Tesi sul tema "Modèles in cellulo et in vivo"
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Teixeira, Renata Cunha. "Modèles in vitro et in vivo de leucémies aiguës humaines avec les gènes de fusion de MLL". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25471.
MLL fusion genes may generate three different types of acute leukemia (B-ALL, AML and T-ALL). Purified human cord blood cells by negative selection technique (Lin-CB) and having CD34+ > 70% were transduced by control retrovirus expressing the EGFP or other retrovirus expressing an MLL fusion gene and the EGFP, and then injected into the immune-deficient NSG mouse femur to test the leukemogenic potential. After 20 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and organs were analysed by FACS. MLL-ENL exclusively produced B-ALL, MLL-ELL B-ALL and AML, and MLL-AF9 B-ALL and mixed. It seems that some MLL partner genes may play an important role in phenotype, and the murine microenvironment of our in vivo model may promote the B-ALL phenotype. This study may help understand the instructive role of MLL-ENL, MLL-ELL and MLL-AF9 fusion genes in leukemic phenotype and their ability to induce the transformation of normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells into leukemic cells.
Toutain, Hervé. "Développement et caractérisation de modèles expérimentaux pour l'étude ex-vivo et in-vitro de la cellule tubulaire proximale de rein de lapin". Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES036.
Bassaglia, Yann. "Les cellules satellites musculaires dans deux modèles de myogénèse ("in vitro" et "in vivo") : différences entre un muscle lent et un muscle rapide". Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120031.
Passeri, Elodie. "Use of nanoliposomes rich in omega-3 for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases : bioavailability in vivo and in cortical neurons". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2021_0337_PASSERI.pdf.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disease and represents a major public health issue worldwide. Many therapeutic strategies have been explored for several decades, however, there is still no curative treatment and the priority remains prevention. In this thesis work, we focused on the preventive approach based on lipids, in particular omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). N-3 PUFAs play an important role in the development, maintenance and function of the brain, and they have been the subject of particular interest in the prevention of cognitive deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this work is to study the functionality and bioavailability of nanoliposomes (NL) rich in n-3 PUFAs, in order to assess their neuroprotective potential to develop new preventive strategies in aging-related diseases such as AD. To do this, a green extraction technique was used to prepare NL, from natural resources from salmon lecithin rich in n-3 PUFA. This thesis is based on three parts. The first part is devoted to a bibliographical review of new techniques to facilitate the access of molecules to the brain. NL shows a promising role, being able to improve the transport of molecules across the blood-brain barrier and reach relevant brain regions. In the second part of this work, the bioavailability of NL rich in n-3 PUFA was studied in a primary culture of cortical neuronal cells from rat embryos and in a mouse model. This study shows for the first time the brain bioavailability of NL rich in n-3 PUFA in in vitro and in vivo models. Finally, in the third part of this thesis, the physicochemical properties and transfer mechanisms of NL were studied in a primary culture of cortical neurons. These results provide new information on the interaction between NL and neurons and are promising with regards to the use of NL rich in n-3 PUFA, opening up new possibilities in the development of preventive and neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD
Diouani, Sara. "Implication de PiT1 dans l’apoptose induite par le TNF-α dans des modèles in vivo et in vitro". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T036.
PiT1/SLC20A1 was identified for the first time as retroviral receptor then phosphate inorganic-dependent sodium transporter activity. Through this more a function of phosphate inorganic (Pi) transporter, PiT1 is involved in multiple cellular processes such as bone mineralization, vascular calcification, renal and intestinal reabsorption of Pi. In our laboratory, a total mice Knock Out (KO) for this gene encoding for PiT1 was generated to characterize its physiological functions. The embryonic mice PiT1 KO have a lethal phenotype through liver damage. We have previously found that additional transport-independent functions. PiT1 is involeved in proliferation and in the regulation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. Modulated cells was mediated by an increased activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK).The aim of my study was to define the role of PiT1 in apoptotic mechanisms of TNF-α signaling. For that, I have studied the regulation cascade of TNF-α pathway in Hela cells expressing shPiT1 or shScramble. My results suggest that intra-cytoplasmic loop domain of PiT1 was interact with TRAF2 ; a key element in the MAPK pathway activation. Furthermore, we also have shown that TNF-induced association of two JNK upstream kinases (Germinal Centre Kinase (GCK or MAP4K) and Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3 or MAP3K) to PiT1 suggesting that PiT1 inducing their deactivation and thus down-regulation of JNK. Furthermore, we have shown that JNK increased signalling in PiT1-depleted cells correlates with the earlier dissociation of TRAF2 – cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (cIAPs) complexes. Thus, the apoptotic complex formed by caspase-8, Fas-Associated protein via Death Domain (FADD) and Receptor Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) was more effectively activated. Moreover, PiT1 and PiT2 loops, were exchanged, thus allowing obtaining chimeric proteins BclP1-P2 and P1-BclP2. These proteins represent valuable tools to explore the mechanisms involved in the apoptotic pathway. Finally, we confirmed the relevance of these observations in vitro and showed that PiT1 gene conditional deletion in the liver of adult mice increases their sensitivity to fulminant hepatitis TNF-induced. These results are the first report of the involvement of PiT1 in a fatal pathology
Liu, Xuanli. "Rôle de la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine dans l'infection oculaire staphylococcique : étude des cibles cellulaires et des conséquences inflammatoires tissulaires rétiniennes sur des modèles d'endophtalmie in vivo et ex vivo chez le lapin". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ076/document.
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for many infections. It secretes various virulence factors aggravating the staphylococcal infections. Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) is a virulent leukotoxin from S. aureus and presents active effects towards leukocytes and neuronal cells via the C5a receptor (C5aR). The effects of PVL on retina is little known. We explored PVL retinal cell target and early retinal inflammation and tried to find the processes of bacterial toxins aggravating bacterial endophthalmitis. We employed two different rabbit models to study the PVL effects on retina: intravitreal injection in vivo and retinal explant ex vivo. In the two models, retinal ganglion cells were the only retinal neurons which express C5aR and the major cell targets of PVL in retina. PVL induced retinal Müller and microglial cell activation. The retinal explants were easily manipulated and showed obvious cellular targets of PVL and glial cell activations, they can contribute to research the effects of PVL on retina in future. PVL alone without S. aureus could induce great retinal inflammation after targeting specifically retinal neurons
Daudet, Nicolas. "Etudes in vivo et in vitro du potentiel régénératif de l'organe de Corti : recherche de facteurs moléculaires capables d'influencer ce potentiel". Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T001.
Maltais, Chantale. "Thérapie génique ex vivo de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30769/30769.pdf.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary myopathy due to the absence of dystrophin. Among the possible therapies, there is the autologous transplantation of genetically corrected myoblasts derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) of a dystrophic patient. In the first part of my research project, I have transplanted myoblasts differentiated from iPSCs of a DMD patient in the Rag/mdx mouse. These cells had been previously genetically corrected with a lentiviral vector coding for micro-dystrophin, a functional truncated version of dystrophin. The results demonstrated the expression of this micro-dystrophin in some of the hybrid fibers. However, in order to increase the graft success, the protocol of differentiation of hiPSCs in myoblasts must be improved. The second part of my project was the induction of myogenesis from hiPSCs using recombinant proteins. To accomplish this, myogenic transcription factors fused with a cell penetrating peptide were produced and purified from the bacterial system. Their capacity to enter into mesenchymal-like cells in vitro was observed and their effects on the cells are currently under study. Once optimized, these therapeutic approaches could be clinically applied to treat dystrophic patients.
