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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Minority gays"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 27 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Minority gays"

Morales, Edward S. "Ethnic Minority Families and Minority Gays and Lesbians". Marriage & Family Review 14, n. 3-4 (14 dicembre 1989): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v14n03_11.

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Emily J. Kirk. "Minority Report: Cuban Gays in the International Media". International Journal of Cuban Studies 9, n. 1 (2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/intejcubastud.9.1.0117.

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Krok, Aleksandra, Zofia Kardasz e Aleksandra M. Rogowska. "Network Analysis of the Association between Minority Stress and Activism in LGB People from Poland". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, n. 7 (21 giugno 2024): 1853–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14070122.

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(1) Background: This paper presents an analysis of the associations between minority stressors and activism in the population of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in Poland. (2) Methods: The cross-sectional online-based research was conducted among 192 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people in two groups: activists (n = 51) and people not engaged in activism (n = 141). Four scales of the Sexual Minority Stress Scale were used: Internalized Homophobia, Expectation of Rejection, Concealment, and Sexual Minority Negative Events Scale. Activism was measured using the Activism Scale and a single item asking about belonging to an activist group. (3) Results: Activists, lesbians, and gays scored significantly higher in the Sexual Minority Negative Events than people not involved in activism and bisexual individuals. Attitude toward LGBT+ activism correlated weakly and positively with Sexual Minority Negative Events and Expectation of Rejection while negatively with Internalized Homophobia. The Network Analysis showed that positive attitudes toward LGBT+ activism, the expectation of rejection, and negative events in minority stress are the most influential variables in the network model, playing a crucial role in the interaction between particular dimensions of minority stress. (4) Conclusions: Prevention and intervention programs should focus on reducing minority stress, especially negative events and rejection, especially among lesbians, gays, and people engaged in LGBT+ activism. The cooperation of politicians, lawyers, social workers, and psychologists is required to decrease homophobia and the stigmatization of people representing sexual and gender minorities.

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Rudy, Rudy. "THE DEPICTION OF HOMOSEXUALITY IN AMERICAN MOVIES". Jurnal Humaniora 28, n. 1 (4 giugno 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v28i1.11502.

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This study focuses on the depiction of homosexuality in American films. It is intended to identify the images of gays depicted in American films as well as the characteristics of American gay movies. It incorporates library research by applying an analytical descriptive approach in analyzing the data. The symbol and reflective theory is used to analyze 18 American movies and 14 gay films from other countries in the early 2000s. It shows that gay films can attract audiences by describing gays as the objects for laughs; gays revealing their sexual identities; sexual scenes of gays; masculine gay men; and violence in gay life. They appear in genres like drama, comedy, romance, detective, western, and horror/mystery with two images of gay people shown in American gay movies; they are the portrait of gays as a minority and the pessimism. However, it also shows that some American gay films picture good gay life, happy gay couples, gay marriage, etc.

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Chandra, Jessica, Marselius Sampe Tondok e Soffy Balgies. "Indonesian Students’ Prejudice Against Homosexuals: Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Threat as Predictors". Humaniora 13, n. 3 (2 novembre 2022): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v13i3.8346.

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The research aimed to examine and explain the relationship between religious fundamentalism and intergroup threats toward undergraduate students’ prejudice against gays and lesbians. Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, a slogan about tolerance, is supposed to protect and enhance diversity in Indonesia. On the contrary, sexual minority groups, gays and lesbians, often accept stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination from the majority of Indonesian because they are considered against the religious values and morality of Indonesian. The research used a cross-sectional survey design with accidental sampling methods. The research subjects were students aged 18 to 24 years who studied at universities in Surabaya, identified as heterosexuals, and with diverse religious backgrounds (N = 414). The instruments used were the Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG), the Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS-12), and the Perceived Threat of Homosexuals (PTHS) Scale. Multiple regression analysis shows that religious fundamentalism and intergroup threat plays a significant role in explaining prejudice against gays and lesbians (R = 0,872; R² = 0,761; F = 654,817; p < 0,001). The role of intergroup threat as a predictor of prejudice against gays and lesbians is higher than religious fundamentalism.Additional analysis shows that academic discipline, contact, empathy, religion, and university characteristics affect students’ prejudice.

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Lajoie, Andrée, Éric Gélineau e Richard Janda. "When Silence Is no Longer Acquiescence: Gays and Lesbians under Canadian Law". Canadian journal of law and society 14, n. 01 (1999): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100005950.

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AbstractThis paper shows the role of the courts in the advancement of gay and lesbian rights to be restricted to intervening when three conditions are present: after legislation has been felt by minority groups to be deficient; where stating principles rather than implementing them is involved, and when legislative modification is difficult to achieve because amendment of a rigid constitution is out of question, or in parts of the country where political conservatism has a similar effect. Decisions are grounded on equality, while other values put forward by gays and lesbians such as dignity, recognition, respect of identity and difference and social concerns will be endorsed only by dissenting judges, unless the majority is sure that their mention will have no practical consequence. However, this modest victory was not achieved at the cost of representing gays' and lesbians' interests or values as common with those of the dominant heterosexual majority. On the contrary it seems that the affirmation of the “right to difference,” centered on diversity, and the openness of this constructed identity might have led to a chain reaction starting with the evolution of public opinion as a consequence of lobbying and education by the gay/lesbian community, proceeding to create a new balance of power, more favourable to the gay/lesbian minority, and finally reaching more respect from courts and legislatures alike.

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Alberto Ribeiro Gonçalves, José, Pedro Alexandre Costa e Isabel Leal. "SILVER RAINBOW: ESTIGMA IN OLD GAY MEN, A PERSPECTIVE OF MINORITY STRESS". Psicologia, Saúde & Doença 19, n. 1 (29 marzo 2018): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/18psd190112.

