Tesi sul tema "Migrations – Guinée"

L'objectif principal de l'étude est de mesurer l'impact de la migration sur le développement socio-économique des populations et des familles de migrants à travers les transferts d'argent et de matériels et, les projets d'intérêts communautaires. Comme indicateurs, nous nous sommes basés sur les objectifs de développement de la Guinée, inscrits dans le Document stratégique de réduction de la pauvreté (DSRP). L'apport des migrants varie suivant leur statut (étudiants, résidents permanents, cadres, femmes. . . ). De façon générale, les apports sont généralement constitués de dépenses domestiques (scolarité, immobiliers, entretiens. . . ). Mais si cette manne est une source de revenus essentielle pour les familles des migrants, le caractère volatile et improductif des investissements amène à relativiser son rôle dans la création de richesses, d'emplois et de croissance économique pour la Guinée. Toutes fois, les associations jouent un rôle de développement communautaire -même de façon faible -par la réalisation des infrastructures d'intérêts communautaires (écoles, centres de santé, forages, désenclavement. . . . ) à travers leurs représentations locales, parfois en collaboration avec les institutions internationales de développement.

La Guinée a une tradition migratoire affirmée. Pendant la période coloniale et au lendemain de son indépendance, elle a fourni des travailleurs saisonniers au Sénégal et à la Côte d'Ivoire. Des décennis après, ces dynamiques de mobilité se poursuivent. En 2015, les Nations Unies ont dénombré 426 941 migrants guinéens à travers le monde. Si ces flux sont principalement orientés vers les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest (74%), ils tendent à épouser d'autres destinations. Les routes de l'Europe via le Sahel et l'Afrique du Nord recrutent de plus en plus de candidats. Selon les données de Frontex citées par Petit et Baldé (2017), le nombre de Guinéens entrés « irrégulièrement » en Europe est passé de 47 en 2009 à 14 708 en 2016. En 2021, les ressortissants guinéens comptaient parmi les premiers demandeurs d’asile en Europe (cinquièmes en France et 15èmes dans toute l’Europe). Ces mouvements de départ sont doublés d’importants flux de retour. Entre janvier 2017 et septembre 2022, l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) a facilité le retour de 29 410 Guinéens, faisant de la Guinée le premier pays de retour en Afrique subsaharienne. L’importance prise par les migrations guinéennes contraste avec le faible intérêt des chercheurs pour le sujet. Dit autrement, les mobilités des ressortissants guinéens restent à jour peu documentées. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à combler ce manque. Elle tente de comprendre les fondements des décisions de ces migrants. Pour ce faire, elle questionne différents moments de leurs expériences : l’émigration, le parcours dans les pays de transit, l’immigration en Europe, le retour et la réintégration en Guinée. Pour appréhender ces problèmes de recherche, une méthodologie de type qualitatif a été convoquée. L’entretien semi-directif a été le principal outil de collecte de données. Des entrevues individuelles ont ainsi été réalisées avec des migrants en situation « irrégulière » en Europe (France et Belgique), des migrants de retour en Guinée et des informateurs issus des communautés de retour. Outre l’entretien, la comparaison a été mobilisée pour suivre l’évolution des dynamiques migratoires en Afrique à travers la mise en perspective des migrations guinéennes au Sénégal et celles burkinabè en Côte d’Ivoire. La démarche comparative a aussi permis de comprendre les approches de réintégration proposées aux migrants retournés. Sur le plan théorique, un cadre d’analyse construit autour de la théorie néoclassique (Approche micro) et de la théorie des choix rationnels de Boudon, a permis d’interpréter les décisions des Guinéens dans différents contextes migratoires
Guinea has a long tradition of migration. During the colonial period and in the aftermath of independence, it supplied seasonal workers to Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire. Decades later, these mobility dynamics continue. In 2015, the United Nations counted 426,941 Guinean migrants worldwide. While these flows are mainly directed towards West African countries (74%), they tend to espouse other destinations. The routes to Europe via the Sahel and North Africa are recruiting more and more candidates. According to Frontex data cited by Petit and Baldé (2017), the number of Guineans entering Europe "irregularly" rose from 47 in 2009 to 14,708 in 2016. By 2021, Guinean nationals would be among the top asylum seekers in Europe (fifth in France and 15th in the whole of Europe). These departures are coupled with significant return flows. Between January 2017 and September 2022, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) facilitated the return of 29,410 Guineans, making Guinea the leading country of return in sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of Guinean migration contrasts with the low level of interest in the subject among researchers. In other words, the mobility of Guinean nationals remains poorly documented to date. This thesis aims to help fill this gap. It seeks to understand the basis of these migrants' decisions. At this regard, it examines different moments in their experiences: emigration, the journey in transit countries, immigration to Europe, return and reintegration in Guinea. A qualitative methodology was used to address these research issues. Semi-structured interviews were used as the main data collection tool. Individual interviews were conducted with "irregular" migrants in Europe (France and Belgium), returnees in Guinea and informants from the returnee communities. In addition to the interviews, the comparative approach was used to track the evolution of migration dynamics in Africa, by putting Guinean migration to Senegal and Burkina Faso migration to Côte d'Ivoire into perspective. The comparative approach also enabled us to understand the reintegration approaches proposed to returning migrants. Theoretically, an analytical framework built around neoclassical theory (micro approach) and Boudon's theory of rational choice was used to interpret Guineans' decisions in different migration contexts