Neveux, Nathalie. "Volume cellulaire et métabolisme du foie conservé : étude ex vivo sur foie de rat isolé perfusé". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P609.
Amri, Fatma. "Contribution à l’étude des mécanismes de la glioprotection anti-oxydante et anti-inflammatoire sur des modèles in vitro et in vivo de neurodégénérescences et d'ischémie cérébrale : implication potentielle des globines endogènes du système nerveux central". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4090.
Oxidative stress plays a major role in the death of neuronal cells under various neuropathological conditions. However, reactive astrocytes, by producing neuroprotective and antioxidant factors, are able to protect neurons against oxidative stress. Therefore, protecting glial cells from harmful factors is essential to prevent nerve cell damage. Brain globins, in particular, neuroglobin (Ngb) and hemoglobin (Hb), expressed in neurons and glial cells, play an important role in the metabolism of oxygen. Recently, it has been demonstrated that these proteins exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, no glioprotective effect has been reported. The objectives of this thesis work are to demonstrate the protective effects of Hb and Ngb in cultured astrocytes in the presence of oxidative stress and to elucidate the intracellular mechanisms involved. We have demonstrated That Hb and Ngb are able to promote the survival of astrocytes under oxidative stress conditions by significantly reducing over-production of ROS, overexpression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-33, iNOS) Mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulation of caspase-3/7 activity. We have also shown that anti-apoptotic effects involve the activation of ERK-MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, we verified the glioprotective effects on an animal model of chronic oxidative stress, KO mice TP53INP1, as well as on an animal model of hypoxia
Douin-Echinard, Victorine. "Etude de la mise en place d'une immunité antitumorale par l'utilisation de cellules génétiquement modifiées pour exprimer les molécules de costimulation CD70 et CD80". Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30206.
Neau, Elodie. "Sélection in vitro et in vivo de souches probiotiques ayant des propriétés préventives dans l’allergie". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB163.
Food allergy can have significant effects on morbidity and quality of life. There, the generation of efficient approaches to reduce the risk of developing food allergy is of considerable interest. Clinical and experimental studies have shown the association of allergy with intestinal dysbiosis. Thus, a modulation of the gut microbiota may contribute to the prevention and management of allergic diseases. This notion supports the use of probiotics.The aim of my study was to select, among a panel of 31 bacterial strains, probiotic strains with preventive properties in allergy using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches. Immunomodulatory properties of strains were studied on human blood mononuclear cells and on Th2 skewed splenocytes. The six strains inducing a high IL10/IL12p70 ratio and a low secretion of IFN-γ on both cellular models were tested for their protective impact in a murine model of food allergy to β-lactoglobulin (BLG). Three out of six strains showed a protective impact on sensitization with a decrease in allergen specific IgE and on allergy with a decrease in mast cell degranulation. The study of the impact on the T-helper balance for these 3 strains showed that they had different mechanisms of action. At the systemic level, LA307 strain proved to be immunosuppressive, LA308 strain induced a pro-Th1 profile and LA305 strain induced both, a pro-Th1 and a regulatory profile. At the ileal level, tolerance induction resulted from anergy for LA305 strain and from active suppression of Th2 responses for LA307 and LA308 strains. This study does not enable to conclude about the relationship between the protective impact of these 3 strains and the modulation of the composition of microbiota. These results reveal that the in vitro screening, based on immunomodulatory properties of candidate probiotics, allow an efficient pre-selection with three out of the six selected strains showing an in vivo protective impact
Moustafa, Tarek Mohamed Mohamed. "Microencapsulation de cellules chromaffines bovines dans le traitement des douleurs chroniques rebelles : étude de faisabilité in vitro et in vivo". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/45/.
Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells secrete a combination of pain reducing neuroactive substances including catecholamine and opioid peptides that alleviate both acute and chronic pain not only in several animal models but also in some clinical applications. But, the xenografts can not maintain their survival in central nervous system for a long period without the implication of immunosuppressive drug. In this context, the concept of immune-isolation by cell encapsulation seems to have a great interest in the field of cell therapy in order to protect the transplant from the host’s immune system. In the present study, we report the viability and functionality of bovine chromaffin cells (BCC) encapsulated in microcapsules of alginate/poly-L-lysine/alginate (APA) with a liquefied inner core both in vitro and in vivo in rats. The microencapsulation of BCC not only allows the cells to keep their viability and functionality but also to retain their pharmacological integrity as indicated by expression of tyrosine hydroxlase, met-enkephalin and secretion of catecholamine. The in vivo study concerning the implantation of both microencapsulated chromaffin cells and empty microcapsule in the central nervous system of rats aimed to evaluate the cellular viability and functionality of microencapsulated cells and to determine the host reaction against the implanted microcapsules. This study showed that the microencapsulated cells maintain their viability and their functionality three weeks after implantation in sub-arachnoid space of rats. In addition, this study gave us an account very interesting concerning the absence of immunological response against the implanted microcapsules. This approach may offer a useful potential for cell transplantation in the management of many clinical problems including intractable pain and degenerative diseases. However, other investigations are still necessary before application of this strategy in human clinics
Bonnet, Celine. "Différentiation cellulaire, régulation des cellules souches et impact des mutations : une approche probabiliste". Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX016.
This thesis focuses on understanding the mechanisms of stem cell differentiation leading to the production of red blood cells (a mechanism called erythropoiesis). To this end, we have developed different mathematical modelling leading to an understanding at different levels. Firstly, we have built and calibrated a model with 8 ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamics of 6 populations of cells in steady-state and stress erythropoiesis. The study of in vivo experimental data, realized by our collaborators St´ephane Giraudier (hematologist) and Evelyne Lauret (INSERM), showed the need of two equations to model erythropoiesis regulations. Modeling calibration was performed using biological data and a stochastic optimization algorithm called CMA-ES. This model highlighted the importance of the self-renewal capacity of the erythropoietic cells in the production of red blood cells. The development of a 3-dimensional probabilistic model then allowed us to understand the dynamic consequences of this capacity on the production of red blood cells. The study of this model required changes of scale in size and time revealing a so-called slow/fast system. Using averaging methods, we described the large population approximation of the number of each cell type. We have also mathematically quantified the large fluctuations in the number of red blood cells, biologically observed. Finally, we constructed a model to understand the influence of long periods of inactivity of mutant stem cells in the production of red blood cells. Mutant stem cells, which are in low numbers in the organism compared to healthy cells, randomly switch between an active and an inactive state. The different size scale between the cell populations led us to study the dynamics of a 4-dimensional piecewise deterministic Markov process. We showed the existence of a unique invariant probability measure towards which the process converges in total variation, and we identified this limits
Ngo, Charlotte. "Rôle des formes réactives de l'oxygène dans la prolifération des cellules endométriosiques in vitro et in vivo : applications thérapeutiques". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T010.
