one of the emerging issues in hydrology due to the escalating demand of water in dry periods. Reliable long-lead (a few weeks to months in advance) streamflow forecasts can improve the management of water resources and thereby the economy of the society and the conditions for aquatic life. The limited studies on low flows in the literature guided us to address some of the existing issues in low-flow hydrology, mainly on low-flow simulation and forecasting. Our ultimate aim to develop an ensemble approach for long-term low-flow forecasting includes several prior steps such as characterisation of low flows, evaluation of some of the existing model's simulation efficiency measures, development of a better model version for low-flow simulation, and finally the integration of an ensemble forecasting approach. A set of catchments distributed over France with various hydrometeorological conditions are used for model evaluation. This data set was first analysed and low flows were characterized using various indices. Our objective to better evaluate the models' low-flow simulation models resulted in the proposition of a criterion based on the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, but calculated on inverse flows to put more weight on the errors on extreme low flows. The results show that this criterion is better suited to evaluate low-flow simulations than other commonly used criteria. Then a structural sensitivity analysis was carried out to develop an improved model structure to simulate stream low flows. Some widely used models were selected here as base models to initiate the sensitivity analysis. The developed model, GR6J, reaches better performance in both low- as well as high-flow conditions compared to the other tested existing models. Due to the complexity of rainfall-runoff processes and the uncertainty linked to future meteorological conditions, we developed an ensemble modelling approach to issue forecasts and quantify their associated uncertainty. Thus the ensemble approach provides a range of future flow values over the forecasting window. Here observed (climatological) rainfall and temperature were used as meteorological scenarios fed the model to issue the forecasts. To reduce the level of uncertainty linked to the hydrological model, various combinations of simple updating procedures and output corrections were tested. A straightforward approach, similar to what can be done for flood forecasting, was selected as it proved the most efficient. Last, attempts were made to improve the forecast quality on catchments influenced by dams, by accounting for the storage variations in upstream dams. Tested on the Seine and Loire basins, the approach showed mixed results, indicating the need for further investigations
Quaglia, Michaël. "Méthodes de prévision acoustique semi-analytiques pour un doublet d'hélices contrarotatives isolé". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11781.
Testo completoFall, Malick. "Trois essais sur la modélisation de la liquidité de marché et de financement". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G031.
Testo completoMarket liquidity refers to the ease with which assets can be sold without loss with respect to their fundamental values. Liquidity is a source of risk but also compensation. In this thesis, we focus on these two aspects. We propose a new methodology to estimate the liquidity risk premium based on “unobserved components” models. In terms of risk, we propose to combine density forecasts to better predict intra-day liquidity. We also model funding liquidity. Funding liquidity refers to the ability to settle obligations with immediacy. We study this risk for banks, that is, the possibility that over a specific horizon the bank will become unable to settle obligations with immediacy. This risk is pivotal as shown by the major role it played in the financial crisis of 2008. We created several measures allowing to assess the risk exposure of banks. Our model can also be used to stress-test banking companies and to quantify contagion risk
Dagès, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation de l'influence de réseaux de fossés sur les échanges surface-souterrain en bassin versant méditerranéen". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20138.
Testo completoMarty, Renaud. "Prévision hydrologique d'ensemble adaptée aux bassins à crue rapide : élaboration de prévisions probabilistes de précipitations à 12 et 24h : désagrégation horaire conditionnelle pour la modélisation hydrologique : application à des bassins de la région Cévennes Vivarais". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU005.
