Tesi sul tema "Modèles précliniques en cancérologie"
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Ouerdani, Aziz. "Modélisation de données pharmacologiques précliniques et cliniques d'efficacité des médicaments anti-angiogéniques en cancérologie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM018/document.
Testo completoWithin the last 40 years, knowledge of tumor angiogenesis has literally exploded. In the seventies, Judah Folkman demonstrated that tumors need to be vascularized to continue to proliferate. Shortly after, the main protagonists of tumor angiogenesis have been discovered, as well as the mechanisms in which they are involved. The next decade is the beginning of the research on molecules with anti-angiogenic effects and in 2004 bevacizumab (Avastin, Roche), the first antiangiogenic drug used in oncology, was available for treating solid cancer patients. Along with this, the increasing interest of mixed-effects modeling coupled with advances in computer tools allowed developing more efficient methods of data analysis. In 2009, the regulatory agency FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the United States has identified the central role of numerical modeling to better analyze the efficacy and toxicity preclinical and clinical oncology data. The aim of this project is to study the effects of different angiogenesis inhibitors on tumor dynamics, based on a population approach. The developed models are models based on ordinary differential equations and that integrate data and information from the literature. The objective of these models is to characterize the dynamics of tumor sizes in animals and patients in order to understand the effects of anti-angiogenic treatments and provide support for the development of these molecules, or to help clinicians for therapeutic decision making
Provost, Claire. "Comparaison de radiotraceurs marqués au gallium-68 et au fluor-18 pour l’imagerie TEP de modèles précliniques de neuroblastome, de glioblastome ou de cancer bronchopulmonaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS052/document.
Testo completoPositron Emission Tomography (PET), a modality of functional medical imaging, has been developing for about 15 years. In oncology, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET has become a main tool for cancer diagnosis. However, FDG cannot detect and monitor all types of cancer. Thus research is continuing, exploring new applications for other documented tracers and developing more specific and targeted tracers than analogues of metabolic substrates. The first study of this doctorate was done with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET in preclinical model of neuroblastoma (NB), which share some biologic properties with neuroendocrine tumours, frequently expressing somatostatin receptors subtype 2 (SSTR2). Our aim was to compare FDG and 68Ga-DOTATOC PET in 3 different mouse models of human NB that express SSTR2 at different levels. The second study compared FDG and 68Ga-RGD, a ligand of integrins, in a mouse model of human glioblastoma (GB) that overexpresses αvβ3 integrin. Both tracers have been evaluated in monitoring 4 groups of animals untreated or treated with an anti-angiogenic agent and/or chemotherapy. The third study compared the 18F-RGD-K5 and 68Ga-RGD in a mouse model bearing human GB and pulmonary carcinoma, which has a low expression of αvβ3 integrin. The potential of those tracers for monitoring an anti-angiogenic treatment was subsequently studied. Both 68Ga-DOTATOC and FDG allowed visualizing the different models of NB. There was a correlation between tumour uptake of FDG and of 68Ga-DOTATOC and, ex vivo, with SSTR2 and Ki-67. 68Ga-RGD, unlike FDG, discriminated responders after 6 days of treatment. Results with 18F-RGD-K5 and 68Ga-RGD were concordant, but 18F-RGD-K5 was more efficient than 68Ga-RGD for visualization and treatment monitoring GB
Pierrillas, Philippe. "Optimisation du développement clinique de nouveaux anticancéreux par modélisation de données pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques précliniques". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1047.
Testo completoImprovement of drug development is a very challenging question and even more in the field of oncology wherein the need for new medicines is crucial. In addition, the rate of approval for anticancer drugs after entry in phase I clinical trial was reported as one of the lowest of all therapeutic areas. Thereby, this process has to be improved, and the use of new approaches fulfilling the gap between preclinical and clinical settings by anticipating human pharmacokinetics and efficacy could be an interesting solution.The work is focused on the building of strategies based on mathematical modeling of in vivo and in vitro preclinical data to anticipate the behavior of a new bcl-2 inhibitor developed by Servier laboratories in human to support clinical development. This project was elaborated following different steps:Firstly, a semi-mechanistic relationship was established in mice to describe the mechanism of action of the compound.PK extrapolation strategy using PBPK modeling was performed to anticipate human concentration-time profiles.PD extrapolation strategies based on different assumptions were proposed to predict human efficacy and doses to be tested in clinical trial.Predictions obtained were consequently compared to clinical results from a First in Human study confirming the usefulness of such approaches and the superiority of mechanism-based strategies compared to more empirical approaches.Therefore, this project highlights the large interest of elaborating interspecies translational approaches during drug development and could promote their use to accelerate new entities development, decreasing the risks of failure and financial costs
Herrault, Guillaume. "Nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques dans le traitement du gliome infiltrant du tronc cérébral". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0301.
Testo completoDIPG (Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma) is a rare paediatric brain tumour with a median survival after diagnosis of less than one year. The standard treatment for this cancer is radiotherapy, but this is not curative. Research into new and innovative therapeutic strategies is therefore essential to enable effective clinical management of children with DIPG.In 2022, our team showed in vitro and in vivo that inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity by GSK126 sensitised DIPG cells to statins by increasing cholesterol synthesis. However, the mechanism of action inducing this synergistic effect between the two compounds remained unknown. Our results showed that the use of GSK126 increased both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, associated with a greater accumulation of lipid droplets. We also showed that GSK126 selectively killed the most proliferating tumour cells (OPC-like) and that resistant cells set up a pro-survival programme. By transcriptomic analysis, we discovered that GSK126 induced numerous molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the setting up of autophagic/mitophagic processes and NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results also showed that treatment with GSK126 prevented the activation of STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation and induced cell death by pyroptosis in the most sensitive cells. Finally, this work highlighted the importance of the protein prenylation process in the pro-survival programme of cells despite cellular stress. Combined targeting of some of these processes and inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity has shown a synergistic anti-tumour effect in in vitro models.In parallel, we carried out a pharmacological screening on a 3D model of differentiated DIPG cells to identify new therapeutic targets. Our results showed that these cells are highly sensitive to inhibitors of microtubule dynamics. A kinomic analysis of cells treated with a microtubule inhibitor showed the activation of a kinase involved in the control of cell division and DNA damage. This second study also led to the discovery of a synergistic anti-tumour effect in vitro between inhibitors of these two targets
Ottaviani, Daniela. "In-Depth Characterization of Human Retinoblastoma Subtype 2 and Preclinical Models". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS001.
Testo completoRetinoblastoma (RB) is a rare pediatric cancer of the developing retina that represents the most common intraocular tumor in children, and accounts for about 4% of all childhood cancers. Although being a rare disease, the Curie Hospital (the referral center for retinoblastoma in France) treats about 50-60 new patients each year. Our group has previously characterized two retinoblastoma subtypes. The cone-like or subtype 1 tumors rather differentiated and homogenous, presenting an overexpression of genes related to cone photoreceptor retinal cells, clinically diagnosed earlier and grouping the majority of hereditary and bilateral forms. The mixed-type or subtype 2 tumors, displaying an intra-tumoral heterogeneity and showing overexpression of genes related to cone and retinal ganglion cells, are enriched in unilateral patients clinically diagnosed at older ages. The general goal of my thesis was to extend the molecular characterization of these subtype 2 retinoblastomas. We characterized the molecular and genomic landscape of retinoblastoma in a series of 102 primary tumors, integrating samples from three institutions: the Curie Institute (France), the Garrahan Hospital (Argentina) and Sant Joan de Déu Hospital (Spain). The development of a pyrosequencing-based tool for sample classification allowed us to enlarge our classed samples, from an initial series of 72, to our final series of 102 tumors. Analysis of the mutational landscape in our series revealed that tumors from the subtype 2 had significantly more somatic mutations per sample than tumors from the subtype 1. Besides RB1 gene, BCOR and ARID1A where the only two recurrently mutated genes, and identified only in the subtype 2. Distribution of mutations alongside the RB1 gene has so far been analyzed in terms of a single group of retinoblastomas. When splitting our cohort in subtype 1 and subtype 2 tumors, the distribution of mutations was significantly different. Besides, we identified a region of the RB1 protein (in Domain A) enriched in mutations from tumors of the subtype 2, and devoid of mutations of the subtype 1. Besides somatic mutations, we characterized two recurrent chromosomal fusion events disrupting DACH1. Subtype 2 tumors are characterized by an overexpression of TFF1, not expressed in the normal retina. Immunohistochemical analysis of TFF1 in locally invasive tumors coming from the Garrahan Hospital revealed the presence of TFF1+ cells invading the retrolaminar region of the optic nerve. We then explored a possible oncogenic role of TFF1 in retinoblastoma related to cell survival, cell migration and cell invasion, which was not fully uncovered. Molecular subtype 2 regroups the MYCN amplified tumors and tumors with MYC signaling pathway activation and upregulation of hallmark MYC target genes. The use of JQ1 and OTX015 (BET bromodomains inhibitors) strongly reduced the viability in vitro of retinoblastoma cell lines representatives of the subtype 2, together with a significant MYC/MYCN gene and protein downregulation. We provided preliminary results to explore a new therapeutic avenue of BET protein inhibition in retinoblastoma. Preclinical models widely used in retinoblastoma research has not been characterized or classified at the molecular level. We have used the same approach as for primary human tumor’s classification, and found that most cellular and PDX models studied classed in the molecular subtype 2 and shared many of the molecular, genomic and protein characteristics found in primary tumors of this molecular subtype. Taken together, we have performed a deeper characterization of subtype 2 retinoblastomas, which seems to represent a more aggressive phenotype, and is the represented subtype in the preclinical models analyzed
Segaoula, Zacharie. "Pertinence et validations préclinique et clinique du modèle spontané canin de mélanome dans le développement thérapeutique en oncologie". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S004/document.