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Kennedy, Charlene, e Katherine Covell. "Violating the Rights of the Child through Inadequate Sexual Health Education". International Journal of Children's Rights 17, n. 1 (2009): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092755608x278939.

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AbstractThe focus of this research was to examine the impact of traditional sexual health education, an approach that infringes upon children's rights to information, on 15 year-olds' knowledge of birth control, sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, attitudes toward gays and lesbians. One hundred and twenty grade ten students completed a survey comprising measures of sex education received, sexual activity, sexual health knowledge, attitudes toward gays, lesbians, and the teaching of homosexuality, and school-based experiences with homophobia. Our findings reinforce the inadequacy of traditional sexual health education to meet rights consistent standards. Although many of the respondents were sexually active, their knowledge of sexual health issues, and especially of homosexuality, was poor. Homophobic expression was reported to be very common in schools, and teacher interventions were few. Prejudicial attitudes toward gays and lesbians were related to experience with homophobia and to a lack of knowledge about homosexuality. In essence current practices are violating the rights of all children but particularly those of sexual minority status. Consistency with children's rights requires shifts in sex education practices and teacher attitudes and behaviors.

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Milošević Đorđević, Jasna. "THE ROLE OF CONTACT IN REDUCING SOCIAL DISTANCE OF YOUTH FROM THE BALKANS TOWARDS MINORITY GROUPS". Primenjena psihologija 8, n. 4 (13 gennaio 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.4.415-432.

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Research on intergroup relations in the Balkans typically reveals low trust and high prejudice, even in the young generation born after the conflicts in the 1990s. The intergroup contact is documented to be an efficient means for prejudice reduction, and it is expected to work through enhancing perceived out-group heterogeneity. A total of 1046 young people aged 13 to 18 from five Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, FYRoM, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo) were interviewed for the research. We registered their attitudes towards five minority groups: a dominant ethnic minority in the country, Roma population, gays/lesbians, and very poor and physically disabled people. We also registered their contacts with the out-group members and perceived heterogeneity of all five groups.Data showed the similar pattern of social distance in all five Balkan countries: it was the highest towards gays and lesbians, followed by ethnic minorities and Roma population, whilst it was the lowest towards physically disabled and very poor people. However, the young people from Kosovo consistently reported somewhat higher distance towards all five groups. As expected, a path analysis revealed that more contacts with the out-groups led to a lower social distance both directly and indirectly, mediated by perceived out-group heterogeneity. We also registered a positive relation between ethnic identification and distance towards minority out-groups.This research highlights the importance of fostering different types of intergroup contacts. It also suggests that it would be more informative if we broadened its scope, and investigate both ethnic, and other social groups, especially different types of stigmatized minorities.

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Doan, Long, Annalise Loehr e Lisa R. Miller. "Formal Rights and Informal Privileges for Same-Sex Couples". American Sociological Review 79, n. 6 (19 novembre 2014): 1172–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122414555886.

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Attitudes toward gay rights have liberalized over the past few decades, but scholars know less about the extent to which individuals in the United States exhibit subtle forms of prejudice toward lesbians and gays. To help address this issue, we offer a conceptualization of formal rights and informal privileges. Using original data from a nationally representative survey experiment, we examine whether people distinguish between formal rights (e.g., partnership benefits) and informal privileges (e.g., public displays of affection) in their attitudes toward same-sex couples. Results show that heterosexuals are as willing to extend formal rights to same-sex couples as they are to unmarried heterosexual couples. However, they are less willing to grant informal privileges. Lesbians and gays are more willing to extend formal rights to same-sex couples, but they too are sometimes more supportive of informal privileges for heterosexual couples. We also find that heterosexuals’ attitudes toward marriage more closely align with their attitudes toward informal privileges than formal rights, whereas lesbians and gays view marriage similarly to both formal rights and informal privileges. Our findings highlight the need to examine multiple dimensions of sexual prejudice to help understand how informal types of prejudice persist as minority groups receive formal rights.

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Tesi sul tema "Minority gays"

Kanuha, Valli. "Stigma, identity, and passing : how lesbians and gay men of color construct and manage stigmatized identity in social interaction /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11188.

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Denton, Fowler Nicholas. "MINORITY STRESS AND PHYSICAL HEALTH IN LESBIANS, GAYS, AND BISEXUALS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF COPING SELF-EFFICACY". UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/2.

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Mental health issues have been the primary focus of much of the health research concerning lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals over the previous decade. Studies have demonstrated that LGB individuals experience psychological distress due to prejudice and discrimination (Lewis, Derlega, Berndt, Morris, & Rose, 2002; Meyer, Schwartz, & Frost, 2008; Rostosky, Riggle, Horne, & Miller, 2009). Health researchers have not given the physical health of LGB individuals the same level of attention (Dibble, Eliason, & Christiansen, 2007). The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA; 2001) asserted that little was known about LGB physical health disparities and called for more research in this area. However, the Institute of Medicine (2011) showed that comparatively little is known about LGB physical health. There is growing evidence from population-based studies that LGB individuals may be at greater risk than heterosexuals for many physical health conditions (Cochran & Mays, 2007; Dilley, Simmons, Boysun, Pizacani, & Stark, 2010; Sandfort, Bakker, Schellevis, & Vanwesenbeeck, 2009). Many of these studies (e.g., Cochran & Mays, 2007; Sandfort et al., 2009) referred to the stigmatization of LGB individuals; however, none of these studies empirically explored the relation between stigmatization and physical health in LGB individuals. The goal of this study was to test the utility of Meyer’s (2003) minority stress model as a means of explaining the physical health of LGB individuals in the context of a heterosexist society. This study investigated empirical questions about minority stress factors, physical health, and coping self-efficacy (CSE) of LGB individuals. Five-hundred fifteen LGBidentified adult participants (n = 222 women and n = 293 men) were recruited to complete a web-based survey. Participants were primarily recruited through online forums sponsored by LGB-affirming organizations. Results indicated that higher expectations of rejection based on sexual identity, internalized homonegativity, and LGBbased victimization predicted greater reported physical symptoms severity (PSS). CSE fully mediated the relation between expectation of rejection and physical symptom severity and internalized homonegativity and PSS. CSE partially mediated the relation between victimization and PSS. The document proposed several clinical and systemic interventions that may benefit physical health in LGB individuals.