Testo completoCatchments of Southern France are regularly subject to quick floods, usually in autumn, generated by intense rainfall events. Thus, flood risk is a major concern, necessitating a maximal lead-time to issue early flood warning, as well as an estimation of future discharges. Firstly, the elements required for hydrological forecasts and the related uncertainties are illustrated. Then, a simple and modular approach adapted to flash flood catchments (having a time to peak of about few hours) is proposed. Considering the targeted lead-time (24-48h), quantitative precipitations forecasts are a key element of this approach. Two prediction systems are described and evaluated: the EPS ensemble forecasts provided by ECMWF and the ANALOG probabilistic forecasts issued from an analog sorting technique produced by LTHE. A statistical correction of the latter is suggested to improve its reliability. The different forecasts are thereafter disaggregated by a generator from a 12 or 24 hours time-step to hourly scenarios which respect the precipitation forecasts and are climatologically consistent. Rainfall scenarios are then used as input to a simple and robust hydrological model, to provide hydrological ensemble forecasts. These forecasts get noticeably improved when sub-daily information about rainfall amounts is provided, either from EPS at a 6 or 12h time-step, or from ANALOG applied at 12h, or from a combination of both approaches, taking into account daily rainfall amount from ANALOG and a sub-daily chronology from EPS at 6h
Roquelaure, Stevie. "Prévision d'ensemble locale des brouillards et nuages bas à l'aéroport International de Roissy Charles De Gaulle". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/101/.
Testo completoA Local Ensemble Prediction System (LEPS) designed for fog and low clouds short range prediction at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport is developed for providing short range likelihood of LVP (Low Visibility Procedure - visibility < 600m and/or ceiling < 60m) conditions over the airport. LEPS relies on the local operational deterministic prediction scheme COBEL-ISBA of LVP conditions used at Charles de Gaulle airport. The sources of uncertainty on COBEL-ISBA inputs have been identified for both the initial conditions and the mesoscale. A Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) calibration has been applied to improve the raw ensemble reliability. LEPS validation shows that this probabilistic system provides reliable short range forecast of the likelihood of LVP conditions over Charles de Gaulle airport. As a consequence, LEPS open up interesting perspectives for flight scheduling and the airport safety and management
Vincendon, Béatrice. "Apport des modèles météorologiques de résolution kilométrique pour la prévision des crues rapides méditerranéennes : vers une prévision d'ensemble des débits en région Cévennes-Vivarais". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595355.
Testo completoPiré-Lechalard, Pierre. "Décollage des produits durables réellement nouveaux : conceptualisation et modélisation". Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX32038.
Testo completoReally new products'sales curves exhibit two distincts stages : an initial period of slow growth eventually followed by a period of high growth. The link between these two stages is called the take-off point. This dissertation proposes a conceptualization, a model and a measurement methodology for the point of take-off. The take-off point is defined as the first large increase in sales that produces stage growth. It relies on a critical mass of adopters after which sales become self-sustaining. The proposed model links and explains take-off by a series of independant variables as price, technology, store penetration, media coverage, promotional activities and word-of-mouth. The model is empirically tested on 17 product categories using survival analysis (the Cox model). Two variables have a key influence on sales'take-off : the improvenement of technology and the drop in prices. According to these results, a really new durable good takes off after a level of technological development has been reached and under a maximal acceptable price
Moradi, Azalia. "Proposition d'une démarche de modélisation pour la prévision de l'amorçage d'une fissure dans un assemblage collé sous des sollicitations statiques". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066729.
Testo completoIn a context of aircraft weight reduction for a decrease of the fuel consumption, joining by bonding represents an interesting option to screwed assemblies. However, the advantages of bonded assemblies are not completely exploited especially because of the lack of confidence in the engineering design methods being used for them. That is why the purpose of this work was to propose a modelling approach for the prediction of a crack initiation in this kind of assemblies under static solicitations. Numerous parameters play a major role on the initiation in a bonded assembly. In particular, the initiation load depends highly on the adhesive thickness of the assembly. Therefore, on the other hand, the influence of this parameter has been estimated by a coupled criterion-based approach for which a new definition of the mode mixity has been proposed in order to express the dependency of the adhesive strength and toughness to the loading mode. The application of the coupled criterion enabled to confirm numerically the influence of the adhesive thickness on the initiation observed experimentally in a single lap joint test; namely the thinner the adhesive thickness, the greater initiation load. One the other hand, the knowledge gained has been built on by taking into account the adhesive thickness in a cohesive zone model composed of the same ingredients than the coupled criterion but which can be used in 3D structures. The cohesive zone model thus proposed shows the influence of the adhesive thickness on the initiation identified with the coupled criterion. Finally, the contributions and the limitations of the modelling approach proposed have been highlighted through comparisons with experimental results of literature
Dautrevaux, Édouard. "Modélisation de l’effet de la rugosité variable dans la prévision micro-échelle du vent de basse couche". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2012. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1121/1/DAUTREVAUX_%C3%89douard.pdf.
