Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Modèles biologiques – Agents pathogènes"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Modèles biologiques – Agents pathogènes":
DUCROT, C., B. BED’HOM, V. BERINGUE, J. B. COULON, C. FOURICHON, J. L. GUERIN, S. KREBS et al. "Enjeux et spécificités de la recherche en santé animale". INRAE Productions Animales 23, n. 4 (14 novembre 2010): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2010.23.4.3314.
Goldblat, Jozef. "La Convention sur les armes biologiques—Vue générale". Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 79, n. 825 (giugno 1997): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100050383.
Queloz, Valentin, Hervé Jactel, Benoit Marçais, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff e Marco Pautasso. "Rôle des agents biotiques dans les crises sanitaires forestières". Revue forestière française 74, n. 2 (23 giugno 2023): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/revforfr.2023.7587.
Benhamou, N., e K. Picard. "La résistance induite : une nouvelle stratégie de défense des plantes contre les agents pathogènes". Article de synthèse 80, n. 3 (12 aprile 2005): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706189ar.
Kornreich, C. "Utilité de la dépression : une approche évolutionniste". European Psychiatry 28, S2 (novembre 2013): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.032.
MEDALE, F., e C. MICHEL. "Deuxième partie : Épidémiologie et modélisation des maladies infectieuses aquacoles". INRAE Productions Animales 20, n. 3 (7 settembre 2007): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2007.20.3.3458.
Chefson-Girault, Christine. "Le risque biologique à l’hôpital et après : modes d’exposition aux agents biologiques à domicile, survie des pathogènes dans l’environnement et sur les surfaces, bactéries multi-résistantes". Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 77, n. 3 (giugno 2016): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.admp.2016.03.110.
Benhamou, Nicole, e Patrice Rey. "Stimulateurs des défenses naturelles des plantes : une nouvelle stratégie phytosanitaire dans un contexte d’écoproduction durable." Article de synthèse 92, n. 1 (25 settembre 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1012399ar.
Robardet, Emmanuelle, Nathalie Charbonnel, Jean-François Guégan, Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy, André Parodi, Jean-Yves Gauchot, Hervé Zeller, Didier Boussarie e Marc Artois. "Maladies transmissibles et alteration de la biodiversite: quelles relations ?" Bulletin de l'Académie vétérinaire de France, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bavf.2020.70925.
DUCROT, C., J. CHARLEY-POULAIN e J. M. AYNAUD. "Numéro hors série 2004 : Encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles animales -Sommaire et avant-propos". INRAE Productions Animales 17, HS (18 dicembre 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2004.17.hs.3612.
Tesi sul tema "Modèles biologiques – Agents pathogènes":
Saubin, Méline. "Effets des variations démographiques sur la structure génétique de populations, dans le cadre d'une maladie émergente". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0013.
The demography and genetic structure of a population are closely linked. The study of this interplay is crucial, especially for organisms with frequent demographic fluctuations such as pathogen species responsible for emerging diseases. Classical population genetics models have been used to explore this link for simplified demographic processes. In this thesis, I further investigate the interplay between demography and genetic evolution in pathogen species that display complex life cycles. For this purpose, I focus on two ecological systems that strongly deviate from demographic equilibrium, each of which allows for realistic modelling assumptions. The first ecological system focuses on a major selection event with the temporal dimension being of prime importance. The second system reports recurrent colonisation events in which the spatial aspect is decisive.In the first part, I study an event of resistance overcoming by a pathogen population. Firstly, a modelling approach is used to establish the conditions for observing resistance overcoming and to identify the determinants of resistance durability. The results highlight the antagonistic effect of the proportion of resistant hosts deployed in the agricultural landscape, which decreases the probability of overcoming but increases the speed of overcoming when it occurs. Secondly, this model is implemented to account for genetic evolution at neutral loci. The results identify three demographic scenarios associated with distinct genetic signatures during resistance overcoming: 1) small variations in population sizes and small changes in genetic structures, 2) a strong founder event on the resistant host that in turn creates a genetic structure on the susceptible host, and 3) an evolutionary rescue event that results in a strong founder event on the resistant host, preceded by a bottleneck on the susceptible host. Finally, this theoretical framework of demogenetic analysis is applied to empirical data to infer the parameters underlying the overcoming of resistant RMlp7 poplars by the pathogen Melampsora larici-populina. Two parameters are particularly well estimated and the inferred values are in agreement with