Our aim in this study was to evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We showed that compared to normal endometrial cells from control patients, endometrial and endometriotic cells of patients with endometriosis have an increased proliferation rate, an increased oxidative stress, and a ROS metabolism similar to these observed in tumoral cells. Cellular proliferation was associated with the ERK pathway activation. Cellular proliferation was decreased, in vitro and in vivo in a murin model of endometriosis, by an antioxidant (N-acetylcystein), by protein kinase inhibitors (leflunomide, A771726, PD98059 and UP 126) and by 5-fluorouracil. These results allow clinical trials evaluating the use of ERK pathway inhibitors in the treatment off endometriosis
Le, Guyader Laurent. ""Utilisation de sondes pyréniques in vivo pour caractériser l'état de phase global de la membrane plasmique de cellules eurcaryotes". Application à la détection de la liaison d'agonistes au recepteur et opioide murin". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195744.
Le, Guyader Laurent. "Utilisation de sondes pyréniques in vivo pour caractériser l'état de phase global de la membrane plasmique de cellules eucaryotes : application à la détection de la liaison d'agonistes au récepteur "delta" opioïde murin". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/53/.
The development of tools for the screening of new receptors’ agonists is a major issue for pharmaceutical research. Currently, the main targets used are the G-protein coupled receptor of the plasma membrane which the activation trigger the signaling pathways involved in many cell functions. The goal of this thesis is the detection, using a spectrofluorometry approach in vivo, of the signaling pathway ignition by the mouse delta opioid receptor (mDOR). DOR is assumed to generate a relocalisation of some lipids (cholesterol) while agonist binding leading to the formation of a liquid-ordered phase (lo). Thus two fluorescent probes have been synthesized, which the 3beta-hydroxy-pregn-5-ene-21-(1-methylpyrenyl)-20-methylidene. Data from calorimetry and RMN-2H studies show that this probe induces the same lipid membranes disturbance than cholesterol. Absorption data of the probe allowed the assessment of a self-association process of cholesterol in model membranes, which is as a function of the acyl-chains saturation degree of phospholipids. Then the polarity sensitive property of the probe has been used to distinguish between ld and lo phases in model membranes. Finally, we incorporated the probes in CHO cells over-expressing mDOR to monitor, by fluorescence spectroscopy, the mean phase state change of the plasma membrane triggered by a mDOR agonist. This is the first step of a new screening approach
Moser, Muriel. "Les cellules dentriques :étude de leurs propriétés et de leurs fonction in vivo dans un modèle murin". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211439.
Alaa, El Din Ferdos. "Le syndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber : aspects génétiques, moléculaires et épidémiologiques". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2260/document.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare disease (1/10.000). Its incidence is higher in certain geographic areas including the Poitou-Charentes region (1/1000). This autosomal dominant disease is caused by mutations in one of three identified genes ENG, ACVRL1 and SMAD4 encoding BMP pathway proteins specially expressed in endothelial cells. The increasing number of mutations detected in patients and the variable expressivity of certain mutations has taken us to determine the consequences of mutations to establish a genotype/phenotype correlation. This correlation is important for genetic counseling and obviously for prenatal diagnosis. In this context, we investigated the effects of several mutations at the cellular and molecular levels. The deleterious impact of these mutations on the protein and/or RNA splicing was evaluated. We have shown that for the 23 mutations of ACVRL1: 1) 18 missense mutations affect the functionality of the protein in response to BMP9 and 3 are polymorphisms, 2) exonic mutation c.733A>G (p. Ile245Val) affects the splicing of the exon 6, 3) mutation c.1048+5G>A in intron 7 off the consensus site induces an aberrant splicing of exon 7. Concerning the ENG, we analyzed 4 mutations and we showed that the mutation c.1088G> A (p.Cys363Tyr) has an impact on the activity of the receptor and that the mutations c.1134G> A (p.Ala378Ala) and c.1060C> T (p.Leu364Leu) inhibit the splicing of exon 8. This work shows the importance of the comprehensive study of any new mutation by in silico, in vitro and in cellulo studies at different cellular levels. The in vivo studies can further complement and support the experimental strategy that we followed
Ahdjoudj, Souhila. "Différenciation des cellules stromales osseuses pluripotentes : régulation in vitro et dans un modèle d'ostéopénie in vivo". Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077161.
Montcuquet, Nicolas. "Diminution de l'alloréactivité de cellules T cultivées ex vivo : étude in vitro des mécanismes et effet sur la reconstitution immunitaire in vivo dans un modèle de greffe allogénique de cellules souches hématopoïétiques". Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA3004.
We have demonstrated previously that retroviral-mediated transfer of a suicide gene into bone marrow (BM) donor T cells allows an efficient control of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic BM transplantation. However, 12 days of ex vivo culture is required for the production of sufficient gene-modified cells (GMC). This process requires both CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) activation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) expansion resulting in a diminution of expanded cells alloreactivity (termed Co). This phenomena is independent of anergy, clonaI deletion during expansion or apoptosis inducing cell death during mixed lymphocyte reaction. - Here, we demonstrate that this phenomena is the result of T-cell functional exhaustion and not due to anypreferential expansion of regulatory T cells in the culture (Montcuquet N et al. Immunology 2008). - Our approach was then to try to improve the ex vivo culture conditions in order to maintain alloreactivity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with soluble CD3 MAb or CD3 and CD28 MAb co-immobilized on beads and expanded for 12 days in the presence of IL-2, IL- 7 or IL-15 before analysis of alloreactivity and phenotype. Replacing the CD3 MAb by CD3/CD28 beads led to similar in vitro alloreactivity but improved also expansion and in vivo alloreactivity of GMC. Replacing the IL-2 with IL- 7, but not IL-15, or decreasing IL-2 or IL- 7 concentrations, improved the in vitro alloreactivity of expanded cells but with lower expansion. Indeed, the alloreactivity of expanded cells was negatively correlated with cell expansion and positively correlated with CD4/CD8 ratio and CD8 expression levels (Mercier-Letondal P, Montcuquet N et al. Cytotherapy 2008). - ln a mouse model of Graft-versus-host Disease (GvHD) induction, memory T-cells are less allogeneic than naïve T cells. Memory T-cells also improve immune reconstitution. We examined the potential of expanded T-cells to improve immune reconstitution in the absence of GvHD. Indeed, expanded splenocytes can have the same effects as fresh memory T-cells. - Taken together these results should be useful in designing GMC therapy protocols where alloreactivity is maintained and co-administrated expanded T-cells offer a new cell therapy product
Legaz, Sophie. "Les nanoparticules de poly(acide lactique) comme plateforme d'imagerie et de vectorisation de molécules actives chez Drosophila Melanogaster : analyses in cellulo et in vivo du couple GAL4/UAS". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10293.
