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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Mixed Urban-Rural Population"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 13 settembre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Mixed Urban-Rural Population"

Omodior, Oghenekaro, e Nicholas Kaukis. "Variations in tick-borne disease incidence rate by rural-urban county classification". SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 5, n. 3 (2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jeses.5.3.ra.10668.

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Background: Surveillance data of tick-borne disease (TBD) incidence in the United States are compiled at the county level, yet few studies have classified TBD risk using established county classification systems. Objective: Determine if significant differences in TBD incidence rates exist between Indiana counties based on population size classification (i.e. urban, rural, and rural-mixed). Methods: County TBD data for the period 2009 to 2016, were obtained from the Epidemiology Resource Center at the Indiana State Department of Health. Using the 2010 decennial population census, we normalized TBD counts to derive incidence rates per 1,000 population. We classified Indiana counties as either rural, rural-mixed, or urban based on population size. We used Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test to determine if median TBD incidence rates differed between urban, rural, and rural-mixed urban counties. We used choropleth maps in ESRI ArcGIS to display TBD incidence rate by county classification. Results: Kolmogorov-Smirnov pairwise comparisons test results, revealed no evidence of a difference in TBD incidence rates between rural, rural-mixed, and urban counties (p≥ 0.1208 ± 0.0065). Furthermore, Kruskal-Wallis test showed no evidence of a difference in the median TBD incidence rates by county classification (p = 0.9754). Higher TBD incidence rate counties occur in the western region, while lower rate counties occur in the eastern region. Although no differences exist in incidence rates by county classification, the two highest incidence rates were recorded in rural counties. Conclusion: A classification of Indiana counties based on population size is inadequate in identifying counties with a greater or lesser risk of TBD incidence. For a better understanding of county population-level TBD risk, future studies should aim at obtaining and exploring TBD incidence data at more granular, sub-county population levels such as zip codes, census- blocks and tracts.

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St John, Philip D., Verena Menec, Robert Tate, Nancy E. Newall, Denise Cloutier e Megan O'Connell. "Depressive symptoms in adults in rural and urban regions of Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging". BMJ Open 11, n. 12 (dicembre 2021): e048090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048090.

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ObjectivesPrevious studies on depression in rural areas have yielded conflicting results. Features of rural areas may be conducive or detrimental to mental health. Our objective for this study was to determine if there are rural–urban disparities in depressive symptoms between those living in rural and urban areas of Canada.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study, which is as representative as possible of the Canadian population—the Tracking Cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. For this cohort, data were collected from 2010 to 2014. Data were analysed and results were obtained in 2020.Participants21 241 adults aged 45–85.MeasuresRurality was grouped as urban (n=11 772); peri-urban (n=2637); mixed (n=2125; postal codes with both rural and urban areas); and rural (n=4707). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. We considered age, sex, education, marital status and disease states as potential confounding factors.ResultsThe adjusted beta coefficient was −0.24 (95% CI −0.42 to −0.07; p=0.01) for rural participants, −0.17 (95% CI −0.40 to 0.05; p=0.14) for peri-urban participants and −0.30 (95% CI −0.54 to −0.05; p=0.02) for participants in mixed regions, relative to urban regions. Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms were similar in rural and urban regions.ConclusionsThe small differences in depressive symptoms among those living in rural and urban regions are unlikely to be relevant at a clinical or population level. The findings do suggest some possible approaches to reducing depressive symptoms in both rural and urban populations. Future research is needed in other settings and on change in depressive symptoms over time.

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Thompson, Margaret J. J., Jim Stevenson, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Peter Nott, Zam Bhatti, Andy Price e Matthew Hudswell. "Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population". British Journal of Psychiatry 168, n. 1 (gennaio 1996): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.1.16.

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BackgroundThe prevalence rate of behaviour problems and maternal mental disturbance was estimated using a sample of 1047 families with a 3-year-old child from a mixed urban/rural area.MethodParents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist, EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Weiss–Werry–Peters Activity Scale and the GHQ–30.ResultsThe rate of behaviour problems (13.2%) was similar to that obtained in studies of urban children. The rate of maternal disturbance (27.6%) was lower than in other population samples. Few differences were found in the prevalence rates in the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsPreschool children and their parents living in non-urban areas had the same rates of problems as those in conurbations. The service needs of such families are similar regardless of locality.

