Articoli di riviste: "Mixed relay"

1

Ryu, Jong Yeol, e Jung Hoon Lee. "Trust Degree-Based MISO Cooperative Communications with Two Relay Nodes". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (1 gennaio 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7927358.

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In this paper, we propose transmission strategies in multiple-input-single-output (MISO) cooperative communications with two relay nodes in cases when the relay nodes have different trust degrees, where the trust degrees represent how much the relay nodes can be trusted for cooperation. For the given trust degrees and channel conditions, we first derive a relay selection strategy that maximizes the expected achievable rate. We then propose a cooperative transmission strategy of relays with an optimal cooperative beamforming vector that maximizes the expected achievable rate, which is a linear combination of weighted channel vectors. Finally, we derive the optimal transmission strategy, which is a mixed strategy between the relay selection and cooperative transmission strategies with respect to the trust degrees. Our analysis and numerical results show that the proposed transmission strategies increase the expected achievable rate by exploiting the trust degrees of the relay nodes, along with the channel conditions.

2

Matthews, Ronald C., Trupal R. Patel, Adam K. Summers, Matthew J. Reno e Shamina Hossain-McKenzie. "Per-Phase and 3-Phase Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Genetic Algorithm". Energies 14, n. 6 (18 marzo 2021): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061699.

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Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coordination concerns, particularly where they are utilized in an unbalanced manner or where loading among phases is unbalanced. Digital relays such as the SEL-751 (produced by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA) series have the capability of being set on a per-phase basis. This capability is underutilized in common practice. Additionally, in optimization algorithms for determining relay settings, the time-overcurrent characteristics (TOCs) of relays are generally not treated as variables and are assigned before running the optimization algorithm. In this paper, TOC options themselves are treated as discrete variables to be considered in the optimization algorithm. A mixed integer nonlinear programming problem (MINLP) is set up where the goal is to minimize relay operating times. A genetic algorithm (GA) approach is implemented in MATLAB where two cases are considered. In the first case, the TOC and Time dial setting (TDS) of each relay is set on a three-phase basis. In the second case, per-phase settings are considered. Relay TDSs and TOCs are both considered as simultaneous discrete control variables. Despite the stochastic nature of using per-phase settings for unbalanced systems is found to generally allow for shorter operating times. However, for relatively balanced systems, it is best to use three-phase settings if computation time is of importance.

3

Amjad, Maliha, Ashfaq Ahmed, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Awais, Waleed Ejaz e Alagan Anpalagan. "Resource Management in Energy Harvesting Cooperative IoT Network under QoS Constraints". Sensors 18, n. 10 (20 ottobre 2018): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103560.

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Cooperative communication with RF energy harvesting relays has emerged as a promising technique to improve the reliability, coverage, longevity and capacity of future IoT networks. An efficient relay assignment with proper power allocation and splitting is required to satisfy the network’s QoS requirements. This work considers the resource management problem in decode and forward relay based cooperative IoT network. A realistic mathematical model is proposed for joint user admission, relay assignment, power allocation and splitting ratio selection problem. The optimization problem is a mixed integer non-linear problem (MINLP) whose objective is to maximize the overall sum rate (bps) while satisfying the practical network constraints. Further, an outer approximation algorithm is adopted which provides epsilon-optimal solution to the problem with guaranteed convergence and reasonable complexity. Simulations of the proposed solution are carried out for various network scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that cooperative communication with diversity achieves a better admission of IoT users and increases not only their individual data rates but also the overall sum rate of an IoT network.

4

Irfan, Muhammad, Seung-Ryle Oh e Sang-Bong Rhee. "An Effective Coordination Setting for Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Modified Harris Hawk Optimization". Electronics 10, n. 23 (2 dicembre 2021): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233007.

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The relay optimization expresses quite a challenge for smooth and optimal operation of power system networks. The relay optimization is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear problem and is highly constrained. Furthermore, a reliable relaying system must be able to detect and isolate the faulted portion in a timely manner. Therefore, it is necessary to find optimal parameters for relay settings to be able to respond in a timely way to the encountered fault and at the same time keep in consideration the operational and coordination constraints. This paper proposes modified Harris hawk optimization (MHHO), which is based on the intelligent preying tactics of Harris hawks and the improvement of intended modifications, crowding distance and roulette wheel selection. The proposed algorithm has been tested on IEEE 8 and 15-bus systems, using MATLAB programming. The test systems are the distribution networks covering the medium level voltage for consideration. The simulation results verified the success of MHHO to find optimal settings for the relays. For IEEE 8-bus system, MHHO was able to give 35.45% improvement in the results in comparison to other algorithms. Furthermore, for the IEEE 15-bus system, MHHO showed 24.09% improvement on average. The comparison of the results obtained by MHHO with the other state-of-the-art algorithms proved that it is the strong candidate for optimization of the relay coordination problem.

5

Rost, Peter, e Gerhard Fettweis. "Analysis of a Mixed Strategy for Multiple Relay Networks". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 55, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2008.2008154.

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Vergara, Hector A., e Sarah Root. "Mixed fleet dispatching in truckload relay network design optimization". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 54 (agosto 2013): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2013.04.001.

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7

Cao, Dongju, Wendong Yang e Gangyi Xu. "Joint Trajectory and Communication Design for Buffer-Aided Multi-UAV Relaying Networks". Applied Sciences 9, n. 24 (15 dicembre 2019): 5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245524.