Testo completoPharmaceutical development is a long and fastidious process. In fact, each drug candidate has to meet with a certain safety criteria list, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles need to be determined prior to first use in humans and market approval.For years, the pharmaceutical industry has been suffering from a lack of innovative molecules and thus despite the efforts and cost increases in R&D programs. And most novel drug candidates entering clinical trials fail to reach approval, largely because preclinical models used in development do not provide adequate information about their efficacy or toxicity. That’s why; more predictive models of efficiency in oncology, shaping more precisely the human pathology are needed.The study of novel drug candidates in dogs with naturally occurring tumors allows drug assessment in neoplasms sharing many fundamental features with its human counterparts, and thus provides an opportunity to answer questions guiding the cancer drug development path in ways not possible in more conventional models. Moreover, the strong homologies in clinical presentation, morphology, and overall biology between dogs and their human counterparts make companion animals a good model to investigate tumor process from ætiology to tailored treatments.The aim of this project was to validate the canine spontaneous tumor model, by combining preclinical and clinical approaches, in the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of cancer from carcinogenesis to drug resistance and tumor dormancy and also the discovery of new tools essential for the prediction, diagnosis clinical follow-up and treatment.Metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cutaneous tumors in humans. It constitutes 4 to 11% of skin malignancies and only 2% of the cancers of the epidermis. These highly immunogenic tumors hold a severe prognosis when metastasized and contribute to an immune anti-tumor reaction which could potentially lead to immune escape and resistance to most standard treatment protocols. And even if the 5-year survival has been improved to 50 – 80% over the past decades, its incidence is still in the rise with 7000 cases and 75% related deaths reported every year in France.In dogs, melanomas are one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies of the oral cavity. These cancers account for 7% of all malignant tumors in dogs and 160000 reported every year worldwide. It also constitutes one of the most aggressive metastasizing tumors with a median post-surgery survival rate of 173 days.We developed and characterized immunucytochemically, pharmacologically and genomically two canine melanoma cell lines from naturally occurring dog tumors with distinct clinical profiles. A list of genetic alterations of these two profiles has also been established and is in accordance with the published literature, presenting same features as human tumors. And because tumor heterogeneity is responsible of resistance to treatment and relapse, we isolated and investigated cancer stem cell populations in our cell line models in order to identify the linked biomarkers which may constitute future potential targets for the expansion of the oncological therapeutic panel.In conclusion, due to its intact immune system, tumor niche and also because it shares the same environment as we do, the canine patient represent a promising opportunity in the advancement of cancer research, the acceleration of translation process and the setting up of more effective and less toxic molecules with dual benefits for the human and veterinary medicine toward better patient care
Mordant, Pierre. "Cancer bronchique primitif, voies de signalisation intra-cellulaires et modèles précliniques". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809668.
Testo completoBody, Simon. "Physiopathologie du lymphome à cellules du manteau : de la mécanistique aux modèles précliniques". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC419/document.
Testo completoMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature malignant hemopathy, belonging to the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma family. The MCL is characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) which causes an aberrant expression of cyclin D1. It is a rare disease but at high risk of relapse, and it is most often incurable due to the appearance of chemoresistant clones. The acquisition of resistance is intimately linked to the interactions between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. In order to mimic, in the most relevant way, these interactions, we have implemented a mouse xenograft model using the MCL cell lines JeKo1, REC1, Z138 and Granta-519 which we have modified so that they express a fluorophore (GFP or m-cherry) and / or the gene encoding the luciferase. After injection to the mice of the luciferase substrate, luciferin, we are able to follow over time the tumor progression. We can also assess the degree of tumor infiltration in bone marrow, spleen, brain and blood after euthanasia of animals, by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. This model allowed us to show the therapeutic interest of an inhibitor of exportin 1 (XPO1): the KPT 330 (or selinexor) which is able to contain cyclin D1 only on the nuclear level. We have shown that the subcellular localization of cyclin D1 is mainly cytoplasmic in some LCM (2/7) cell lines and in a number of patients (6/42, 14%), and is associated with a high potential Invasion, migration and an aggressive phenotype. Moreover, thanks to this model, we have been able to objectify the in vivo lack of efficacy of agonists to β-type estrogen receptors (ER β). These receptors, present on B lymphocytes, were thought to inhibit cell proliferation and cause cell death by apoptosis. The use of two ER β agonists, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and ERB-041 showed an absence of effect of these molecules, when the tumor cells are in contact with their microenvironment. On the other hand, in order to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapies, we studied the resistance of the REC-1 cell line treated with genotoxic agents. We have shown that this line has an abnormality of cyclin D1 degradation associated with decreased activity of the 26S proteasome. Finally, we have shown in preliminary work that the fused in sarcoma protein (FUS) could, when associated with cyclin D1, be able to regulate the repair pathways of DNA damage. Abnormalities of these pathways induce a great genetic instability responsible for the escape of tumors to treatments, the targeting of FUS could therefore be of therapeutic interest.Taken as a whole, these results reinforce or invalidate the interest of certain therapeutic targets in the hope of continuing to improve the management of patients. They also provide a tool for evaluating new molecules in a murine model that takes into account the interactions between the tumor cell and its microenvironment
Ulvé, Ronan. "Caractérisation moléculaire et cellulaire des lymphomes canins : modèles précliniques prédictifs des lymphomes homologues humains". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B045.
Testo completoLymphomas are among the most common cancers in humans and dogs. They show strong clinical, histological and response homologies to treatments. In the current context, new generation sequencing (NGS) methods allow identification of many genetic alterations needed for the diagnosis, prognosis and development of targeted therapies. However, the development of new molecules encounters a high proportion of failure in clinical studies. This finding is due in part to the use of models that are not reflect all aspects of the disease occurring in humans. In dogs, artificial selection done by humans means that today, many breeds have predispositions to lymphomas and even to certain subtypes. This characteristic makes the dog a relevant spontaneous model both for the study of the genetic basis of lymphomas and for the development of new molecules for humans with veterinary clinical trials. My thesis work consisted in the genetic characterization of canine lymphomas to propose predictive models of human homologous lymphomas. Following a collection step of a large number of lymphomas cases, I worked on the improvement of a diagnostic test to subtype B or T lymphomas based on amplification called PARR. I also showed a familial transmission of lymphomas in the Bernese Mountain Dog, which allows me to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising 63 affected dogs and 167 healthy dogs. I identified several loci on chromosomes 9, 15 and 23, the last one including the MYD88 gene known to be involved in human lymphomas. I have also discovered by different NGS approaches (RNA-Seq and Capture targeted) recurrent genetic alterations shared between the Man and the dog. Among these, I have identified gene fusions between immunoglobulins and cyclins D: 3 cases for CCND3 and 1 case for CCND1. I also found strong recurrences of alterations involving the oncogenes KDR, MYC or UBR5 as well as the tumor suppressor genes POT1, PTEN or TP53. Since these events are associated with aggressive or resistant lymphomas in humans, canine lymphomas are thus of major interest as a spontaneous model. Finally, I have carried out in vitro tests of molecules, which can be carried out from the CLBL-1 cell line or from primary cell cultures characterized by NGS. This preliminary step allows us to consider veterinary clinical trials with owners dogs with lymphomas. This approach is part of the "One Health" concept, which aims to bring this research to human and veterinary medicine
Branchereau, Julien. "Etude et techniques innovantes de préservation du pancréas dans des modèles de transplantation précliniques". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1008.
