Articoli di riviste: "Miners – Abuse of – Congo (Democratic Republic)"

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Kwiringira, Japheth Nkiriyehe, Paulino Ariho, Henry Zakumumpa, James Mugisha, Joseph Rujumba e Marion Mutabazi Mugisha. "Livelihood Risk, Culture, and the HIV Interface: Evidence from Lakeshore Border Communities in Buliisa District, Uganda". Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019 (16 maggio 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6496240.

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Background. While studies have focused on HIV prevalence and incidence among fishing communities, there has been inadequate attention paid to the construction and perception of HIV risk among fisher folk. There has been limited research with respect to communities along Lake Albert on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Methods. We conducted a qualitative study on three landing sites of Butiaba, Bugoigo, and Wanseko on the shores of Lake Albert along the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected using 12 Focus Group Discussions and 15 key informant interviews. Analysis was done manually using content and thematic approaches. Results. Lakeshore livelihoods split families between men, women, and children with varying degrees of exposure to HIV infection risk. Sustaining a thriving fish trade was dependent on taking high risks. For instance, profits were high when the lake was stormy. Landing sites were characterized by widespread prostitution, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, and child labour. Such behaviors negatively affected minors and in many ways predisposed them to HIV infection. The lake shore-border heterogeneity resulted in a population with varying HIV knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and competencies to risk perception and adaptation amidst negative masculinities and negative resilience. Conclusion. The susceptibility of lakeshore communities to HIV is attributable to a complex combination of geo-socio, the available (health) services, economic, and cultural factors which converged around the fishing livelihood. This study reveals that HIV risk assessment is an interplay of plural rationalities within the circumstances and constraints that impinge on the daily lives by different actors. A lack of cohesion in a multiethnic setting with large numbers of outsiders and a large transient population made the available HIV interventions less effective.

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Obadia, Paul Musa, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Trésor Carsi Kuhangana, Remy Mpulumba Badiambile, Taty Muta Musambo, Malick Useni Mutayo, Jeef Numbi Mukanya et al. "SS08-02 BIOMONITORING OF TRACE METALS IN BLOOD AND URINE AMONG ARTISANAL MINERS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1 luglio 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0087.

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Abstract Introduction In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, artisanal and small-scale mining employ an estimated 200,000 people, and over a million are indirectly involved through trade and transport. We assessed metal exposure in artisanal miners involved in mining three types of commodities (copper-cobalt, tin, diamonds). Materials and Methods In cross-sectional studies (March 2021 - August 2022), we measured trace metals by Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in blood (µg/L) and urine (µg/g creatinine) in convenience samples of miners (mostly males) extracting copper-cobalt (n=147, four mines, Kolwezi), tin (n=99, three mines around Manono), and diamonds (n=80, Mbuji-Mayi). Results Diamond miners had generally low concentrations (GM with IQR) for most trace metals, except for Pb in blood [74.2 (60.6-90.4)] and urine. Compared to diamond miners, copper-cobalt miners had higher blood concentrations for several elements, especially Co [5.55 (2.87-10.74)], but also Ge, As and Hg; they also had higher urinary concentrations for Co [28.3 (13.5-60.5), Mn, As, Sn, and U [0.031 (0.018-1.265)]. In general, tin miners did not exhibit higher metal concentrations than diamond miners, except for Pb in blood [318 (260-727)] and urine, Tl in blood [0.20 (0.14-0.26)] and urine, as well as As, Sn and U in urine; compared to copper-cobalt miners, tin miners had lower Sn in blood and in urine. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, we found evidence of substantially higher occupational exposure to cobalt and toxic trace metals in copper-cobalt artisanal miners than in diamond and tin miners. The relatively high concentrations of lead and thallium among tin miners need further research.

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Pasha, Aura Alifia Kamilla, e Levina Yustitianingtyas. "Peran United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Hak Anak Sebagai Korban Perekrutan Tentara Bersenjata di Republik Demokratik Kongo". Wajah Hukum 8, n. 1 (4 aprile 2024): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v8i1.1409.

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This legal research focuses on the issue of the extent of UNICEF’s role in protecting the rights of children who are victims of exploitation and abuse, on of which is that occur in conflict areas Republic Democratic of Congo. One of the phenomena that occurs is the recruitment of armed soldiers which occurs among children. This case of child soldiers that occurred in the Republic Democratic of Congo involved various armed Rally Constitutional Democratic (RCD) parties in fighting pro government parties and creating political grudges that could attract children in this country to take part in the conflict as child soldiers. This legal issue in this research discusses the role of UNICEF in providing protection for children recruited as armed soldiers in the Republic Democraic of Congo from the perspective of International Humanitarian Law. Research methods juridical normative with a descriptive approach to invitation regulations based on primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources. This results of this research show that children as victims of exploitation by armed soldiers have not received optimal treatment because UNICEF is experiencing obstacles in resolving children’s rights in the Republic Democratic of Congo.

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Wakenge, Claude Iguma, Dennis Dijkzeul e Koen Vlassenroot. "Regulating the old game of smuggling? Coltan mining, trade and reforms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Journal of Modern African Studies 56, n. 3 (6 agosto 2018): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x18000332.

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AbstractThis article examines the smuggling of coltan into and out of artisanal mining areas in northern Katanga where the ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative (iTSCi), a policy on conflict minerals, tries to improve transparency in trading tin, tantalum (coltan) and tungsten. The article approaches smuggling from a sociology of economic life perspective, closely examining how and why artisanal miners and mine-based middlemen (négociants) helped smugglers (hiboux) in the trafficking of coltan. The findings indicate that the social networks in which miners and mine-basednégociantsare embedded allow the miners,négociantsand smugglers to maintain close relationships and to breach official regulations, but miners and mine-basednégociantsalso rely on the same networks to cheat in their dealings with the smugglers. This article concludes that, rather than considering coltan mining areas to be ‘enclaves of regulations’, understanding and addressing smuggling at both local and broader contexts call for a comprehensive, more contextualised approach.

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Kabamba Ngombe, L., R. Nlandu Ngatu, C. Nyembo Mukena, B. Kabyla Ilunga, S. Wembonyama Okitotsho, J. B. Kakoma Sakatolo, O. Luboya Numbi e B. Danuser. "Silicosis in underground miners in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: 27 cases". Médecine et Santé Tropicales 28, n. 4 (ottobre 2018): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mst.2018.0812.

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Mària SJ, Josep F., e Miho Taka. "The human rights of artisanal miners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 3, n. 1 (6 aprile 2012): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20400701211197320.

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Geenen, Sara, e Klara Claessens. "Disputed access to the gold sites in Luhwindja, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Modern African Studies 51, n. 1 (25 febbraio 2013): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000559.

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ABSTRACTIn a context of increased competition over natural resources, large-scale investors are showing renewed interest in eastern Congo's mineral resources. At the local level this is resulting in fierce disputes over access to land and to mining sites. This article offers an empirical study of access in Luhwindja, where a multinational mining company has recently begun to exploit gold. We first sketch the context, examining the overlapping legal fields and analysing how various actors gain and control access to the gold mines. Next we study how the arrival of Banro Corporation in Luhwindja has altered power relations at the local level. Looking more specifically at the displacement of artisanal miners and the resettlement of local communities, we demonstrate how the company, local elites and the local population have engaged in a complex struggle for access.

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Kibasomba Man-Byemba, Roger. "Drivers of Chaos in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Warfare". Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 2, n. 4 (2022): 82–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.180.

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Eastern DRC is seriously affected by a protracted warfare involving illicit exploitation of natural resources, corruption, humanitarian crisis and terrorism carried out by armed groups including the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and the Movement of 23 March (M23). According to DRC government, M23 is a terrorist group supported by Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF). Invasion and terrorism drive the war and the chaos. For Rwanda, fighting and chaos derive from ethnic conflicts over land, citizenship, local political power, and state failures. To many observers, ongoing violence and fighting are driven by rent seeking by Congolese military commanders, lack of State authority, distorted rule of law at both national and local levels, the abuse of public office for private gain (corruption), failed defence/security and justice sector reforms, undisciplined civilian armed and unarmed combatants, warlords and opportunist warmongers. Overall, state failures combined with globalized war diseconomy as conducted by multinational companies, failed multiparty system regarding democratic governance system drive ongoing chaos and armed violence, beyond government control and defence capabilities, despite peace agreements and the involvement of international and regional peace peacekeeping initiatives. Our analysis suggests that the war strategy being used resembles to what McKew refers to as the Gerasimov Doctrine, a chaos theory of political warfare which is used by Russia in Ukraine war. It is a silent total warfare combining politics and war activities with the objective of weakening, controlling and submitting an enemy by influencing its domestic politics and security. It creates a chaotic environment as a result of Clausewitzian friction. Hence, the search for sustainable peace and political stability needs to address factors which drive and sustain the chaos. Such strategic change requires top leadership involvement at the Head of State level, in his capacity of commander in chief of the armed forces. It is a matter of rebuilding the State, transforming non-state forces into a professional military and inducing few innovations into the defence reform process. Such innovations will include establishing territorial armies in eastern provinces where armed groups and foreign forces take advantage of State weaknesses to exploit resources and abuse local defenceless populations.