our biological knowledge: a high proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape (more than 80%) and an initial frequency of virulent alleles in the pathogen population between 5 and 10%.In the second part, I study colonisation and its genetic consequences. These analyses focus on the recurrent invasion of the Durance River valley by Melampsora larici-populina. Firstly, a mechanistic-statistical model is coupled to epidemiological data to infer the parameters underlying the pathogen's expansion dynamics. This approach shows that colonisation results from frequent long-distance dispersal events, with an average dispersal distance of more than two kilometres. Secondly, the characterisation of several annual colonisation events highlights a similar genetic structure which amplitude however varies greatly between years. Two extremes are identified: in 2011, strong conservation of the initial genetic diversity along the colonised domain; in 2004, rapid erosion of genetic diversity. The inter-annual variations in these structures can be explained by variations in the frequency of long-distance dispersal events.This work highlights the importance of contextualised models that take into account demogenetic variations for a better understanding of biological systems. The information obtained is then crucial for developing relevant control strategies against pathogen populations responsible for emerging diseases
Cellier, Mathieu. "Elaboration de modèles expérimentaux pour l'étude des stress cellulaires dans les interactions hôte - agent pathogène". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20205.
Isabel, Sandra, e Sandra Isabel. "Caractérisation et détection par des méthodes génotypiques des agents bactériens aéroportés associés au bioterrorisme". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24517.
Cette thèse de doctorat présente quatre études portant sur la détection des agents bactériens aéroportés associés au bioterrorisme. Tout d’abord, un rappel historique des guerres biologiques et du bioterrorisme permettra de mieux comprendre cette menace. Pour cibler la problématique actuelle, les agents biologiques, les procédures d’intervention des organisations de sécurité et de santé publique ainsi que les méthodes de détection seront ensuite introduites. La capacité de détection rapide des agents biologiques est une des lacunes importantes des procédures d’intervention. La détection et l’identification de ces agents biologiques nécessitent plusieurs étapes critiques interreliées. Elles consistent en l’échantillonnage, la préparation des analytes contenues dans des matrices complexes et finalement l’identification du micro-organisme en décodant des macromolécules signatures, et ce, notamment par des méthodes génotypiques. Certaines particules peuvent potentiellement être employées pour la préparation d’armes biologiques aéroportées. De plus, des poudres inoffensives (p. ex., farine) peuvent être utilisées pour terroriser certains individus, des organisations ou la population. Ces composés peuvent toutefois interférer avec les méthodes de détection moléculaire. C’est pourquoi la première étude traite de l’interférence sur la détection par la PCR de 23 échantillons poudreux ou environnementaux autres. Cet article présente une méthode séparant des spores de Bacillus de matrices poudreuses afin d’enlever ces particules nuisibles à la détection. La procédure conceptualisée est simple d’exécution (10 étapes), rapide (≤ 10 minutes), peu coûteuse (~ 10 $) et permet de traiter une plus grande variété d’échantillons par rapport à l’art antérieur. En second lieu, une lyse de spores bactériennes basée sur la sonication rapide (45 secondes) a permis d’extraire l’ADN génomique avec des rendements comparables à une autre méthode de lyse commercialisée performante nécessitant cinq minutes. Le Module fluidique de lyse ultrasonique a été confectionné pour être décontaminé et transféré d’une zone contaminée à une zone sécurisée, ce qui est un avantage important dans le contexte du bioterrorisme. Le troisième projet concerne le développement d’un essai de détection basé sur l’amplification PCR de type large spectre du gène tuf et l’identification sur biopuce de séquences d’ADN signatures grâce à une hybridation en microfluidique. Cet essai a permis de détecter rapidement (75 minutes) 12 des 13 agents bactériens aéroportés associés au bioterrorisme listés par les CDC. Finalement, les analyses de séquences du gène cible, tuf, chez le genre Yersinia, ont montré un haut niveau de divergence entre les gènes dupliqués intragénomiques, tufA et tufB (8,3 à 16,2 %). Ce résultat inattendu pourrait montrer les circonstances particulières permettant à des gènes dupliqués d’acquérir de nouvelles fonctions. De plus, cette étude a permis de faire une analyse phylogénétique de 14 des 17 espèces décrites du genre Yersinia et d’apporter des informations sur leur classification taxonomique. Prochainement, il serait intéressant de juxtaposer les différentes étapes de détection des agents biologiques présentées ici dans un système intégré d’analyse totale. Par conséquent, l’automatisation pourrait faciliter leur utilisation sur le terrain pour détecter et identifier rapidement (~1 h) des agents biologiques associés au bioterrorisme permettant de prendre en charge les victimes plus efficacement et de contribuer à enrayer la propagation.