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Prokopa, Ihor. "Rural component of territorial communities in the context of their inclusive development". Economy and forecasting 2022, n. 1 (3 agosto 2022): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.01.102.

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The article deals with assessing the place of rural settlements and rural population in territorial communities (TC) - the basic link of the modern administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine and highlighting the preconditions and guidelines of inclusive development of rural population in these communities. The author reveals the factors of TC formation that determined their present composition and structure. It is noted that in their creation the decisive role was played by the important values of the projected indicators of population number and area of the "affluent" community. As a result, more than 2/3 of rural settlements and 61% of the rural population joined the TCs with centers in urban settlements (towns and urban-type settlements). Many urban and semi-urban TCs unite too many villages, which gives reason to question their belonging to urban territorial units, and no other types. Using methodological approaches to the identification of rural areas in the EU, the author compiles a classification of Ukrainian territorial communities on a functional (rather than administrative) basis. In terms of population density, the author separates communities with urban and rural population, and in terms of the share of rural residents in the TC's total population – those with predominantly urban, mixed (urban-rural) and predominantly rural nature of their territories. The distribution of rural settlements and rural population by these types of communities is carried out. In terms of both indicators, the absolute majority of TCs are communities with rural, or mostly rural and rural-urban functional type of territories. The author emphasizes that territorial communities have the main responsibility for the development of their territories and, consequently, for the inclusive development of their rural communities, and that the authorities should assist them in promoting such development by implementing various public policies, especially agricultural and regional ones. This includes, first of all, intensifying support for family and commercial farms, especially in small and peripheral villages, improving rural infrastructure, as well as unbundling TCs with a very large number of rural settlements and assisting new communities in their independent functioning.

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Prokopa, Ihor. "RURAL COMPONENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT". Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, n. 1 (10 aprile 2022): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.01.124.

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Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Romana, Joanna Stanisławska e Andrzej Wołoszyn. "MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, n. 2 (3 giugno 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2229.

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The aim of the study was to compare the housing conditions of the population living in rural and urban areas of Wielkopolska province communes. The multidimensional assessment of housing conditions was carried out using the TOPSIS method. The research drew on 2016 data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank. The housing conditions in rural areas of the Wielkopolska province were found to be significantly worse than in urban areas. Over 38% of all examined urban areas and only 5% of rural areas (mainly located in the Poznań Metropolitan Area) were classified as Class I with the highest level of housing conditions. Class IV – with the lowest level of housing conditions – included as many as 25% of rural areas and only one urban area located in a mixed, urban-rural commune. In many of the studies, dynamic, beneficial changes in housing conditions in rural areas are emphasized despite the continuous worse situation of rural areas compared to cities. However, due to the observed suburbanisation processes in rural areas in the vicinity of large urban agglomerations, it would be necessary to distinguish living transformations in these rural areas, from changes in housing conditions in rural areas that perform typical agricultural functions.

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Szymańska, Daniela, Jadwiga Biegańska e Anna Gil. "Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 12, n. 12 (1 gennaio 2009): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-009-0006-1.

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Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006 The article presents changes in the rural age structures in Poland as observed in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The changes in population numbers are analysed with respect to age groups, the aging index and the old-age rate. Regarding its spatial scope, the article covers rural areas in Poland and the basic territorial units it uses are rural communes and the rural parts of mixed rural-urban communes that altogether amount to 2,171 units (as of 2006). The obtained results are discussed in a broader context of urban as well as countrywide age structures.

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Li, P., H. J. Wu e B. Chen. "RSW-MCFP: A Resource-Oriented Solid Waste Management System for a Mixed Rural-Urban Area through Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Fuzzy Programming". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/780354.