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Cuvelier, Jeroen. "Work and Masculinity in Katanga's Artisanal Mines". Africa Spectrum 49, n. 2 (agosto 2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971404900201.

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This article, based on 16 months of anthropological fieldwork between 2005 and 2012, examines the relationship between work and masculinity among artisanal miners, or creuseurs, in Katanga, the southeastern province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It argues that men's involvement in artisanal mining should be considered not only as an economic survival strategy but also as an attempt to experiment with new ways of being a man in a context of economic crisis and changing gender relations. Furthermore, the article criticizes the tendency to downplay or underestimate the complexity and diversity of processes of masculine identity construction in Africa's artisanal-mining areas. In order to do justice to the intricacy of these processes, the article proposes using concepts and insights from the field of masculinity studies and distinguishing between a levelling and a differentiating trend in artisanal miners’ masculinity practices.

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Atibu, Emmanuel K., Philippe Arpagaus, Crispin K. Mulaji, Pius T. Mpiana, John Poté, Jean-Luc Loizeau e Fernando P. Carvalho. "High Environmental Radioactivity in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo". Minerals 12, n. 10 (11 ottobre 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101278.

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The radioactivity associated with artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities (ASM) carried out along the Ulindi River, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, was evaluated by gamma-ray spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry of soil and sediment samples. The results revealed that activity concentrations of 238U (up to 3127 ± 98 Bq kg−1), 226Ra (up to 2710 ± 89 Bq kg−1) and 232Th (up to 2142 ± 162 Bq kg−1) were 71- to 89-fold higher than the worldwide average concentrations reported by UNSCEAR in soils. Primordial radionuclides are, thus, present in high concentrations in deposits of gold in that region and the average ambient effective radiation dose rate was determined at 8.4 mSv y−1 (range 0.5 to 40 mSv y−1). This area may be classified as a natural high background radiation area (HBRA). The radiation risk for artisanal miners and population members manipulating those geological materials were assessed through radiological parameters. such as the radium equivalent activity index (RaEq), outdoor gamma absorbed dose rate (ODRA), annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). The mean values of these parameters were significantly elevated in comparison to the world average levels and indicated the existence of significant radiation risks for gold miners and members of the local population. A radiation safety policy seems needed to protect workers and the local population in this region.

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Scolese, Anna, Danielle Roth, Meghan O'Connor, Jean De Dieu Hategekimana e Kathryn L. Falb. "In‐law‐perpetrated abuse against women in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 148, n. 3 (3 novembre 2019): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13005.

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Brown, Chloe, Anna Daniels, Doreen S. Boyd, Andrew Sowter, Giles Foody e Siddharth Kara. "Investigating the Potential of Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Rural Artisanal Cobalt Mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Sustainability 12, n. 23 (24 novembre 2020): 9834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239834.

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Greater awareness of the serious human rights abuses associated with the extraction and trade of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has applied increasing pressure for businesses to move towards more responsible and sustainable mineral sourcing. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities in rural and remote locations may provide heightened opportunities to conceal the alleged human rights violations associated with mining, such as: hazardous working conditions, health impacts, child labour, child trafficking, and debt bondage. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of the Intermittent Small Baseline Subset (ISBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) method, teamed with high temporal frequency Sentinel-1 imagery, for monitoring ASM activity in rural locations of the “Copperbelt”, the DRC. The results show that the ISBAS descriptive variables (mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were significantly different (p-value = ≤ 0.05) between mining and non-mining areas. Additionally, a significant difference was found for the ISBAS descriptive variables mean, standard deviation, and minimum between the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnels). As expected, a high level of subsidence (i.e., negative ISBAS pixel value) was a clear indicator of mine activity. Trial activity thresholds were set for the descriptive variables mean (-2.43 mm/yr) and minimum (-5.36 mm/yr) to explore an ISBAS approach to active mine identification. The study concluded that the ISBAS method has great potential as a monitoring tool for ASM, with the ability to separate mining and non-mining areas based on surface motion values, and further distinguish the different mine types (industrial, surface, and tunnel). Ground data collection and further development of ISBAS analysis needs to be made to fully understand the value of an ISBAS-based ASM monitoring system. In particular, surrounding the impact of seasonality relative to longer-term trends in ASM activity.

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Geenen, Sara. "Dispossession, displacement and resistance: Artisanal miners in a gold concession in South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo". Resources Policy 40 (giugno 2014): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.03.004.

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Poncian, Japhace, e Henry Michael Kigodi. "Natural Resource Conflicts as a Struggle for Space: The Case of Mining in Tanzania". International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 4, n. 3 (30 novembre 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2015.1773.

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<p><em>Natural resource extraction in Africa has been characterised by conflicts between large scale and small scale miners on the one hand and large scale miners and the communities on the other. In some countries such as Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Liberia, natural resources have bred political instability and civil wars. A great deal of academic discourse on resource conflicts in Africa focuses on greed, corruption, political struggles for state capture and control over resources, economic liberalisation policies for attracting foreign investors and creating conducive climate for them to invest their capital in natural resource extraction, and foreign forces. While recognising the significance of the above approaches in explaining resource conflicts in Africa, this paper aims at explaining resource conflicts as a struggle for space between the communities, artisanal and small scale miners and large scale foreign mining corporations. The paper, therefore, argues that natural resource extraction conflicts in Africa can well be understood if we approach them as a struggle for space. Data for this paper are drawn from secondary sources including academic literature, government reports, media reports and internet sources.</em></p>

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Vivalya, Bives Mutume, Germain Manzekele Bin Kitoko, Adelard Kalima Nzanzu, Martial Mumbere Vagheni, Rock Kasereka Masuka, Wilson Mugizi e Scholastic Ashaba. "Affective and Psychotic Disorders in War-Torn Eastern Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study". Psychiatry Journal 2020 (25 luglio 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9190214.

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Background. There is lack of information about prevalence of affective and psychotic disorders triggered by traumatic events among people living in war-affected regions. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence rate of affective and psychotic disorders and the associated factors in a war-torn eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods. This epidemiological cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019 at Cepima and Muyisa health centers. This study enrolled 344 patients that had experienced traumatic events in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo from the 1119 participants, of whom 229 had positive bipolar affective disorder and 115 patients had psychotic disorders. Results. The results revealed that bipolar affective disorders were two times more than psychotic disorders. Sexual abuse, sudden death of a relative, kidnapping, the physical torture, and childhood trauma were the psychological factors correlated to the occurrence of bipolar affective and psychotic disorders. Conclusions. It was concluded that the traumatic experiences were precursors for the occurrence of bipolar affective and psychotic spectrum disorders.

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Spira, Charlotte, Andrew Kirkby, Deo Kujirakwinja e Andrew J. Plumptre. "The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Oryx 53, n. 1 (11 aprile 2017): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600171x.

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AbstractIn the Democratic Republic of Congo artisanal and small-scale mining is estimated to provide a source of livelihood for 14–16% of the population, or 8–10 million people. In the eastern part of the country it is one of the main threats to large mammal species and their habitats, including forest elephantsLoxodonta cyclotisand great apes, such as the Critically Endangered Grauer's gorillaGorilla beringei graueriand the Endangered eastern chimpanzeePan troglodytes schweinfurthii. We used semi-structured questionnaires to survey mining communities in and around Kahuzi–Biega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve to understand better the socio-economics of artisanal mining in the region, as well as the impacts of mining on bushmeat hunting. Minerals exploited at the sites surveyed included cassiterite, gold, coltan and wolframite, and most mines were controlled by armed groups. On average, miners earned significantly higher revenue than non-miners. However, mining was seen as a short-term activity and most miners were in favour of leaving the sector for better opportunities. Almost all respondents stated openly that they consumed bushmeat regularly because of the lack of alternatives and believed that bushmeat hunting had caused declines and local extinctions of some large mammal populations, including great apes. Respondents stated they would reduce their consumption of bushmeat if domestic meats became more available. We recommend that future interventions should target mine sites to address bushmeat hunting, by improving access to sustainable meat sources, establishing micro-financing mechanisms to help miners leave the mining sector, and working towards de-militarizing these sites to facilitate law enforcement.

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Liwanga, Roger-Claude. "Economics of Child Mining Labor: Estimation of Corporation’s Profits". Slavery Today Journal 1, n. 2 (luglio 2014): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/momn7156.