Testo completoPancreatic transplantation is the treatment of choice for unstable diabetes. The two main causes of early failure in this transplant are pancreatitis and venous graft thrombosis. Due to its anatomy and physiology the pancreas is an organ that is particularly sensitive to ischemia reperfusion injury. The current standard technique for preserving transplants after removal and before transplantation remains static hypothermic preservation. Changes in donor characteristics have led transplant teams to consider increasingly fragile pancreases, which are even more susceptible to ischemia reperfusion injury. The objective of this work was to establish the modalities of an innovative technique for the preservation of pancreatic transplants on a pulsatile hypothermic perfusion machine.The first step was to assess the technical feasibility and safety of this perfusion on human pancreas that had been discarded for transplantation. The second step was to test this perfusion model on nonU human primate pancreas. The third step consisted of an evaluation of the impact of hypothermic pulsatile preservation in a model of pancreatic alloUtransplantation in diabetic pigs. The fourth step was carried out in collaboration with the University of Oxford in order to develop normothermic ex situ reperfusion of the pancreas. The next step will be to assess the value of pulsatile hypothermic preservation of the pancreas with a PEG solution and oxygenation in a porcine donation model of death after circulatory arrest. We have in this study determined the parameters for hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of the pancreas and shown its effectiveness in the preserving of the exocrine pancreas. We are now working on the implementation of a clinical trial evaluating this hypothermic pulsatile perfusion
Larghero, Jérôme. "Utilisation des modèles animaux dans les études précliniques de nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblées en hématologie". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077109.
Testo completoNader, Joëlle. "Modèles précliniques d’étude du mésothéliome : application à l’évaluation de la virothérapie anti-tumorale in vivo". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1043/document.
Testo completoAs a PhD student, I worked in parallel on two complementary subjects. The first one concerned the study of the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment in four models of rat malignant mesothelioma (MM), differing in both their immune infiltrate and their metastatic potential. Histological analyses of stroma, together with proteomic analyses and expression of different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, led us to the identification of three stages of increasing invasiveness, associated with quantitative changes in many proteins and a decreased immune infiltrate. The most invasive tumor was characterized by immunosuppression with a specific molecular profile increasing the metastatic potential. The second topic was the evaluation of the efficacy of anti-tumor virotherapy, based on the use of the Schwarz strain of measles virus (MV) and its variant MV-ΔC for the treatment of MM. Both viruses induced tumor regressions in NOD SCID mice transplanted with two human MM cell lines, but MV-ΔC amplified this effect by inducing faster cell death, as revealed by a marked reduction of the tumor mass. This apoptotic potential is associated, in vitro, with an increased production of the danger signal HMGB1 and the synthesis of a large amount of viral double-stranded RNA. These MV-ΔC-infected cells are also capable of promoting the maturation of dendritic cells through viral replication and activation of the Protein Kinase R. This characterization of new immunocompetent models and novel promising therapeutic strategies may lead to better clinical management of patients with mesothelioma
Grasselly, Chloé. "Établissement et caractérisation de modèles précliniques de résistance aux inhibiteurs de points de contrôles immunitaires". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1256/document.
Testo completoBecause of the limited efficacy and the toxicity of conventional therapies to fight cancer, researchers focused on the new trategies. These efforts lead to the emergence of immunotherapies, whose msot recent actors are the monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint (ICP). Among those ICP inhibitors, we found antibodies targeting the surface protein « Programmed Cell Death 1 », called anti- PD1, and those targeting its ligand, « Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 », called anti- PDL-1. Those antibodies shown a great efficacy in a wide diveristy of cancers, and are currently used for clinical practice in the case of melanoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. However, those treatments don’t benefit to all tumor bearing patients, with a mean of 60% of innate resistance, and 25% of acquired resistance following a primary response, variable according to tumor type. Phenomena involved in resistance are currently poorly described. In this context, the aim of my project was to establish in vivo preclinical models of acquired resistance to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1. To do that, we used syngeneic renal cancer (RENCA), bladder cancer (MB49 and MBT-2), and colorectal cancer (MC38), and immunocompetent mice, that we have made resistant by serial reimplantations of tumors pieces and serial treatments, inducing a selection pressure until we obtained a resistant phenotype. The efficiency of PD1/PDL-1 axis blocking is strongly linked to the microenvironment composition, as a result we realized an immunophenotyping protocol. We observed anti-tumor cells as T cells, Natural Killer cells, and M1 macrophages, but also cells harboring immunosuppressive functions, as M2 macrophages, MDSC, and Treg. Moreover, some studies have identified an upregulation of alternatives ICP in the context of acquired resistance to anti-PD1, so we also observed the expression of LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT besides PD1 and PDL-1 expression. We shown that resistance is strongly dependant to the tumor model, even if we identified a decrease of anti-tumor M1 macrophages is models resistant to anti-PD1, and an increase of Treg in models resistant to anti-PDL-1, suggesting a common mechanism of resistance specific to respectively anti PD1 and anti-PDL-1. Following Zaretsky and al. identification of genes involved in interferon pathway in the case of acquired resistance to anti-PD1 in melanoma, we decided to study the molecular profile of resistant tumors. We identified 5 common genes differently modulated between anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1 resistant models, including SERPINF1 and FCNA which seems to be promising as targets to validate. Lastly, in parallel to establishment and characterization of preclinical models of acquired resistance, we tested new therapeutical approches of anti-PD1 and anti- PDL-1 potentiation in combination with reference chemotherapies. We shown a synergy in wild-type colorectal and bladder cancers (MC38 and MB49), no effect of the combination in metastatic breast cancer 4T1, and an inhibition of anti-PDL 1 effect in bladder cancer MBT-2. Immunphenotyping of tumors allowed us to observe here also high differences between tumor models, both at baseline and after treatments initiation. To conclude, even if our results need a validation with patients samples, we demonstrated that different cellular and molecular modifications could be involved in resistance to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1, and that resistance could be bypass with chemotherapy combination, according to tumor type
Marchal, Sophie. "Stratégies pro-apoptotiques appliquées au traitement photodynamique avec le Foscan® de modèles précliniques d'adénocarcinome humain". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321556.
Testo completoMarchal, Sophie. "Stratégies pro-apoptotiques appliquées au traitement photodynamique avec le Foscan® de modèles précliniques d’adénocarcinome humain". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10037/document.
Testo completoIn order to develop a proapoptotic strategy in Foscan®-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) an evaluation of the parameters that govern the modulation of photoinduced apoptosis was performed on preclinical model from human adenocarcinoma. Moderate apoptosis was measured in Foscan® photosensitised tumour cells in vitro. The mitochondrial pathway was assumed to be indirectly induced by Foscan®-PDT. Spheroids were used to investigate the influence of oxygen consumption, through the modulation of fluence rate, on the induction of apoptosis. By using a low fluence rate, an oxygen conservative regimen, we demonstrated an increase in the activation of caspase-3 induced by Foscan®-PDT. The modulation of photoinduced apoptosis by extending the incubation time of Foscan® with MCF-7 cells was further investigated. After 3h incubation, the photosensitizer was mainly localised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Following irradiation, ER oxidative stress through the induction of the chaperon protein GRP78 was observed. Subsequent apoptotic mitochondria response and caspase activation were induced. After 24h incubation with Foscan®, the ER localisation of the photosensitizer was intensified. As results, an increase in GRP78 expression correlated with an increase in caspase-7 activation independently of the mitochondria response was obtained. After in vivo PDT, immunohistochemistry was applied on tissue sections to evaluate the activation of caspases -3 and -7. Caspase-3 activation was found predominant suggesting a caspase-3 mediated apoptotic pathway in HT29 tumours subjected to Foscan®-PDT
Benay, Stephan. "Mise au point des outils analytiques et formels utilisés dans la recherche préclinique en oncologie". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5501.
Testo completoA nonlinear pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model has been devised do simultaneously describe the loss of erlotinib and its effect on the cell growth over time, in order to analyze impedance-based data of erlotinib effect on A431 cells growth in vitro over time. The model non-linearity requiring the use of iterative methods for parameter estimation, several steps of the model identification were studied, and solutions proposed, with application examples to cancer drugs :Choice of the optimization criterion - superiotity of the geometric mean functionnal relationship for non-linear model identification. Real data application : calibration curve of a bevacizumab ELISA quantification experiment.Choice of the most appropriate algorithm for the pharmacokinetic process identification problem. The derivative algorithms perform better. Real data application : simultaneous identification of the 5-fluorouracil and of its main metabolite pharmacokinetic system.Transform of the differential initial continuous-time model in a recursive discrete time model. The transformed model becomes linear with respect to its parameters, allowing straightforward parameter estimation without using any optimization algorithm. It is then also possible to track the parameter variations over time. Real data application : pharmacokinetic model parameter estimation of fotemustine, mitoxantrone and 5-fluorouracil
Hureaux, José. "Nanocapsules lipidiques de paclitaxel et cancer bronchique : premières données d'efficacité et de toxicité chez la souris et méthodes d'aérosolisation à partir de lots précliniques". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00492820.
Testo completoMontigaud, Yoann. "Modèles précliniques ex vivo pour l'étude de la délivrance pulmonaire d'aérosols dans le traitement de pathologies pulmonaires". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEM028.