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Ako, Ernest Yaw. "Debate on sexual minority rights in Africa : a comparative analysis of the situation in South Africa, Uganda, Malawi and Botswana". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/16739.

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Gays, lesbians,and laws that criminalise homosexuality in Africa have been the subject of heated public debate in recent times.Criminalisation and attempts at re-criminalisation of homosexuality in some African countries have generated a lot of debate on the issue.The central theme in these debates has been the justification and maintenance of sodomy laws, as against the argument for the repeal of these laws because it violates the rights of gays and lesbians.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa. Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Letitia Van Der Poll, Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape, South Africa. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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Bahner, Angela Dawn Duan Changming. "Safe spaces? factors that influence students' perceptions of training program climate related to lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues/". Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A dissertation in counseling psychology." Advisor: Changming Duan. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-129). Online version of the print edition.

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Flojo, Jonathan R. "Disclosure, identity, and discrimination : lesbian, gay, and bisexual minority stressors in the workplace /". view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3190518.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-142). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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LaDuke, Sheri. "Exploring Protective Factors among Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: A Framework for Psychological Well-Being and Relative Influence". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3130.

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Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals must regularly navigate stigma, or social situations in which they are devalued because of their sexual orientation. The research has well established minority stress processes which link situations of stigma to reports of poor psychological well-being. However, protective factors leading to healthy psychological well-being are relatively understudied. This dissertation is a review of protective factors that have already emerged in the research and an assessment of these protective factors simultaneously to better understand how they influence psychological well-being. I recruited adult sexual minority participants using a comprehensive social media approach. I then tested mastery, problem-solving coping, cognitive flexibility, structural factors, social support, self-compassion, hope, community connectedness, meaning making, and emotional openness on both measurements of positive and negative psychological well-being. Boosted regression analyses were used to assess the relative influence of the protective factors and while accounting for multicollinearity among the many protective factors. This was followed by OLS regression for cross validation. Results of the boosted regression trees indicate that hope, mastery, self-compassion, and social support are the most influential protective factors. This was supported by the OLS regressions. These results point to individual and social factors that affect psychological well-being of sexual minorities. Ultimately this dissertation provides a focused target for future research on intervention using these top protective factors. Additionally, this dissertation expands protective factors previously only examined in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals to a broader sexual minority population.

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Stapel, Christopher J. "SCHOOL, FAMILY, AND FAITH: SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES OF NONMETROPOLITAN SEXUAL MINORITY STUDENTS". UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/2.

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Social institutions in rural communities tend to be highly interrelated and social ties tend to be dense and multiplex. Human ecological theoretical models posit that all institutions in which an individual is embedded interact in complex ways. As such, this dissertation examines the influences of school, faith, family, and risk contexts on the grade point averages of students who attended school in nonmetropolitan counties in Appalachian Kentucky. Using data disaggregated by gender from nearly 5,000 adolescents, I identified risk and protective factors on grade point averages by attraction type (exclusively opposite-sex attracted, same-sex attracted, and unsure of attraction), identified differences in grade point averages between attraction types, and identified mediators and moderators of the relationship between attraction type and grade point average. School belonging positively influenced the grade point averages of unsure males and religious belief negatively influenced the grade point averages of same-sex attracted males. In general, sexual minority students reported lower grade point averages than their exclusively opposite-sex attracted peers. Among same-sex attracted males and females, this disparity in grade point average was mediated by school belonging. Among unsure males the variation in grade point average was largely explained by engagement in risk behaviors. The relationship between sexual attraction and grade point average was moderated by religiosity, marijuana use, and labor market optimism.

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Mao, Limin. "Gay Asian and Caucasian men in Sydney : cultural, social and cognitive factors associated with sex practices /". Connect to this title online, 2002. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20030303.112942/index.html.

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Géliga-Vargas, Jesús A. "Ethnic Identity, Gay Identity and Sexual Sensation Seeking: HIV Risk-taking Predictors Among Men of Color Who Have Sex with Men". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2216/.

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This study examined relationships among ethnic identity, gay identity, sexual sensation seeking, and HIV risk-taking behaviors among 302 men of color recruited from gay bars, bathhouses, community agencies, and the 1998 United States Conference on AIDS. The sample included 24% African American, 28% Latino, 25% Asian/ Pacific Islander, 19% Caucasian, 1% American Indian, and 3% other ethnicity. Logistic regression analysis identified sexual sensation seeking, having an undefined gay identity, being in a sexually exclusive relationship, not being HIV seronegative, and length of stay in the country (for those born overseas) as significant predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (insertive and penetrative) among men of color who have sex with men.

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DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas. "A Queer Liberation Movement? A Qualitative Content Analysis of Queer Liberation Organizations, Investigating Whether They are Building a Separate Social Movement". Thesis, Portland State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3722297.