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The growth of global population and economy continually increases the waste volumes and consequently creates challenges to handle and dispose solid wastes. It becomes more challenging in mixed rural-urban areas (i.e., areas of mixed land use for rural and urban purposes) where both agricultural waste (e.g., manure) and municipal solid waste are generated. The efficiency and confidence of decisions in current management practices significantly rely on the accurate information and subjective judgments, which are usually compromised by uncertainties. This study proposed a resource-oriented solid waste management system for mixed rural-urban areas. The system is featured by a novel Monte Carlo simulation-based fuzzy programming approach. The developed system was tested by a real-world case with consideration of various resource-oriented treatment technologies and the associated uncertainties. The modeling results indicated that the community-based bio-coal and household-based CH4facilities were necessary and would become predominant in the waste management system. The 95% confidence intervals of waste loadings to the CH4and bio-coal facilities were 387, 450 and 178, 215 tonne/day (mixed flow), respectively. In general, the developed system has high capability in supporting solid waste management for mixed rural-urban areas in a cost-efficient and sustainable manner under uncertainty.

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Zhao, Zijuan, Beilei Fan, Qingbo Zhou e Shihao Xu. "Simulating the Coupling of Rural Settlement Expansion and Population Growth in Deqing, Zhejiang Province, Based on MCCA Modeling". Land 11, n. 11 (4 novembre 2022): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111975.

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Analyzing the relationship between rural settlements and rural population change under different policy scenarios is key in the sustainable development of China’s urban and rural areas. We proposed a framework that comprised the mixed land use structure simulation (MCCA) model and the human–land coupling development model to assess the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in rural settlements and its’ coupling relationship with the rural population in the economically developed region of Deqing, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that rural settlements and urban land increased by 14.36 and 29.07 km2, respectively, over the last 20 years. The expansion of some rural settlements and urban land occurred at the cost of cropland occupation. Rural settlements showed an expansion trend from 2000 to 2020, increasing from 42.69 km2 in 2000 to 57.05 km2 in 2020. In 2035, under the natural development scenario, the cropland protection scenario, and the rural development scenario, rural settlements are projected to show an expansion trend and Wukang and Leidian are the key regions with rural settlement expansion. The distance to Hangzhou, nighttime light data, distance to rivers, and precipitation are important factors influencing the expansion of rural settlements. The coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population developed in a coordinated manner from 2000 to 2020. For 2035, under different scenarios, the coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population showed different trends. In the rural development scenario, the highest number of towns with coordinated development between rural settlements and the rural population is in Deqing, predominantly with Type I coupling. Overall, an important recommendation from this study is that the sustainable development of regional land use can be promoted by controlling the occupation of cropland for urban and rural construction, balancing rural settlement expansion and rural population growth, and formulating land use policies that are more suitable for rural development.

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Man, Olivia, Alicia Kraay, Ruth Thomas, James Trostle, Gwenyth O. Lee, Charlotte Robbins, Amy C. Morrison, Josefina Coloma e Joseph N. S. Eisenberg. "Characterizing dengue transmission in rural areas: A systematic review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, n. 6 (8 giugno 2023): e0011333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011333.

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Dengue has historically been considered an urban disease associated with dense human populations and the built environment. Recently, studies suggest increasing dengue virus (DENV) transmission in rural populations. It is unclear whether these reports reflect recent spread into rural areas or ongoing transmission that was previously unnoticed, and what mechanisms are driving this rural transmission. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize research on dengue in rural areas and apply this knowledge to summarize aspects of rurality used in current epidemiological studies of DENV transmission given changing and mixed environments. We described how authors defined rurality and how they defined mechanisms for rural dengue transmission. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for articles evaluating dengue prevalence or cumulative incidence in rural areas. A total of 106 articles published between 1958 and 2021 met our inclusion criteria. Overall, 56% (n = 22) of the 48 estimates that compared urban and rural settings reported rural dengue incidence as being as high or higher than in urban locations. In some rural areas, the force of infection appears to be increasing over time, as measured by increasing seroprevalence in children and thus likely decreasing age of first infection, suggesting that rural dengue transmission may be a relatively recent phenomenon. Authors characterized rural locations by many different factors, including population density and size, environmental and land use characteristics, and by comparing their context to urban areas. Hypothesized mechanisms for rural dengue transmission included travel, population size, urban infrastructure, vector and environmental factors, among other mechanisms. Strengthening our understanding of the relationship between rurality and dengue will require a more nuanced definition of rurality from the perspective of DENV transmission. Future studies should focus on characterizing details of study locations based on their environmental features, exposure histories, and movement dynamics to identify characteristics that may influence dengue transmission.

