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Tesi sul tema "Milieu poreux insaturé"
Gautier, Céline. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures en milieu poreux insaturé". Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3037.
Testo completoBiological processes are expected to play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils. However, factors influencing the kinetics of biodegradation are still not well known, especially in the unsaturated zone. To address these biodegradation questions in the unsaturated zone an innovative experimental set up based on a physical column model was developed. This experimental set up appeared to be an excellent tool for elaboration of a structured porous medium, with well defined porous network and adjusted water/oil saturations. Homogeneous repartition of both liquid phases (i. E. , aqueous and non aqueous) in the soil pores, which also contain air, was achieved using ceramic membranes placed at the bottom of the soil column. Reproducible interfaces (and connectivity) are developed between gas, and both non mobile water and NAPL phases, depending on the above-defined characteristics of the porous media and on the partial saturations of these three phases (NAPL, water and gas). A respirometric apparatus was coupled to the column. Such experimental set up have been validated with hexadecane in dilution in an HMN phase. This approach allowed detailed information concerning n-hexadecane biodegradation, in aerobic condition, through the profile of the oxygen consumption rate. We have taken benefit of this technique, varying experimental conditions, to determine the main parameters influencing the biodegradation kinetics and compositional evolution of hydrocarbons, under steady state unsaturated conditions and with respect to aerobic metabolism. Impacts of the nitrogen quantity and of three different grain sizes have been examined. Biodegradation of petroleum cut, as diesel cut and middle distillate without aromatic fraction, were also studied
Maillet, Jean. "Etude du transport réactif du Cs et Sr dans un sédiment partiellement saturé en eau : application au site CEA de Cadarache". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASF062.
Testo completoFrom a regulatory standpoint, the CEA is obliged to implement operational methodologies and instruments to quantify, regulate, and anticipate any releases from its nuclear facilities into the surrounding environment. This thesis forms part of the development of a reactive transport tool capable of predicting the migration of radionuclides (strontium-90, caesium-137) in soils and groundwater located in the vicinity of facilities. The methodology employed is based on the integration of a retention model, derived from the Theory of Multi-site Ion Exchangers (TIE) developed at the CEA, with a transport model. This approach has already been validated in a water-saturated environment (Lu, 2013; Wissocq, 2017). However, the majority of surface environments, Cadarache CEA site included, are characterised by the presence of sediments that are water-partially saturated, with a thickness that can reach several metres. The objective of this study is to develop a tool for predicting the reactive transport of Sr and Cs within the unsaturated sediment of the Cadarache site. To achieve this, a comprehensive characterization of the material was conducted, followed by an investigation of its retention properties with respect to Sr and Cs under static conditions. Subsequently, dynamic experiments were conducted on the transport of inert (²H) and then reactive tracers (Sr and Cs) in columns filled with compacted material under saturated conditions (volumetric water content: 0.46) and unsaturated conditions (three water contents: 0.24, 0.21 and 0.1).The results of the sediment characterization indicate that the material is predominantly composed of calcite (35%) and clay minerals (19%). In the TIE retention model, the clay minerals (illite and smectite) are regarded as the sole reactive phases with respect to Sr and Cs. It should be noted that this retention model is based on a pre-existing retention database, which includes the exchange properties of these pure phases with respect to Sr²⁺, Cs⁺, Ca²⁺ and H⁺. The results of the Sr and Cs retention experiments conducted under static conditions on the <2 µm free-carbonated fraction at two ionic strength levels demonstrate that the retention process is driven by an ion exchange mechanism. This is evidenced by the reversibility of the retention process and the excellent fit of the data to the TIE model. The experiments conducted on the infra 2 µm bulk fraction do not indicate any restriction in the accessibility of the sorption sites by calcite. However, the retention of strontium is observed to increase significantly in comparison to the values predicted by the ion exchange model alone, suggesting the potential incorporation of Sr into calcite and the precipitation of strontianite.Finally, column tracing experiments carried out at several degrees of saturation were interpreted using 2 transport models (ADE and MIM), coupled with 3 approaches describing retention of increasing complexity: constant Kd, Langmuir isotherm and mechanistic retention model, TIE. In saturated conditions, tracings with Sr are very well reproduced with the TIE retention model, coupled with an ADE transport model, using dispersivity coefficient values adjusted for inert tracings. The simulations of Cs are less satisfactory, revealing potential kinetic effects on the sorption cation. Compared with saturated conditions, tracing experiments carried out under unsaturated conditions with the inert tracer show an increase in dispersivity and a decrease in the transfer coefficient. The tracing with Sr under unsaturated conditions cannot be reproduced with the dispersivity and transfer coefficient values determined on the inert tracer, as these values have to be greatly reduced. Nevertheless, these tests show that the reduction in water content does not affect the reactivity of the solid clay phases, even though the accessibility of the sorption sites to flow under unsaturated conditions is reduced by 10%
Guillon, Valentin. "Dispersion en milieux poreux insaturés : modélisations et mesures RMN de distributions de vitesse". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853660.