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In the last forty years, U.S. national and statewide LGBT organizations, in pursuit of “equality” through a limited and focused agenda, have made remarkably swift progress moving that agenda forward. However, their agenda has been frequently criticized as prioritizing the interests of White, middle-class gay men and lesbians and ignoring the needs of other LGBT people. In their shadows have emerged numerous grassroots organizations led by queer people of color, transgender people, and low-income LGBT people. These “queer liberation” groups have often been viewed as the left wing of the GRM, but have not been extensively studied. My research investigated how these grassroots liberation organizations can be understood in relation to the equality movement, and whether they actually comprise a separate movement operating alongside, but in tension with, the mainstream gay rights movement.

This research used a qualitative content analysis, grounded in black feminism’s framework of intersectionality, queer theory, and social movement theories, to examine eight queer liberation organizations. Data streams included interviews with staff at each organization, organizational videos from each group, and the organizations’ mission statements. The study used deductive content analysis, informed by a predetermined categorization matrix drawn from social movement theories, and also featured inductive analysis to expand those categories throughout the analysis.

This study’s findings indicate that a new social movement – distinct from the mainstream equality organizations – does exist. Using criteria informed by leading social movement theories, findings demonstrate that these organizations cannot be understood as part of the mainstream equality movement but must be considered a separate social movement. This “queer liberation movement” has constituents, goals, strategies, and structures that differ sharply from the mainstream equality organizations. This new movement prioritizes queer people in multiple subordinated identity categories, is concerned with rebuilding institutions and structures, rather than with achieving access to them, and is grounded more in “liberation” or “justice” frameworks than “equality.” This new movement does not share the equality organizations’ priorities (e.g., marriage) and, instead, pursues a different agenda, include challenging the criminal justice and immigration systems, and strengthening the social safety net.

Additionally, the study found that this new movement complicates existing social movement theory. For decades, social movement scholars have documented how the redistributive agenda of the early 20th century class-based social movements has been replaced by the demands for access and recognition put forward by the identity-based movements of the 1960s New Left. While the mainstream equality movement can clearly be characterized as an identity-based social movement, the same is not true of the groups in this study. This queer liberation movement, although centered on identity claims, has goals that are redistributive as well as recognition-based.

While the emergence of this distinct social movement is significant on its own, of equal significance is the fact that it represents a new post-structuralist model of social movement. This study presents a “four-domain” framework to explain how this movement exists simultaneously inside and outside of other social movements, as a bridge between them, and as its own movement. Implications for research, practice, and policy in social work and allied fields are presented.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Minority gays"

Gay people of color: Facing prejudices, forging identities. Broomall, Pa: Mason Crest Publishers, 2011.

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Beverly, Greene, a cura di. Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians and gay men. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1997.

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Ados LGBTI: Les mondes contemporains des jeunes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuel(le)s, transgenres, intersexes. Québec, Québec]: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2017.

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Sana, Loue, a cura di. Health issues confronting minority men who have sex with men. New York, NY: Springer, 2008.

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Anne, Shade, e Shade Anne. In our words: Queer stories from Black, Indigenous, and people of color writers. Valley Falls, NY: Bold Strokes Books, 2021.

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A, Jackson Peter, e Sullivan Gerard, a cura di. Multicultural queer: Australian narratives. New York: Haworth Press, 1999.

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Méndez, Raquel Lucas Platero. Barbarismos queer y otras esdrújulas. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2017.

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author, Rath Akshaya K., a cura di. Gay icons of India. New Delhi: Pan, 2019.

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Moim, Sŏng Sosuja Pumo. K'ŏming aut sŭt'ori: Sŏng sosuja wa kŭ pumodŭl ŭi iyagi. Taegu-si Susŏng-gu: Hant'ijae, 2018.

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Mark, Gevisser, e Cameron Edwin, a cura di. Defiant desire. New York: Routledge, 1995.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Minority gays"

Morakile, Baipidi, Nasima M. H. Carrim e Juan A. Nel. "The Experiences of Black African Gays and Lesbians Regarding Office Gossip". In Office Gossip and Minority Employees in the South African Workplace, 147–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2691-6_7.

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Furukawa, Gavin. "The Widening Road: Constructions of Gay Japanese Men on YouTube". In Gender in Japanese Popular Culture, 151–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12942-1_6.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the discourses found in Japanese gay vlog entries to see how such streaming contents are used as sites of contact between gays and straights in Japan. Early internet sites created safe public spaces for sexual minority members to meet and socialize where straights previously seldom had access or were expressly unwelcome. Using a collection of coming out and Q and A videos, the chapter will also explore the use of vlogging discourse for social change in Japan. More recently, sites like YouTube have created new contact spaces where straights are welcomed and can interact with gay content creators more directly. This chapter analyzes the ways in which Japanese gay men construct themselves as well as other gay and straight people around them in these videos. Utilizing membership categorization and indexicality the analysis will show how notions of family and gayness along with associated bound predicates are used to discursively resist heteronormativity. The discourse also shows how these videos focus on the purposes of informing and educating over phatic communication. The analysis will also demonstrate how the concept of internationalization has become semiotically relevant to the gay Japanese male category, constructing an image of masculine interculturality, contrasted against overly feminine mass-mediated stereotypes. Possibilities for further change and social justice in Japan through such sites of contact will also be discussed.