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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Mixed Urban-Rural Population"

Dahu, Butros M., Solaiman Khan, Lincoln R. Sheets e Grant J. Scott. "Exploring the Geospatial Relationship Between COVID-19 Positivity and Income in Mixed Urban-Rural Population". In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti231180.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a deep influence on American life in general and on the American economy in particular. However, the burden of the pandemic has not been distributed equally among members of a population based on their social-determinants-of-health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the median income was associated with COVID-19 total number of tests and positivity rate in Boone County, Missouri during the pandemic. We analyzed the geospatial data using three heat maps showing the Census tract-wise COVID-19 positivity rate, Census tract-wise median income, and Census tract-wise total number of COVID-19 tests to highlight our study findings. Our study results support the hypothesis that individuals with lower median income tend to have a lower total number of COVID-19 tests and higher COVID-19 positivity rates in Boone County, Missouri. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the positivity rate and median income is -0.324.

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Bhartwal, Umang, Monika Rani e Simran Kaur. "Local Flavor in the Digital Age". In Examining Tourist Behaviors and Community Involvement in Destination Rejuvenation, 84–94. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6819-0.ch007.

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This study examines how the Conditional Psychological Experience trend for repeat local online food willingness has important for individual eating habits. Using a mixed-methods research methodology, we consider different aspect that influence and involve to frame the attitudes and behaviours regarding online food consumption by exploring individuals' experiences through qualitative methods such as focus groups and in-depth interviews. A large sample of participants, carefully selected using purposive sampling, ensures a thorough understanding of the wider population. The research is guided by ethical principles, one of which is informed consent. Quantitative tools, which include surveys distributed across multiple online platforms, provide numerical data on the frequency and type of online food ordering that complement the qualitative findings. Qualitative data play an important role in revealing the complex relationships between cultural background and online local food delivery services. It sheds light on the ways in which cultural values and traditions can support or conflict with the emergence of new dietary patterns. The study also examines how social media influences people's attitudes and actions towards online food delivery. Using social media content analysis, it is possible to understand the influences and aspirations of online food culture. Our qualitative analysis complements the quantitative data by providing a detailed account of how online food delivery is both a practical option and a socially constructed phenomenon that affects identity and belonging. The research methodology also considers the geographical and urban-rural divide in the implementation of online food delivery services. Due to greater accessibility and fast-paced lifestyles, urban areas may suffer more than rural areas, where trends may vary depending on factors such as community dynamics and availability of local cuisine.

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Hinton, David A. "The Wars and the Posies". In Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264537.003.0013.

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The problems of the second half of the fourteenth century continued to affect the fifteenth. Sudden death remained a constant threat, and population levels probably did not begin to recover much, if at all, until the 1540s. Instability in England was briefly restrained by the century’s first two Henries, but thereafter losses in France soon began to prove expensive, the Wars of the Roses were resumed, and uprisings in Wales added to the uncertainty. Nor did the new Stewart dynasty bring internal peace to Scotland. Commercial profits could still be made, especially in the cloth trade, but exports rose and fell with alarming rapidity. Population reduction led to much restructuring, not least in widespread abandonment or shrinkage of rural sites and of urban back areas and suburbs. For archaeology there are some compensations; stone-lined rubbish-pits were one response to fears of smell-spread disease, and their final fills are less often mixed up with residual material than those left unlined. But in London the establishment of the stone waterfront means that the dump deposits peter out, so that the place of the capital in setting standards for the rest of the country becomes even more difficult to assess. Although there was enough bullion to sustain a silver currency in England and Scotland and to allow at least intermittent minting of gold coins, sometimes in quite large numbers, the site-find record is an indicator of decreased overall usage. Both silver and gold became available from new sources after 1460, some compensation for the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the consequent extra difficulty of trading with the Near East, but the maritime route that opened up for bringing gold from West Africa may not have increased the quantity coming into Europe as a whole, as trans-Sahara caravans were fewer. Use of the sea, however, put first Portugal and later England in the middle of commercial flow-lines, rather than at their ends. After the fifteenth century gems began to come round the Cape to enter Europe by the same western route, and emeralds even crossed the Atlantic, to be followed by new supplies of gold.