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This article estimates the contribution of child labor to the production of mined minerals and calculates the profit made by manufacturers involved in the supply chains of child- labor minerals. Several thousands of children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) work in the artisanal and small-scale mines under dangerous conditions to extract a variety of minerals, including those used in the fabrication of modern electronics. But there is no detailed data on the scope of productivity of child-miners, the value of their production at the world market, and the profit made by those buying and using their minerals. The lack of data on this issue is occasioned by the quasi-secrecy surrounding the supply chains of child-labor minerals. The paper uses a simple method of estimation based on economic assumptions and available data to calculate the contribution of child-miners in the DRC to the cobalt production at the national and international level, and to estimate the profit made by electronic manufacturers that use cobalt tainted with child-labor in their products.

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Geenen, Sara. "‘Who Seeks, Finds’: How Artisanal Miners and Traders Benefit from Gold in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". European Journal of Development Research 25, n. 2 (21 giugno 2012): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2012.19.

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Musa Obadia, Paul, Tony Kayembe-Kitenge, Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu, Paul Enzlin e Benoit Nemery. "Erectile dysfunction and mining-related jobs: an explorative study in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, n. 1 (29 ottobre 2019): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105771.

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IntroductionThe African Copperbelt is a site of intense artisanal and industrial mining and refining of copper and cobalt. Anecdotal reports of erectile dysfunction (ED) among mineworkers in the area led us to conduct an explorative study to investigate the possible association between ED and working in mining-related jobs.MethodsWe included 42 consecutive men (18–40 years) buying sildenafil (the active substance of Viagra) from a pharmacy located in a popular neighbourhood in Lubumbashi, and 42 age-matched (±2 years) men buying painkillers. All participants replied to questionnaires administered face-to-face to obtain sociodemographic data, including information on occupation, and a score of erectile function using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF6).ResultsThe IIEF6 score (maximum 30) was lower among sildenafil-buyers (median 17, range 8–30) than among painkiller-buyers (median 30, range 17–30). The proportion of mining-related jobs was higher among sildenafil-buyers (19/42, 45%) than among painkiller-buyers (7/42, 17%), yielding an OR of 4.1 (95% CI 1.5 to 11.3; p=0.009). The proportion of mining-related jobs was higher among men with ED (defined as IIEF6 <26) (24/45, 54%) than among men without ED (2/39, 5%) (OR 21.1; 95% CI 4.5 to 98.4; p<0.001). Using a more stringent definition of ED (IIEF6 <22) gave similar results: 55% (20/36) of men with ED had a mining-related job versus 13% (6/48) of men without ED (OR 8.7; 95% CI 2.9 to 25.7; p=0.001).DiscussionThe findings of this preliminary study justify further epidemiological studies of the possible role of occupational exposures in the pathogenesis of male sexual dysfunction among miners and workers in the copper and cobalt industry.

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Poole, Colin M., e Chris R. Shepherd. "Shades of grey: the legal trade in CITES-listed birds in Singapore, notably the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus". Oryx 51, n. 3 (13 aprile 2016): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000234.

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AbstractThere are few published studies quantifying the volume of wildlife being traded through Singapore. We report on Singapore's involvement in the trade of avifauna listed on CITES based on government-reported data to CITES, with particular emphasis on Singapore's role in the trade of the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus. During 2005–2014 Singapore reported commercial import permits for 225,561 birds, from 35 countries, listed on CITES Appendices I and II, and the export of 136,912 similarly listed birds to 37 countries, highlighting the country's role as a major international transshipment hub for the global aviculture industry. Major exporters to Singapore included the Solomon Islands, the Netherlands, Taiwan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Africa. Major importers from Singapore included Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. Singapore imported significant quantities of CITES-listed birds from African countries, including the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea and South Africa, a number of which have a history of abuse of CITES export permits, discrepancies in reported trade data, or an acknowledged lack of wildlife law enforcement capacity. Significant discrepancies were detected between import and export figures of CITES-listed avifauna reported by Singapore and its trading partners. Based on these findings we present three recommendations to improve the regulation and monitoring of the trade in CITES-listed bird species in Singapore.

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Manyong, Anselme, e Ange Landela. "Challenges Related to Antimalarial Abuse in Coronavirus Disease-2019 Treatment in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Epidemiology – Open Journal 5, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2020): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/epoj-5-121.

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Malaria is endemic to many African countries and geographies and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality on the continent. Ongoing efforts by health authorities to reverse the scale of malaria are often faced to the challenges of drug resistance often generated by therapeutic abuses relating to self-medication, sub-therapeutic under dosages and poor storage and handling of drugs throughout the pharmacy supply chain system.

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Cojocaru, Alexandra. "Ongoing Humanitarian Crisis and Peace Process in The Democratic Republic of the Congo". Euro-Atlantic Studies, n. 5 (2022): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2022.5.3.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has experienced a cycle of violence over time, which has taken the form of interethnic competition, and civil wars and has become one of the worst humanitarian crises. Faced with an extremely violent peace process, especially in the eastern part of the country, sustainability and peacebuilding have been key points in the intervention plans proposed by international organizations. The peace process has made positive progress in halting regional hostilities, but the humanitarian crisis is far from being over, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimates that 27 million people will need humanitarian aid in 2022. DRC continues to face overlapping crises, extreme poverty, famine, poor governance, corruption, violence in the eastern part of the country, sexual abuse, and blatant human rights violations.In addition to the strategies proposed by international actors (for example, South Africa, the Southern African Development Community - SADC, the African Union, the United Nations, and the European Union), mainly having a regional approach, actions must start at a micro-level, a local intervention aimed at ending ethnic rivalries. Despite the efforts of international actors, the local approach has not yet been effectively implemented. Starting from the demographic and socio-economic context of the DRC, we propose an analysis of the evolution of the Congolese state, focusing on the conflict situation in the late 1990s, the unfolding of conflicts, and how African states and the international community have tried to restore peace. How effective the proposed strategies have been, what are the current issues and why are there no significant results in stabilizing the internal situation of the Congolese state?

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Osburg, Thomas. "Branding Raw Material to Improve Human Rights: Intel’s Ban on Conflict Minerals". GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 8, n. 1 (1 maggio 2016): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gfkmir-2016-0006.

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Abstract Many companies seek to take over more responsibility for their supply chain and their raw materials. Intel was one of the first companies investigating the origin of conflict minerals like tin, tantalum, gold or tungsten, which are used in many electronic products. Their path to ultimately offering conflict-free microprocessors took more than five years of consistent preparation and intensive reengineering of the business process. They identified smelters as a bottleneck in the supply chain and started cooperating closely with them to trace their minerals’ supply. By developing a bag-and-tag system the company is now able to ensure that their minerals are not sourced from illegal mines, which often finance illegal warlords, for example, in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The cooperation with the smelters brings about higher demand and in consequence higher prices for the legally sourced minerals. Many small miners and their families in the region directly benefit from the higher earnings.

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Bertherat, Eric, Melissa Mueller, Jean-Christophe Shako e Mathieu Picardeau. "Discovery of a Leptospirosis Cluster Amidst a Pneumonic Plague Outbreak in a Miners’ Camp in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, n. 2 (7 febbraio 2014): 1824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201824.

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Mitra, Rituparna. "Representing postcolonial urban change: Recursive infrastructures and forms of liveability in Tram 83". Journal of Urban Cultural Studies 10, n. 1 (1 aprile 2023): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00065_1.

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Abstract (sommario):

My article explores complex urbanisms of the Global South enmeshed in the enduring aftermath of colonialism. I examine Congolese writer Fiston Mwanza Mujila’s novel Tram 83 that fictionalizes Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo, built and developed around exploitative mining and forced migrant labour, and mediates and captures forms of urban change beyond the metrics of gentrification. The novel charts the volatile existence of miners, students and ordinary citizenry of ‘the City-State’ where they work from dawn to dusk deep in the bowels of the earth and between dusk and dawn cavort deep in the belly of nightclub Tram 83. There seems to be an acceleration and contraction of life itself, available only in limited, repetitive futures, and a drive towards total expenditure. Mujila’s novel, however, also uncovers tempo-spatialities within these extractive spaces that allow openings into other forms of urban liveability. Mujila mobilizes the affective and embodied lives of the mining city as a constitutive aspect of urban informality that at once exceeds and clarifies colonial infrastructural remains.

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Dimcevska, Antoaneta, Sonja Kecmanovic e Marija Masanovic. "War, plague and exploitation in DR Congo". Sociologija 49, n. 4 (2007): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0704333d.