Testo completoPulmonary delivery seem to be a preferential choice for the treamt of respiratory diseases. However, optimal targeting should be reached to increase efficacy and decrase the risk of side effects. Thus, research is needed to improve aerosol delivery devices. However, ethical restrictions related to human experiment are not in agreement with the previous statement. Therefore, preclinical model are needed but could lack of relevance or generated date could be hard to extrpolate. The present work aimed to develop a panel of preclinical ex vivo respiratory models to systematise knowledge to facilitate the clinical transfer of aerosol technologies. For each developed ex vivo model, the aerosol deposition pattern was assessed and compared to human and/or animal data to ensure the extrapolability of the results and to position the model among the available preclinical models. Applications, such as the optimal position of a nebuliser during invasive mechanical ventilation or the deposition profile of electronic cigarette aerosol, were performed. The developed ex vivo models showed comparability with patients deposition profile of aersosol, as well as their utility as a new preclinical tool fitting 3R guidelines to complete exisiting preclinical models in aerosol therapy
Erb, Gilles. "Application de la RMN HRMAS en Cancérologie “Modèles métaboliques de classification des tumeurs cérébrales”". Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441765.
Testo completoStruillou, Xavier. "Études précliniques sur le chien de biomatériaux synthétiques pour la régénération parodontale et péri-implantaire". Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT37VS.
Testo completoTreatment of periodontal infrabony or peri-implant defects is a clinical challenge for practitioners. Many bone graft materials have been suggested to restore the bone and regenerate the periodontal attachment destroyed by the periodontal disease. Various animal models have been used to evaluate the bone regeneration obtained with composite materials ofbiphasic ceramics and a polymer layer of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) or a hydrogel of silanized hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (Si-HPMC). The barrier effect of Si-HPMC and the composite BCP/HPMC enhance bon regeneration in different preclinical models
Arapis, Konstantinos. "Mise au point de modèles précliniques de chirurgie bariatrique chez le rat rendu obèse par un régime hyperlipidique". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC086.
Testo completoBlayac, Marion. "Impacts de la pollution atmosphérique sur le phénotype pulmonaire de la mucoviscidose : étude expérimentale sur deux modèles précliniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 12, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA120045.
Testo completoCystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease due to a mutation of the CFTR gene encoding for an epithelial chloride channel. The disease is characterized by a progressive loss of respiratory function responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality of the disease. CF patients show an important genotypic variability along with a great phenotypic diversity between patients with the same mutations. This suggests the implication of other factors, either genetic or environmental. Among these factors, one that is of interest is air pollution, indeed representing the most important environmental risk for health. The objective of this thesis was to study, using an experimental approach, the effects of air pollution on CF pulmonary phenotype in two dedicated murine models. I used CESAM atmospheric simulation chamber to simulate at the laboratory multiphasic realistic atmospheres. This chamber is coupled to mice isolators allowing to expose living organisms to the simulated atmospheres. We simulated different types of urban atmospheres, with different levels of air pollutants, representative of Paris and Beijing atmospheres in summer and winter conditions. Mice were exposed to these atmospheres for 18H and 72H. Biological effects were then characterized by studying lung structure and function, mucus production as well as inflammatory and oxidative response. Exposure to urban atmospheres tended to stimulate mucus secretion and increased inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress, and expression of pulmonary proteinases. The effects were more important in CF mice compared to healthy mice and the type of response induced depended on the chemical composition of the considered atmosphere. Based on these effects, air pollution is highly suspected to contribute to CF physiopathology by increasing the severity of the disease
Véra-Hernandez, Arturo. "Contribution à l'étude d'un système d'hyperthermie profonde en cancérologie : automatisation du traitement du signal, modélisation, validation de la distribution et de l'absorption du champ électrique à 2 7.12 MHz dans les tissus simulés". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_VERA_HERNANDEZ_A.pdf.
Testo completoFerron, Géraldine. "Application de l'approche de population aux études précliniques menées sur une molécule en développement : le S-16257". Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P150.
Testo completoBelkacemi, Mohamed. "Modèles bivariés et mesures de dépendance pour les survies globale et sans progression dans les essais cliniques sur le cancer". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T021.
Testo completoAnalysis of survival often represents the main aim in cancer clinical studies. Survival data arise from an event experienced by the study subjects. This event corresponds for example to the death for overall survival and to tumor progression for progression-free survival. The Kaplan-Meier nonparametric estimator and the Cox semiparametric model are the most used standard methods for modeling survival data, although they are applied only in the case of unique temporal event. Overall survival is the optimal clinical endpoint for assessing the efficiency of treatment. Progression-free survival is an intermediate endpoint considered as a potential surrogate of overall survival. For the past few years, we observed an increasing focus on statistical validation of intermediate endpoints and this through measurement of the correlation between the principal clinical endpoint and the intermediate one. Thus, bivariate modeling could be of interest for describing the dependence structure between progression-free survival and overall survival. The aim of this thesis is the modeling of the structure of association between progression-free survival and overall survival as well as the quantification of this association using dependence measures. For this, we study at first extensions of Cox model able to address the topic concerning the statistical dependence between data. Next, we propose a new parametric modeling of overall survival based on two survival times : progression-free survival and post-progression survival, assumed to be linked by a conditional distribution. Moreover, we examine different parametric models for bivariate survival data concerning correlation measurement. These models are based on the marginal distributions and the conditional independence. Finally, we apply and compare these models using data from a phase III randomized clinical trial, involving patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Guerenne, Laura. "Validation de modèles précliniques de transformation de Syndrome Myélodysplasique en Leucémie Aiguë Myéloide et application à l'étude de nouvelles thérapies". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077116.
Testo completoMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonai hematopoietic stem tell diseases characterized by dysplasia in the myeloid lineage. 40% of MDS patients evolve to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The study of animal models provides an opportunity to better understand the myeloid leukemogenesis. It is also the starting point for the development of nevi therapies to better treat patients with MDS and AML post a SMD. We conducted a large-scale genomic screening by DNA chip to obtain the gene expression profile of two transgenic mouse models of MDS and AML post MDS. These profiles were compared with the gene expression profile of patients in order to highlight their relevance to the study of MDS and AML post SMD. These analyses showed similarities between expression profiles of patient and mouse models and have shown alterations in expression of genes involved in cellular functions described as yet little involved in the development of the disease. We also assessed the efficacy of a DNA nonspecific vaccine, the pVAX14, and a molecule which inhibite proteins BH3 domain. ABT-737 has an effect on anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins family. In a mouse model of transplantable LAP and transgenic mouse model of high-risk MDS, vaccinatior with pVAX14 increase mice survival and activate the immune response as it was already shown in the LAP mouse model with a specific vaccine expressing PML-RAR alpha antigen. These results suggest a use "generic" pVAX14 to treat other types of cancer or haematological malignancies. ABT-737 improves the survival in the transgenic mouse model of high-risk MDS and target leukemia initiating cells and primitive progenitor cells, by regulating the tell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis
Fizazi, Karim. "Développement et usage de modèles précliniques pour l'étude de la biologie et du traitement du cancer de la prostate métastatique". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA11TO35.
Testo completoBonne, Nicolas-Xavier. "Modèles précliniques de schwannomes vestibulaires pour l'évaluation d’une stratégie de réduction de dose d’irradiation par combinaison avec des thérapies ciblées". Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S017/document.
Testo completoContext: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign neoplasm arising from the Schwann cells of the vestibular nerve. Most of sporadic VS carry a bi-allelic inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene NF2. Congenital inactivation of the NF2 gene is linked to the onset of Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a genetic condition predisposing to the development of multiple benign tumor of the central nervous system with bilateral VS as a hallmark. Treatment of VS is either surgical or by use of radiation therapy delivered in stereotactic condition. A significant dose reduction has led to improving the hearing outcomes while maintaining good tumor control. Meanwhile a significant number of treated patients will develop a progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Laboratory models that faithfully recapitulate NF2 gene inactivation and SNHL are needed to pursue the reduction of the dose delivered.Aim: We aimed at developing new models in-vitro and in-vivo for the study of vestibular schwannoma radio sensitivity in combination with selected compounds that selectively target the pathways activated secondary to NF2 loss of function.Methodes: Human vestibular schwannoma cell lines (HEI_193, HEI_182) and control human Schwann cell line (HEI_286) were used in clonogenic assay to determine the number of colony forming unit (CFU) spontaneously and at increasing dosing of mTOR inhibitor (Rapamycin), PI3 kinase inhibitor (GDC_0941), PI3K-mTOR dual inhibitor (BEZ_235) to determine the 50% growth inhibitory threshold (GI50%) then in combination with increasing radiation regimen of gamma radiation emitted by a source of Co60. The mouse cell line inactivated for nf2 (SC4#9) was used to generate orthotropic syngrafts. The growth of the tumor was monitored using MRI and bioluminescence imaging and hearing was tested by recording auditory brainstem responses. Pathology of the cochlea were obtained from paraffin embedded sections and then using fluorescence confocal microscopy of whole mounted transparent cochleae.Results: Soft agar clonogenic assays were used and identified a resistance to radiation therapy in human cell lines of VS inactivated for NF2 when compared to the non-mutated control. This radiation resistance could be overcome by pre-exposure to the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin allowing a return to the radiosensibility of non-mutated control. There was a tendency toward a beneficial effect when using a dual inhibition of the mTOR and PI3 kinase at a maximum dose of exposure to radiation. A mouse model of VS has been developed by stereotactic seeding of nf2 deficient cell line SC4#9 targeting the cochleo-vestibular nerve complex. It recapitulates the growth in the suitable micro-environment and secondary SNHL. The growth has been characterized using MRI and in-vivo bioluminescence imaging. Hearing loss was confirmed using sequential ABR. Last a protocol for the clarification of whole mounted cochleae has been adapted to species of rodents suitable for the pathological study of ototoxic change secondary to VS and/or its treatment.Conclusion: The models presented in this thesis may be used for the preclinical evaluation of combined therapeutic approaches with single dose gamma radiation. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in ototoxicity secondary to VS and of its treatment would improve the molecular targeting in order to warrant better auditory outcomes
Hecquet, Sophie. "Inflammation et perméabilité intestinales et translocation bactérienne en cas d'arthrite : études précliniques et cliniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCE024.