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Kwaku Afeadie, Ransford, Mary Naana Essiaw, Susanna Adjei Arthur, Andrew Kweku Conduah, Dorothy Siaw-Marfo e Bridget Elikem Mensah. "In the Process of Being Left Behind: Rural-Urban Migration, Precarious Work Conditions, and the Health of Neglected Populations in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana". In Health and Educational Success - Recent Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106907.

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Unlike international labour migration, there is a lack of substantive evidence of precarious work conditions and their associated poor health outcomes among rural-urban migrant labour workers. A lacuna that this paper attempts to fill in one of Ghana’s urban slums, Agbogbloshie. We employed a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. In the absence of any sampling frame, simple random sampling was used to select 113 migrant household heads, while purposive sampling was used to select 12 in-depth interviews (IDI) and (8) key informant interviews (KII). The paper leans on the Harris-Todaro (1970) model and the ecological model. We found various precarious work activities, mostly dirty, demeaning, dangerous, and unrewarding. Logistic regression was performed on whether or not the type of work undertaken by the migrants resulted in ill-health. Using motor riders as reference, it indicates that electronic waste dealers’ odds of ill-health (OR=1.0 [95%CI: 0.09–10.17]; P=1.0). Scraps dealers (OR=0.69[95%CI: 0.10–4.72]; P=0.71). Head porters (OR=0.25[95%CI: 0.22–6.97]; P=0.80. Street hawkers (OR= 0.5[95%CI: 0.03–7.45]; P=0.62). Truck pushers (0.83[95%CI: 0.05–13.63]; P=0.90). However, the association between precarious work and ill-health was insignificant across all work activities (P > 0.05). We found a slow pace in the government’s response to addressing precarious work activities. We recommend work acceleration.

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"on land must exceed the average rate of profit sufficiently so as to cover the payment of rent. However, if rents are stable relative to rising commodity prices the barrier of rent becomes progressively less significant. Such was the situation in English agriculture of this period. The tenant capitalists were confident that they 'could take a reasonable share of the increased revenue resulting from their capital investments and not have them taken away by the landlords' rent increases' [Brenner, 1976: 64]. The capitalist tenant farmer who directly organised production had to share the surplus he appropriated with the landlord. But the gains in productivity were increasingly accruing to him. Thus the basic desiderata of what we have called a Type B agrarian system had been firmly established by the early years of the seventeenth century. The surplus appropriator both organised pro-duction and also appropriated the gains in productivity. Spurts of investment embodying strategic innovations in English agriculture followed quickly. By the middle of the seventeenth century the concept of mixed farming had taken hold at least on those soils most suited to it. The growing of forage crops (legumes and roots) in place of fallow made possible the raising of herds and flocks without any diminution in grain acreage. On the contrary the increased availability of organic manure substantially raised grain productivity. The effort was enhanced by the more careful selection of seeds and breeds. The first wave of biological-cum-organisational innovations was followed after a lag by a second wave of 'proto-industrial' innovations, that is, the use of better hand tools such as the scythe in place of the sickle and the introduction of chemical fertilisers. Specialist estimates by Jones, Kerridge and others suggest that productivity in English agriculture doubled in the first wave and doubled again in the second wave. Thus by the seventeenth century England had already parted with the rest of Europe on the basis of an agrarian revolution. It happened long before the industrial revolution and is marked most dramatically by the English response to the 'general subsistence crisis' which gripped the rest of Europe about the middle of the seventeenth century. Like the earlier crisis of the fourteenth century this too had Malthusian features on the continent: stagnant production, shortage of food, rising prices, peasant revolts and a demographic collapse. In England, however, productivity rose continuously, food prices were relatively stable and the population continued to grow. What is more, with rising food productivity the whole population could now be sustained by roughly 60 per cent of the workforce. On the one hand this made a large workforce available for absorption into industry. On the other it reduced the real cost of food and hence raised the balance of purchasing power available for manufactures after meeting food costs in both rural and urban households. The very fact of a different English response suggests that at its roots this escape from a 'Malthusian' crisis of the seventeenth century had something to do with the emergence of a different agrarian system in England. A new organisation of production conducive to productivity growth, our Type B system, had pre-empted the crisis in England while the persistence of retrograde agrarian systems of Type A had failed to overcome it on the continent. That this was indeed so is indicated by the contrasting experience of France. While serfdom had declined in France, as in England, in the wake of the earlier". In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 71–86. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-7.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Mixed Urban-Rural Population"