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With the rapid development and evolvement of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, UAV aided wireless communication technology has been widely studied recently. In this paper, a buffer aided multi-UAV relaying network is investigated to assist blocked ground communication. According to the mobility and implementation flexibility of UAV relays, it is assumed that the communication link between air-to-ground is the Rician fading channel. On the basis of information causality, we derive the state change of the information in the buffer of UAV relays and maximize the end-to-end average throughput by join the relay selection, UAV transmit power, and UAV trajectory optimization. However, the considered problem is a mixed integer non-convex optimization problem, and therefore, it is difficult to solve directly with general optimization methods. In order to make the problem tractable, an efficient iterative algorithm based on the block coordinate descent and the successive convex optimization techniques is proposed. The convergence of the proposed algorithm will be verified analytically at the end of this paper. The simulation results show that by alternately optimizing the relay selection, UAV transmit power, and UAV trajectory, the proposed algorithm is able to achieve convergence quickly and significantly improve the average throughput, as compared to other benchmark schemes.

8

Rahman, Md, YoungDoo Lee e Insoo Koo. "Joint Relay Selection and Power Allocation through a Genetic Algorithm for Secure Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks". Sensors 18, n. 11 (14 novembre 2018): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113934.

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In cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRNs), there has been growing demand of transmitting secondary user (SU) source information secretly to the corresponding SU destination with the aid of cooperative SU relays. Efficient power allocation (PA) among SU relays and multi-relay selection (MRS) are a critical problem for operating such networks whereas the interference to the primary user receiver is being kept below a tolerable level and the transmission power requirements of the secondary users are being satisfied. Subsequently, in the paper, we develop the problem to solve the optimal solution for PA and MRS in a collaborative amplify-and-forward-based CCRNs, in terms of maximizing the secrecy rate (SR) of the networks. It is found that the problem is a mixed integer programming problem and difficult to be solved. To cope with this difficulty, we propose a meta-heuristic genetic algorithm-based MRS and PA scheme to maximize the SR of the networks while satisfying transmission power and the interference requirements of the networks. Our simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme achieves near-optimal SR performance, compared to the exhaustive search scheme, and provides a significant SR improvement when compared with some conventional relay selection schemes with equal power allocation.

9

Qiu, Xiao, Blanca De la Fuente, Alberto Lorenzo e Santiago Veiga. "Comparison of Starts and Turns between Individual and Relay Swimming Races". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 9 (29 aprile 2021): 4740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094740.

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The present study investigated swimmers’ performances on the starting and turning segments between individual and relay races. A total number of 72 race performances of the same swimmers in both relay 4 × 100 m finals (freestyle, medley, and mixed freestyle) and individual 100 m finals or semi-finals (butterfly, breaststroke, and freestyle) from the LEN European Swimming Championships were compared with repeated measures MANOVA. Swimmers performed 5–7% faster starts in the relay than in the corresponding individual events, despite no differences in the flight phase and a lower performance (shorter distances and slower velocities) on the underwater start section. The 15 m turn times were slower in the butterfly relay races although no specific differences in the underwater parameters were observed. These results suggest that specific training of the starting and turning segments should be performed under relay conditions to optimise pacing and performance in the underwater sections.

10

Wang, Yi, Zhiwu Zhan e Zihe Shen. "On Secrecy Performance of SWIPT Energy-Harvesting Relay Jamming Based Mixed RF-FSO Systems". Photonics 9, n. 6 (25 maggio 2022): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060374.

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This paper proposes a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) energy-harvesting relay jamming based mixed RF/FSO system, and studies its security performance optimization in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this work, the RF and FSO channels experience Nakagami-m fading distribution and Málaga(M) turbulence, respectively. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is presented in the system, and the effect of pointing errors is considered. The presence of a nearby single antenna eavesdropper that attempts to eavesdrop on the transmission is also modeled. In order to prevent eavesdropping, the relay introduces the SWIPT structure to control information delivery and wireless energy recharging. The closed expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF/FSO system are derived for the above system model. In addition, the closed-form expression of the asymptotic results for SOP and ASC are derived when signal-to-noise ratios at relay and legitimate destinations tend to infinity. The correctness of these expressions is verified using the Monte Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the safety performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that the safety performance of the system is considerably improved under good weather conditions as well as by increasing the signal-interference noise ratio, number of interferer antennas, power distribution factor and energy conversion efficiency. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of the mixed RF/FSO system.

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A. S. M. Adnan, M. H. Hussain, S. R. A. Rahim, A. Azmi, I. Musirin e J. A. Radziyan. "Particle Swarm Optimization for Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination with Distributed Generation". Applied Mathematics and Computational Intelligence (AMCI) 13, No.1 (14 febbraio 2024): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/amci.v13ino.1.560.

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The Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) Coordination with Distributed Generation (DG) optimization problem is addressed in this study using the optimization method Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Changes in fault current, bus voltages, power flow, and reliability may result from DG integration. Thus, it might have an impact on the current protection coordination system. The formulation is built on a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) problem to address this DOCR issue. MATLAB was used to validate the technique on the IEEE-14 bus system, and Electrical Test Transient Analyzer Programming (ETAP) version 2021 software was used to model the test system. According to the simulation results, the suggested PSO with DG for Case 2 has reduced power loss by 6.24% and relay operating time by 46.79% when compared to PSO without the presence of DG.

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Gueye, Ibrahima, Ibra Dioum, Idy Diop, K. Wane Keita, Papis Ndiaye, Moussa Diallo e Sidi Mohamed Farssi. "Performance of Hybrid RF/FSO Cooperative Systems Based on Quasicyclic LDPC Codes and Space-Coupled LDPC Codes". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (30 dicembre 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814588.