The biodegradable NanoParticles (NPs) of PolyLactic Acid) (PLA) are promising vectors for vaccination and therapeutic delivery. However, their in vivo evaluation is not always successful. NPs being undetectable in deep tissues, one of the challenges is the difficulty to follow the cellular uptake of these nanomaterials at the organism level. The aim of this thesis is to validate the use of PLA NPs as an imaging and drug vectorization platform in Drosophila melanogaster, and to analyze their fate in the whole fly body. The Drosophila model was chosen for its small footprint, the ease of breeding, the variety of transgenic lines, and the power of genetic tools available. Tt also allows to carry out in vivo mechanistic studies in a limited time window. We evaluated in cellulo and in vivo toxicity of these NP to determine optimal experimental conditions. Then the potential of PLA NPs was evaluated in cellulo on transiently transfected Drosophila cells by a plasmid carrying the GFP gene under the control of the UAS promoter. A simple observation by fluorescence microscopy of NPs vectorizing the gal4 gene or the GAL4 protein can confirm the effective delivery of active molecules into the cell through the binding of GAL4 protein to the UAS promoter. Finally, these formulations were orally administered to transgenic Drosophila UAS-RFP to confirm the previous in vivo results. GAL4 is a promising tool for indirect monitoring of NPs in transgenic organisms
Fournier, Nancy. "Modèles d'angiogénèse dans des matériaux biologiques, études in vitro et in vivo". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25405.pdf.
Forrat, Rémi. "L'ischemie myocardique chez l'animal diabétique : modèles expérimentaux in vivo et in vitro". Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T012.
Joly, Candie. "Dynamique des réponses lymphocytaires T locales et systémiques à l'injection d'un vaccin dans la peau". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS317.
Vaccination has been considered as one of the greatest discoveries in the history of infectious diseases by allowing pathogens decline or eradication. However, we still ignore all the mechanism that lead to protection and therefore, fail to elaborate new vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and emergent pathogens. Recently, efforts have been made to elicit effective cellular response after vaccination, which is crucial for pathogen clearance.This thesis relied on live-attenuated vaccine model derived from the vaccinia virus: the MVA (Modified Vaccinia Ankara) and a non-human primate model. We characterized the cellular immune response triggered by a homologous prime-boost intradermal injection of MVA, with a 2 months and 9 months boost. The MVA induced a massive infiltration of CD8 T cells at the injection site 7 days post immunization. In comparison, the systemic cellular response was mild and did not reflect the magnitude of the local response. The prime and boost injections elicited distinct orientation of the systemic and local T cells, which led to an important induction of a persistent, antigen-specific and polyfunctional CD8 and CD4 T cell responses after the 9 months boost.This work emphasizes the difference between local and systemic response, demonstrating the importance of the focus on tissue immunity. It also highlights the impact of the immunization schedule on the quality of the cellular response
Chargui, Jamel. "La lymphopoïèse expérimentale in vivo : étude de la différenciation et de la réponse anticorps dans le modèle de la souris génétiquement immuno-déficiente greffée avec des cellules souches hématopoïétiques foetales humaines". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T156.
Bun, Sok-Siya. "Etudes in vitro et in vivo du métabolisme et des interactions médicamenteuses du paclitaxel". Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22954.
Lantz, Nicolas. "Rôle des récepteurs P2Y1,P2Y4 et P2Y12 dans un modèle d'angiogenèse in vivo chez la souris et rôle du récepteur P2Y1 dans la fonction de la cellule endothéliale". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/LANTZ_Nicolas_2007.pdf.
In addition to their role in haemostasis and thrombosis, extracellular nucleotides regulate various physiological and physiopathological processes such as the cellular proliferation and the modulation of apoptosis, the control of vascular tone and inflammation, by acting on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and leucocytes. Inflammation, cellular proliferation and blood platelets hold an important place in angiogenesis suggesting that nucleotides could play a role in this process. Extracellular nucleotides receptors, the P2Y receptors, are expressed on the majority of the cells involved in the blood vessels formation, for example the blood platelets, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and leucocytes, and their role in angiogenesis was thus considered. The aim of this work was to study the role of the extracellular nucleotides P2 receptors in angiogenesis. First, we developed an in vivo mouse model of angiogenesis then we established immortalized mouse endothelial cell lines. The major results of this work are that, among the receptors studied, the P2Y4 receptor seems to have an important role in angiogenesis. Concerning the P2Y1 receptor, its role could not be highlighted in the in vivo model. On the other hand, in the immortalized endothelial cells in culture, this receptor seems to play a role in the control of the proliferation. Lastly, to study the role of the P2Y12 receptor, we used the clopidogrel, the selective inhibitor of this receptor and also its inactive enantiomer. These two molecules having the same impact in our in vivo model, the formation of hemorrhagic zones and a reduction in the number of new vessels formed, we cannot allot this effect to the P2Y12 receptor inhibition. In conclusion, thanks to this work, the laboratory has now two models of study: an in vivo model of angiogenesis and a model of culture of immortalized endothelial cells. Concerning the P2 receptors, only the P2Y4 receptor seems to be important in angiogenesis. Additional experiments are required to highlight the importance of the role of other P2Y receptors, like the P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors, as well as the P2X receptors, in the formation of blood vessels. Their identification on the surface of endothelial cells and other cells involved in angiogenesis will not only make it possible to study their functions in the regulation of these cells, but also to consider their role in pathologies dependent on angiogenesis
Plessier, Alexandre. "Développement et caractérisation de modèles vitro et vivo de cancers pédiatriques infiltrant du tronc cérébral (DIPG)". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS270.
Diffuse Instrincic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) are the most aggressive form of pediatric gliomas. They are infiltrative tumors originating from the brainstem. The lack of biological material and the absence of relevant models have for long hampered the development of new therapeutics. Whole genome sequencing of tumor DNA identified a K27M substitution in the histone genes HIST1H3B/C and H3F3A as a recurrent somatic driver mutation in DIPG. Despite sharing the mutation on the same residue, our lab demonstrated that H3.1- and H3.3-mutated tumors define distinct subgroups of DIPG with different oncogenic programs, overall survival or invasion properties.Thus, the first goal of my PhD project consisted in developing relevant in vitro and in vivo models from treatment-naive primary specimen of DIPG that would mimic the disease. To do so, our strategy has been to dissociate fresh biopsies upon reception from the operating room and systematically place one-half of the cell suspension in serum-free culture to allow the expansion of Glioma Stem-like cells (GSCs) while the other half is directly stereotactically injected into the brain of Nude mice to develop Patient-derived xenograft models (PDX). We also obtained a second type of in vivo DIPG models, Cell-derived Xenograft models (CDX), after stereotactic xenografting of GSCs. Cells were modified beforehand to stably express a fluorescent protein as well as the Firefly luciferase enzyme, thus allowing the longitudinal record of tumor growth. We succeeded in generating GSCs from 26 different patients harboring a K27M mutation either in H3.1 or H3.3, that maintained stemness properties in culture. In addition, we generated 8 PDX and 6 CDX models that developed infiltrative tumors with maintenance of DIPG hallmarks. All tumor-bearing mice displayed neurological disorders like impaired walking and/or hemi-paralysis, as observed in patients. In accordance with the clinical data, our H3.3-K27M in vivo models developed tumors faster than H3.1-K27M, as well as they infiltrate the parenchyma faster and deeper than H3.1-K27M models. Taken together, these results showed that we succeeded in generating models of DIPG from treatment-naïve samples that mimic the clinical and molecular aspects of the disease.We then took advantage of such GSCs models to decipher the molecular mechanisms driving the invasive phenotype of patients with DIPG. First, we showed that CXCR4 expression, a chemokine receptor, is correlated with the in vitro migration capacity of our cellular models of DIPG. However, inhibition using CXCR4-antagonist CXCR4 was only efficient in a subset of our models, suggesting that other signaling pathways could be involved in their motility. To further identify the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of GSCs in vitro in an unbiased manner, we profiled the transcriptome of 13 GSCs harboring both H3.1- and H3.3-K27M genotype by RNA-sequencing. We then selected genes which expression levels correlated with the migration speed of the different GSCs. We uncovered several candidates among which CXCL10, the ligand of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, and SPSB4, an ubiquitin-ligase, up-regulated in highly migrating tumor cells. The involvement of these 2 genes in migration will be investigated in vitro and in vivo in loss of function experiments using doxycycline-inducible shRNA expressing constructs.Altogether, this work allowed for the development of pertinent DIPG models that resemble the primary tumors they derive from and also reflect the inter-individual heterogeneity observed in patients. Additionally, we gained new insights on the molecular mechanisms promoting cell migration in these particular cells
Benkahla, Mehdi Ayech. "Infection à entérovirus in vitro et in vivo". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S053/document.