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Gindi, Shahar, e Rakefet Erlich Ron. "Belonging and Otherness: Teachers of Ethiopian and Russian Origins in Israeli Schools". In To Be a Minority Teacher in a Foreign Culture, 27–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25584-7_3.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates minority teachers’ experience in light of the power relations in society and their expression in schools. The study population included 20 teachers from an Ethiopian background and 34 Russian-speaking teachers in Israeli schools. The teachers responded to an online questionnaire about what made them work at their school, and about feelings of otherness and belonging toward it. The analysis revealed similarities in the issues that contributed to a sense of belonging in both groups, while the issues that contributed to a sense of otherness were different. Teachers described their sense of belonging on three levels: national belonging (e.g., holidays, war times), organizational belonging (professional merit, roles at school, care for students, and school events), and personal belonging (comradeship and team spirit). When it comes to otherness, Russian-speaking teachers noted cultural gaps, slight school involvement, and professional gaps, while teachers of Ethiopian origin emphasized prejudice and feeling patronized. It is noteworthy that all the sources of belonging and otherness are determined by the minority’s resemblance to the majority demonstrating the power relations between minorities and the hegemony. The differences in the symbolic assets that each of the minority groups import, point to the “diversity of diversity” among Israeli minorities. We conclude that the hegemonic group use symbolic assets that minority groups have difficulty acquiring fully (language, Jewishness, skin color), and that construct teachers’ experiences.

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Pepin, Sean C., e Donna M. Talbot. "Negotiating the Complexities of Being Self-Identified as Both Asian American and Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual". In The Misrepresented Minority, 227–43. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003447931-15.

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Fejes, Fred. "Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Minority Rights Revolution". In Gay Rights and Moral Panic, 1–9. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230614680_1.

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Wienke, Chris, Rachel B. Whaley e Rick Braatz. "Are “Gay” and “Queer-Friendly” Neighborhoods Healthy? Assessing How Areas with High Densities of Same-Sex Couples Impact the Mental Health of Sexual Minority and Majority Young Adults". In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 181–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_8.

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AbstractNeighborhoods with large concentrations of gay men, lesbians, and other sexual minorities have long served as places where sexual minority young adults find self-enhancing resources. Yet, it is unclear whether such neighborhood environments also confer health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explored the relationship between the proportion of same-sex couples in neighborhoods and the mental health of sexual minority and majority young adults, controlling for other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Results indicate that for sexual minorities, neighborhoods with higher percentages of same-sex couples are associated with lower levels of depression symptoms and higher levels of self-esteem. Conversely, for heterosexuals, there are no differences in health outcomes across neighborhood contexts. Taken together, the findings highlight the importance of striving for neighborhood-level understandings of sexual minority young adults and their mental health problems.

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White, Helene Raskin, Rolf Loeber e Tammy Chung. "Racial Differences in Substance Use: Using Longitudinal Data to Fill Gaps in Knowledge". In Drug Use Trajectories Among Minority Youth, 123–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_8.

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Kidney, Etain. "Entrepreneurship and Coming Out: Exploring the Experiences of Gay and Lesbian Entrepreneurs". In The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Entrepreneurship, 223–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66603-3_11.

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Mimiaga, Matthew J., Lynn Klasko-Foster, Christopher Santostefano, Harry Jin, Taryn Wyron, Jackie White Hughto e Katie Biello. "Global Epidemiology and Social-Ecological Determinants of Substance Use Disparities, Consequences of Use, and Treatment Options Among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations". In Global LGBTQ Health, 221–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36204-0_8.

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AbstractAcross the globe, sexual and gender minority populations experience stressors (e.g., stigma, discrimination, violence) at the individual, interpersonal, and environmental levels that may increase their risk of substance use and substance use disorders compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers. This chapter describes the scope of disparities in substance use and related deleterious health outcomes for sexual and gender minority individuals from a global perspective. We give a brief overview of substances and their common classifications to provide context for how each may affect sexual and gender minority populations. Next, we review epidemiology of substance use and addiction across regions, with attention to cultural context. We emphasize disproportionate burden of substance use and resultant disease in sexual and gender minority individuals compared to both sexual majority groups and the general population in each of these geographic areas. In addition, we examine substance use and misuse specific to categories of sexual and gender minorities (e.g., gay men, transgender women) as well as racial/ethnic disparities within sexual and gender minority groups. We then discuss both risk and protective factors that may contribute to disparities in substance use and misuse for sexual and gender minority groups from a social-ecological perspective. Next, we describe consequences of substance use, specific to sexual and gender minority populations, including physical health outcomes (i.e., infectious and chronic diseases), social isolation, and incarceration. Lastly, we conclude this chapter with a review of substance use interventions specific to sexual and gender minorities.

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Rubin, Alex, Diana M. Y. Smith, W. Cole Lawson e Kathryn R. Fox. "Suicide and Self-Harm Prevention and Intervention in LGBTQIA+ Youth: Current Research and Future Directions". In SpringerBriefs in Psychology, 115–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06127-1_13.

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AbstractYouth who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning (LGBQ PLUS_SPI ) and youth who are a gender distinct from their birth-assigned sex (i.e., transgender and gender diverse), collectively LGBTQIA PLUS_SPI , show nearly triple the risk for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs). Research to date highlights that minority stressors across structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal levels may help to explain this heightened risk. This chapter reviews the research linking stress across each of these levels on LGBTQIA PLUS_SPI SITBs. Moreover, this chapter reviews evidence-based treatments to reduce SITBs in LGBTQIA PLUS_SPI youth, highlighting that interventions that reduce minority stressors and increase coping skills in the context of minority stress appear most effective. In addition to inter- and intrapersonal-level interventions, we argue that major structural changes are needed to meaningfully reduce elevated risk for SITBs in LGBTQIA PLUS_SPI youth.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Minority gays"

Shah, Jagdeep, e R. A. Hopfel. "Picosecond Carrier Transport in GaAs Quantum Wells". In Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/peo.1987.fa2.

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We review three recent experiments in which we have used picosecond optical techniques to investigate quantities relevant to high field transport in semiconductors. We will discuss (1) measurement of the drift velocity of minority carriers in GaAs quantum wells by a time-of-flight technique, (2) a simultaneous measurement of the luminescence spectra which allows us to measure the carrier distribution function and investigate the energy exchange rate between electrons and holes and (3) an optical imaging experiment which demonstrates the existence of negative absolute mobility for the minority carrier in modulation-doped quantum wells. The momentum scattering rate between electrons and holes is determined form this experiment.