Testo completoFilion, Mélanie. "Modélisation de la qualité de l'eau et prévision des débits par la méthode des réseaux de neurones". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24281/24281.pdf.
Testo completoBergot, Thierry. "Modélisation du brouillard à l'aide d'un modèle 1D forcé par des champs mésoéchelle : application à la prévision". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30281.
Testo completoFeillée, Jeanne. "Modélisation et prévision de la dégradation du fil de contact caténaire dans l'espace et dans le temps". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066748.
Testo completoJacquin, Dimitri. "Modélisation de l'histoire thermomécanique des zones soudées en Friction Stir Welding : application à la prévision des microstructures". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EMSE0001.
Testo completoA simple three dimensional thermomechanical model for FSW is presented. It is developed from the model proposed by Heurtier based on a combination of fluid mechanics numerical and analytical velocity fields. Those velocity fields are introduced in a steady state thermal calculation to compute the temperature field during the welding. The complete thermomechanical history of the material during the process can then be accessed by temperature and strain rate contours. Thermal diffusion and convection effects are accounted for by means of the particular derivative formula. A new formalism is introduced to better simulate the thermal effect of the shoulder on the upper surface of the metal sheet. The strains, strain rates and temperatures to which each element of the base metal is subjected as a function of time during the welding, is computed by integration along the flow lines. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental measurements performed on a AA2024-T3 alloy friction stir welded joint. An additional microstructural modelling based on the Gourdet-Montheillet CDRX modelling is use to validate the first thermomechanical model
Serrano, Pierre. "Modélisation multi-échelles du comportement mécanique des alliages TiAl pour la prévision de leur tenue en fatigue". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4952/.
Testo completoTechnological advances in aircraft engine design require the use of lightweight materials at increasingly high temperatures. Therefore, intermetallics titanium aluminide alloys based on $\gamma$-TiAl have been introduced in the most recent civil turbo-engines as low pressure turbine blades. To extend the use of this material to other application technologies, new alloys are being developed with enhanced mechanical properties. Particularly, material development teams focus on increasing the working temperature and the fatigue strength. The aim of this work is to study the link between TiAl alloys microstructures and their fatigue strengths. Both experimental and numerical aspects are studied at various scales of interest. To begin with, the cyclic deformation of TiAl generic microstructures is studied experimentally by performing standard testing (i.e. stress-strain response) and micro-scale testing. Then, a crystal plasticity model that can be used to take into account the specific behavior of lamellar colonies is defined. The mechanical behavior of TiAl alloys is thereafter modeled by means of finite element computation on statistically representative microstructures and computational homogenization. Lastly, a Fatigue Indicator Parameters (FIP) analysis is performed to identify the various fatigue hot spot within TiAl microstructures. The results are used to suggest microstructure designs that could improve the fatigue strength of TiAl alloys next generation
Lecourt, Grégoire. "Modélisation à bases physiques de l'hydrologie de l'Arve à Chamonix et application à la prévision des crues". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30134/document.