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Free space optical (FSO) communication systems provide wireless line of sight connectivity in the unlicensed spectrum, and wireless optical communication achieves higher data rates compared to their radio frequency (RF) counterparts. FSO systems are particularly attractive for last mile access problem by bridging fiber optic backbone connectivity to RF access networks. To cope with this practical deployment scenario, there has been increasing attention to the so-called dual-hop (RF/FSO) systems where RF transmission is used at a hop followed by FSO transmission to another. In this article, we study the performance of cooperative transmission systems using a mixed RF-FSO DF (decode and forward) relay using error-correcting codes including QC-LDPC codes at the relay level. The FSO link is modeled by the gamma-gamma distribution, and the RF link is modeled by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) model. Another innovation in this article is the use of cooperative systems using a mixed FSO/RF DF relay using quasicyclic low-density parity check (QC-LDPC) codes at the relay level. We also use the space-coupled low-density parity check (SC-LDPC) codes on the same scheme to show its importance in cooperative optical transmission but also in hybrid RF/FSO transmission. The latter will be compared with QC-LDPC codes. The use of mixed RF/FSO cooperative transmission systems can improve the reliability and transmission of information in networks. The results demonstrate an improvement in the performance of the cooperative RF/FSO DF system based on QC-LDPC and SC-LDPC codes compared to RF/FSO systems without the use of codes, but also to the DF systems proposed in the existing literature.

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Sharma, Nikhil, Ankur Bansal e Parul Garg. "Relay selection in mixed RF/FSO system using DF relaying". Photonic Network Communications 33, n. 2 (17 maggio 2016): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0637-0.

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Quagliarotti, Claudio, Daniele Gaiola, Luca Bianchini, Veronica Vleck e Maria Francesca Piacentini. "How to Form a Successful Team for the Novel Olympic Triathlon Discipline: The Mixed-Team-Relay". Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 7, n. 2 (2 giugno 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020046.

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The triathlon Mixed-Team-Relay (MTR) is a new race format present for the first time at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2021. The results of the ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championship from 2014 to 2019 were collected to provide practical suggestions for forming a successful MTR, such as the importance of each leg and discipline on MTR and Super-Sprint performance. The total relay time (Trelay), the time of each team member (leg-from 1 to 4) (Tleg), and the time of each single discipline (swim, T1, cycle, T2, run) were collected from the official website. Inferential analysis was performed to assess prediction and differences between variables. Leg 3 was shown to be the most important to predict Trelay (0.41), which is also the slower. For both Trelay and Tleg, cycling resulted as the most important (>0.60) and longer (~52%) portion, followed by running and swimming. However, higher importance in swimming was found in successful teams compared to running. For a successful MTR, we suggest: (a) use short-distance specialized triathletes; (b) strengthen cycling and swimming; (c) position in legs 1 and 2 athletes capable of racing in a group; in legs 3 and 4 athletes capable of racing in a non-drafting situation.

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Jhangiani-Jashanmal, Iman T., Ryo Yamamoto, Nur Zeynep Gungor e Denis Paré. "Electroresponsive properties of rat central medial thalamic neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 115, n. 3 (1 marzo 2016): 1533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00982.2015.

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The central medial thalamic (CMT) nucleus is a poorly known component of the middle thalamic complex that relays nociceptive inputs to the basolateral amygdala and cingulate cortex and plays a critical role in the control of awareness. The present study was undertaken to characterize the electroresponsive properties of CMT neurons. Similar to relay neurons found throughout the dorsal thalamus, CMT cells assumed tonic or burst-firing modes, depending on their membrane potentials (Vm). However, they showed little evidence of the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cationic conductance (IH)-mediated inward rectification usually displayed by dorsal thalamic relay cells at hyperpolarized Vm. Two subtypes of CMT neurons were identified when comparing their responses with depolarization applied from negative potentials. Some cells generated a low-threshold spike burst followed by tonic firing, whereas others remained silent after the initial burst, irrespective of the amount of depolarizing current injected. Equal proportions of the two cell types were found among neurons retrogradely labeled from the basolateral amygdala. Their morphological properties were heterogeneous but distinct from the classical bushy relay cell type that prevails in most of the dorsal thalamus. We propose that the marginal influence of IH in CMT relative to other dorsal thalamic nuclei has significant network-level consequences. Because IH promotes the genesis of highly coherent delta oscillations in thalamocortical networks during sleep, these oscillations may be weaker or less coherent in CMT. Consequently, delta oscillations would be more easily disrupted by peripheral inputs, providing a potential mechanism for the reported role of CMT in eliciting arousal from sleep or anesthesia.

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Varotsos, GeorgeK, Hector E. Nistazakis, Argyris N. Stassinakis, Christos K. Volos, Vasileios Christofilakis e George S. Tombras. "Mixed Topology of DF Relayed Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links with Generalized Pointing Errors over Turbulence Channels". Technologies 6, n. 4 (17 dicembre 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6040121.