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Ahrenkiel, R. K., M. M. Al-Jassim, D. J. Dunlavy, K. M. Jones, S. M. Vernon, S. P. Tobin e V. E. Haven. "Minority carrier lifetime of GaAs on silicon". In Conference Record of the Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.1988.105790.

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Fushimi, H., e K. Wada. "Degradation mechanism in carbon-doped GaAs minority-carrier injection devices". In Proceedings of International Reliability Physics Symposium. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/relphy.1996.492122.

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Jain, R. K., e D. J. Flood. "Estimation of minority carrier diffusion lengths in InP/GaAs solar cells". In International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.1990.203061.

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Shrivastava, Rishabh, Rohan Lalchandani, Advait Pohekar, Krishnandu Sharma e Pavan Vodnala. "Application of Advanced Sampling Techniques to Handle Class Imbalance in GT Blade Failure Prediction". In ASME 2023 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2023-118387.

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Abstract The Blades of a Gas Turbine Engine are subjected to an exceedingly high temperature, pressure, and centrifugal load during its operation. Consequently, they exhibit a heightened susceptibility to failure modes such as creep, crack initiation and growth, HCF, Flutter, and Oxidation. Attaining accuracy in the prediction of these failure modes is of paramount importance. Traditionally this has been achieved by Finite element packages, discretizing the problem into finite elements, applying the necessary boundary conditions, and solving a mathematical equation for each of these finite elements. The process involves a numerical solution of differential equations that govern these physical phenomena. However, this pursuit is not without tradeoff, as it demands a significant investment of temporal, human, and computational resources. To minimize mentioned efforts, advanced data-driven techniques can be implemented to predict the creep failure instances. Machine learning is gaining significant traction for solving these kinds of problems because of advances in storage and computational power. Machine learning focuses on using data and algorithms to learn the pattern and make prediction on unseen data with substantial accuracy. Generally, machine learning can be classified into supervised and unsupervised learning. In this work we are developing a machine learning based classification model (supervised learning) to capture the failure instances. Failure prediction using Machine learning is generally encountered with higher prediction error because of imbalanced dataset (minority class is the focus of attention — less than 5% of data). This paper deals with the approach of improving turbine failure prediction using various sampling techniques. Random Oversampling, Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique – SMOTE, Tomek Links and combine SMOTE-Tomek links sampling methods are utilized to generate a balanced dataset for improving Machine Learning model performance. Coolant mass flow rate, Hot gas mass flow rate, Coolant Temperature, Turbine Inlet Temperature and Blade Material are provided as an input to the Machine Learning model, and on the other hand, a binary variable indicating creep failure instances is set to be the target variable for the model. The Machine Learning models used for prediction are Naïve Bayes classifier, Random Forest, Adaboost and gradient boost methods. The results demonstrate that among all the sampling technique mentioned above, combined SMOTE-Tomek link sampling method resulted in maximum improvement of recall and F1 score.

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Jiang, N., P. Parkinson, Q. Gao, J. Wong-Leung, S. Breuer, H. H. Tan e C. Jagadish. "Improvement of minority carrier lifetime in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs core-shell nanowires". In 2012 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials & Devices (COMMAD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/commad.2012.6472346.

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Tatavarti, Rao, Keun-Yong Ban, Andree Wibowo, Darius Kuciauskas, Harvey Guthrey, Kim Jones, Steve Johnston, Andrew Norman, Dean Levi e Mowafak Al-Jassim. "Minority carrier lifetimes in 1.0-eV p-In0.27Ga0.73As layers grown on GaAs substrates". In 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2014.6925664.

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SAITO, Koki, Takumi YAMADA, Takeshi AKATSUKA, Taichi FUKAMACHI, Eisuke TOKUMITSU, Makoto KONAGAI e Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI. "Heavy Doping Effects on Bandgap and Minority Carrier Transport for AlGaAs/GaAs HBT's". In 1989 Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1989.d-4-1.

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Garcia-Ramirez, Grisel, e Sabrina Islam. "Patterns of marijuana use and sexual violence among sexual minority high school students: Perspectives from the California Healthy Kids Survey". In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.50.

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Background: Sexual minority students are at risk for adverse outcomes associated with substance use and violence. The vast majority of research literature, however, has focused on university students and alcohol consumption. There is an increased need to understand the distinct vulnerabilities of youth who have a non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and marijuana use as more state legalize and normalize the recreational use of marijuana in various forms. This study examines marijuana use and sexual victimization among high school students by sexual minority status. Methods: We analyzed data from 9th (n=50,973) and 11th (n=41,692) graders who participated in the California Healthy Kids Survey during the 2018-2019 school year. Students were asked to report their sexual identity and orientation (‘straight,’ ‘gay/lesbian,’ ‘bisexual,’ ‘something else,’ ‘I am not sure yet’, ‘decline to respond’), whether they had ever been sexually assaulted, marijuana use in their lifetime and past 30 days, and demographic characteristics. We conducted multi-level logistic regression analysis to assess relationships between lifetime and past-30-day marijuana use, sexual minority status and sexual victimization (SV). Analyses were performed using Stata, version 15.1. Results: The initial model indicated that the interaction terms for sexual minority status and sexual assault were not significantly associated with lifetime and past 30-day marijuana use. Analyses without the interaction terms suggest that students who identify as gay or lesbian, and who selected ‘I am not sure yet’ and ‘something else’ had higher odds of reporting past-30-day marijuana use than their ‘straight’ peers (OR=1.50 p<0.01 95%CI: 1.15, 1.96; OR=1.34 p<0.01 95%CI: 1.20, 1.50; OR=2.33 p<0.01 95%CI: 2.11, 2.59). Results also suggested that students who identified as gay or lesbian, bisexual, and students who selected ‘something else’ as their sexual orientation had higher odds to report lifetime marijuana use than their ‘straight’ peers (OR=1.90 p<0.01 95%CI: 1.43, 2.52; OR=1.45 p<0.05 95%CI: 1.03, 2.04; OR=1.57 p<0.01 95%CI: 1.29, 1.92). However, students who declined to respond about their sexuality are less likely to report lifetime marijuana use than their ‘straight’ peers (OR=0.82 p<0.05 95%CI: .68, .99) Additionally, students who reported sexual assault have almost six times higher odds of reporting lifetime and past-30-day and lifetime marijuana use (OR=6.68 p<0.01 95%CI: 3.99, 11.20; OR=6.03 p<0.01 95%CI: 3.80, 9.56). Overall, students who are in 11th grade, are male, and Hispanic have higher odds of reporting marijuana use. Conclusion: Overall, risks of marijuana use tend to be more pronounced among sexual minority students who have experienced sexual violence. Our findings suggest that students who identified as ‘something else’ may be at particular risk. These results are congruent with prior research on college populations that have identified undergraduate students who are bisexual and unsure of their sexual identity at heightened risk for SA. Greater efforts are needed to examine the intersection of substance use and sexual victimization and the disproportionate burden facing adolescents across multiple categories of sexual orientation.