Testo completoHulin, Claudie. "Couplage géochimie-géomécanique dans les milieux poreux insaturés : Tension capillaire – Pression de cristallisation". Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2028/document.
Testo completoThe alteration of porous media in drying conditions is generally attributed to the pressure exerted by growing salts from the poral evaporating solution against the pore wall (crystallization pressure). In drying conditions, the water retained by capillarity in nanometric pores is under absolute negative pressure. Water under capillary tension exerts a mechanical traction against the pore walls but also modifies the chemical equilibria and so rock-fluid interactions. Crystallization pressure and capillary tension, which are physical processes, are both induces by the disequilibrium between poral water and dry air.Salt crystallization experiments in microtubes (Na2SO4, NaCl) show some favorable conditions for crystallization pressure - in terms of supersaturation and geometry – which is transient and brutal. A second series of experiments shows that capillary tension, generated by a nanometric liquid air interface, can be transmitted to a macrovolume of aqueous solution in a particular geometric system built with salts. The tensile state is metastable (superheated), but long enough to modify significantly the chemical budget of the system and to see mechanical effects. The brutal relaxation of the superheating state by vapor nucleation induces a rapid salt supersaturation which is the driving force of the crystallization pressure.The salt growth (during evaporation) and capillarity cooperate in drying conditions to alter porous media.During climate cycles (especially humidity) they control and induce transient and brutal events which mark the end of metastable states (superheating and salt supersaturation)
Prat, Marc. "Modélisation des transferts en milieux poreux : changement d'échelle et conditions aux limites". Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT067H.
Testo completoVu, Thai-Hoa. "Caractérisation de la phase solide et transferts de gaz dans les milieux poreux insaturés : étude expérimentale et modélisation appliquées à la diffusion de l'hydrogène dans les matériaux cimentaires". Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000324/.
Testo completoThis thesis documents the relationship between the porous microstructure of cement based materials and theirs gaseous diffusivity properties relative to the aqueous phase location and the global saturation level of the material. The materials studied are cement pastes and mortars. To meet the thesis objective, the materials are characterized in detail by means of several experimental methods: mercury intrusion porosimetry, water porosimetry, thermoporometry, nitrogen sorption and water desorption. In addition, diffusion tests realized on materials maintained in controlled humidity chambers allow obtaining the effective hydrogen diffusivity as function of the microstructure and the saturation state of material with a gas chromatography. The experimental results are then used as a data base that is compared to a modeling approach. The model developed consists of a combination of ordinary diffusion (Fick regime) and Knudsen diffusion of hydrogen. The model also accounts for the effects of the liquid curtains, the impact of tortuosity on gas diffusion, and the saturation level of the porous system
Ollivier-Triquet, Emma. "Dispersion in unsaturated porous media". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST152.