This doctoral thesis presents four studies regarding the detection of airborne bacterial biothreat agents. First of all, a historical review of biological warfare and bioterrorism will allow for better understanding of this threat. To focus on the current problematic, biological agents, intervention procedures of public security and health organisations, as well as detection methods will then be introduced. The lack of systems for the reliable and rapid detection of biological agents is an important limitation of intervention procedures. Many interrelated steps are required to detect and identify biological agents. They consist of sampling, sample matrix processing, and finally, microbial identification by decoding macromolecule signatures, notably using genotyping methods. Some particles potentially employed to produce airborne biological weapons could interfere with molecular detection methods. Moreover, inoffensive powders (e.g. flour) can be used as hoaxes to terrorise individuals, organisations, or the population. Therefore, the first article studied the interference on PCR detection of 23 powdery or other environmental samples. This study presents a method to separate Bacillus spores from powdery matrices to alleviate the impact of these interfering compounds. The developed procedure is fast (≤10 minutes), inexpensive (~ 10$), allows easy handling (10 steps) and treatment of a wider sample variety compared to prior art. Secondly, a bacterial spore lysis based on rapid sonication (45 seconds) allowed extraction of genomic DNA in yields comparable to a robust commercialised lysis procedure requiring 5 minutes. The Fluidic Ultrasonic Lysis Module can be decontaminated and transferred from a contaminated to a secured area, which is advantageous in the context of bioterrorism. The third project shows the development of a detection assay based on a bacterial broad-spectrum PCR amplification of the target gene tuf and the identification of signature DNA sequences using a microfluidic microarray system. This assay allowed the rapid (75 minutes) detection of 12 of the 13 airborne bacterial biothreat agents listed by the CDC. Finally, analyses of tuf gene sequences from the Yersinia genus showed a high level of divergence between intra-genomic tufA and tufB sequences (8.3 to 16.2 %). This unexpected result could reveal particular circumstances allowing duplicated genes to acquire new functions. Moreover, this study allowed a phylogenetic analysis of 14 of the 17 described Yersinia species and added information about their taxonomical classification. In the near future, it would be interesting to combine the different biothreat detection steps presented here into a total analysis system. Hence, automation could facilitate its utilisation in the field to detect and identify (~1 h) biothreat agents resulting in more efficient medical management of victims and contribute to stop propagation.