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Abstract (sommario):

Late in autumn 2006 one of the headlines in world media was the first democratic elections in DR Congo. They took place after 30 years of Mobutu Sese Seko?s dictatorship and bloody civil wars in the period 1996-2002. These conflicts, which took approximately 4 million human lives, are called "The First African World War". Elections were held but they did not guarantee the end of trouble for the divided and tormented people in the northeast of Congo, the real scene of bloodshed. The area is still turbulent because it abounds in mineral wealth - gold, diamonds and raw materials for nuclear technology. For a whole decade, unscrupulous actors of the African crisis were fighting there, for illegal profits (achievable in the chaos of bloodshed) rather than for democracy, defense of tribal interests, security, etc. as they claimed. In the mines of Eastern Congo unprecedented exploitation of people is still going on, especially of children, victims of conflicts, who suffer in great numbers from violence, starvation and diseases. These slaves of the crisis make local "warlords" and their mentors rich. The looting of the mines has stabilized the crisis because it makes possible enormous accumulation of wealth among armed decision-makers - which also includes availability of countless slaves-miners who have lost everything except their bare lives. Eastern Congo is, however, one of world?s three old focuses of plague; wild exploitation of ores in the area of this endemic disease has activated a sleepy focus and added pneumonic plague to the burdens suffered by the population of the rich but ill-fated region. This was to be expected because endemic plague in the gold-bearing evil circumstances impedes safe mining - and this will be the crucial challenge in the future of Congo. This article is an anthropological outline of the area where gold, plague, weapons and incomparable suffering of people merge together just because of cynic greed producing abuse and death, including the plague.

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Parfait, Mupenge M., Charles Nzolang, Ibrahim A. Oyediran e Georges M. Kasay. "Petrology and Detail Geological Mapping of the Precambrian Basement Rocks of the Sn-Ta-Nb Numbi Deposit, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 9, n. 1 (31 marzo 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.090102.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Numbi district of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has high mineral interest; it has been exploited for decades by small scale artisanal miners for rare metals such as Sn, W, Ta and Nb. This area was investigated to elucidate the petrology of the basement rocks and to make their detailed geological map. From the petrographical and geochemical analyses, six lithological units were characterized. Granite and schist were the two main lithologies with some associated smaller rock units such as amphibolite, diorite, quartzite and pegmatite. Biotite is the common mineral found in all lithologies. The granite displays the mineralogical assemblages with the abundance of muscovite, biotite, feldspar, plagioclase and quartz. Diorite and amphibolite display less amount of quartz. Hornblende is very abundant in the amphibolite; less is the schist and a very small amount in the granite. Feldspar is mostly found in the granite, quite found in the quartzite and less in the schist rocks. In adding to these mineral assemblages, accessory and opaque minerals (iron oxide) are in a very small amount. Pegmatite is mostly found as altered veins. Schist, quartzite and granite samples share the fields of granodiorite while diorite and amphibolite samples share the fields of diorite and gabbroic diorite on the total alkali-silicate classification diagram and ranged under intermediate and acidic rocks. The area is abundantly rich in rare metals (pegmatite with Nb-Ta-Sn mineralization) and is fairly suitable for quarry activities.

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Kasherwa, Amani C., e Janestic M. Twikirize. "Interventions addressing ritualistic child sexual abuse in post-conflict Eastern DRC: Reflections on child welfare policy and programming". International Social Work 63, n. 2 (26 ottobre 2018): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872818806347.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ritualistic child sexual abuse (RCSA) is an under-recognized and poorly addressed form of child maltreatment. Despite a relative decrease of war-related sexual violence in post-conflict Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the existing monitoring reports leave no doubt that RCSA remains a public health problem of high significance. While RCSA requires urgent action, little has been done to address it. This article critically examines RCSA as a predatory form of child maltreatment and the lack of relevant child welfare interventions to address it. Based on a broader empirical study of ‘RCSA in post-conflict Eastern DRC’, the article argues that although RCSA is not socially condoned by the communities, the interventions on the ground are inadequate for addressing this phenomenon. The article also suggests some perspectives for addressing the phenomenon, in addition to some reflections on child welfare policy and programming as well as implications for social work training and practice.

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Koko, François Sadiki, e Fraternel Amuri Misako. "Le Terrorisme : Un Concept Abusé, Une Menace Réelle. Le Cas De La République Démocratique Du Congo". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, n. 17 (30 giugno 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p95.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), an important role player within the international community, has not escaped the widespread trend relating to the abuse of the terrorist concept. Whether it is about the rebels of the Movement of 23 March (M23) or the combatants of the Allied Democratic Forces / National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (ADF/NALU), the Congolese government has made use of the terrorist concept to describe these peace spoilers in eastern DRC. Furthermore, the government spokesperson qualified the civic movements known as Lucha and Filimbi as terrorist organizations. Yet, such extreme positions taken by government did not prevent the latter from entering into direct peace talks with the M23 leadership in Kampala (Uganda). Nor did it discourage the President from personally meeting with a delegation of Lucha and Filimbi in Goma. This article analyses the contradictions surrounding the phenomenon of terrorism: an abused concept describing a real contemporary societal threat. It subsequently applies this concept to the DRC's case. The central argument of the article is that the exploitation of the terrorist concept by Congolese political and media actors is likely to contribute towards impeding a full understanding of a phenomenon that, otherwise, represents a real security threat to the fragile Congolese state. In so doing, this exploitation prevents the formulation of relevant strategies designed to eradicate this phenomenon. In terms of methodology, observation and documentary investigation involving the content analysis were mobilized for this study.

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David, Turns. "III. CERTAIN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN FRANCE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v FRANCE), PROVISIONAL MEASURES, ORDER OF 17 JUNE 20031". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, n. 3 (luglio 2004): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.3.747.

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Abstract (sommario):

In its decision in the Arrest Warrant case,2 the International Court of Justice studiedly refused to address systematically the legality and ambit of a purported exercise in absentia of universal criminal jurisdiction by one State over a government minister of another State. This, coupled with the dicta of certain judges with reservations as to the scope of universal jurisdiction3 and the (at best) lukewarm support for such jurisdiction displayed by certain other judges,4 might be taken as a discouragement to States to engage in similar exercises of jurisdiction. However, the contemporary trend in many developed States in favour of taking measures of extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction to apprehend and punish the alleged perpetrators of serious international law crimes, coupled with the entry into force of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, indicates that more such attempts are quite likely to be made. Within a year of its decision in the Arrest Warrant case, the ICJ again found itself the forum for a similar dispute. On 9 December 2002 the Republic of the Congo (‘the Congo’) filed an Application instituting proceedings against France5 in circumstances notably resembling those that had prompted the Democratic Republic of the Congo (‘the DRC’) to act against Belgium. Again, the Applicant was an African State protesting against an alleged abuse of universal jurisdiction and failure to respect immunities on the part of its European former colonial ruler. Despite the prima facie similarity between the two cases, however, the chances that the eventual decision in the Certain Criminal Proceedings case will go beyond the Arrest Warrant case to elucidate the doctrine of universal jurisdiction are very slight. This note is confined to considering the circumstances behind the Congolese Application and Request for the Indication of a Provisional Measure, and the Court's response thereto in its Order of 17 June 2003.

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Wang, Duanyong, e Pei Zhao. "Mismatching Structures: A New Explanation for the “Unsatisfactory” Labor Conditions in Chinese Mining Companies in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Chinese Journal of International Review 01, n. 01 (giugno 2019): 1850005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630531318500051.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ever since the Minerals-for-Infrastructure Deal valued at $6 billion was signed between Chinese companies and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Government in 2008, there have been criticisms on both the agreement itself and the working conditions for Congolese and Chinese workers in Chinese mineral enterprises in the DRC. Based on our fieldwork in Katanga Province of the DRC and interviews with dozens of local Chinese workers and managers in Chinese-run mining companies as well as staff working at the civil society organizations and governmental departments there, this research tries to investigate the real working conditions in Chinese mining companies. This paper concludes with three points. First, the so-called “wage gap” always asserted by the local workers is rather a phenomenon of employment structure than discrimination. In non-English-speaking African countries, a gap has actually emerged between the insufficiency of local human resources and the lack in localization capabilities of the Chinese multinational enterprises. Second, the compliance dynamics and mechanism of Chinese-run mining companies in the field of labor conditions were driven by local pressure groups including legislation, governments and NGOs, rather than by Chinese government or legislative system. What is interesting is that the rigid discipline of local laws and the abuse of discretion in the process of implementing laws have created a special pressuring structure and resulted in some complex consequences. Third, many Chinese-run mining companies in the DRC have quite different business structures from their branches in China. This is because of their financial investment aims and for the ease of enterprises’ transition. Therefore, it has led to their different perspectives of labor conditions and human resources strategy from mature MNCs. In summary, the research cannot draw a conclusion that the labor conditions are really terrible in Chinese-run mining companies in Katanga Province. However, it reveals that the Chinese government and Chinese enterprises are still not fully prepared for direct investment abroad, although “Going-out” strategy was raised 13 years ago.