Enterovirus genus encompasses a number of non-enveloped RNA viruses grouped into 12 species, EV-A-J and Rhinovirus A-C. Group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 is thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). A strain of CV-B4 (CV-B4 E2) was isolated from the pancreas of a patient with T1D, and was able to induce a hyperglycemia in mouse. The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known yet. It has been observed that the infection of human monocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro can be enhanced by anti-VP4 antibodies bound to the virus, and human macrophages are also infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to better understand the mechanisms of enterovirus infections. Despite the effect of enterovirus on health, the means in the fight against these viruses are limited.Our main objectives were i) to investigate CV-B4 E2-infection in mice and to determine whether monocytes / macrophages are targets of the virus in vivo ii) to implement a CV-B4 E2-induced diabetes model in mice iii) to study the anti-CV-B4 activity of various molecules in vitro iiii) To highlight the natural occurrence of enterovirus infections in animals.Viral RNA was found in vivo in monocytes (CD14+) and macrophages (F4/80+) of the spleen and in bone marrow cells of ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infected the CD14+ and the F4/80+ cells of the spleen. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The serum of CV-B4 E2- infected mice enhanced in vitro the infection of spleen cells by CV-B4 E2 but not the infection of BMDM. ICR-CD1 mice, treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of Streptozotocin β (STZ), and afterwards inoculated with CV-B4 E2 developped hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinemia. The viral load of pancreas assessed by quantitative RT-PCR was not different in diabetic animals (STZ/CV-B4 E2) compared to non-diabetic animals inoculated with CV-B4 E2. Histological analysis of diabetic animals highlighted an inflammation of pancreas isletsPirodavir-derived molecules, which bind to the enteroviruses capsid, inhibited the infection with echovirus 7 and 11 but not the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. On the other hand, it was displayed that an anti-CV-B4 E2 effect of fluoxetine in cultures of mouse pancreas fragments and mouse beta cells. The detection of anti-VP4 antibodies in serum by ELISA using a 50 amino acids peptide of VP4 from EV-G1 (a porcine enterovirus) was applied to piglets to highlight enterovirus infections. A strong sequence homology (88%) between the VP4 of EV-G1 and of other EV-G suggests that antibodies directed against viruses other than EV-G1 can be detected.In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo in a murine system, and the virus can cause diabetes in mice previously exposed to low doses of STZ. Fluoxetine inhibits the infection of pancreatic cells with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. The detection of anti-EV-G1-VP4 antibodies highlighted natural enterovirus infections in young pigs. This porcine model could be used to study the pathophysiology of enterovirus infections and to evaluate approaches aimed to fight these viruses
Marchal, Pierre-Olivier. "Rôle de NOV/CCN3 dans différents modèles in vivo de néphropathies et pathologies cardiovasculaires". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066321.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. Regardless of the primary cause, CKD is characterized by the development of chronic inflammation and fibrosis leading to progressive decline of renal function and eventually end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Actually, regular hemodialysis and renal transplantation are the only available therapies for ESRD patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new therapeutically targets against this incurable disease. Recently, the NOV/CNN3 protein was shown to be an interesting candidate. In this study we have shown that, in obstructive nephropathy in mice, NOV has profinflammatory and profibrotic effects. In addition, we have shown in a mouse model of hypertensive nephropathy, that NOV was regulated by Angiotensin II (AngII) and could inhibit AT1R receptor expression to limit the deleterious effects of this hormone. These results show an important role of NOV during the development of two different types of nephropathies and may indicate that this protein can have model specific effects. Finally, we have shown that NOV itself was also regulated by AngII in the aorta and has proinflammatory effects in hypertensive conditions. Taken together our results show an important role of NOV in these different types of pathologies and that this protein could be a key player in the development of CKD as well as vascular diseases. Nevertheless, further investigations are still required to better characterize the precise role of NOV in these pathological contexts
Vautheny, Audrey. "Rôle de la neuroinflammation et du récepteur microglial TREM2 dans la progression de deux modèles de tauopathie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS170.