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This study investigated the outage performance of a terrestrial FSO communication system that uses mixed series and parallel decode-and-forward (DF) relay-assisted (i.e., cooperative diversity) configurations, taking into account the influence of both atmospheric turbulence and pointing error effects. Turbulence-induced optical signal fading is modeled by gamma-gamma or the negative exponential distribution for weak to strong and saturated turbulence conditions, respectively. Additionally, weak to strong non-zero boresight misalignment-induced optical signal fading is modeled by the generalized Beckmann distribution. Under these conditions, an outage analysis of the examined FSO system is performed, in terms of both outage probability and mean outage duration metrics. Thus, fairly accurate closed-form mathematical expressions for both performance metrics are derived, while their corresponding analytical results demonstrate concrete performance and availability improvements for the total FSO system, especially when the number of the connected in parallel DF relays increases. Moreover, the obtained results are verified through the corresponding simulation results.

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Dixit, Dharmendra, e P. R. Sahu. "Performance of Regenerative Relay-Assisted D2D Communication in Mixed Fading Channels". IEEE Communications Letters 22, n. 4 (aprile 2018): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2798670.

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Wang, Zhuo, Wenxiao Shi, Wei Liu, Yan Zhao e Kai Kang. "Performance analysis of full duplex relay assisted mixed RF/FSO system". Optics Communications 474 (novembre 2020): 126170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126170.

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Sharma, Nikhil, Ankur Bansal e Parul Garg. "Relay selection in mixed RF/FSO system over generalized channel fading". Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 28, n. 4 (5 gennaio 2016): e3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.3010.

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Wang, Hongmei, Yinchun Wang e Meng Wu. "Secrecy Rate of Resource-Constrained Mobile Relay Model under Two-Way Wiretap Channel". Applied Sciences 11, n. 21 (22 ottobre 2021): 9866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219866.

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Relay communication is emerging as a promising solution to improving the reliability of long-distance communication systems. However, transmitting data in a secure way is challenging due to the possibility of eavesdroppers wiretapping such systems. To address the challenge, this paper proposes a joint secure transmission and graph mobility model. With the proposed model, the secrecy rate of the resource-constrained two-way wiretap channel mobile relay system is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Furthermore, efficient algorithms that achieve a local optimal solution are derived. Numerical results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed algorithms.

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Han, Hyun-Hee, e Han-Nae Yu. "An empirical study of temporal variables and their correlations in spoken and sign language relay interpreting". APTIF 9 - Reality vs. Illusion 66, n. 4-5 (16 ottobre 2020): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00191.yu.

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Abstract This study describes the temporal aspects of relay interpreting by a mixed team of spoken and sign language interpreters in order to identify the characteristics of spoken and sign language relay interpreting and to help spoken language interpreters better understand the difference between the two types. The study quantitatively analyzes five time variables (speaking time, word count, ear-voice-span (EVS), tail-to-tail span (TTS), and pause), and their correlations. The temporal aspects of spoken and relay interpretation in sign language are as follows: (1) sign language interpretation requires more words to transfer the same amount of information as spoken language interpretation; (2) sign language interpreters have a shorter EVS than spoken language interpreters; (3) the simultaneity of spoken and relay sign language interpretation is more affected by TTS than by EVS, because spoken language TTS has a high correlation with speech time and word count in sign language interpretation; 4) sign language interpreters actively use the pauses between sentences of spoken language interpreters for target language (TL) production; 5) sign language interpreters produce more words for a shorter period of time than spoken language interpreters.

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Kennedy, Michael D., Scott C. Forbes e Joao Henrique Falk Neto. "Does The Mixed Relay Triathlon Affect Respiratory Function In Healthy Junior Triathletes?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, n. 7S (luglio 2020): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000670652.98673.e8.

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Chen, Li, e Weidong Wang. "Multi-diversity combining and selection for relay-assisted mixed RF/FSO system". Optics Communications 405 (dicembre 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.07.001.

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Huang, Sheng-Qiang, Hsiao-Hwa Chen e Meng-Ying Lee. "Mixed AF and DF cooperative relay systems and their performance bounds analyses". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 14, n. 13 (10 aprile 2012): 1204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2214.

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Lee, Seung-Jae, Kyu-Woong Choi, Eung-Joon Kim e Hoy-Sik Kim. "Analysis of mixed medley relay performance in 2022 Budapest World Swimming Championship". Sports Science 41, n. 2 (31 agosto 2023): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46394/iss.41.2.14.

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Liu, Kai Ming, Chun Qing Ruan, Yuan An Liu, Xiao Yu Cheng e Fang Liu. "An Efficient Joint Subcarrier Pairing and Resource Allocation for Multi-Relay OFDM Systems". Applied Mechanics and Materials 696 (novembre 2014): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.696.207.

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For multi-relay orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, efficient subcarrier pairing and resource allocation are significant to boost the system performance. We study the joint optimization problem of subcarrier assignment, subcarrier pairing and power allocation, to maximize the system transmission rate under a total power constraint. Many previous works formulate such a problem as a mixed integer programming problem, then transform it into a convex optimization problem by continuous relaxation and pair all the subcarriers using Hungarian method, which requires high computation complexity. In this paper, we assign each subcarrier in both hops to the relay that has the highest channel gain on that subcarrier. Since the numbers of subcarriers assigned to each relay in both hops, denoted as n1(k) and n2(k), are probably different, we first sort the subcarriers in descending order and pair the front min {n1(k),n2(k)} subcarriers assigned to each relay in sorted way, then we assign and pair the remaining subcarriers using Hungarian method. Due to the decrease of matrix dimensions when using Hungarian method, the computation complexity of the suboptimal algorithm is reduced. Simulation results show that the suboptimal algorithm provides the similar performance to that of the optimal algorithm with much lower computation complexity.