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Ngongo, Angel Andjelani, Augustin Kadiata Bukasa, Didier Mangbala Ekibe, Pascal Atuba MAmenepi, Yves Mokili Sambwa, Jolie Kanjinga Kena, Jacques Lofandjola Masumbuku e Félicien Tshimungu Kandolo. "Daily Experience of Residents of the Masanga-Mbila District on Self-Medication at Home, in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Saudi Journal of Nursing and Health Care 7, n. 03 (17 marzo 2024): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjnhc.2024.v07i03.005.

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Abstract (sommario):

Introduction: The delivery of medication is an act emanating from health professionals who have this task in their responsibilities and more particularly the pharmacist. The aim of this study is to understand the way in which the population of the Masanga-Mbila district experiences the phenomenon of self-medication on a daily basis. Methods: It is a descriptive study falling within qualitative research of the phenomenological type. She is carried out among the population of the Masanga district Mbila, commune of Mont- Ngafula, city of Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This is an environment where observations have been made on this frequent practice of self-medication. The target population was made up of household managers within the population of the Masanga-Mbila district. The phenomenological survey method and the structured interview technique made it possible to collect information concerning the population's experience of self-medication. Results: After analysis thematic, we arrived at the results following: The Experience in the practice of self-medication was focused on three points: Self-medication is seen as a first resort before going to the hospital. Respondents put forward two reasons for their recourse to self-medication, the lack of financial means and the fact of having knowledge about medications and their use. In their experience, the respondents revealed in their receipt some consequences linked to the practice of self-medication, in particular rebellion and worsening of the illness. In the recommendations that they have formulated towards the community user, they wish that these latest can resort to self- medication only to relieve small sufferings and then always be to consult; and towards sellers of medicines, to avoid delivering medicines without a prescription medical. Conclusion: to contribute to the reduction of this practical, it falls under the Ministry of Public Health to strengthen pharmaceutical inspection and establish a system permanent control to ensure rational sale of products in our country; require pharmacies to only deliver medicines on medical prescription; s raise awareness among the population about the abuse of self-medication.

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Lawry, Lynn Lieberman, Nancy Stroupe Kannappan, Covadonga Canteli e William Clemmer. "Mixed-methods assessment of health and mental health characteristics and barriers to healthcare for Ebola survivors in Beni, Butembo and Katwa health zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo". BMJ Open 11, n. 8 (agosto 2021): e050349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050349.

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Abstract (sommario):

ObjectivesHealth and mental health characteristics of all respondents, barriers to accessing health and mental health services and the characteristics and those most at risk for mental health disorders.SettingBeni, Butembo and Katwa health zones in the Democratic Republic of Congo.ParticipantsThe sample contained 223 Ebola survivors, 102 sexual partners and 74 comparison respondents living in the same areas of the survivors. Survivors were eligible if aged >18 years with confirmed Ebola-free status. The comparison group was neither a survivor nor a partner of a survivor and did not have any household members who contracted Ebola virus disease (EVD).Primary and secondary outcome measuresHealth and mental health characteristics, barriers to care and the association of association of mental health disorders with study population characteristics.ResultsFunding was a barrier to accessing needed health services among all groups. Nearly one-third (28.4%, 95% CI 18.0% to 38.7%) of comparison households avoided getting injections for their children. Although most pregnant women were attending antenatal care, less than 40% of respondents stated EVD precautions were discussed at those visits. Trouble sleeping and anger were the strongest predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety and suicide attempts with 3-fold to 16-fold increases in the odds of these disorders. There was a 71% decrease in the odds of MDD if current substance abuse (aOR 0.29; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.67; p<0.01) was reported.ConclusionsSpecialised mental health services were limited. Fear of contracting EVD influenced vaccine compliance. Anger and sleep disorders significantly increased the odds of mental health disorders across all groups. Respondents may be using substance abuse as self-medication for MDD. Ebola outbreak areas would benefit from improved screening of mental health disorders and associated conditions like anger and sleep difficulties and improved mental health services that include substance abuse prevention and treatment.

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Corley, Andrew, Nancy Glass, Mitima Mpanano Remy e Nancy Perrin. "A Latent Class Analysis of Gender Attitudes and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health in the Democratic Republic of Congo". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 8 (12 aprile 2021): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084063.

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Abstract (sommario):

Gender role attitudes, views held by individuals regarding the roles men and women should play in society, are a powerful social determinant of health. However, work remains in elucidating the associations between gender attitudes and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization and mental health problems. We used latent class analysis to classify patterns of responses on survey items on gender attitudes by male and female adults in households that participated in an economic empowerment intervention and evaluation in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Attitudes about IPV and gender equality were two subdomains to emerge from analysis and a 3-class model solution was found to best fit response patterns. Results indicated that, as compared to the least gender equitable class, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated psychological abuse. Individuals within the moderately gender equitable class were at lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated physical or sexual violence. Further, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had significantly lower mean scores on symptoms associated with PTSD than individuals in the least gender equitable class. Future research should explore the relationships between gender attitudes, partner violence and mental health to build resilient families.

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Bartels, Susan Andrea, Sandrine Lusamba e Sabine Lee. "Participant and narrative characteristics associated with host community members sharing experiences of peacekeeper-perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse in the Democratic Republic of Congo". BMJ Global Health 6, n. 10 (ottobre 2021): e006631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006631.

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Abstract (sommario):

IntroductionPeacekeeper-perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) account for 36% of the global reports of formal SEA allegations to the UN between 2007 and 2021. However, formally reported SEA represents only a fraction of that which occurs, and community experiences of peacekeeper-perpetrated SEA are likely different than those reflected in official UN documents.MethodsUsing mixed-methods, cross-sectional data collected in the DRC in 2018, we used descriptive analysis and multivariate Poisson regression with robust error estimates to examine the participant and narrative characteristics associated with sharing an experience about peacekeeper-perpetrated SEA.ResultsParticipants in Bukavu (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.91) and Kalemie (aRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.81) were less likely to share narratives about sexual interactions, while civilian UN personnel (aRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34) were slightly more likely to be implicated in narratives about sexual interactions. Narratives in which the outcome was deemed fair to the woman/girl were more likely to be about sexual interactions (aRR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12). Both the regression analysis and the participants’ interpretation of the shared narratives illustrated the significant role poverty played in SEA, suggesting that the outcomes of sexual interactions may have been deemed fair since affected women/girls were perceived to have benefited financially/materially.ConclusionThere is significant variation between host communities in the likelihood of sharing narratives about SEA, which could prove useful for informing more targeted SEA prevention initiatives. Narratives about sexual interactions with UN personnel were more often deemed to have fair outcomes for the affected women/girls, likely related to ongoing poverty in host communities and perceived financial/material gain. These findings highlight how extreme poverty may impact perceptions around informed consent as well as fairness and require further study. Perceptions around fair outcomes would disincentivise formal reporting, which needs to be considered when devising community-based complaint networks.

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Bleckner, Julia. "From Rhetoric to Reality: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Integration of Women into UN Peacekeeping Operations". Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, n. 3-4 (2013): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1704009.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the integration of women into United Nations (UN) peacekeeping – particularly in the form of all-female units – as a means of deterring sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in conflict environments. Results from this study indicate that compared to both male peacekeepers and female peacekeepers from co-ed units, women from all-female units have a greater awareness of gender issues and SEA in a UN mission, sense of responsibility to address such issues, and experience doing so during deployment. The distinct gap in these measures between women from all-female units and co-ed units challenges the widespread assumption that women will inherently address SEA in a UN mission. Analyzing the variables that may contribute to the success of the all-female unit, the article concludes that these same factors may be applied to a wider distribution of women throughout peacekeeping operations. Recommendations presented in the article must be implemented as a component of a broad, long-term gender mainstreaming strategy to address the interrelated nature of gender inequality and sexual violence in conflict. Results of the study are analyzed with a focus on the role of UN peacekeeping in mitigating SEA in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

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Lokema, Guy-Prosper Djuma Bilali. "Role of the public and the media in civil court proceedings in DR Congo". KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 6, n. 1 (2019): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2019-1-50.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article explores and exposes the role public and media play in civil court proceedings in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These roles are examining at a moment of multiplication of international instruments of promotion and protection of human rights. This trend at international level coincides with a worldwide national movement of recognition of fundamental rights. Whereas it is universally proclaimed that citizens have right to participate in public affairs of their state, this right also realizes in the judicial field. Traditionally, citizens can act as juror. But, this institution doesn’t exist in DRC. They can, directly or indirectly, in some countries, participate in the election of judges and prosecutors. It is regrettable that this mode of designation of judges is not consecrated in DRC. It would be an efficient way for citizens to sanction those judges and magistrates who were accused of bribery, corruption, misappropriation, and abuse of authority. Despite the negative view Congolese legislator has on public considering them as a disturbing factor, people can also act as activists of human rights in order to make better the functioning of some tribunals like the Constitutional Court of DRC and to force the observation of procedure before jurisdictions. Media play important role in civil court proceeding in DRC. Media have access to courtroom on the basis of the publicity of hearings recognized by international treaties relative to human rights, by DRC Constitution of 18 February 2006 as modified and completed to date, and by other laws relative to proceedings to observe before Congolese jurisdictions. Despite the publicity of hearings, the Act of 22 June 1996 fixing procedures of exercise of freedom of press prohibits the broadcasting of judicial trial without permission of judge presiding tribunal. But this Act is presently under consideration at Congolese Parliament. It is not excluded that the recent practice observed in some tribunals consisting to accept and tolerate broadcasting without formal authorization be consecrated by lawmakers. Media influence people on the view of judicial institutions and by providing information on tribunals and proceedings.