This doctoral thesis presents four studies regarding the detection of airborne bacterial biothreat agents. First of all, a historical review of biological warfare and bioterrorism will allow for better understanding of this threat. To focus on the current problematic, biological agents, intervention procedures of public security and health organisations, as well as detection methods will then be introduced. The lack of systems for the reliable and rapid detection of biological agents is an important limitation of intervention procedures. Many interrelated steps are required to detect and identify biological agents. They consist of sampling, sample matrix processing, and finally, microbial identification by decoding macromolecule signatures, notably using genotyping methods. Some particles potentially employed to produce airborne biological weapons could interfere with molecular detection methods. Moreover, inoffensive powders (e.g. flour) can be used as hoaxes to terrorise individuals, organisations, or the population. Therefore, the first article studied the interference on PCR detection of 23 powdery or other environmental samples. This study presents a method to separate Bacillus spores from powdery matrices to alleviate the impact of these interfering compounds. The developed procedure is fast (≤10 minutes), inexpensive (~ 10$), allows easy handling (10 steps) and treatment of a wider sample variety compared to prior art. Secondly, a bacterial spore lysis based on rapid sonication (45 seconds) allowed extraction of genomic DNA in yields comparable to a robust commercialised lysis procedure requiring 5 minutes. The Fluidic Ultrasonic Lysis Module can be decontaminated and transferred from a contaminated to a secured area, which is advantageous in the context of bioterrorism. The third project shows the development of a detection assay based on a bacterial broad-spectrum PCR amplification of the target gene tuf and the identification of signature DNA sequences using a microfluidic microarray system. This assay allowed the rapid (75 minutes) detection of 12 of the 13 airborne bacterial biothreat agents listed by the CDC. Finally, analyses of tuf gene sequences from the Yersinia genus showed a high level of divergence between intra-genomic tufA and tufB sequences (8.3 to 16.2 %). This unexpected result could reveal particular circumstances allowing duplicated genes to acquire new functions. Moreover, this study allowed a phylogenetic analysis of 14 of the 17 described Yersinia species and added information about their taxonomical classification. In the near future, it would be interesting to combine the different biothreat detection steps presented here into a total analysis system. Hence, automation could facilitate its utilisation in the field to detect and identify (~1 h) biothreat agents resulting in more efficient medical management of victims and contribute to stop propagation.
Laflamme, Christian. "Agents du bioterrorisme : détection in situ de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les spores de Bacillus sp". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25821/25821.pdf.
Desmeulles, Gireg. "Réification des interactions pour l'expérience in virtuo de systèmes biologiques multi-modèles". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142697.
biologiques pour leur expérimentation à travers un système de réalité
virtuelle.
Son objet est la définition d'un cadre générique de modélisation et
d'implémentation adapté à l'étude des systèmes physiologiques.
En premier lieu, le modèle générique proposé s'appuie sur le principe
de la réification des interactions en objets actifs autonomes.
Ensuite, il permet l'organisation des modèles biologiques en un agencement de systèmes autonomes.
Il rassemble alors deux conceptions de l'autonomie :
l'une est destinée à concevoir les systèmes de réalité virtuelle et
l'autre a pour objet la modélisation en biologie.
Le modèle générique est dérivé en un certain nombre d'outils de modélisation pour la biologique.
La bibliothèque composée du modèle générique et des outils de modélisation permet alors de réaliser différentes applications.
La principale application a pour objet la mise en oeuvre d'un modèle du phénomène d'urticaire allergique.
Enfin, un modèle de système autopoïétique minimal est proposé pour
illustrer les possibilités de la méthode.
Beauvais, Estelle. "Caractérisation de systèmes biologiques à l'échelle nanométrique : études des interactions entre des modèles membranaires et des agents exogènes". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067152.
Gürcan, Önder. "Exploration of biological neural wiring using self-organizing agents". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30091.
In this thesis, a novel computational model that detects temporal configurations of a given human neuronal pathway and constructs its artificial replication is presented. This poses a great challenge since direct recordings from individual neurons are impossible in the human central nervous system and therefore the underlying neuronal pathway has to be considered as a black box. For tackling this challenge, the Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems (AMAS) theory in which large sets of cooperative software agents interacting locally give rise to collective behavior bottom-up is used. The result is an emergent model where each software entity represents an integrate-and-fire neuron. We then applied the model to the reflex responses of single motor units obtained from conscious human subjects. Experimental results show that the model uncovers functionality of real human neuronal pathways by comparing it to appropriate surrogate data. What makes the model promising is the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first realistic model to self-wire an artificial neuronal network by efficiently combining neuroscience with self-adaptive multi-agent systems. Although there is no evidence yet of the model's connectivity mapping onto the human connectivity, we anticipate this model will help neuroscientists to learn much more about human neuronal networks, and could also be used for predicting hypotheses to lead future experiments
Sautrey, Guillaume. "Composés macrocycliques bioactifs : synthèse et étude de leurs interactions avec des membranes biologiques modèles". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10101/document.