Testo completoThe pathophysiology of spondyloarthritis (SpA) is complex and involves several cellular and tissue players, including the intestinal tissue. The latter plays an essential role by allowing the passage of molecules of varying molecular weights, while also limiting the translocation of pathogenic agents. Intestinal inflammation and loss of intestinal barrier function have been observed in patients with SpA. Data suggest that this hyperpermeability may be related to the increase in serum zonulin observed in these patients, a precursor protein of haptoglobin 2 and a physiological modulator of intestinal epithelial tight junctions.Various hypotheses attempt to explain the increased intestinal permeability and elevated circulating zonulin in patients with SpA, with intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis being central factors. Changes in the intestinal microbiota have been observed in patients with SpA, although its role in the disease’s pathophysiology is still poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that the presence of enteroinvasive bacteria in the ileum of SpA patients leads to tissue overexpression of zonulin and underexpression of structural proteins in intestinal epithelial tight junctions. Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability would thus allow the translocation of bacterial antigens from the intestinal lumen to the digestive mucosa, triggering an immune system activation. These data highlight the key pathophysiological role of digestive permeability and bacterial translocation in SpA patients, although no studies have yet clearly linked them or defined the timing of their occurrence during the course of the disease.Animal models offer a unique opportunity to highlight the pathophysiological characteristics of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. They also allow for the study of the physiological properties of deep organs, such as the digestive tract, in treatment-naive animals at different stages of disease progression, including preclinical stages. Our team has conducted numerous studies on the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model, a recent arthritis model. This model is characterized by acute inflammation followed by a phase of bone formation and by the polarization of the immune response towards the IL-23/Th17 pathway. This model is of particular interest because our team has identified early endothelial dysfunction at the mesenteric level at the onset of arthritis development, suggesting early intestinal involvement in this model.The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize the digestive abnormalities observed in the AIA model and to study the effect of different pharmacological treatments on the intestinal barrier. The first study aimed to examine the comparative kinetics of joint involvement and digestive abnormalities. This study focused on four main aspects: intestinal permeability, intestinal and joint inflammation, dysbiosis, and bacterial translocation. It shed light on potential links between digestive disturbances and joint symptoms, thus paving the way for new therapeutic options. The second study evaluated the impact of different steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the intestinal barrier in the adjuvant-induced arthritis model. This study showed a differentiated effect of NSAIDs on the intestinal barrier depending on the selectivity of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Finally, the third study investigated the effect of tofacitinib on the intestinal barrier
Calatayud, Anna-Line. "Développement et caractérisation de modèles précliniques de carcinomes hépatocellulaires pour l'évaluation de la réponse thérapeutique et l'étude des mécanismes de l'hépatocarcinogenèse". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/CALATAYUD_Anna_Line_va2.pdf.
Testo completoHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very aggressive malignancy, which is resistant to current therapeutic options for advanced stages. In addition, most of recent phase 2 or 3 clinical trials failed due to the development of multiple resistance mechanisms. In this context, preclinical models are very useful to understand the molecular biology of HCC and looking for new therapeutic targets or specific biomarkers of treatment response. Thus, in this work, the study of HCC cell lines that represent a subgroup of aggressive tumors but recapitulate the molecular diversity of HCC enabled us to show associations between specific molecular contexts and response to treatments allowing to establish several new therapeutic hypotheses. Thanks to these cell lines we also understand that the overexpression of MET as a criterion for inclusion of patients in tivantinib clinical trials explained its failures and to propose the expression of Ki67 as a better biomarker predictive of its antitumor efficacy. Finally, by studying murine models of oncogenic cooperation, we highlighted for the first time the tumor suppressor role of RSK2 in hepatic carcinogenesis, in cooperation with the inactivation of AXIN1 or the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Overall, this study shows that preclinical models are extremely informative, despite their various limitations, they allow to bring new therapeutic hypotheses. In particular we demonstrated the crucial role of the RAS-MAPK pathway activation in HCC development reinforcing the interest of the use of MEK1/2 inhibitors in future clinical trials in candidate subgroups
Almarj, Elie. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé : développement de protocoles innovants de simulation d'atmosphères urbaines et d'exposition de modèles précliniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6223&f=54454.
Testo completoThe World Health Organization estimates that exposure to atmospheric pollution causes more than 4 million premature deaths annually worldwide. Atmospheric pollution is therefore a major health risk. However, the assessment of the health effects of atmospheric pollution has shortcomings. Indeed, epidemiological and experimental studies only take into account regulated atmospheric pollutants without considering the synergy that may exist between them, whereas atmospheric pollution is a multiphasic mixture of gaseous and particulate compounds interacting with each other and with environmental parameters. Moreover, the concentrations studied are rarely within realistic ranges. The objective of this work is to implement an innovative platform to study the effects of atmospheric pollution on health. To do this, mice were exposed to atmospheric situations representative of real atmospheres and episodes of urban air pollution, simulated in the laboratory. These simulated atmospheres were then qualified. We have thus succeeded in reproducing multiphasic urban atmospheres, by simulating their gaseous and particulate phases in the laboratory. The formation of secondary organic aerosols and functionalized volatile organic compounds confirm the quality of our simulations (proxy of real urban atmospheres), by highlighting the oxidation of organic matter. The results of the biological analyses on the exposed mice have highlighted the relevance of the platform for studying the effects of atmospheric pollution on health
Rustand, Denis. "Modèles conjoints pour un biomarqueur semi-continu et un événement terminal avec application aux essais cliniques en cancérologie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0252.
Testo completoAssessing the effectiveness of cancer treatments in clinical trials raises multiple methodological problems that need to be properly addressed in order to produce a reliable estimate of treatment effects. The purpose of this research project is to propose a new modeling strategy within the joint modeling framework to study simultaneously the evolution of tumor size (biomarker) and the risk of death (terminal event). An excess of zero values characterize the distribution of the tumor size measurements, corresponding to patients responding well to a treatment that observe a complete shrinkage of their tumors. The two-part model has been proposed with the idea to decompose the distribution of the biomarker into a binary outcome (zero values vs. positive values) and a continuous outcome, both outcomes usually being modeled with mixed effects regression models. We developed a two-part joint model for which the binary part captures the effect of covariates on the probability of zero value of the biomarker while the continuous part gives the effect of covariates either on the expected value of the biomarker among positives (conditional form) or the marginal expected value of the biomarker (marginal form), both answering different clinical questions of interest. We established it provides unbiased parameter estimations by simulations and compared this new model with alternative approaches such as ignoring the zero excess by not decomposing the biomarker’s distribution or considering zeros as censored values (i.e., too small to be measured). We show how the two-part approach is more appropriate in presence of true zeros (i.e., not censored). This new model allows to use both the tumor size repeated measurements and the survival times to compare several treatment lines, which could impact the final clinical decisions. We illustrated these developments on the basis of real data from randomized cancer clinical trials. Finally, we extended the frequentist estimation that we implemented into the R package frailtypack to a Bayesian framework within the R package INLA in order to reduce the computation time and solve convergence issues when dealing with more complex correlation structures. The software and code for both the frequentist and Bayesian estimations of this new model are freely available to ensure that these tools are easily disseminated to epidemiologists, statisticians or biomedical researchers. Semicontinuous distributions are common in biomedical research, e.g., when quantifying exposure or measuring symptoms of a disease, in genomics (microbiome, epigenetics), so that the proposed work could lead to a wide spectrum of applications beyond cancer research
Barbieri, Antoine. "Méthodes longitudinales pour l’analyse de la qualité de vie relative à la santé en cancérologie". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS026/document.