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Mbachaga, Jonathan Desen. "Impact of war on women: Iyorwuese Hagher’s Lamp of Peace". EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts 7, n. 1-2 (15 aprile 2020): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejotmas.v7i1-2.31.

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Abstract (sommario):

Africa as a continent has been ravaged by wars that have brought untold hardship and retardation to development. Militarization and war places various demands on both males and females. This study concentrates on how females have been used as sex slaves and have now become vulnerable to rape and outright fighting in the wars. Extenuating the effects of war with its irreparable losses and psychological trauma in recent times has been the focus of governments, nongovernmental organizations and philanthropists. The devastation caused by the conflicts, the destruction to communities and the suffering of women and girls cannot be over emphasized. Recent years have seen many regions of Africa involved in wars and internal or external conflicts. From Liberia to Sierra Leone; Angola, The Democratic Republic of Congo to Rwanda; Burundi, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire to Sudan, the story is a sad and saddening one. Therefore, this article discusses the effects of armed conflicts on women and girls, using Iyorwuese Hagher’s Lamp of Peace as a textual reference. It employs the literary method to consider the response of Iyorwuese Hagher as a playwright regarding the outcry against war atrocities against women. The paper argues that glaring gaps still exist regarding the protection of women and girls during armed conflicts. As such, women and girls deserve special attention that focuses on protection as they are both victims of abuse and actors in reconstruction. Keywords: War, Atrocities on women, Protection and rehabilitation, Lamp of Peace, Africa

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Elbel, Johanna, Stephan Bose O'Reilly e Rok Hrzic. "A European Union corporate due diligence act for whom? Considerations about the impact of a European Union due diligence act on artisanal and small-scale cobalt miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Resources Policy 81 (marzo 2023): 103241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103241.

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Van Genugten, Willem. "UN Peacekeepinig in Africa and Good Governance: Challenges and Prospects". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, n. 2 (26 giugno 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i2a2760.

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Abstract (sommario):

While UN peacekeeping operations are in most cases confronted with a multitude of intertwined problems, this seems to be even worse in Africa. Operations on African soil have to react more than averagely to inter- as well as intrastate conflicts based upon ethnic tension, to conflicts starting from extreme poverty or the abuse of natural resources, and to situations in which governments are failing to do what governments should do. In the paper the mandates of the six ongoing UN peacekeeping operations in Africa – as of 1 May 2007, that is, in the Western Sahara, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Côte d’Ivoire and Sudan – are analysed from the perspective of their (desired) contribution to the establishment of good governance structures. That analysis is followed by some observations upon the changing nature of peacekeeping operations. This includes the need to react to the specificity of African conflicts – which are often characterised by the combination of poverty, weak public institutions, a small private sector, high illiteracy, a narrow skills base, and limited capabilities for guaranteeing security – and the more general move towards 'peace building', which is in so many ways similar to a 'good governance' approach. The paper concludes by formulating a few lessons. These relate to such things as the need for UN peace keepers to take care of the economic root causes of the conflicts they have to deal with, as well as the task to invest systematically in building up governmental structures and legal institutions, while at the same time training police, army and judiciary staff in respect for human rights and in notions such as trying to solve conflicts without the use of violent means. The paper ends by underlining the necessity of a good interplay between the UN peace keepers and all state and non-state actors involved, from land lords and associations of farmers to regional intergovernmental organisations, from NGO’s to the International Financial Institutions and UN Specialised Organisations. If this is not going to happen, the focus is too much upon the military aspects only, and that is – needed as it may be in the short run – a guarantee that conflicts will reoccur as soon as the operations have ended.

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Bunke, Samantha, Xi Chen, Michael Machala, Ines Azevedo, Sally Benson e William Abraham Tarpeh. "Life Cycle Comparison of Battery Recycling and Conventional Material Refining". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n. 5 (7 luglio 2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-015586mtgabs.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: The rise of renewable energy generation and vehicle electrification has created exponential growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) production, particularly for electric vehicles.1 However, the limited supply of raw materials needed for prominent battery chemistries has exacerbated concerns linked to economic, environmental, national security, and human rights dimensions.2 For example, raw materials necessary for LIB production are not equally distributed, and current supply chains are insufficient for projected demand. For countries with natural reserves of critical LIB elements, the mining of ore for battery production often involves the destruction of natural ecosystems and sometimes employs child labor under harsh working conditions.3 Further, many small LIBs in consumer electronics are carelessly disposed of in garbage or recycling bins at end-of-life. Because these disposal streams are not designed to process energized batteries, LIBs have caused fires and millions of dollars in damage to waste management and recycling centers.4 Taken together, these concerns underscore the need for robust recycling programs for LIBs and their components. Methods: We performed a comparative environmental assessment of the gate-to-gate refinement process of battery material production based on conventional battery material refining versus LIB recycling by Redwood Materials. Two- and three-step recycling processes were assessed for battery feedstocks that included production scrap and mixed spent lithium-ion batteries. Data detailing energy, water, and consumables usage were provided by Redwood and normalized to elemental mass flows and products of interest. The system boundary does not include other operations at Redwood Materials outside of the direct refinement processes nor the embodied resources in the capital equipment used for material refinement. The functional unit employed in the analysis was a 1 kg of active nickel, cobalt, aluminum oxide (NCA) battery material. The primary LCA criteria evaluated included global warming potential (CO2eq), primary energy demand, and water consumption. Data for conventional material refining were adapted from the Argonne National Laboratory’s Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET®) 2020 model. GREET was also employed to acquire the life cycle parameters for producing consumables used in both conventional metal refining and Redwood Materials’ recycling processes to provide common scaling factors. Transportation between stages was not included in this analysis because it was not consistently available in the GREET model. The environmental metrics for each metal pathway were normalized by the mass of the individual element of interest within the final product and then normalized again by the mass of that element in the functional unit. Results and Implications: The goal of this study was to compare environmental metrics of two scenarios: (1) conventional refining of raw battery materials and (2) recycling of batteries by Redwood Materials. Relative to conventional refining, the Redwood Materials recycling processes reduced both water (by 70–80%) and energy consumption (by 81–87%) per kg of NCA battery active material. The Redwood processes lowered CO2 emissions by 67–68% compared to conventional ore refining. The output products of each recycling process were dependent on the battery feedstock and recycling efficiency. In the case of Ni-rich feedstock, the CO2 emissions by mass of Ni were 30–45 times lower for recycling versus conventional refining when considering only nickel as the output product. In addition to comparing recycling processes to conventional refining, we also conducted a prospective life-cycle assessment to identify optimization opportunities at Redwood. Among the three process steps (mechanical processing, low-temperature calcination, and hydrometallurgy), the hydrometallurgical process was the most resource- and carbon-intensive, counter to popular opinion. This was due to the embodied resources required to produce the input consumables Ca(OH)2, H2O2, and electricity from the Nevada electrical grid. The addition of a low-temperature calcination step prior to hydrometallurgy slightly reduced overall resource consumptions and emissions because fewer input consumables were needed for the hydrometallurgical step. Overall, this study identified value propositions and optimization opportunities for battery recycling as it reaches a much-needed scale to support the burgeoning LIB market. This assessment will guide battery recyclers on environmental targets, and inform several stakeholders (e.g., public, policymakers, electrochemists and electrochemical engineers) regarding the tradeoffs and opportunities for a circular battery economy relative to conventional battery manufacturing. References Electric Vehicles are starting to buoy the global metals market. https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/the-relentless-march-toward-an-ev-future-is-good-news-for-miners. National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries; U. S. Department of Energy: 2021. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/congo-democratic-republic-drc. Staub, C. MRF operator: Lithium-ion batteries are ‘ticking time bombs’. https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2021/04/13/mrf-operator-lithium-ion-batteries-are-ticking-time-bomb.