Neuroinflammation processes appear to play a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent genetic studies support this correlation between neuroinflammation and AD and include a gene, TREM2, expressed on microglial surface. Tauopathy is a characteristic lesion of AD. It results in hyperphosphorylation and intraneuronal aggregation of Tau protein. In the literature, only few articles describe the role of TREM2 in the development of Tau pathology, and they report contradictory results. We therefore do not know for sure whether a deficiency in TREM2 has a deleterious effect or not on tauopathy. Thus, the goal of my thesis is to study the role of neuroinflammation and TREM2 in the progression of tauopathy, in two different models. The first is obtained by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors into the CA1 layer of the hippocampus of TREM2-deficient or non-deficient mice. These vectors lead to the overexpression of different forms of the human tau protein, thus making it possible to recapitulate the different tauopathy stages.In parallel, we used a more progressive trangenic model of tauopathy, the THY-Tau22 mouse, to study the influence of TREM2 deficiency at different stage of the pathology. Our study demonstrated the toxicity of Tau soluble forms in the AAV model compared to its aggregated forms. The THY-Tau22 transgenic model allowed us to demonstrate an increase in tauopathic lesions in TREM2 deficient mice compared to wild type mice, at late stage only. This suggests that, similar to amyloid models, the effect of TREM2 deficiency on the course of tauopathy is influenced by the stage of the disease
Kukavica-Ibrulj, Iréna, e Iréna Kukavica-Ibrulj. "Génomique fonctionnelle du régulateur transcriptionnel PYCR de Pseudomonas aeruginosa essentiel in vivo et comparaison des cinétiques d'infection pulmonaire chronique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19688.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa est une bactérie pathogène opportuniste, hautement résistant à une multitude d’antibiotiques qui infecte principalement les patients immunosupprimés. Il représente la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (mucoviscidose). Le but principal de ce projet consistait à identifier et à caractériser des gènes essentiels à l’infection et au maintien de P. aeruginosa dans un modèle animal d’infection pulmonaire chronique. À partir d’une banque de mutants transpositionnels, nous avons identifié 148 mutants de P. aeruginosa déficients à causer l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Suite à des analyses bioinformatiques, le mutant inactivant le gène PA5437 a été sélectionné. L’opéron adjacent code pour les sous unités du pyruvate carboxylase (pycA et pycB) et est régulé par le gène PA5437, d’où l’appellation pycR pour pyruvate carboxylase regulator. Le pycR a été identifié comme étant un régulateur transcriptionnel de type LysR ayant une région typique de liaison à l’ADN. Le codon d’initiation de la transcription des gènes pycR et pycA a été identifié par élongation d’amorce. La capacité de liaison de la protéine PycR à l’ADN a été confirmée à l’aide du gel à retardement. L’implication de PycR dans la virulence bactérienne in vivo a été confirmée par indice de compétition et après 7 jours d’infection le mutant déficient ΔpycR est complètement éliminé du poumon du rat. L’importance de PycR a aussi été confirmée in vitro à l’aide des tests phénotypiques et enzymatiques démontrant la déficience dans la production de la lipase, de l’estérase et du biofilm. Finalement, l’analyse des résultats métaboliques et transcriptomiques a confirmé l’importance de PycR dans la régulation du métabolisme de lipides, de l’activité lipolytique, de la respiration anaérobique, de la formation du biofilm et des gènes régulés par le quorum sensing. Dans un second volet, une étude comparative entre souches prototypes (PAO1 et PA14) de P. aeruginosa et un isolat clinique (LESB58) de la fibrose kystique a été réalisée dans un modèle de l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Cette étude a permis d’identifier des différences significatives au niveau de la localisation bactérienne dans les tissus pulmonaires de l’isolat clinique LESB58. D’importantes différences ont également été notées au niveau des facteurs de virulence comme la mobilité et la formation du biofilm. À long terme, les nouvelles connaissances acquises en génomique fonctionnelle devraient permettre d’identifier et de développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques permettant de combattre et mieux comprendre les infections causées par cette bactérie.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
Sayegh, Souraya. "Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses dérivées du tissu adipeux dans le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde : approches in vitro et in vivo". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30236.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovitis that leads to bone erosion and cartilage degeneration. Despite the presence of therapeutic strategies capable of managing disease progression, there is currently no cure available. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) have been successfully shown to have immunomodulatory abilities both in vitro and in animal models of RA. However, this effect has yet to be efficiently translated in clinical settings. In the present study, we aimed to define how inflammation could play part in dictating the therapeutic efficiency of ADSC through either (i) a translational approach by using synovial fluids from RA patients (RASF) or (ii) by studying the effect of ADSC injections in two different RA experimental models. Here, we show that pro-inflammatory RASF preserve ADSCs' proliferative capacity and phenotype and up-regulates the gene expression of COX-2, IDO, IL-6, TSG6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PD-L1 which are all involved in the immunomodulatory potential of ADSC. We demonstrate that RASF effect is directly mediated by TNF/ NF-?B signaling pathway and partially by IL-6. Moreover, pre-treating ADSC with inflammatory RASF functionally enhances their ability to alter pro-inflammatory markers in macrophages (CD40 and CD80) and induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vivo, ADSC worsened disease progression in the K/BxN serum transfer arthritis model when injected intraperitoneally as a preventive protocol but did not have any effect on arthritic scores when injected as a therapeutic protocol. Only when ADSC were injected intra-articularly did we observe protective effects on the progression of arthritis. Altogether, this work puts forward the influence of the local inflammatory environment on ADSC therapeutic effects and suggests a direct delivery to sufficiently inflamed sites in order to properly prime their immunomodulatory potential and maximize their clinical benefits
Hamidouche, Katia. "Intérêt de stratégie multi-cibles (cholinergique et sérotoninergique) pour le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer : étude in vivo et ex vivo dans différents modèles murins". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC406.
In 2030, the number of people affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is expected to reach almost 70 million, and the cost of the disease would be over four folds cost of cancer diseases care. To face the multifactorial disease combining drugs arouse a big interest and the concept of MTDL “Multi Target Directed Ligands” has emerged. Thus, combining acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with serotonergic receptor type 4 (5-HT4) showed beneficial effects on memory and brain protection in rodents. First, we showed beneficial effects of galatamine, an AChE inhibitor while combined to RS 67333, a 5-HT4 receptors partial agonist, on working and reference memory performances in a pharmacological model with scopolamine-induced amnesia. Then, we assessed effects of donecopride, the AChE inhibitor and partial agonist of 5-HT4 receptors. Donecopride, which increases sAPPα release in cell culture and C57BL/6 mice, showed anti-amnesiant and pro-cognitive effects in NMRI mice. In 5xFAD mice, an amyloidogenic mice model of AD, six months of chronic treatment of donecopride improves working memory performances in 9 months old 5xFAD mice, but does not affect spatial learning performances neither flexibility. Moreover, donecopride inhibits AChE and does not affect 5-HT4 receptor expression level neither amyloid plaque density in the brain. In the other hand, we also showed that the MTDL, which modulate 5-HT4 and 5-HT6 receptors, recovers working memory performances in NMRI mice where scopolamine induced memory deficit. Thus, hitting multiple targets, particularly while administered early and chronically, accounts for a hopeful strategy to better face AD
Velly, Lionel. "Effets neuroprotecteurs des agents anesthésiques sur des modèles in vitro et in vivo d'ischémie cérébrale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22957/document.