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XU, Wei, Jian-hua ZHANG e Ping ZHANG. "Performance of transmit diversity assisted amplify-and-forward relay system with partial relay selection in mixed Rayleigh and Rician fading channels". Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 18, n. 5 (ottobre 2011): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(10)60100-8.

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Shen, Yanyan, Shuqiang Wang e Zhiming Wei. "Joint Subchannel Pairing and Power Control for Cognitive Radio Networks with Amplify-and-Forward Relaying". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/380106.

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Dynamic spectrum sharing has drawn intensive attention in cognitive radio networks. The secondary users are allowed to use the available spectrum to transmit data if the interference to the primary users is maintained at a low level. Cooperative transmission for secondary users can reduce the transmission power and thus improve the performance further. We study the joint subchannel pairing and power allocation problem in relay-based cognitive radio networks. The objective is to maximize the sum rate of the secondary user that is helped by an amplify-and-forward relay. The individual power constraints at the source and the relay, the subchannel pairing constraints, and the interference power constraints are considered. The problem under consideration is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem. By the dual decomposition method, a joint optimal subchannel pairing and power allocation algorithm is proposed. To reduce the computational complexity, two suboptimal algorithms are developed. Simulations have been conducted to verify the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of sum rate and average running time under different conditions.

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Jabeen, Tayyaba, Zain Ali, Wali Ullah Khan, Furqan Jameel, Imran Khan, Guftaar Ahmad Sardar Sidhu e Bong Jun Choi. "Joint Power Allocation and Link Selection for Multi-Carrier Buffer Aided Relay Network". Electronics 8, n. 6 (18 giugno 2019): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060686.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this paper, we present a joint power allocation and adaptive link selection protocol for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based network consists of one source node i.e., base station (BS), one destination node i.e., (MU) and a buffer aided decode and forward (DF) relay node. Our objective is to maximize the average throughput of the system via power loading over different subcarriers at source and relay nodes. A separate power budget is assumed at each transmitting node to make the system more practical. In order to form our solution more tractable, a decomposition framework is implemented to solve the mixed integer optimization problem. Further, less complex suboptimal approaches have also been presented and simulation results are provided to endorse the efficiency of our designed algorithms.

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Luo, Haoren, Chenhao Sun, Hao Xu, Jianhong Su e Yujia Wang. "A Setting Optimization Ensemble for a Distributed Power Grid Protective Relay". Applied Sciences 14, n. 6 (8 marzo 2024): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062278.

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To ensure a stable and reliable power supply, the valid and timely response of protective relays are indispensable. Through the prevention of fault expansions, potential equipment damage or system collapse can be averted, where their setting is one vital prerequisite for such effective implementations. However, the increasing complexity of distribution power systems results in more challenges for protection tuning strategies. Ergo, this paper presents an ensemble that combines the independent factor evaluation (IFE) and quantum genetic optimization (QGO) models to further optimize the performance of relays according to their distributed tuning environment. In this ensemble, both near and far-end fault characteristics can be incorporated. In the first stage, the IFE dimensional reduction model is deployed for massive heterogeneous input data, where the statistical independence of input signals is calculated, the linear transformation matrix to decouple mixed signals is found, the linear combination of such signals is formed, and the non-Gaussian property to sort them is established. This can ameliorate the following calculation efficiency under those high-dimensional data scenarios. Subsequently, the QGO model is designed to further improve relay settings, where qubit representation is built to reduce required chromosomes, the linear superposition of the optimal solution probability in different states is implemented for a better diversity and convergence performance, and a self-adaption quantum gate is established to dynamically update the qubit chromosome groups and two-state solution combinations. Lastly, an empirical case study is presented, which validates the enhanced convergence, accuracy, and rapidity of the proposed ensemble.

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REVELO SARANGO, ROSALIA BELEN, e ALEX VALENZUELA. "ADAPTIVE COORDINATION OF DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SUBTRANSMISSION LINES CONSIDERING THE INFEED EFFECT". DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD 11, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2022): [12 p.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es10264.

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ABSTRACT: This article describes an algorithm for an adaptive distance protection in a sub-transmission system considering operating conditions with changes in the topology due to an abnormal condition, electrical failure or a natural disaster, includes the effect of adjacent generation in the distance relay protection zones, with the incorporation of renewable energies in mixed participation. Two scenarios are proposed, in the first case occurred a contingency, and the transmission systems changes the initial topology. Protections are automatically reparametrized. The second case includes the income of renewable energy generation in a specific point of power electrical Systems. Protections are automatically recalculated. The objective of an automatic coordination permit to operator to restore the sensitivity, selectivity and reliability the electrical protection system in the lowest time. Keywords: Adaptive distance relay, renewable energy, distance protection, infeed effect..)

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Petkovic, Milica I., Aleksandra M. Cvetkovic, Goran T. Djordjevic e George K. Karagiannidis. "Partial Relay Selection With Outdated Channel State Estimation in Mixed RF/FSO Systems". Journal of Lightwave Technology 33, n. 13 (1 luglio 2015): 2860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2416972.

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Sutton, Larry D., Stacey Froelich, H. Stewart Hendrickson e Daniel M. Quinn. "Cholesterol esterase catalyzed hydrolysis of mixed micellar thiophosphatidylcholines: a possible charge-relay mechanism". Biochemistry 30, n. 24 (18 giugno 1991): 5888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00238a012.

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Javadi, Mohammad Sadegh, Ali Esmaeel Nezhad, Amjad Anvari-Moghadam e Josep M. Guerrero. "Hybrid mixed-integer non-linear programming approach for directional over-current relay coordination". Journal of Engineering 2019, n. 18 (1 luglio 2019): 4743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.9346.