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42

Johnson, Dustin. "Letter from the Editor". Allons-y: Journal of Children, Peace and Security 3 (29 marzo 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/allons-y.v3i0.10065.

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For this volume of Allons-y we asked young authors to write about how armed conflict impacts children in the countries on International Crisis Group’s ten conflicts to watch in 2018 list. Much has changed in these conflicts since then, but all continue to do grave harm to children, which we struggle to address in the aftermath. The militarization and abuse of children are often used by autocratic regimes and armed groups to further their aims, and the trauma can have a lasting impact on the children and their societies. The four papers and their accompanying commentary in this volume illustrate these challenges and collectively highlight the importance of prevention.The authors, all young scholars who are in or have recently completed graduate school, wrote about the ways in which children are ripped from their communities in order to be used for military and political ends in armed conflict, and the difficulties of repairing these harms afterwards, whether in countries affected by armed conflict like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) or when people flee as refugees to new lands. The first two papers explore how children are weaponized: Peter Steele writes about the North Korean Songbun system that militarizes children from birth, and Airianna Murdoch-Fyke writes about the systematic use of rape as a weapon of war targeted at girls in the DRC. Both methods are designed to disrupt a child’s connection to their family and community. The last two papers explore the difficulties of addressing the resulting trauma: Arpita Mitra writes about the failures of the demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration process in the DRC, and Emily Pelley writes about the difficulties of aiding young refugees exposed to wartime violence when they come to Northern countries such as Canada. Collectively, these papers highlight the need to invest more in prevention of wartime abuses, rather than scrambling to catch-up and repair the damage already done.While it may be cliché to say that young people are the future, it is also the truth, and it is important for them to have platforms to discuss and present their ideas and contribute to the most pressing challenges facing our world. Whether it is young politicians challenging our complacency on climate change, students fighting for safer schools, young activists towards peace in their countries and around the world, or young scholars such as the authors of this volume, we must turn to and support the younger generations who are invested in making a better world for themselves and all of humanity. In this spirit, Allons-y seeks to pair the academic and practical work of young people with the commentary of those who are more experienced in their field to demonstrate how young people can contribute to and create a brighter tomorrow.

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Uwaezuoke Odugu, Boniface, e Ifeanyi Johnson Onyekpa. "Sickle Cell Disease in Pregnancy: Obstetrician’s Nightmare in Resource-Poor Countries!" Journal of Applied Health Sciences and Medicine 3, n. 5 (20 maggio 2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58614/jahsm358.

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Sickle Cell Disease is a clinical condition in which the sickling gene occurs along with another abnormal gene affecting the quantity and quality of the haemoglobin [1]. It is a monogenic condition brought on by an A to T point mutation in the gene for -globin, which results in aberrant Hb-S (Hb-S), which polymerizes in the deoxygenated state and causes physical distortion or sickling [2]. About 300,000 neonates worldwide are born each year with sickle cell disease, the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy, with the majority being born in Nigeria, India, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo [3]. The term sickle cell disease includes different genotypes of homozygous HbS sickle cell anaemia (SS) and the double heterozygote states of sickle haemoglobin C disease (SC) sickle beta plus thalassaemia(Sβ+Thal), sickle beta zero thalassaemia (Sβothal), sickle cell anaemia with alpha thalassaemia (SSαthal) and sickle cell anaemia with high foetal haemoglobin (SS+F) [4]. The life expectancy of SCD patients has increased recently due to better medical facilities, antibiotic prophylaxis, vaccination against pneumococcal infections, accessibility to medications like hydroxyurea, and blood transfusion services. Female SCD patients in the reproductive age range are now expressing the desire to have children. Recent advances in prenatal diagnosis and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) help couples suffering from SCD to have a healthy baby but not without a myriad of challenges for the obstetrician; and this is the focus of this paper. SCD adversely affects pregnancy leading to increased incidence of maternal and perinatal complications like pre-eclampsia, preterm labour, IUGR abortions etc. Preeclampsia, eclampsia, worsening vaso-oclusive crises, and acute chest syndromes are all rates of obstetric complications brought on by physiological changes in the circulatory, hematologic, renal, and pulmonary systems that occur during pregnancy. These changes can overburden organs that already have chronic injuries secondary to SCD. Additionally, placental vaso-occlusion causes villous fibrosis, necrosis, and infarction, which impairs uteroplacental circulation and results in prolonged foetal hypoxia and unfavourable foetal outcomes [5, 6]. In the beginning, both the mother's and the baby's pregnancy outcomes in SCD were dismal. However, due to better preconception, prenatal, delivery, and puerperal care in more developed climates, there has been a recent improvement. A maternal mortality rate of 0.38 - 1.29/100,000 births and a perinatal mortality rate of 1.21 - 2.50/100,000 births are still reported in sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence and complications of sickle cell disease are highest in the world. Unfortunately, fetomaternal outcomes have not improved significantly in this region [7]. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are obstetric problems that are more common in SCD patients than in the general population because pregnancy in the background of SCD is a high risk one [8]. The risk of gestational diabetes is also high [9], Microvascular damage and decreased utero-placental circulation in these mothers may lead to an exaggerated risk of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Other factors contributing to adverse foetal outcomes include poor general health of the mother and drug abuse like tobacco, alcohol, and narcotics [10]. Pregnancy exacerbates the pre-existing anaemia in SCD women, leading increases the level of lead in the blood during pregnancy. There is a higher rate of caesarean deliveries in SCD patients even though it is not an indication in itself [6] and does not come without its peculiar challenges and complications. Infections like malaria, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, UTIs, and postpartum infections, among others, are more likely to occur when the immune system is already impaired during pregnancy and the defective splenic functions in SCD caused by auto-splenectomy are added to that condition. Predisposing SCD women to thromboembolic problems including deep vein and cerebral venous thromboses is pregnancy's hypercoagulable state. Maternal mortality is noticeably greater in SCD women compared to the general population as a result of a number of obstetric and non-obstetric problems. Maternal mortality has decreased in industrialised nations due to better healthcare infrastructure and increased awareness, but in underdeveloped nations like ours, the situation is still the same. Pregnancy with sickle cell illness carries a substantial risk. This is crucial in West Africa, which is home to endemic malaria and is located in the sickle cell belt of the globe. Therefore, in such pregnancies, specialised prenatal, intrapartum, and post-natal care is indicated. Painful crises, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary embolism, anaemia, and an increase in infections and infestations are among the majority of these difficulties. The common pain reliever acetaminophen is not always effective, and NSAIDs are not recommended between the 24th and 32nd week of pregnancy because they can cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. However, pain crises can happen at any stage of pregnancy. As analgesia is enhanced, the use of drugs can cause tolerance, dependence, addiction, and expense increases. The obstetrician faces these problems. A clear diagnosis of one requires particular features on a chest x-ray (CXR), white cell counts, and D-dimer. Acute chest syndrome and pulmonary embolism may co-exist, making a diagnosis of one difficult. Leucocytosis is a common physiological sign, although CXR is often contraindicated during pregnancy. Therefore, patients who present with a cough, respiratory distress, or chest pain are typically treated based on their symptoms, which raises the cost of therapy. Obstetricians are faced with a problem when low molecular weight heparin is used to treat thrombo-embolism because it increases the risk of placental abruption. Patients with SCD who are pregnant are more likely to contract infections such urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory tract infections (RTIs), hepatitis, transient bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and HIV—the latter of which is brought on by frequent blood transfusions. SCD patients frequently experience acute cholecystitis, which can resemble other problems such hepatopathy, hepatitis, and hepatic sequestration. Liver function tests that are not very specific during pregnancy may be needed for this diagnosis. The problem of anaemia, which is made worse by physiological blood volume dilution during pregnancy, is of the utmost concern. Treatment for this illness is difficult since volume overload and an increased risk of blood-related infections, some of which could pose a public health danger like HIV, could result. The first four days after delivery and the final four weeks of pregnancy are when these disorders are most common, hence feto-maternal surveillance should be prioritised during this time. Additionally, the management of these patients during labour necessitates that the second stage be shortened, preferably using forceps, a skill that is currently on the decline among obstetricians due to a fear of legal action; additionally, caesarian delivery also has a high rate of anaesthetic complications among this subset of patients. The availability and affordability of epidural analgesia, which offers a great deal of hope during both vaginal and caesarian deliveries, are issues, particularly in the world's resource-poor nations. Finally, managing sickle cell illness during pregnancy is extremely difficult for obstetricians. Understanding its aetiology, complications, and management restrictions may help us create a better care plan for our SCD pregnant women to improve the success of their pregnancies.