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Zucca, R., D. D. Edwall, J. S. Chen, S. L. Johnston e C. R. Younger. "Minority carrier lifetimes of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition long-wavelength infrared HgCdTe on GaAs". In Physics and chemistry of mercury cadmium telluride and novel IR detector materials. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41059.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Minority gays"

Aksoy, Billur, Christine Exley e Judd Kessler. The Gender Minority Gaps in Confidence and Self-Evaluation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32061.

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Muñoz, Ercio, Dario Sansone e Mayte Ysique Neciosup. Socio-Economic Disparities in Latin America among Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples. Inter-American Development Bank, maggio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012983.

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Economic research on sexual minority individuals in developing countries has been constrained by the scarcity of nationally representative surveys asking about sexual orientation. This paper merges and harmonizes census data from eight Latin American countries to document socio-economic disparities between different-sex and same-sex couples. Overall, although there are some exceptions, individuals in same-sex couples are on average younger than women and men in different-sex couples, are less likely to identify as Indigenous (while differentials for African descendants vary by country), have higher education levels, and are less likely to live with children. Gaps in unemployment rates by couple type and sex differ by country. Both women and men in same-sex couples have higher average incomes in Brazil. The same holds for women in Mexico, while men in same-sex couples have lower average incomes. Finally, homeownership rates are lower among same-sex couples, while welfare differentials as proxied by ownership of assets and dwelling characteristics vary by country.

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Amanda, Haynes, e Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, settembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.

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Chrobak, Bartlomiej. Narrowing the achievement gaps in higher education with social-belonging intervention : A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0021.

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Review question / Objective: Summary - Social-belonging intervention belongs to the family of wise psychological interventions (for exhaustive review of wise interventions, see Walton & Crum, 2021). The latter notion was introduced by Walton (2014), for whom a wise intervention is “a precise tool, often instantiated in a brief exercise, to change a specific psychological process in a real-world setting” (p. 74). In line with this definition, a social-belonging intervention is a brief interactive exercise for freshman students conveying a message according to which worries and doubts about their social belonging in higher education are normal and they tend to dispel over time (Walton & Brady, 2021). This intervention seems to enhance academic outcomes of underrepresented or minority students in higher education (Walton & Brady, 2021), thus helping at narrowing (or closing) the achievement gaps. The main aim of this review is to examine in a rigorous way, using the systematic review methodology, quantitative studies addressing the question of the efficiency of social-belonging intervention in narrowing the achievement gaps in higher education (Research Question 1). Moreover, this review will also focus on analyzing other outcomes (educational and health), which may be impacted and enhanced by this intervention (Research Question 2). Finally, our goal is to investigate how to implement this intervention in the most efficient way (Research Question 3). Answers to these research questions may be a valuable resource to psychologists and educators willing to apply an evidence-based intervention in order to close or to narrow an achievement gap, as well as to psychologists and educational researchers working on higher education.

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Rummell, Christian. A Unique Support for Sexual-Minority Identity Development: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of a Long-Term Formal Mentoring Relationship Between an Adult and a Youth From the Gay Community. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1486.

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Carter, T. R., C E Logan e H. A. J. Russell. Three-dimensional model of dolomitization patterns in the Salina Group A-1 Carbonate and A-2 Carbonate units, Sombra Township, Lambton County, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332363.