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Cho, Woong. "Resource Allocation for Two-relay Networks with Mixed Relaying Protocol in Line Topology". International Journal of Control and Automation 10, n. 4 (30 aprile 2017): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijca.2017.10.4.16.

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Sahu, Hemanta Kumar, e P. R. Sahu. "Quadrature space shift keying performance with dual-hop AF relay over mixed fading". International Journal of Communication Systems 32, n. 11 (2 maggio 2019): e3969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.3969.

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Do, Dinh-Thuan, e Tu-Trinh Thi Nguyen. "Impacts of relay and direct links at destinations in full-duplex non-orthogonal multiple access system". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, n. 1 (1 aprile 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i1.pp269-277.

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In this study, one of effective methods of multiple access, namely non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is investigated. Such NOMA scheme can be worked with signal processing at downlink side. As such, the base station sends mixed signals of two signals to destinations. A near user could be a relay to forward the signal to the distant user by leveraging benefits of full-duplex mode which allows relay to transmit and receive signals in the same time. For simple analysis, the two-user approach and fixed power allocation factors are implemented. We also derive formulas of the outage probability of two users (near-user and far-user) to indicate fairness and emphasize the role of the near user as a relay. This considered NOMA system adopts transmission with Nakagami-m fading channel. As a further metric, throughput is considered under the impacts of key system parameters. The transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the base station make influences the performance of two users significantly as observation indicated in our simulation results. These results are confirmed by matching Monte-Carlo with the theoretical simulations.

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Egliston, Ben, e Marcus Carter. "‘The interface of the future’: Mixed reality, intimate data and imagined temporalities". Big Data & Society 9, n. 1 (gennaio 2022): 205395172110636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20539517211063689.

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This article examines discourses about mixed reality as a data-rich sensing technology – specifically, engaging with discourses of time as framed by developers, engineers and in corporate PR and marketing in a range of public facing materials. We focus on four main settings in which mixed reality is imagined to be used, and in which time was a dominant discursive theme – (1) the development of mixed reality by big tech companies, (2) the use of mixed reality for defence, (3) mixed reality as a technology for control of populations in civil society and (4) mixed reality as a technology used in workplace settings. Across these settings, the broad narrative is that mixed reality technologies afford overwhelmingly positive benefits like efficiency and security through their capture, relay and rendition of data (about the environment, about the body etc.) – affording a form of anticipatory power to the user. The framing of temporality, we argue, is underlain by social and political values, which represent certain interests, but leave others out in the imagination of mixed reality's technological advance.

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Govindaiah, G., e Charles L. Cox. "Excitatory Actions of Dopamine Via D1-Like Receptors in the Rat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus". Journal of Neurophysiology 94, n. 6 (dicembre 2005): 3708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00583.2005.

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The excitability of relay neurons in the dorsal geniculate nucleus (dLGN) can be altered by a variety of neuromodulators. The dLGN receives substantial dopaminergic input from the brain stem, and this innervation may play a crucial role in the gating of visual information from the retina to visual neocortex. In this study, we investigated the action of dopamine on identified dLGN neurons using whole cell recording techniques. Dopamine (2–200 μM) produced a membrane depolarization in >95% of relay neurons tested but did not alter excitability of dLGN interneurons. The D1-like dopamine receptor agonist SKF38393 (2–50 μM) produced a similar depolarization in dLGN relay neurons. However, the D2-like receptor agonists, bromocriptine (25–50 μM) and PPHT (1–50 μM), did not alter the membrane potential of relay neurons. SCH23390 (5–10 μM), a D1-like receptor antagonist, attenuated the depolarizing actions of both dopamine and SKF38393 . Furthermore, the excitatory actions of dopamine and SKF38393 were attenuated by ZD7288, a specific antagonist for the hyperpolarization activated mixed cation current, Ih. Our data suggest that dopamine, acting via D1-like receptors, activates Ih leading to a membrane depolarization. Through the modulation of dLGN neuronal excitability, ascending and descending activating systems may not only control the state of the thalamus such as the transition from slow-wave sleep to waking but also regulate the efficacy of information transfer during waking states.

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Remphrey, William R., e Linda P. Pearn. "Crown development of a clone of Populus tremuloides exhibiting "crooked" architecture and a comparison with wild-type trees". Canadian Journal of Botany 81, n. 4 (1 aprile 2003): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-028.

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Populus tremuloides Michx. (trembling aspen) is a tree species native to much of North America and is normally ascribed to the architectural model of Rauh, characterized by an excurrent crown structure with a central main stem and orthotropic branches. A mutant clone of trembling aspen is located near Hafford, Saskatchewan, exhibiting an architecture with crooked and twisted tree trunks. It was the objective of the present study to determine how the architectural development of the crooked clone differed from the wild type. In a study conducted over a 5-year period, four mutant trees were compared with four young wild-type aspen in the Winnipeg, Manitoba, area. Based on detailed quantitative data, it was determined that the architecture of the crooked clone of aspen differs greatly from the wild type. The trees are built by the continuous superposition of vigorous relay shoots with a mixed orientation, that is, shoots that take over the main growth of the tree, and have a more or less upright basal part and a horizontal to pendulous distal part. The development of the crookedness starts with the bending of the relay shoots, mostly in relation to the gravitational direction, which is followed in the subsequent years by various gravimorphic responses. In particular, the longest lateral shoots on a parent relay shoot occur in the middle regions, and the tip of the parent relay shoot generally loses vigour over time. The parent shoot may die back to the junction with a daughter relay shoot, causing a sharp bend at that point. Moreover, the divergence angles of relay shoots with the parent shoots were shown to be greater than in wild-type aspen, and this appears to exacerbate the crookedness. The new relay shoot may actually grow back towards the centre of the crown, opposite to the direction of growth of the parent. The results of this study demonstrate how a quantitative change in one architectural character can set in motion a series of developmental processes that result in a vastly different crown structure from the wild type.Key words: Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen, architecture, crooked clone.