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Anderson, Patrick. "Cobalt and Corruption: The Influence of Multinational Firms and Foreign States on the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Journal for Global Business and Community 14, n. 1 (1 marzo 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.56020/001c.72664.

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The history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is littered with foreign influence and corruption. While colonial forces sought for diamonds and rubber, the nation’s abundance of cobalt, a key metal in cellphone and electric vehicle construction, has fueled a recent flurry of international interest. Now, key companies, individuals, and countries operating in the DRC’s enormous mining sector will determine the country’s economic future. From undisclosed billion-dollar agreements to human rights abuses, exploitation has defined the DRC. As civil war ravages the country and undermines its political structure, rebel groups profit off of the poverty of artisanal miners and Congolese citizens. The people of the DRC have tried to navigate through the rocks and rapids of their country’s troubled past. It remains to be seen whether the DRC’s new president, Felix Tshisekedi will steer them toward a calmer future or repeat the mistakes of those before him.

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Gulley, Andrew L. "China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and artisanal cobalt mining from 2000 through 2020". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, n. 26 (20 giugno 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212037120.

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From 2000 through 2020, demand for cobalt to manufacture batteries grew 26-fold. Eighty-two percent of this growth occurred in China and China’s cobalt refinery production increased 78-fold. Diminished industrial cobalt mine production in the early-to-mid 2000s led many Chinese companies to purchase ores from artisanal cobalt miners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), many of whom have been found to be children. Despite extensive research on artisanal cobalt mining, fundamental questions about its production remain unanswered. This gap is addressed here by estimating artisanal cobalt production, processing, and trade. The results show that, while total DRC cobalt mine production grew from 11,000 metric tons (t) in 2000 to 98,000 t in 2020, artisanal production only grew from 1,000 to 2,000 t in 2000 to 9,000 to 11,000 t in 2020 (with a peak of 17,000 to 21,000 t in 2018). Artisanal production’s share of world and DRC cobalt mine production peaked around 2008 at 18 to 23% and 40 to 53%, respectively, before trending down to 6 to 8% and 9 to 11% in 2020, respectively. Artisanal production was chiefly exported to China or processed within the DRC by Chinese firms. An average of 72 to 79% of artisanal production was processed at facilities within the DRC from 2016 through 2020. As such, these facilities may be potential monitoring points for artisanal production and its downstream consumers. This finding may help to support responsible sourcing initiatives and better address abuses related to artisanal cobalt mining by focusing local efforts at the artisanal processing facilities through which most artisanal cobalt production flows.

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Musa Obadia, Paul, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Trésor Carsi Kuhangana, Georges Kalenga Ilunga, Jaak Billen, Tony Kayembe-Kitenge, Vincent Haufroid et al. "Erectile dysfunction in copper and cobalt miners: a cross-sectional study in the former Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Sexual Medicine 11, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfad052.

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Abstract Background The African Copperbelt is a site of intense artisanal and industrial mining and refining of copper and cobalt. Aim We aimed to investigate factors that are possibly associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) in metal miners in the former Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 138 miners and 139 controls (bakers), we administered questionnaires to obtain sociodemographic and occupational data and to assess male sexual function (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]) and marital relation quality (Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale). Furthermore, we measured trace metals in blood and urine, as well as testosterone and thyroid hormones in serum. Outcomes Outcomes included the prevalence of questionnaire-derived ED and the relation of ED with individual characteristics, serum testosterone, and environmental factors. Results Miners were on average 4 years older than bakers (mean ± SD, 37.5 ± 6.9 vs 33.3 ± 5.7 years). Miners had significantly lower scores than bakers on the IIEF (median [IQR], 66 [49-73] vs 73 [66-74]) and the 3 domains of the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (consensus, satisfaction, cohesion). Free testosterone was significantly lower in miners than bakers (ng/dL; 8.11 [6.90–10.10] vs 10.52 [8.83-12.58]; P ˂ .001). In miners, sex hormone–binding globulin correlated positively with blood Pb and urinary Cd. In a multivariable analysis, mild to moderate ED or moderate ED (IIEF–erectile function score ≤18) was significantly associated with having a mining-related job (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3), work seniority ˃5 years (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6), alcohol consumption (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.7), and aphrodisiacs use (aOR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.2-8.0). Mediation analysis showed that marital relationship partially mediated the relation between work seniority >5 years in mining and ED. Clinical Implications The high prevalence of ED found in artisanal mine workers indicates that work-related factors should be considered as possibly contributing, directly or indirectly, to sexual dysfunction in men. Strengths and Limitations Strengths include being the first epidemiologic study documenting ED with validated questionnaires and its possible determinants, including exposure to toxic metals, among young artisanal miners vs a suitable control group. Limitations are the cross-sectional design with convenience sampling and absence of objective confirmation of ED. Conclusion As compared with controls, miners reported poorer sexual function and lower quality of their marital relationship, and they had lower free testosterone levels, which may be due to their high exposure to trace metals.

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Falb, Kathryn L., Alexandra Blackwell, Jean de Dieu Hategekimana, Munjireen Sifat, Danielle Roth e Meghan O’Connor. "Co-Occurring Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The Influence of Early Life Experiences of Abuse". Violence Against Women, 29 dicembre 2022, 107780122211453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778012221145302.

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Little is known about co-occurring intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and child abuse within families in humanitarian settings. Baseline data from 203 couples in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo were analyzed to assess associations between childhood experiences of abuse with present co-occurring violence. Over half of women (56.1%) and men (50.5%) reported co-occurring violence. Adjusted models demonstrate experiencing physical abuse as a child was associated with greatest odds of recent co-occurring violence while witnessing parental IPV had mixed influence. Programmatic approaches focused on reducing early childhood violence may be promising to prevent both IPV and child abuse.

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48

Molayi Elenge, Myriam. "Quantification of Metal in the Hair of Copper Miners in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology 01, n. 03 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000114.

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Geenen, Sara, e Divin‐Luc Bikubanya. "Heterogeneity and Labour Agency in Artisanal and Small‐scale Gold Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Development and Change, 15 marzo 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dech.12818.

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ABSTRACTThis article considers the broad question of how to improve the conditions of workers in artisanal and small‐scale gold mining (ASGM), which relies on predominantly informal activities. While acknowledging that formalization can provide ASGM miners with tenure security and protection of labour rights, it is important to highlight that not all workers are likely to benefit from formalization in the same way, and that decent work ambitions should extend to all workers, regardless of whether or not they are formalized. It is therefore crucial to understand the heterogeneity in the ASGM workforce. This article describes working conditions for different categories of workers based on a survey carried out in the Watsa and Shabunda territories in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It analyses labour agency and shows that workers are diversely integrated in the labour process and may use power resources in various ways. The discussion reflects on ways to consider the heterogeneity in ASGM labour and to push the ASGM agenda beyond formalization.

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Obadia, P. Musa, J. Pyana Kitenge, T. Carsi Kuhangana, S. Verpaele, A. Ndala Nyongonyi, T. Kayembe Kitenge, P. d. M. Katoto, C. Banza Lubaba Nkulu e B. Nemery. "Hypoxaemia and risk of asphyxia during underground work in artisanal cobalt mines". Occupational Medicine, 9 febbraio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae008.

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Abstract Background More than half the cobalt needed for vehicle electrification originates from the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with a substantial part being extracted by artisanal miners. Aims To investigate oxygen saturation during underground work among cobalt artisanal miners. Methods In a field survey, we measured oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate by pulse oximetry in 86 miners from two underground mines and 24 miners from a surface mine at four different time points: before descent into the mine (T1), at 50 minutes in the mine (T2), upon leaving the shaft (T3), and 10 minutes after having left the mine (T4). Results Miners working underground (–36 to –112 meters) were somewhat older (34.8 ± 6.7 years) than those working in the surface mine (32.0 ± 6.5 years), and they worked more hours daily (12.6 ± 1.2 hours) than controls (9.0 ± 0.0 hours). All participants had SpO2 >95% at T1 and T4. At T2, SpO2 dropped below 93% and 80% in 35% and 10% underground miners, respectively; SpO2 was still <93% at T3 in 13%. SpO2 remained stable among surface miners. Later, we showed that underground ambient oxygen levels decreased well below 21% in several pits. Conclusions Pulse oximetry revealed relevant hypoxaemia during underground work in a substantial proportion of artisanal miners. Such hypoxaemia without evidence of underlying cardiovascular disease is indicative of low ambient oxygen, due to insufficient mine ventilation. This may cause deaths from asphyxia. The hazards of low ambient oxygen in artisanal mines must be prevented by appropriate technical measures ensuring the supply of sufficient fresh air.

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