Mamley Osae, Erika, John Victor Mensah, David Wellington Essaw e Rufai Kilu. "A functional support system in a bustling 24/7 economy: Perspectives on slum dwellers in Ashaiman, Ghana". In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002156.

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Slums are often associated with negativities in society including social vices, thievery and arm robbery due to the unsightly nature of the settlements, characterized with filth and insanitary conditions. However, slums provide accommodation for rural-urban migrants who are unable to afford the high cost of rent due to several factors including poor housing policy by government, high rental cost, financial difficulties, unemployment and poverty. This study aims at ascertaining the functional activities and survival strategies of slum dwellers in Ashaiman Municipality in Ghana. Ashaiman is a sprawling urban settlement, parts of which exhibit characteristics of a slum. It is a home to people from many ethnic groups within and outside Ghana who are all there to eke out a living. It also provides space for well organised and recognised professional, trade, ethnic, welfare and youth associations with formal structures and support systems to ensure good governance, compliance and reward systems. This study deployed a mixed method approach to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 490 respondents and 13 key informants in two slum communities; namely; Manmomo and Tulaku within Ashaiman Municipality. Interview schedule, interview guides and focus group discussion guides were used to collect data. Appropriate techniques were used to process and analyse the data. The results showed that the slum dwellers presented varied economic potentials as they contributed to the bustling 24/7 economy. The local economy was characterised by small and micro-scale activities in the informal sector. The municipal authority generated revenue through taxation in whatever form while the slum dwellers provided a strong voting block for politicians. However, the slums also provided the opacity needed for illegal activities. The slum residents operated in an under-served location with deficits in security, infrastructure, health and environmental sanitation. The survival strategies included social safety in terms of perception of historical and traditional ties, social acceptability, social network, security and business opportunities. The diverse characteristics, capacities, tenacity arising from survival experiences, adaptability, social capital, political clout in numbers, and youthful population contribute to make the slum communities in Ashaiman a place of survival. The main argument of the study is that slum dwellers demonstrate resourcefulness, thereby debunking their association with low levels of access to productive sources. It is therefore, recommended that the central government, local government, technocrats, the private sector and civil society groups should collaborate to enhance the potentials of the slum dwellers for local level development.

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van Zandvoort, K., M. Bobe, A. Buqul, M. Ismail, M. Saed, E. Diggle, CR McGown et al. "Modelling the potential impact of pneumococcal vaccination strategies in humanitarian crises". In MSF Scientific Day International 2023. NYC: MSF-USA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/cxek-yg24.