Testo completoHuman activity has a significant impact on the vadose zone, an area located below the land surface and above the water tables, only partially saturated with water. The vadose is susceptible to pollution from agricultural or industrial activities, posing a threat to water resources. Plus, saturation levels vary greatly, especially with the increasing frequency of droughts due to climate change. Hence, predicting contaminant transport in unsaturated conditions is crucial. However, the understanding of dispersion in unsaturated porous media remains limited, due to the complex interaction of multiphase non-miscible flows with the porous medium. Traditional models such as the Fickian model, described by the Advection-Diffusion Equation, fail to accurately capture dispersion in unsaturated porous media.The objective is to address the issue of transport in unsaturated porous media by identifying relevant properties at the pore scale to understand dispersion at a larger scale. One of the goals is to determine whether dispersion follows Fickian or non-Fickian behavior, as this understanding is crucial for predicting the spreading of pollutant in the vadose zone.To investigate transport in unsaturated porous media, a dual approach is being employed: pore scale transport experiments and Lattice Boltzmann simulations. Direct visualization of fluid structure in natural porous media is challenging. Thus, we use micromodels, transparent interconnected porous networks, to enable optical visualization at the pore scale. First, a micromodel experimental setup was established and optimized to study multiphase flow and transport. Analysis methods were developed, along with techniques for characterizing dispersion through spatial moment analysis.A series of experiments were conducted to obtain initial results on multiphase flow and dispersion. The evolution of saturation and phase distributions with the capillary number was characterized. Transport experiments were performed for the entire range of saturations, showing that dispersion increases as saturation decreases. However, analyzing low saturations was challenging due to the significant increase in dispersion and limitations imposed by the micromodel size, preventing the study of long-term dispersion.To overcome this limitation, Lattice Boltzmann simulations were used for flow and transport, as there is no size limitation except for computational time. However, simulating the distribution of two phases after a multiphase flow in a complex porous medium remains challenging. Generating large-scale images of unsaturated porous media based on experimental data was then crucial for observing late-time dispersion. Machine learning techniques, specifically the Multiple Point Statistic algorithm, were employed to generate images of wider unsaturated porous media and a large dataset of smaller images to increase the statistical significance of the study.Flow and transport simulations were conducted using the generated image dataset to explore the influence of saturation on flow and transport. This involved examining flow properties under saturated and unsaturated conditions. The nature of transport, specifically whether it exhibited Fickian or non-Fickian behavior was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the Peclet number (a measure of the balance between advection and diffusion) on dispersion for different saturation levels was analyzed.This study revealed that decreasing saturation significantly increases flow heterogeneity, leading to increased dispersion. Notably, the non-Fickian nature of flow tends to be more pronounced with low saturations. Plus, the transition from Fickian to non-Fickian depends on the Peclet number. There is a competition between advection and diffusion in saturated conditions, resulting in a diffusive Fickian regime for low Peclet numbers. However, transport in unsaturated conditions is mainly advective, even at low Peclet, and thus displays a non-Fickian behavior
Maghoul, Pooneh. "Solutions fondamentales en Géo-Poro-Mécanique multiphasique pour l'analyse des effets de site sismiques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599397.
Testo completoArairo, Wahib. "Influence des cycles hydriques de la dessiccation et de l’humidification sur le comportement hydromécanique des géomatériaux non saturés". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0028/document.
Testo completoThis work focuses on the behaviour of porous triphasic media, particularly on unsaturated soils subjected to hydromechanical loading. A coupled elastoplastic constitutive model has been developed. This original model is formulated according to the following principles: (1) a constitutive law describing the behaviour of different phases (solid skeleton, liquid and gas). (2) coupling relationships between each phase. For the behaviour of the solid skeleton, a non associated elastoplastic constitutive law is adopted, with two loading surfaces: shear surface and compression cap surface. The hydric part is discribed using a formulation which allows to take into account the hysteresis effect. This model has been extended using a hydromechanical coupling relation between the air entry value and the porosity. Then the coupling is completed with the Bishop effective stress, using a new definition for the suction parameter χ. Using this formulation, the various phenomena present in the porous media behaviour under different loading can be reproduced. The developed model has been validated through a comparison with experimental data on different types of soil (sand, silt,…). This model is implemented in the french finite element code Cast3M. The analysis of specific problems, such as (1) the study of shallow foundation subjected to cyclic rain event, as well as (2) the study of slope stability, show the model capacity to reproduce the behaviour of unsaturated porous media