Testo completoThe health-related quality of life is a major objective in oncology clinical trials to improve patients’ care and better evaluate the impact of the treatments on their everyday life. Auto-questionnaires are usually used to measure this endpoint. In this work, different statistical models for the longitudinal analysis of health-related quality of life in oncology are proposed and applied to clinical trial data. First, we present different models derived from the item response theory (IRT) to achieve a longitudinal analysis directly on raw data (multi-response outcomes) for each dimension. Within the generalized linear mixed model background, a conceptual selection of the IRT models concluded that the graded response model seems to be the most suitable. Then, we propose a structural equation model which allows taking into account the multidimensional nature of data at each time and the longitudinal aspect induced by the repeated measurements. At each measurement time, the model allows to link all the observed variables issued from the questionnaire given explanatory variables. Two factors are estimated, each summarizing a set of observed variables. The longitudinal analysis is performed on the global health status and on the factors, thus reducing the number of tests. Finally, an approach based on a mixture of mixed models is used to obtain latent classes from quality of life trajectories. The approach has resulted in the identification of homogeneous subpopulations and their latent trajectory according to specific patient profiles
Bousquet, Guilhem. "Transgénèse et xénogreffe : deux stratégies expérimentales pour les thérapies innovantes en cancérologie". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077142.
Testo completoCancers are frequent diseases and leading causes of mortality in the world. They are a major health care problem. Despite a significant improvement in prognosis of patients since the last 20 years, the development of innovating therapeutical agents is highly required, challenging research in oncology. In addition, a preclinical knowledge of mechanisms of action and biomarkers of response is crucial for not missing the clinical development of these new drugs. The preclinical pharmacological models currently used since 30 years are clearly insufficient, as only 5% of tested agents finally succeed in being active in patients. I had the opportunity to use two different experimental murine models for the development of two innovating therapies : 1)The double transgenic model which develop colorectal tumors mimicking the human pathology. First, we demonstrated its pharmacological relevance regarding to cytotoxic currently used in patients. Second, we showed that Dbait, a DNA repair inhibitor, may be an effective additional treatment for increasing the efficacy of chemotherapy in colon or rectal cancer, independently of KRAS status. 2)Mice xenografted with human tumor cell lines with sequential cellular and molecular studies. We demonstrated that the specific effect of sunitinib, mainly a VEGFR inhibitor, differs according to the tumor type. This effect was first identified on neoangiogenic microvessels, but a direct effect on tumor cells was also found and related to sunitinib target expression
Martin, Lorenzo Sandra. "Approches génétiques et thérapeutiques visant à comprendre et atténuer les conséquences de la délétion et duplication de la région 16p11.2 dans des modèles précliniques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ064.
Testo completoVariations in copy number (CNVs) of chromosomal regions are an important source of variability in humans. Thus some structural alterations have been associated with syndromic diseases such as the CNVs of the 16p11.2 region. Indeed 16p11.2 rearrangement represent an important risk factor for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the high gene density of the region and the high phenotypic variability make their study complex. Mouse modeling of 16p11.2 rearrangements has allowed to identify several cognitive deficits similar to human traits for the purpose of identify responsible genes and to understand the molecular mechanisms affected. The work presented in this manuscript consists of the identification of candidate genes from the behavioral characterization of genetic inactivation models and the development of therapeutic approaches to restore the phenotypes associated with the 16p11.2 deletion in the mouse. In addition, we also initiated the creation of models carrying 16p11.2 rearrangements in rats. Thanks to these models, we found disorders of social interaction, a phenotype associated with autism, which makes these models very relevant for the understanding of these disorders. Finally, the behavioral characterization of the 16p11.2 models from these two species revealed a sexual dimorphism. The similarity found between these models in our studies and the sexual bias of cases carrying 16p11.2 rearrangements with ASD or intellectual disability in humans open interesting prospects for the development of future treatments. This work is part of a wider perspective that allows to understand the role of genes of the region in neurodevelopment to understand and improve the human pathology associated with CNVs 16p11.2
Salvat, Éric. "Traitements précoces et tardifs des douleurs neuropathiques et β2-agonistes : études thérapeutiques précliniques et cliniques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ104/document.
Testo completoNeuropathic pain is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and is badly relieved by usual antalgics. In our preclinical work, we studied the effect of various molecules, in particular antidepressant and anticonvulsant drugs wich are recommended in the treatment of neuropathic pain. In a murine model of traumatic neuropathy, we studied the influence of the period of treatment, early or late, on the mechanical allodynia. An early treatment with gabapentin or carbamazepine leads to a preventive effect on sustained allodynia. In a murine model of diabetic neuropathy, we characterized the antiallodynic action of nortriptyline and terbutaline. In our clinical work, we realized a retrospective survey on patients operated by thoracotomy. The analysis of the results show a significant decrease of the risk to suffer from chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in patients treated with long-term β2- agonists
Altzerinakou, Maria Athina. "Méthodes statistiques pour les essais de phase I/II de thérapies moléculaires ciblées en cancérologie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS375/document.
Testo completoConventional dose-finding approaches in oncology of phase I clinical trials aim to identify the optimal dose (OD) defined as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), based on the toxicity events observed during the first treatment cycle. The constant development of molecularly targeted agents (MTAs), usually administered in chronic schedules, has challenged this objective. Not only, the outcomes after the first cycle are of importance, but also activity does not necessarily increase monotonically with dose. Therefore, both toxicity and activity should be considered for the identification of the OD. Lately, continuous biomarkers are used more and more to monitor activity. The aim of this thesis was to propose and evaluate adaptive designs for the identification of the OD. We developed two dose-finding designs, based on a joint modeling of longitudinal continuous biomarker activity measurements and time to first dose limiting toxicity (DLT), with a shared random effect, using skewed normal distribution properties. Estimation relied on likelihood that did not require approximation, an important property in the context of small sample sizes, typical of phase I/II trials. We addressed the important case of missing at random data that stem from unacceptable toxicity, lack of activity and rapid deterioration of phase I patients. The MTD was associated to some cumulative risk of DLT over a predefined number of treatment cycles. The OD was defined as the lowest dose within a range of active doses, under the constraint of not exceeding the MTD. The second design extended this approach for cases of a dose-activity relationship that could reach a plateau. A change point model was implemented. The performance of the approaches was evaluated through simulation studies, investigating a wide range of scenarios and various degrees of data misspecification. As a last part, we performed an analysis of 27 phase I studies of MTAs, as monotherapy, conducted by the National Cancer Institut. The primary focus was to estimate the per-cycle risk and the cumulative incidence function of severe toxicity, over up to six cycles. Analyses were performed separately for different dose subgroups, as well as for hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities
Bastiancich, Chiara. "Hydrogel de nanocapsules lipidiques chargées en lauroyl-gemcitabine pour le traitement local du glioblastome". Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0005/document.
Testo completoGlioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignant brain tumor characterized by rapid proliferation and propensity to infiltrate healthy brain tissue. Despite aggressive standard of care therapy GBM always recur, mainly because of its high invasiveness and chemoresistance to alkylating drugs. In this Thesis, we evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of the nanomedicine hydrogel Lauroyl-gemcitabine lipid nanocapsule (GemC12-LNC) for the local treatment of GBM. GemC12-LNC was prepared by a phase-inversion technique process. It is injectable, adapted for brain implantation and able to sustainably release the drug in vitro. In healthy mice brain, no inflammation, apoptosis or microglia activation was observed after exposure to the hydrogel suggesting that this system is well tolerated and suitable for an application in the brain. Intratumoral injection of GemC12-LNC hydrogel in a U87subcutaneous and orthotopic GBM model significantly reduced tumor growth and increased the animal’s median survival compared to the controls, respectively. Moreover, to mimic the clinical setting, a reproducible tumor resection technique of U87 GBM and 9L gliosarcoma was developed and the GemC12-LNC hydrogel slowed down the formation of recurrences in mice and rats brain, respectively. In conclusion, the feasibility efficacy and safety of GemC12-LNC have been shown in vitro and in several preclinical in vivo models showing that this nanomedicine hydrogel is a promising and innovative delivery system for the local treatment of GBM. This gel can be directly injected in the GBM resection cavity, has a very simple formulation and combines the properties of nanomedicines and hydrogels
Colombo, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Nouveaux vecteurs polymères et modèles expérimentaux en vue de la délivrance intrapéritonéale prolongée d’agents anti tumoraux dans le traitement des cancers de l’ovaire". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON1T003.