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INTRODUCTION Despite a likely high burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in humanitarian crises, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV’s) are rarely used in such settings. Routine immunisation is rarely feasible in crises, and there is little evidence on alternative delivery strategies for PCV. We used modelling to evaluate the effects of different vaccination strategies within humanitarian crisis settings, aiming to identify those which could quickly reduce and sustain low transmission of vaccine serotypes. METHODS We conducted a nested carriage and contact survey in a camp for internally displaced people (IDP) in Somaliland to parameterise a transmission model and used it to assess the potential impact and optimal age targeting of PCV campaigns. We extrapolated this model to other representative humanitarian crisis settings: an acute-phase IDP camp, a protracted crisis in a rural setting, and an urban setting with mixed IDP and host communities. For each we explored the impact and efficiency of campaigns with different target age groups and dosing strategies. ETHICS This study was approved by the Ethics Review Boards of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development. RESULTS We found high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae; 37% (95% confidence interval (CI), 32-42) in all ages, and 76% (95% CI, 70-82) in children <5 years in the Somaliland IDP camp. 53% (95% CI, 45-61) of serotypes are included in the PCV13 vaccine. People had, on average, 9 (9-10) contacts per day, with high mixing rates between children and intergenerational contacts in older age groups. Our model projects that, for the Somaliland IDP camp, a single PCV campaign including children <5 years can temporarily establish substantial herd protection, averting 37% (95% credible interval (CrI) 24-48) of invasive pneumococcal disease cases in the 2 years following the campaign. Extending age eligibility to children up to 10 or 15 years old could further increase this impact by 49% (95% CrI, 39-50) and 53% (95% CrI, 40-64) respectively. Increased migration rates and close contact with unvaccinated host populations reduces the impact. These factors might require wider age targeting and more frequent repeat campaigns until routine services could be re-established. CONCLUSION We show that PCV campaigns could be an effective option to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease in humanitarian crises until routine immunisation can be implemented. Our results are based on modelled estimates, intervention studies are needed to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness in real settings. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None declared

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Mixed Urban-Rural Population"

The Experience of Latin America and the Caribbean in Urbanization: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007004.

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The developing region that has experienced one of the greatest urban growth in the world is Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). More than 80% of its population currently lives in cities and this figure is projected to reach 90% in 25 years. As part of this process, we can identify different urbanization trends across the region: slow growth rates of megacities due to lower levels of rural-urban migration and greater intra-city migration; high growth rates of mid-size cities; and urban footprints growing faster than populations. Therefore, this more contained growth in larger cities, the existence of a 'demographic bonus'in the next 30 years, and new poles of development in secondary cities offer new opportunities to grow in a more sustainable and equitable way while addressing existing challenges in cities. Rapid urban growth in the countries of LAC has posed a series of challenges that cities, especially intermediate cities, must address to ensure their sustainability in the coming years. Those challenges include limited mobility, poor urban planning, pollution, increased vulnerability to natural hazards, inequity, lack of compliance with labor and building regulations, unemployment, crime, and weak institutional and fiscal capacity, among others. These conditions undermine cities' sustainability and reduce the quality of life of their inhabitants. Given this context, the Bank has developed the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) as a particular approach to help mid-size cities understand their challenges and address them in a more integrated way based upon a model of efficiency in planning and the use of resources that prioritizes sustainability and a higher quality of life for all citizens. The ESCI's action-oriented methodology prioritizes projects in critical areas for sustainability, promoting a better quality of life by strengthening planning, incorporating climate change features, and ensuring citizenship engagement. From the ESCI's experience in more than 20 cities in LAC, important lessons have been learned: introducing adaptation and mitigation measures is an opportunity to address environmental issues and limit the impact of climate change; urban economic development should be based on dense, compact, efficient cities, with mixed land use, and concrete actions to generate productive employment; planning should be considered a basic tool for sustainable urban development and growth; and finally, fiscal capacity should be strengthened with greater access to financial resources and connectivity. Cities that cannot provide an adequate quality of live and preserve physical and environmental assets for future generations will not be competitive. These cities will have a tough time attracting investments and generating productive jobs. As a result of ESCI's learning process, we have realized that it is necessary to examine in a more direct and detailed manner the competitiveness of a city proposing concrete actions to increase investments and to generate productive employment. Involving civil society in city planning and engaging the private sector in urban infrastructure services are also key ingredients of a competitive and successful city. As part of the Bank's knowledge dissemination series, this document exhibits the Latin American and Caribbean experience in terms of urbanization, the identification of the challenges posed by this trend, the IDB's approach to promote the sustainability of LAC mid-size urban centers, the lessons learned from how those challenges are being solved, and their impact on medium-term sustainability of cities and their quality of life.

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