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Yuan, Jia, Xiaoyi Wang, Meng Jin, Wenyi Liu, Ruihuan Wu, Zhongchao Wei, Dongmei Deng e Hongzhan Liu. "A Novel System of Mixed RF/FSO UAV Communication Based on MRR and RIS by Adopting Hybrid Modulation". Photonics 9, n. 6 (26 maggio 2022): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060379.

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In this paper, we propose a mixed radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication system, based on modulating retro-reflector (MRR) and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which adopts the hybrid L-ary pulse position modulation-binary phase shift keying-subcarrier intensity modulation (L-PPM-BPSK-SIM). More specifically, the RF channel follows Rayleigh distribution, while the FSO channel obeys Gamma–Gamma distribution that considers atmospheric turbulence and pointing error. For decode-and-forward (DF) relay, the MRR is installed on the UAV to reduce its weight, size, and power consumption. In particular, the RIS is used as user terminal along with the RF signal generator to achieve signal enhancement. Based on this, closed expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate (BER) and average channel capacity of the end-to-end uplink and downlink are derived. Numerical results confirm that while the relay limitation is solved by MRR, RIS significantly reduces the outage probability and average BER as well as obviously increases the average channel capacity. Furthermore, the hybrid L-PPM-BPSK-SIM with average symbol length greater than eight can effectively improve the average BER performance of the system.

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Li, Jianli, Martha E. Bickford e William Guido. "Distinct Firing Properties of Higher Order Thalamic Relay Neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 90, n. 1 (luglio 2003): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01163.2002.

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It has been proposed that the thalamus is composed of at least two types of nuclei. First-order relay nuclei transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex while higher order nuclei may route information from one cortical area to another. Although much is known about the functional properties of relay neurons in first-order nuclei, little is known about relay neurons belonging to higher-order nuclei. We investigated the electrophysiological properties of relay cells in a higher-order thalamic nucleus using in vitro intracellular recordings from thalamic slices of the rat's lateral posterior nucleus (LPN). We found neurons of the LPN possess many of the same membrane properties as first-order relay neurons. These included low-threshold calcium spikes ( IT) and burst firing, a mixed cation conductance ( IH) that prevented membrane hyperpolarization, and a transient K+ conductance that delayed spike firing ( IA). The repetitive firing characteristics of LPN neurons were more distinct. One group of cells, located in the more caudal regions of the LPN responded to depolarizing current pulses with a train of action potentials or in a regular spiking (RS) mode. This form of firing showed a steep but highly linear increase in firing frequency with increasing levels of membrane depolarization. Another group of cells, located in the more rostral regions of the LPN, responded to depolarizing current pulses with clusters of high-frequency bursts or in a clustered spiking (CS) mode. The overall firing frequency rose nonlinearly with membrane depolarization, but the frequency of a given burst remained relatively constant. The caudal LPN receives input from the superior colliculus, whereas the rostral LPN receives input from layers V and VI of the visual cortex. Thus the RS and CS cells may be driven by subcortical and cortical inputs respectively, and the distinct temporal properties of their response modes may be a necessary component of the LPN circuitry.

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Assefa, Endeshew, e Yayeh Bitew. "Enhancing the land use efficiency of low-land rice (Oryza sativa L.)—Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) additive series relay intercropping in North-Western Ethiopia: A farmer’s indigenous knowledge". PLOS ONE 18, n. 7 (6 luglio 2023): e0281410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281410.

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In Ethiopia, the facts of farmers’ indigenous knowledge-based cropping systems have rarely been investigated through research. A field experiment was conducted during 2021/2022 main cropping season at Fogera Plain with the objective of examining the effect of additive series relay intercropping of grass pea with lowland rice on the grain yield of the component crops and the production efficiency of the cropping system. The experiment consisted of a factorial combination of four seed proportions of grass pea (SPGP) (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended seed rate of sole grass pea) relay intercropped with full seed rates of rice in four rice: grass pea spatial arrangements (SA) (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and their mixed relay intercropping system). The treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Data on grain yields of the component crops were collected and analysed using SAS-JMP-16 software. Results revealed that SPGP and SA had no significant effect on rice. The highest grain yield of grass pea was obtained when 25% SPGP was relay intercropped with rice in 1:3 SA (5.10 t ha-1). Maximum production efficiency in terms of total land output yield (9.89 t ha-1) and land use efficiency (ATER = 1.33), net benefit (33, 5176.79 Birr ha-1), marginal rate of return (21,428%), and positive monetary advantage index with lower competitive ratio was obtained when 50% SPGP was relay intercropped with rice in 1:3 SA. Thus, this mixture seems to contribute to the development of sustainable crop production with a limited use of external inputs. Rice intercropping with other staple legume crops under residual soil moisture needs to be tested across locations and years to intensify the production efficiency and profitability of the cropping system.