This work begins with utilization of the calix[4]arene macrocycle as organizing platform of anti-infectious molecules shaped as prodrug. The concept has been explored using antibacterial (nalidixic acid) and antiviral (aciclovir, ganciclovir) molecules, chosen as models. The calixarene - anti-infectious conjugates synthesized have amphiphilic structure and are insoluble in aqueous media. Their interfacial behavior was studied via the air-water interface, considered as mimic of biological hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces, using Langmuir monolayers technique. Our results indicate that calixarene-based prodrugs spread at the air-water interface are able to release anti-infectious molecules into the subphase. The original methodology employed for interfacial reactivity studies could be applied to further calixarene-based prodrugs. A second project concerns the trifluoroacetate salt of tetra-p-(guanidinoethyl)-calix[4]arene (CX1). CX1 is antibacterial, active against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with low eukaryotic cell toxicity. The aim of our work was to get more insight in the mechanism of action of CX1, involving bacterial wall disruption, by a physico-chemical approach. The Langmuir monolayers technique was employed in order to study interactions between CX1 and phospholipid monolayers spread at the air-water interface, used as models of bacterial membranes. Our results led us to propose a particular reorganization mode of bacterial membranes upon interactions with CX1. This proposal gives more understanding in the mechanism of biological activity of CX1, and could be helpful in developing new antibacterial calixarene derivatives
Arduin, Hélène. "Modélisation mathématique des interactions entre pathogènes chez l’hôte humain : Application aux virus de la grippe et au pneumocoque". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV010/document.
Several pathogens have been suggested to interact with each other while circulating within human populations. These between-pathogen interactions may be synergistic, when one pathogen favours another, or antagonistic when one pathogen is detrimental to the other. Recent technological developments in the field of microbiology have created new opportunities for studying between-pathogen interactions within the human host, and particularly in the respiratory tract. These interactions may have dramatic consequences on the transmission dynamics of the implicated pathogens, and consequent public health impacts. However, despite some mechanistic hypotheses having been formulated, especially for the well-studied influenza-pneumococcus system, the underlying biological mechanisms are still poorly understood. This developing field raises numerous questions. From an epidemiological modelling perspective, how should these interaction mechanisms be formalized into models? How do these interactions impact the transmission dynamics and burden of the involved pathogens? Under which conditions, and with which methods can interactions be detected from ecological incidence data, classically reported from surveillance systems? The aim of this thesis is to address these questions using statistical and mathematical modelling tools, with a specific focus on the interaction between influenza and pneumococcus. While mathematical models have scarcely been used to address between-pathogen interactions, they are powerful tools that allow for a global approach by precisely formalizing the interactions at the individual scale and linking them to the population scale at which data are collected and phenomena observed. First, I conceived and developed a new agent-based model which simulates the co-circulation of two interacting pathogens in a human population. This model specifically formalizes between-pathogen interactions at the individual level, resulting in global dynamics at the population level. Notably, I demonstrated that different hypotheses regarding interaction mechanisms between influenza and pneumococcus lead to specific incidence dynamics and interaction burdens. Second, in order to construct in silico data mimicking surveillance data, I simulated a large number of interaction scenarios from the previous agent-based model. These simulated datasets were analysed using a variety of statistical and mathematical methods classically applied in between pathogen association studies. Results showed that all methods consistently detected between-pathogen associations as long as the simulated interaction strength remained above a threshold, which varied according to the method and the simulated interaction mechanism. Lastly, collaborating with the National Center for Pneumococcal Reference and Santé Publique France, we developed a new method to analyse between-pathogen interactions from incidence time series, based on the analysis of their seasonality patterns. By applying this method to French data of influenza-like illnesses and invasive pneumococcal diseases over the 2000-2014 period, we identified a small association, consistent with previous studies. The mathematical models developed and results presented in this thesis provide new understanding of the impact of between-pathogen interactions at the population level and the efficiency of available methods to assess them. Because the co-circulation of pathogens in populations is a complex system involving a large number of factors related to the pathogens, the host, and the environment, the development of mathematical models will be critical in the future. A better comprehension of these phenomena is of major importance as it may lead to new opportunities to reduce the public health burden of infectious diseases
Bahlaoui, Moulay Abdellah. "Lagunage à haut rendement expérimental : dynamique de différents groupes bactériens et performances épuratrices sanitaires". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20289.