The neuroprotective effect of anesthetic agents is now established for over 30 years.However, the mechanisms involved remains to be fully explored. This work focuses on twoneuroprotective strategies:The first part is on the involvement of glutamatergic transmission in their directneuroprotective effects. We studied the effect of two separate classes of anesthetic agents:propofol and sevoflurane on co-cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes from rats subjectedto a transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) mimicking cerebral ischemia. Weobserved that the presence of propofol or sevoflurane during OGD prevented neuronal death,accumulation of extracellular glutamate and decreased uptake of glutamate induced byischemia. We also demonstrated that this partial restoration of glutamate uptake mediated bypropofol and sevoflurane involved differential transporters.The second part deals with the neuroprotection achieved by pharmacologicalpreconditioning with regard to the use of volatile anesthetic agents before ischemia. We firstconfirmed in vitro the existence of such protection with sevoflurane. We also highlighted therole of ATP-dependent potassium channels and reactive oxygen species in sevofluranepreconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Then, using an in vivo model of focal transientischemia, we showed that sevoflurane preconditioning significantly improved functionaloutcome and reduced infarct volume. However, this protection was transient. Sevofluraneonly delayed the neuronal death associated with apoptosis but offers an interesting therapeuticwindow
Mauduit, David. "Thérapie cellulaire dans un modèle préclinique de Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne : Développement par édition génomique de cellules thérapeutiques et traçables in vivo par imagerie médicale". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0085.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive myopathy, is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. One boy out of 5000 is affected by this disease, which induces a progressive loss of skeletal striated and cardiac muscles. To date, DMD remains an invalidating disease and there is no cure for it. People suffering from DMD usually die in their 30’s. Among the innovative therapies currently under development, cell therapy is a promising strategy. However, it has some limitations related notably to a low efficiency of tested therapeutic cells and their tracking in vivo after injection. The first aim of this thesis is to develop an imaging method allowing non-invasive monitoring of biodistribution and survival of cells at the scale of a large organism, following systemic injection in the GRMD dog (Golden retriever muscular Dystrophy, a relevant animal model of DMD, as it replicates finely the DMD phenotype). We took interest in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as an imaging reporter. We induced the expression of the NIS in myogenic cells to allow visualization of the cells by scintigraphy thanks to its ability to uptake technetium 99m. We showed that NIS is functional in the cells and they maintain their ability to differentiate. Primary cells have a limited self-renewal capability restraining their use in human cell therapy and gene editing. To overcome this limitation, we used several protocols to derive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult canine cells. Furthermore, to avoid immune suppression protocols, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tools to design a correction strategy of the GRMD mutation for future autologous injections. We also used CRISPR/Cas9 to perform a targeted integration of the NIS gene in a safe harbor locus. Results allow us to develop protocols to compare the therapeutic potential of candidate cells in a preclinical model of DMD
Mehanna, Chadi Jean. "Traitement du glaucome : modèles expérimentaux toxicologiques et application à l'étude des combinaisons fixes in vitro et in vivo". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P615.
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy leading to blindness and caused by ocular hypertension. Its medical treatment is based on the reduction of aqueous humor production or on the acceleration of its drainage. Eye drops are instilled topically and induce undesired effects on the ocular surface, particularly on the tear film, mainly because of benzalkonium chloride. Conjunctival goblet cells are the major cells responsible of the production of the tear film mucin layer, and a primary culture of these cells would be useful for the study of eye drop toxic effects on these cells and the underlying mechanisms. In the present work, goblet cell nodules were obtained from cultured rat conjunctival explants. Further work is needed to isolate goblet cells from the other cell populations present in the culture and to maintain cell proliferation after explant withdrawal. In another in vitro experimental model, we confirmed the important citoxicity of non fixed associations compared to the fixed combinations. A cytoprotective effect was found with timolol and brimonidine with polyvinyl alcohol. We also improved the model we use in cytotoxicity study in vitro by using a double staining with microplate fluorescent spectrophotometry. Our goal was to get more accurate results and to perform a multiparametric analysis. Finally, we used in vivo confocal microscopy to study eye drop cytotoxic effects on animal ocular surface and to confirm the cytoprotective effects of some products. Further work is however needed. All these models are important for the évaluation of antiglaucomatous eye drops and for the reduction of their toxicity in order to increase patient compliance
Humbert, Jean-Marc. "Différenciation et modification génétique des cellules dendritiques en vue de l'élaboration d'un modèle d'étude "ex-vivo" du rôle de DC-SIGN et de la langérine dans les étapes précoces de l'infection des cellules dendritiques par le CMV". Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2033.
Sirois, Martin G. "Étude de la perméabilité endothéliale à l'albumine à l'aide de modèles in vivo et in vitro". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/12088.
Lauruol, Florian. "Étude des propriétés prioniques de la huntingtine mutée dans des modèles in vitro et in vivo". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35845.
Jouan-Lanhouet, Sandrine. "Modèles de nécroptose induite par TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) in vitro et in vivo". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B151.
TRAIL, a new anticancer drug, induces preferably apoptosis in tumor cells. However, recent discoveries have highlighted several other types of cell death, in particular regulated necrosis (or necroptosis). Tumor microenvironment could modify the type of cell death induced by anticancer drugs. Thus, the extracellular pH (pHe), which is more acidic in tumor than in normal tissues, sensitizes human HT-29 colon cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells to a necroptosis-like cell death. This TRAIL-induced necroptosis involves TRAIL-R1/R2, and RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinases which are involved in PARP-1 activation, leading to high intracellular ATP depletion. Moreover, we showed that Concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis in C57Bl/6 mice is a relevant model of TRAIL-induced necroptosis in vivo. In conclusion, our present study dedicated to several models of TRAIL-induced necroptosis in vitro and in vivo allowed us to identify new key proteins, as well as to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying this cell death signaling pathway
Pâquet, Sophie. "UGT2B15, une cible pharmacologique dans le traitement du cancer de la prostate : étude Ex vivo et mise en place de modèles In vivo". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28347/28347.pdf.
Gagnon, Mélanie. "Rôle des probiotiques lors d'infections entériques d'origine bactérienne et virale : analyses in vitro et études in vivo chez des modèles murins". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24866/24866.pdf.
For decades, the use of certain lactic acid bacteria as so-called probiotics has been suggested in order to stabilize the intestinal microbiota and thus prevent or treat enteric infections. Consumption of these bacteria, which are normal components of human intestinal microbiota, is reputed to be beneficial to health. However, their possible role as therapeutic or prophylactic agents has been studied very little. Five probiotic bifidobacteria isolated from the feces of newborn infants were first selected and characterized. Among these, a strain of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum (called RBL71) demonstrating strong resistance to the conditions prevailing in the digestive tract, strong adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal cells and inhibition of the adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (50%) to Caco-2 cells was administered via the oral route to BALB/c mice. Mice thus treated before challenge had reduced fecal counts of E. coli O157:H7 and less intestinal histological damage than the control group. Greater production of O157:H7-specific antibody was detected in mice receiving the probiotic. In a second study, the effectiveness of three other strains of bifidobacteria against viral enteropathogens was examined. A strain of B. thermophilum (called RBL67) demonstrating the strongest inhibition (98%) of rotavirus attachment to Caco-2 and HT-29 intestinal cells was administered via the oral route to neonatal CD-1 mice infected with rotavirus. The viral concentration of the intestinal contents 48 hours after infection was significantly lower in the probiotic-treated group than in the control group. In addition, the diarrhea was of shorter duration and rotavirus-specific antibody production was detected in the mice receiving the probiotic before infection. These results suggest that strain RBL67 has a positive impact on the evolution of infections by invasive viral pathogens such as rotavirus and that strain RBL71 could thus have a role to play in the prevention or treatment of enteric infections by non-invasive bacterial pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7. In both cases, inhibition of adhesion of the pathogen seems to be a plausible mechanism of action. This demonstration of the activities of these new bifidobacterial strains of human origin against E. coli O157:H7 and rotavirus suggests their potential for interfering with the mechanism of infection of enteropathogens and supports their use in humans as possible agents for preventing enteric infections transmitted by the oral route.
Rovere, Maria. "Reconstruction cornéenne : traitement des déficiences en cellules souches limbiques totales et bilatérales associées ou non à une atteinte du stroma". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1263.