Testo completoNatural hazards in mountain are subject to prevention measures, which often partly rely on a forecasting component. In some situations, forecasting these hazards and understanding their underlying physical processes is a major scientifical issue, considering the great complexity and the strong heterogeneity of these backgrounds. Knowing underlying mechanisms of flash-floods on little catchments with glacier cover, and the perspective to forecast be able to forecast it, is an example of these risks difficult to master. The diversity of contributions to river discharge, their individual complexity and the one of the way they interact, the strong spatio-temporal variability of meteorological conditions of mountain and long-terms modifications occuring due to climate change make that this phenomenon needs to be deeply studied within a plury- disciplinary work, going from terrain measurement to development of computationnal models taking into account the diversity of physical phenomenons relating to this risk. This thesis belongs to a research project conducted in collaboration with local authorities operating in the Chamonix Valley. The goal is to provide a scientific support to help managing this hazard. The role of this thesis in this research project is to develop, test and deploy an hydrologic model taking snow and ice into account. This model is intended to be used as a research tool among other research tools of this projects (terrain measurements for example) and also to be able to help forecasting floods, when being driven by forecast meteorological data. This thesis benefitted from the continuous development of new possibilities from physically-based simulation. We have used an energy-balance multi layer snowpack model that permits a detailled representation of glacier accumulation and melt, and snow-ice interaction. It was possible to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of the model, thanks to the numerous in-situ field measurements in the Arve valley, especially glaciers mass balance measurements. Finally, this model has been deployed and tested as a pre-operationnal forecast tool
Jabot, Eric. "Etude de la fonte nivale et des températures en vue de la prévision hydrologique : du ponctuel au spatial". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870344.
Testo completoAl, Mikdad Ouacim. "Modélisation des écoulements à surface libre en réseaux maillés et ramifiés". Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1322.
Testo completoLovat, Alexane. "Prévision à très courte échéance des crues rapides méditerranéennes". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0105.
Testo completoThe Mediterranean regions are regularly exposed to heavy precipitating events and flash floods. Hydrometeorological forecasts up to a few hours are crucial for planning the intervention of emergency services in these situations. The prediction of the hydrological consequences of Mediterranean events of intense rainfall at the nowcasting ranges (few minutes to 6h) is the topic of this Ph. D. thesis. Two areas were studied: modelling of river flows and runoff at a fine scale, and the use of rainfall nowcasting, and particularly those from Météo-France new forecasting systems, to anticipate floods. The sensitivity to a more detailed representation of land use and texture in ISBA-TOP for simulating river flows and runoff over urban and peri-urban areas was first studied. The influence of terrain descriptors and spatial resolution (1km and 300m) has been analyzed for 12 flood events, including the major flood event in 2015 over the Cannes region. A more detailed analysis of this case was conducted using streamflow estimates at fine scale obtained from the HyMeX post-event survey and exploring the potential of impact data to evaluate simulated runoff. The results reveal that the spatial resolution has the largest impact on the hydrological simulations, larger than soil texture and land cover. Then, the potential of rainfall nowcasting for forecasting Mediterranean flash floods up to 6h was studied. The rainfall forecasts from the nowcasting suite based on the numerical weather prediction system AROME (AROME–PI), and from the nowcasting system blending numerical weather prediction and extrapolation of radar estimation (PIAF) were examined. The availability times of forecasts, based on the operational Météo-France suites, are taken into account when performing the evaluation. The evaluation of rainfall has adopted a hydrological point of view, by comparing observed and forecast rainfall over watersheds affected by past floods. A more classical evaluation comparing rainfall observation and forecast at the same location over Southeastern France has been also carried out. The results generally led to the same conclusions for both evaluations. The performance of PIAF is very good over the first hour of forecasting, but it deteriorates very quickly, to reach about the same or even a lower skill than AROME-PI beyond about 1h15/1h30 of forecasting. Between 2 and 3 hours of forecasting, AROME-PI performs better or at the same level as PIAF. Time-lagged ensembles based on AROME-PI and on PIAF forecasts respectively, were also studied. The sensitivity of the ensembles to their size and to the addition of a time tolerance on the forecast for each member was examined. The results indicate that the more members an ensemble has, the better it performs. The same applies to the ensembles with a time tolerance of 15 or 30 minutes. An assessment of river discharges simulated with ISBA-TOP and MARINE forced by AROME-PI and PIAF rainfall forecasting, used alone or as an ensemble, was also confducted on two exceptional past flash flood events (Aude in 2018 and Cannes in 2015). For the best scenarios based on AROME-PI, the anticipation of the flood peak intensity and of the instant of recession can reach up to 5h, and a little more for the first increase of flow. For those based on PIAF, the anticipation varies between 20 minutes and 4h, depending on the phenomenon, the watershed and the hydrological model studied
Blancarte, Hernandez José. "Modélisation prévisionnelle de la consommation énergétique dans l’industrie pour son intégration en tant que ressource effaçable à court terme : application au contexte français". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0783.