Testo completoOvarian carcinoma is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop new therapeutic approaches based on novel synthetic macromolecular drug delivery systems for intraperitoneal chemotherapy. These objectives were limited by the requirement of reliable tumor models for experimental studies. After a concise review of knowledge published in the literature, the potential interest of the establishment of a collection of tumor grafts derived from samples of human tumors is examined in a second chapter. Data show that the major phenotypic and genotypic features of the original tumors are maintained in the xenografts. They also confirm the importance of this tumor model to test new drugs and to analyze intratumoral heterogeneity and oligoclonality in primary ovarian carcinoma. The collection will be also helpful to study the mechanisms leading to disease recurrences and resistance to chemotherapies. An example of drug delivery system based on the different associations of a model chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin) with a bioresorbable macromolecular vector, namely poly(L-lysine citramide), is addressed in a third chapter. Direct amid linkage in the first conjugate was too stable with respect to antitumoral cytotoxicity desired after in vivo administration and different systems were generated subsequently to increase drug release in tumor deposits. The best results were obtained with a hydrazone cleavable spacer containing an ester group. To overcome the complexity of these conjugates, a novel strategy based on doxorubicin entrapment in a synthetic gelatin made of (poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) is developed. This strategy should allow physical temporary entrapment of different drug molecules in a adhesive gel and could provide new solutions to the therapeutic challenges of intraperitoneal administration
Dormont, Flavio. "Development of nanomedicines for inflammation disorders : evaluation of pharmacological efficacy on preclinical models Nanomedicines for the management of Sepsis Nanoplumbers: Biomaterials to fight cardiovascular diseases Squalene-based multidrug nanoparticles for improved mitigation of uncontrolled inflammation Translation of Nanomedicines from Lab to Industrial Scale Synthesis: The Case of Squalene-Adenosine Nanoparticles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS451.
Testo completoAdvances in drug delivery have led to the development of many tools that help tailor the drug delivery strategy. In particular, “nanomedicines” have made it possible to obtain numerous innovations in oncology and diagnostic technology. By improving drug targeting and protecting the pharmaceutical agent from early metabolism, nanomedicines improve the therapeutic index of certain molecules, resulting in improved patient prognosis. However, with these promises come notable limitations, such as the low drug loading rate of certain nanoformulations, complicated industrial development or poor release control. Squalene-based nanoparticles have been developed to meet these limitations. Another advantage of squalene-based nanoparticles is that they make it possible to encapsulate several therapeutic agents within the same system, thus allowing multi-drug treatments.This is an important tool in the context of an excessive inflammatory response, where many factors often converge to advance the disease. Therefore, one of the objectives of this thesis was to develop and test on preclinical models of inflammation, squalene-based nanoparticles encapsulating two therapeutic agents: adenosine, as an endogenous mediator of inflammatory responses and an antioxidant as an inhibitor of oxidative stress. Our hypothesis is that a multi-drug therapy could be advantageous to counter the many pathogenic processes which reinforce each other during inflammatory responses, but also that a formulation in the form of nanoparticles could provide interesting targeting properties. During the work of this thesis, we also have the feasibility of industrial translation of the synthesis of squalene-based bioconjugates
Kritter, Thibaut. "Utilisation de données cliniques pour la construction de modèles en oncologie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0166/document.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the use of clinical data in the construction of models applied to oncology. Existing models which take into account many biological mechanisms of tumor growth have too many parameters and cannot be calibrated on clinical cases. On the contrary, too simple models are not able to precisely predict tumor evolution for each patient. The diversity of data acquired by clinicians is a source of information that can make model estimations more precise. Through two different projets, we integrated data in the modeling process in order to extract more information from it. In the first part, clinical imaging and biopsy data are combined with machine learning methods. Our aim is to distinguish fast recurrent patients from slow ones. Results show that the obtained stratification is more efficient than the stratification used by cliniciens. It could help physicians to adapt treatment in a patient-specific way. In the second part, data is used to correct a simple tumor growth model. Even though this model is efficient to predict the volume of a tumor, its simplicity prevents it from accounting for shape evolution. Yet, an estimation of the tumor shape enables clinician to better plan surgery. Data assimilation methods aim at adapting the model and rebuilding the tumor environment which is responsible for these shape changes. The prediction of the growth of brain metastases is then more accurate
Daydé, David. "Imagerie quantitative de bioluminescence appliquée à un modèle murin syngénique de lymphone exprimant le CD20 humain : analyses de l'influence du volume tumoral sur la réponse au rituximab, et de l'effet thérapeutique de neutrons et de nanoparticules chargées". Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR3105/document.
Testo completoThe overall objective of this work of thesis was to analyze the respective role of tumor burden and pharmacokinetic parameters in the response to the rituximab by using systems of imagery adapted to murine models and to cancerology. In a first part of development of the model we used a T lymphoma cell line (El4) syngenic of mouse C57Bl6J, transduted by the human CD20 and transfected with luciferase gene. In a second part, one injection of rituximab was carried out and the circulating concentration was evaluated by an ELISA method. The analysis of the rituximab concentrations in the course of time enabled us to show a very important variability of exposure to the rituximab similar to the observation made for the human. We realized a model of the rituximab concentrations and of the tumors evolution by the construction of a concentration/effect model allowing us to show the existence of a relation between the effectiveness of the rituximab and tumor burden before treatment. Finally in a third part we used the cellular model El4-huCD20-Luc in order to evaluate in vitro the use of gadolinium oxide particles or boron and gadolinium oxide particles
Ramos, Delgado Carmen Fernanda. "Exploring PI3K signalling dynamics in pancreatic cancer". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30152.
Testo completoPI3Ks are enzymes that catalyse the phosphorylation of inositol phospholipids in the 3-position of the inositol ring. These substrates and products are involved in multiple cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, cell motility and cellular trafficking. In mammals, there are 8 isoforms of PI3Ks and they are grouped into three classes (class I, II and III) depending on their structure and substrate specificity. Class I PI3Ks are the best characterised and the most commonly implicated in cancer. Current evidence on the oncogenic roles of class II and class III PI3Ks is limited. The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is frequently hyperactivated in cancers and is usually correlated to a poor prognosis, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). More than 90% of PDAC cases are driven by activating mutations in Kras, which then activate downstream effector-signalling pathways, including the PI3K pathway. PDAC is one of the most lethal cancers, characterised by a late-stage diagnosis, a rapid progression and limited therapeutic options. There is a dire need to find new biomarkers and to design novel therapeutics for PDAC management. Previous studies from the team demonstrated that PI3Kalpha, a class I PI3K, is crucial in the initial stages of PDAC. Nonetheless, its role during PDAC progression remains unknown. My PhD aims to elucidate PI3K signalling dynamics in PDAC. I focused on characterising the role of PI3Kalpha in PDAC progression and on determining its suitability as a therapeutic target. Additionally, I show preliminary data on the role of Vps34, a class III PI3K, in acinar cell physiology and its possible role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. The pharmacological and genetic inactivation of PI3Kalpha in vitro demonstrate that this PI3K isoform regulates parameters that drive pancreatic tumour cell progression regardless of oncogenic mutations. These effects are organ-specific; depending on the organ context, another class I PI3K isoform could drive the cancer progression. These results were then validated in vivo in the KPC mouse model used for preclinical testing of PDAC. KPC mice with high levels of cfDNA and a detected tumour via ultrasound imaging were treated with the PI3Kalpha-specific inhibitor, BYL-719. Likewise, I compared the pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kalpha with the genetic inactivation of PI3Kalpha in the pancreatic epithelium of KPC mice. Targeting PI3Kalpha in vivo, pharmacologically and genetically, decreases tumour volume, increases life expectancy and delays metastatic dissemination. To further support the anti-metastatic effect of PI3Kalpha, a tail vein assay was performed and the mice were also given BYL-719. This last experiment reproduced the previous results obtained with the other mouse models, reinforcing the role of PI3Kalpha in decreasing metastatic dissemination. Besides delaying metastatic dissemination, PI3Kalpha also decreased the infiltration of protumoral macrophages, suggesting a role for this isoform in shaping the immune response. [...]
Ferte, Charles. "Modèles prédictifs utilisant des données moléculaires de haute dimension pour une médecine de précision en oncologie". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T101.
Testo completoThe mediocre level of the rates of answers and the improvements of survival when conventional strategies are applied underlines the necessity of developing successful, strong and applicable predictive tools in private hospital. The democratization of the technologies of analyses with top-debit(-flow) is the substratum of the medicine of precision allowing the development of predictive models capable of directing the therapeutic strategies and the definition of a new taxonomy of cancers by the integration of molecular data of high dimension(size).Through this thesis(theory), we analyzed at first public data of genic expression of bronchial cancer not in small cells(units) with the aim of predicting the probability of survival in three years. The strong predictive power of the only TNM and
Cornelis, Francois. "Imagerie oncologique et modélisation mathématique : développement, optimisation et perspectives". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0121/document.