Some severe ocular burns or other rare ocular pathologies may be associated with a complete loss of corneal epithelial stem cells (LSCD), leading to an opacification of the cornea by invasion of the conjunctiva. When DCSL is total and bilateral, contralateral limbus is not available for autologous limb transplant or limbal autologous stem cell culture, and allogeneic transplantation of the cornea is not an option since neovascularization is constantly responsible for graft rejection. An innovative therapy tested with success in our laboratory, in collaboration with the ophthalmology department of the HCL, consists in an autologous Epithelial Cell Sheet (ECS) graft derived from Oral Mucosa (MO). This approach restores transparency and allows in a second step a complementary corneal graft when necessary. This technique has been shown to be effective in a clinical trial conducted in our hospital, but the patented device for the non-enzymatic detachment of cultivated ECS is no longer available in Europe. We have therefore developed a new method for the production of ECS from OM, the proof of concept of which has been obtained from in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. Indeed, detachment with 0.5 mg / mL of collagenase does not damage ECS from OM and basement membrane proteins, and in an ex-vivo porcine stroma model, these cell sheets adhered on corneal stroma, continued to self-renew and generated a differentiated epithelium. Since stromal opacity associated with DCSL requires a secondary corneal graft to improve Visual Acuity (VA), we also sought to develop for these patients with high rejection risk, a new approach for the generation of decellularized stroma. Such a procedure for the production of decellularized stroma was also aimed at allowing a money-saving and reliable long-term storage for stromal grafts and thus circumventing the shortage of corneas in developing countries. Our process, combining lyophilization with decellularization of the corneas at 0.1 % SDS, was validated on human corneas regarding the maintenance of stroma transparency, the stromal ultrastructure associated with the absence of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR antigens. Finally, in an ex-vivo model of Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK), we have shown that the epithelial and stromal cells of the recipient human cornea colonized efficiently the decellularised stroma. Overall, our work makes it possible to propose a treatment for total and bilateral LSCD associated or not with lesions of the stroma
Benkhelifa, Samir. "Evaluation des mécanismes d'absorption intestinale des céphalosporines a-aminées : utilisation de modèles "in vitro" et "ex vivo"". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P620.
Beaufrere, Bernard. "Modèles d'étude du métabolisme protéique in vivo à l'aide de leucine marquée aux isotopes stables et radioactifs". Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1T074.
Burnouf, Sylvie. "Etude in vivo des relations entre la pathologie Tau et le système neurotrophique BDNF/TRKB". Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S026.
Memory is the ability of our brain to encode, store and recall our experiences. It holds our personal history and is required for an appropriate interaction with the environment. Such events require a high level of plasticity in the hippocampus and the cortex. At the molecular level, neurotrophins are important modulators of structural and functional plasticity. Among them, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor TrkB (Tropomyosine-related kinase B) are highly expressed in these cerebral regions, where beyond their role in trophic supply they can modulate synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis. Their role in memory processes has been shown in various studies. When memory is lost, as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), people lose the ability to comprehend the world and as a result, they lose connections with themselves and with others. The main risk factor of AD being age, this neurodegenerative disease is becoming a major public health problem due to population ageing. AD patients brain exhibit two pathological hallmarks : extracellular amyloid deposits made of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) made of aggregated hyper- and abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins. In addition, BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic system has been shown to be impaired in AD patients’ cortex and hippocampus, suggesting a role in the disease physiopathology. In vivo studies using amyloid models of AD have pointed out a correlation between Aβ accumulation and BDNF decreased expression. However, whether Tau pathology impacts on BDNF/TrkB system signaling is unknown. Yet, in AD, Tau pathology follows a stereotyped and sequential pathway correlated with ognitive deficits. The lesions first appear in the hippocampal region, even before the first symptoms, and then reach the whole cortex at later stages. Therefore, in the laboratory we are most interested in Tau pathology, the mechanisms leading to its aggregation and the consequences on cellular physiology. We have developed the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model overexpressing a double-mutated human Tau transgene, which is under the control of a neuronal promoter. This model exhibits progressive learning and memory deficits, starting from the age of 3 months, in parallel to hippocampal Tau pathology, without major neuronal loss thereby mimicking early stages of AD. These characteristics make it a relevant model to study Tau pathology effects on hippocampal BDNF/TrkB system. Using biochemical techniques we have shown that BDNF/TrkB mRNA and protein levels were not decreased in THY-Tau22 mice hippocampus until the age of 12 months, suggesting no major influence of Tau pathology on BDNF/TrkB expression. However, electrophysiological experiments performed on hippocampal slices pointed out the fact that BDNF facilitating effects on synaptic transmission, known as synaptic facilitation, were abolished in hippocampal CA1 region of THYTau22 mice, as early as 3 months of age. This form of synaptic plasticity requires coupling of TrkB with NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR). In agreement with biochemical experiments showing a decreased expression of hippocampal NMDAR subunits, electrophysiological assessments on hippocampal slices uncovered impairment of NMDAR-mediated response. Overall, these data suggest that a form of BDNF-mediated synaptic plasticity is impaired in an early manner by Tau pathology, through functional alterations of NMDAR, thereby potentially contributing to memory alterations observed in AD. To further evaluate relationships between BDNF/TrkB signaling and Tau pathology, we investigated whether BDNF modulation had an impact on Tau pathology. Several studies suggest that physical activity prevents cognitive decline in AD. Yet, one major central effect of exercise is to induce a chronic increase of hippocampal BDNF. To study long-term effects of voluntary exercise on Tau pathology, 3 month-old THY-Tau22 mice and controls were given free access to a running wheel during 9 months. Our results show a decrease of Tau pathology in running THY-Tau22 mice hippocampus, together with prevention of spatial memory deficits and increase of hippocampal BDNF levels, suggesting beneficial effects of long-lasting modulation of BDNF/TrkB system on Tau pathology and its physiopathological consequences. Overall, results gathered during this thesis suggest a bilateral relationship between Tau pathology and BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic system, thereby highlighting the importance of neurotrophin modulation for AD treatment
Sénéchal, Stéphanie. "Effets du diesel dans les maladies allergiques : modulation de la synthèse de chimiokines et développement d'un modèle allergique in vivo". Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2MT12.
Tournier, Jean-Nicolas. "Influence du stress sur l'établissement de la réponse vaccinale : étude in vivo chez la souris dans un modèle de stress de contention et modélisation in vitro sur des cultures dentritiques". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE18010.
Chronic stress is known to induce immunological disorders. The aim of this work is to characterise the stress-induced modulation of the vaccine response. We first investigated the consequences of chronic restraint stress on the immune response to tetanus toxin in mice. Our results have shown that stress induces a severe disruption of T-cell specific response associated with decreased and delayed humoral specific response. Next, we investigated the effects of environmental stress or of mediators of stress on antigen-presenting cells in vitro. We developed a model of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Dendritic cells were exposed to hyperthermia which is a component of the contention stress. We have shown that hyperthermia regulate cytokines secretion and functions of dendritic cells. At 39ʿC interleukin-12 secretion increased, but tumour necrosis factor-a and interleukin-10 secretions decreased. Moreover, 39ʿC-exposed dendritic cells activated more efficiently allogeneic T-cells. Dendritic cells exposed at 40ʿC decreased their overall secretion, which is correlated with a decrease of their ability to activate T-cell reponses