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Dolomitization of carbonate rocks is a subject of considerable interest due to association with oil and gas reservoirs and Mississippi Valley Type ore deposits. Conceptual two-dimensional models of dolomitization are common in the literature, however numeric models supported by high quality data are rare to nonexistent. This paper presents three-dimensional (3-D) dolomitization patterns in the Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit and A-2 Carbonate Unit located in Sombra Township, Lambton County. The source data consists of percent dolomite measurements collected from 9727 drill cutting samples, stained with alizarin red, from 409 petroleum wells. Numerical interpolants of the percentage of dolomite versus limestone in the two formations are developed within the boundaries of lithostratigraphic formation layers derived from a 3-D geologic model of southern Ontario, published as GSC Open File 8795 (Carter et al. 2021b). The model was developed using Leapfrog© Works software with a 400 m grid resolution. Results show that increased proportions of dolomite vs limestone in both formations are spatially associated with the flanks and crests of pinnacles in the underlying Lockport Group carbonates, over which the B Salt has been dissolved, and the downthrown side of the Dawn Fault and Becher faults. In the A-1 Carbonate there is an increase in dolomite content over a minority of incipient reefs in the Lockport, and in the A-2 Carbonate Unit there is a gradational increase in dolomite content upwards from a basal limestone to 100% dolomite. The cross-cutting relationships of dolomite occurrence in the A-1 Carbonate on the flanks and crests of some pinnacles support a post-depositional burial diagenesis mechanism, consistent with previous interpretations. The pathway for the dolomitizing fluid was laterally through porous and permeable regional paleokarst in the underlying Lockport Group, uppermost Goat Island and Guelph formations, and upwards through the porous reefal carbonates of the pinnacles. Association of dolomitization haloes with dissolution features in halite of the overlying B Salt Unit further suggest that the dolomitizing fluids were also responsible for salt dissolution. The preferential association of dolomite with the Dawn and Becher faults suggest that movement of the dolomitizing fluid was also fault controlled. This project demonstrates the feasibility and merit of assignment and interpolation of attribute values constrained by lithostratigraphic layers in the regional 3-D geologic model of southern Ontario. Spatial associations of dolomite with other geological features are more clearly resolved than in a 2-D study.

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Environmental factors linked with identifying as a sexual minority may increase suicidality risk. ACAMH, marzo 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.15070.

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Adolescents who identify as a sexual minority (e.g., gay/lesbian, bisexual) are at an increased risk for suicidality compared to their heterosexual counterparts.1 Until now, inherent limitations in study design has meant that the extent of this association has been unclear.

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The space between: Analysis of gender and ethnicity pay gaps in UK-based organisations active in global health. Global Health 50/50, novembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/zhpp4836.

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Inequalities in opportunities, power and privilege are evident in our working lives. Historical structures shape opportunities in the career pipelines of different groups of people, including access to education, recruitment and promotion, occupational segregation and the so-called ‘motherhood penalty’. Often these dynamics result in certain groups, particularly men and traditionally privileged ethnic groups, occupying higher status and better paid positions, than other groups – resulting in what are called ‘pay gaps’. Increasing transparency on pay gaps helps to ensure that employers are being fair in providing equitable (fair) opportunities and reducing inequalities across the workforce it also holds them accountable for closing the gap. In the UK, reporting the gender pay gap has been mandatory since 2017 for organisations with more than 250 employees. The law has driven an unprecedented level of transparency on the gender pay gap in the UK and provided valuable information to employers and employees on inequality inside their organisations. To date, however, reporting the ethnicity pay gap remains voluntary. Global Health 50/50 (GH5050) tracks and publicises the policies and practices of nearly 200 organisations active in global health for their commitments to gender equality. This Report takes a deep dive into the reporting of gender and ethnicity pay gap data of 43 organisations in the GH5050 sample which have a presence in the UK. This Report focuses specifically on UK-based organisations given the general lack of pay gap reporting worldwide. The Report finds that, between 2017 and 2022, some progress was made in closing the gap – from 12.7% to 10.9% for median pay gap, and from 14.3% to 10.8% for mean pay gap. A quarter of organisations, however, saw an increase in their gender pay gap by a median 3.6 percentage points. In the absence of mandatory reporting, we found that only 13 organisations voluntarily reported their ethnicity pay gaps in 2022, mostly reporting binary gaps between white and ethnic minority employees. While binary reporting in isolation is generally not recommended, it may be needed to protect salary information of ethnic minority employees when numbers of employees are small. Among this (limited) data, we found a median gap of 3.7% and a mean gap of 6.9% favouring white employees. This Report finds that there has been some positive change since mandatory gender pay gap reporting was introduced in 2017. Yet slow and uneven progress indicates a clear need for continued advocacy to ensure pay gap transparency and to close the gender pay gap. This advocacy should include the expansion of mandatory pay gap reporting to include ethnicity; and for very large organisations, an intersectional approach to the data (combining gender and ethnicity, for example) will provide even more nuance and understanding of where action is needed. Even in the absence of legislative requirements, employers in global health, which are often working to advance social justice and gender equality, should act as models for career equality including by publicly reporting pay gap data. This data can inform target-setting and the development of policies to reduce the gap, such as including multiple women in shortlists for recruitment and promotion, and transparency in pay negotiations. Closing the unjust space between women’s and men’s pay is an urgent priority and would ensure that women are equally and fairly paid for their contributions to organisations and to society. Increasing transparency of the pay gaps will rely on more countries passing legislation, as a critical component of comprehensive frameworks for diversity, inclusion and equality in the workplace.

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2016 Small Business Credit Survey: Report on Microbusinesses. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, novembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55350/sbcs-20171129.

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This report is one in a series based on the findings of the 2016 Small Business Credit Survey (SBCS), a national collaboration of the Community Development Offices of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. As a supplement to the Report on Employer Firms released in April 2017, this Report on Microbusinesses details findings on the financing experiences and outcomes of the smallest firms in the United States, including the self-employed. Microbusinesses account for about 9 in 10 firms and about 34.9 million jobs in the United States. These firms, therefore, play a vital role in the nation's economy. Furthermore, microbusinesses provide important economic opportunities for both women and minority business owners. Still, relatively little is known about the performance and financing needs of these small businesses. The SBCS gathers timely insight to help address gaps in researchers' and policymakers' understanding of the experiences of this important segment of businesses. This report compares the survey findings for three groups of small firms represented in the SBCS sample: 1.) Non-employers – firms with no employees other than the business owner(s); 2.) Small employers – firms with one to four employees; 3.) Larger employers – firms with 5 to 499 employees; 4.) For purposes of this report, non-employers and small employers are collectively referred to as microbusinesses.

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