Testo completoDemand response has been identified as one of the solutions to overcome the problems associated with peaks in electricity consumption, intermittency of renewable energy and network congestion. This thesis focuses on the integration of industrial electricity consumptions as short-term demand response resources in the context of a supply-demand balancing mechanism in France. Among the various sectors, industrial electricity consumptions are of particular interest because of their orders of magnitude. In order to integrate these consumptions to the supply-demand balance, it is necessary forecast their behavior in the short term and to evaluate the reliability of these forecasts. Thus, different short-term load forecasting methods adapted to the data and to the operational context are implemented on different sets of industrial consumptions data at two different consumption levels: the industrial site and the end-point equipment consumption. Performance indicators adapted to operational constraints, called "trust factors" are proposed and calculated to evaluate the performance of the forecasting methods. These trust factors are estimated for different hours of the day for all the different studied industrial sites and workshops. The estimated trust are used to assess the risks for a specific consumption to not to respect the operational constraints at a moment a forecast is simulated. Demand response is considered to become one of the elements to be implemented in order to achieve a successful energy transition through a more flexible power system
Mathieu, Jordane. "Modèles d'impact statistiques en agriculture : de la prévision saisonnière à la prévision à long terme, en passant par les estimations annuelles". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE006/document.
Testo completoIn agriculture, weather is the main factor of variability between two consecutive years. This thesis aims to build large-scale statistical models that estimate the impact of weather conditions on agricultural yields. The scarcity of available agricultural data makes it necessary to construct simple models with few predictors, and to adapt model selection methods to avoid overfitting. Careful validation of statistical models is a major concern of this thesis. Neural networks and mixed effects models are compared, showing the importance of local specificities. Estimates of US corn yield at the end of the year show that temperature and precipitation information account for an average of 28% of yield variability. In several more weather-sensitive states, this score increases to nearly 70%. These results are consistent with recent studies on the subject. Mid-season maize crop yield forecasts are possible from July: as of July, the meteorological information available accounts for an average of 25% of the variability in final yield in the United States and close to 60% in more weather-sensitive states like Virginia. The northern and southeastern regions of the United States are the least well predicted. Predicting years for which extremely low yields are encountered is an important task. We use a specific method of classification, and show that with only 4 weather predictors, 71% of the very low yields are well detected on average. The impact of climate change on yields up to 2060 is also studied: the model we build provides information on the speed of evolution of yields in different counties of the United States. This highlights areas that will be most affected. For the most affected states (south and east coast), and with constant agricultural practice, the model predicts yields nearly divided by two in 2060, under the IPCC RCP 4.5 scenario. The northern states would be less affected. The statistical models we build can help for management on the short-term (seasonal forecasts) or to quantify the quality of the harvests before post-harvest surveys, as an aid to the monitoring (estimate at the end of the year). Estimations for the next 50 years help to anticipate the consequences of climate change on agricultural yields, and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. The methodology used in this thesis is easily generalized to other cultures and other regions of the world