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Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad, Jung-In Baik, Hyoung-Kyu Song, Muhammad Adnan e Waqar Majeed Awan. "Spectral Efficiency Maximization for Mixed-Structure Cognitive Radio Hybrid Wideband Millimeter-Wave Transceivers in Relay-Assisted Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems". Sensors 24, n. 12 (7 giugno 2024): 3713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123713.

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This paper proposes a cognitive radio network (CRN)-based hybrid wideband precoding for maximizing spectral efficiency in millimeter-wave relay-assisted multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The underlying problem is NP-hard and non-convex due to the joint optimization of hybrid processing components and the constant amplitude constraint imposed by the analog beamformer in the radio frequency (RF) domain. Furthermore, the analog beamforming solution common to all sub-carriers adds another layer of design complexity. Two hybrid beamforming architectures, i.e., mixed and fully connected ones, are taken into account to tackle this problem, considering the decode-and-forward (DF) relay node. To reduce the complexity of the original optimization problem, an attempt is made to decompose it into sub-problems. Leveraging this, each sub-problem is addressed by following a decoupled design methodology. The phase-only beamforming solution is derived to maximize the sum of spectral efficiency, while digital baseband processing components are designed to keep interference within a predefined limit. Computer simulations are conducted by changing system parameters under different accuracy levels of channel-state information (CSI), and the obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Additionally, the mixed structure shows better energy efficiency performance compared to its counterparts and outperforms benchmarks.

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Yan, Zhu, Xi Ne You e Ran Yan. "Mixed Communication Method on the Grid-Based for Wireless Sensor Networks". Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (ottobre 2014): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.417.

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When senors transmit their data to the sink via multi-hop communication, the sensors closer to the sink are burdened with heavy relay traffic and tend to die early. On the contrary, if all sensors transmit datas to the sink via single-hop communication, the sensors further from the sink will die much more quickly than those closer to the sink. In this paper, we first develop an analytical model to derive the optimal cluster radius. Then we propose a mixed communication method on grid-based where the sensors can transmit data to the sink in either single-hop or multi-hop. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments and show that our method outperforms LEACH and HEED in terms of network lifetime by balancing energy consumption.

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Dai, Jing Guo, e Hui Yong Yuan. "Mixed Communication Method on the Grid-Based for Wireless Sensor Networks". Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (ottobre 2014): 1797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.1797.

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When senors transmit their data to the sink via multi-hop communication, the sensors closer to the sink are burdened with heavy relay traffic and tend to die early. On the contrary, if all sensors transmit datas to the sink via single-hop communication, the sensors further from the sink will die much more quickly than those closer to the sink. In this paper, we first develop an analytical model to derive the optimal cluster radius. Then we propose a mixed communication method on grid-based where the sensors can transmit data to the sink in either single-hop or multi-hop. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments and show that our method outperforms LEACH and HEED in terms of network lifetime by balancing energy consumption.

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Xue, Rui, Lu Han e Huisi Chai. "Complex Field Network Coding for Multi-Source Multi-Relay Single-Destination UAV Cooperative Surveillance Networks". Sensors 20, n. 6 (11 marzo 2020): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061542.

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Relay-based cooperative communication for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks can obtain spatial diversity gains, expand coverage, and potentially increase the network capacity. A multi-source multi-relay single-destination structure is the main topology structure for UAV cooperative surveillance networks, which is similar to the structure of network coding (NC). Compared with conventional NC schemes, complex field network coding (CFNC) can achieve a higher throughput and is introduced to surveillance networks in this paper. According to whether there is a direct communication link between any source drone and the destination, the information transfer mechanism at the downlink is set to one of two modes, either mixed or relay transmission, and two corresponding irregular topology structures for CFNC-based networks are proposed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results with an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel show that the CFNC obtains a throughput as high as 1/2 symbol per source per channel use. Moreover, the CFNC applied to the proposed irregular structures under the two transmission modes can achieve better reliability due to full diversity gain as compared to that based on the regular structure. Moreover, the reliability of the CFNC scheme can continue to be improved by combining channel coding and modulation techniques at the expense of rate loss.

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Das, Avijit Kumar, Shyamaprosad Goswami, Ching Kheng Quah e Hoong-Kun Fun. "Relay recognition of F−and a nerve-agent mimic diethyl cyano-phosphonate in mixed aqueous media: discrimination of diethyl cyanophosphonate and diethyl chlorophosphate by cyclization induced fluorescence enhancement". RSC Advances 6, n. 22 (2016): 18711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24392k.

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Kabilan, R., e G. Selvakumar. "Real Time Implementation of Neuro-Adaptive Fuzzy Inferences System for Automatic Condition Monitoring and Speed Control of IM". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2017): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6269.

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Aim of this paper describes an accelerometer based motor speed control system using ARM cortex processor in closed loop system. Here a three dimensional accelerometer is used as an input device for the motor fault. The output of accelerometer device is analog in nature. The speed control of the motor is done by the means of relay. The TIVA micro controller is used to receive data and control the motor speed depending on the vibration of the motor during fault. The fault signal is analysed through fuzzy logic controller based on MATLAB simulation and decision is feed to the controller for speed control. TIVA a mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments; Built around a 16-bit CPU, and is designed for low cost and low power consumption embedded applications. The speed of the motors is controlled by using a regulator connected relay circuit for different voltage tapping.

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Salhab, Anas M., e Liang Yang. "Mixed RF/FSO Relay Networks: RIS-Equipped RF Source vs RIS-Aided RF Source". IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 10, n. 8 (agosto 2021): 1712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2021.3077960.

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