Testo completoThis work performed at the Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux (IMB) from 2010 to 2015 under the direction of Thierry Colin and Olivier Saut describes the creation and gradual development of a set of theories, techniques and tools linking medical imaging and applied mathematics in order to consider their clinical application in the short term in oncology. The first goal was to optimize the spatial models of tumor growth developed at the IMB including microscopic and macroscopic elements obtained by analyzing the information available on imaging explorations. Several steps were performed to better understand the in vivo modeling. Various organs and tumor types were investigated, especially in the lung, liver, and kidney. These locations were studied successively to progressively enrich the model by the answers they brought and thus respond to clinical reality. Concomitantly, tools were integrated to standardize the data collection process and help to refine the therapeutic evaluation by imaging with digital markers. The implementation of functional imaging in clinical practice has become a reality. The goal is ultimately to apply prospectively these support tools in a daily practice. Modelling was also applied in interventional oncology for the study of the electric field distribution after percutaneous irreversible electroporation in the prostate and soon in the liver. This will allow a better control of the ablation areas and thereby improve the safety and efficacy of these treatments
Montalibet, Virginie. "Amélioration du suivi clinique de tumeurs intracrâniennes à l’aide d’équations différentielles et de méthodes d’apprentissage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0174.
Testo completoMeningiomas are among the most common benign tumors of the central nervous system. Less dangerous than malignant tumors, clinicians generally opt for a regular clinical follow-up rather than treatment or surgery that may be more dangerous than the presence of the meningioma. In this work, in close collaboration with the clinic, we aim to study each stage of patient follow-up to assist surgeons in their decision-making. The first phase, which is necessary to the subsequent ones, involves acquiring MRI images to identify and segment tumors. Here, we consider the application of deep learning algorithms to automate this segmentation, which is currently performed by clinicians. A cohort of 319 patients, along with their images and segmentation masks, will be used for this purpose. An initial analysis will reveal promising results for the identification and segmentation of meningiomas within the cohort. We will compare the architecture used with other models and previous work in the literature. Once the tumor has been segmented and diagnosed, the patient is generally followed up regularly. At each consultation, the doctor takes new images to monitor the tumor’s evolution over time and to build up a cohort of longitudinal data. The clinician must then answer questions such as : should surgery be considered, or should follow-up continue ? A better understanding of meningioma growth would help guide the surgeon’s decision. To this end, we will study and compare different mathematical models based on ordinary differential equations (ODE), able to modeling tumor growth. Various parametric estimation strategies will also be evaluated, primarily in terms of their robustness. In the end, mixed effects and the Gompertz model stand out as providing the best results. Represented by a sigmoid curve and characterized by the decrease of its initial growth rate, the Gompertz model provides additional information. Based on this, and in an attempt to provide patient-specific clinical follow-up, we will try to identify the different phases of this growth, as well as predict the evolution of meningiomas. Mechanistic modeling (ODE) as well as statistical and deep learning methods will be used in this work. Finally, the whole approach will be tested on other tumor types such as schwannomas, or meningiomas induced by hormonal treatments
Dereure, Erwan. "Quantitative analysis of bioluminescent signals in preclinical imaging". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS090.
Testo completoBioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an optical imaging technology in which a living organism or cell emits light through a biological substrate/enzyme reaction without any light excitation.This technology, used in preclinical oncology in order to quantify the tumor status in a non-invasive way, is still quite recent and for now biologists lack automated processing tools to improve the quantification of images. In addition, some experimental protocols require to extract the photon flux of multiple tumors on the same side of the animal. This can be difficult and can introduce errors and biases as BLI suffers from a lack of robustness because of a variability in vascularization, or hypoxic and necrotic zones within the tumors. In this work, we propose the use of Non-Negative Matrix Factorization to separate the photon flux of different tumors within the same bioluminescence image by leveraging the different pixel-wise temporal patterns. Such spatio-temporal unmixing yields several important challenges that we have tackled. In a first contribution, we use prior knowledge on the appearance of the tumors and show the importance of penalizing the norm of the wavelet coefficients corresponding to the sources estimated during the optimization process to obtain a high spatial consistency of unmixed tumors. In a second contribution we deal with strong heterogeneities within tumors corrupting the separation by presenting a dedicated pipeline for pre-aligning the photon flux of the different pixels. We show that the resulting method is capable of accurately extracting the photon flux of different tumors present within a single bioluminescence image. These algorithms were tested and validated on two real BLI datasets and on one synthetic dataset generated with a bioluminescence image simulator we designed and developed. In a third contribution, we propose a pharmacokinetics model to calibrate the tumor photon flux based on the bioluminescence signal emitted by a muscle. This allows us to extract meaningful physiological parameters from the image like substrate exchange rates. We show that these parameters represent significant features of the tumor state and can be used to improve the quantification of bioluminescence images
Souberan, Aurélie. "Les inhibiteurs de l'apoptose, une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans les glioblastomes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0648/document.
Testo completoGlioblastomas (GBs) are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. The causes of therapeutic failure are unknown and are multiples, such as tumor cell resistance to apoptosis, the presence of cancer stem cells or a pro-tumor microenvironment. Thus, the discovery of therapeutic molecules with pleiotropic action is particularly interesting. In this context, we are interested in smac mimetics (SM), antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and most often antagonize cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP and ML-IAP.We investigated whether IAPs could be attractive therapeutic targets in human GBs by studying their expression and their possible prognostic values. All IAPs were expressed in various degrees in GBs and ML-IAP was associated with a worse prognosis. Therefore, we chose GDC-0152 for the rest of our experiments because it antagonizes the different IAPs and in particular ML-IAP. We showed that GDC-0152 induces apoptosis in vitro, increases the survival of GB-bearing mice and slows tumor growth in vivo.We investigated whether the effect of GDC-0152 could be different depending on the oxygen level. Indeed, GBs are part of the most hypoxic tumors. For this purpose, four GB stem cell lines were grown in normoxia and hypoxia. We found that GDC-0152 has an anti-tumor effect regardless of oxygen level, but the signaling pathways involved were different. In normoxia, GDC-0152 induces differentiation of GB stem cells (NF-κB pathway) and in hypoxia it induces apoptosis and decreases cell proliferation (ATR pathway).This work highlights the importance of the preclinical model used in the characterization of a new molecule effects and the therapeutic potential of SM in GBs
Fend, Laetitia. "Utilisation de modèles pré-cliniques murins orthotopiques et transgéniques pour l'évaluation d'approches immunothérapeutiques dans le traitement du cancer". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ058.
Testo completoIn experimental approaches to immunotherapy of cancer, mouse tumor models are used for reasons of speed and reproducibility. Ectopic mouse tumor models are the most often used, but they constitute artificial models that reflect only a part of the biological reality of tumors from various origins.The aim of my thesis project was to develop new mouse preclinical tumor models to better mimic the pathological situations of solid tumors in humans. First, I developed an orthotopic model of kidney cancer (subcapsular kidney implantation of a renal carcinoma cell line which either expressed or did not express the human xeno-antigen, MUC1). In addition to this, I also studied a spontaneous model of breast cancer (MMTV-PyMT).These models enabled us to evaluate the efficacy of three different immunotherapy approaches namely oncolytic virus strategy, tumor antigen vectorization by using a viral vector, and monoclonal antibody
Grégoire, Stéphanie. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes d'évaluation de la douleur chez le rat par l'analyse des comportements spontanés et des perturbations émotionnelles et cognitives". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM06.
Testo completoResearch in the field of pain management, including chronic pain management, needs innovationbecause available treatments are mostly old and often associated with many side effects. It is now wellrecognized that preclinical studies on pain have many limitations: the relevance of the models, the useof imposed painful stimulations, determination of simple thresholds or delays, taking into account thesensory-discriminative component of pain alone… Indeed, some molecules that are efficient inanimals and that are considered as promising, didn’t have the desired effect in humans. Therefore, thebasis of our research aims to propose new methods to assess chronic pain in animals taking intoaccount its multidimensional aspects. Many studies have shown impaired quality of life in patientssuffering from chronic pain. This alteration is characterized by emotional and cognitive disturbances.These components of pain are not always taken into account in animal when studying analgesictreatments, but could bring new preclinical possibilities and perspectives. Our work consisted instudying the impact of pain on spontaneous behaviours (automated formalin test), emotionalcomponent and cognitive capacities in rodents. This work has been completed by the exploration ofthe role of the amygdala in the mechanisms underlying those behavioural modifications.Improvement of the formalin test was conducted in order to better visualize the specific behaviorsobserved during an acute inflammatory pain. Our adaptation has allowed dissociating the analgesicand sedative effect of a molecule in a same animal, using an automated method which is faster and lesssubjective than the manual method.In the meantime, we assessed the impact of chronic pain on the emotional and cognitive performancesin two models of chronic pain (inflammatory and neuropathic). Animals suffering from chronicinflammatory pain have more important impairments than animal suffering from neuropathic pain,impairments that can be improved with a pharmacological treatment. Mechanistic studies using microinjectionsof morphine in the amygdala have emphasized an important involvement of the basolateralcomplex in these emotional and cognitive components of pain.These new behavioural approaches may help better characterize the overall impact of chronic pain inanimals and complete the battery of tests commonly used in preclinical studies. This could lead to amore realistic transposition of the results obtained from animals to humans, and thus lead to betterpredictability for the clinical efficacy of treatments. Finally, the identification of new targets forinnovative therapies involves the study of mechanisms responsible for these behavioral impairments