Cette thèse de géographie s'est intéressée à la situation en 2008-2009 des réfugiés libériens dans deux capitales d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Conakry en Guinée et Accra au Ghana. À l'issue du conflit au Libéria, elle pose la question de l'avenir de ces réfugiés urbains dans ces deux pays proches du Libéria où ils avaient trouvé refuge entre 1990 et 2003. Inscrite dans le champ des Forced Migration Studies, elle interroge leurs conditions de vie et leurs projets migratoires : comptaient-ils rentrer au Libéria, rester dans ces pays d'asile ou bien partir pour d'autres destinations ? Leurs expériences de migration forcée sont replacées dans les contextes du conflit libérien et de l'accueil dans ces deux pays, puis présentées par la restitution de leurs parcours d'exil dans les pays de la Mano River. À travers la répartition géographique de ces réfugiés libériens, marquée par l'absence de camp à Conakry et la présence de celui de Buduburam en périphérie d'Accra, et à travers leurs modes de subsistance pour survivre et s'organiser dans chaque capitale, les processus de reterritorialisation sont interrogés. Enfin, la trilogie des " solutions durables " proposée par le HCR - rapatriement volontaire, intégration locale, réinstallation - est revisitée au prisme des tactiques migratoires post-conflit de ces réfugiés.

L'observation porte sur les bassari qui migrent d'une societe villageoise "traditionnelle" (animiste, en economie d'autosubsistance, clanique, a masques, a classes d'age, acephale. . ) vers dakar (urbanisee, pluriethnique islamisee, occidentalisee. . . ). Ce travail etudie, a partir de l'observation participante, d'entretiens, de passations de tests de rorschach, les modes psychologiques d'adaptation de la personne bassari en situation de migration. Il degage les formes d'acculturation et les moyens dont dispose a priori, ou que genere a posteriori, la personne en une telle position. Cette etude pose le probleme du devenir de l'identite personnelle et de l'identite culturelle. Elle analyse le fonctionnement psychologique specifique d'individus inseres originellement dans une culture a "vocation" collective et leur adaptation a un systeme individualiste, aboutissant a une "identite elargie". Le texte repere les representations ethniques, les enjeux interrelationnels dans le groupe de migrants, les manieres dont le pouvoir est redistribue, dont la famille est maintenue et l'echec a constituer une association. L'ensemble de la these montre que ne migre pas n'importe qui et que la migration est une tentative de resolution d'un conflit
This study deals with the bassari who migrate from a traditional and village oriented society (organized according the following structures: animis, self subsistence economy, clans, masks, age-grades, acephalous system of authority) to dakar (synonymn of urbanization, ethnic pluralism, islamization, westernization). This analysis is based on participating observation, interviews, rorschach projective tests, and investigates the psychological modes of adaptation of the bassari's person in the context of migration. This research reveals the form of acculturation and the means which are a priori at the disposal of the person in this situation, or are generated by it. This work rises the problem of the future of personal and cultural identity of the migrant. It analyses the specific way in which operates the psychology of individuals who move from a collective oriented culture to a more individualistic one. The dissertation looks at the ethnic representations and the system of interrelationships which are at stake in the group of migrants (family maintained, failure of association). On the whole it appears that anybody among the bassari don't migrate, and migration is an attempt to solve personal conflicts

Doutoramento em Sociologia Económica e das Organizações
As migrações, através das dinâmicas de incorporação e transnacionalismo das suas redes, têm tido um contributo assinalável nas civilizações humanas, bem como no desenvolvimento social, económico e político global. A dinâmica da mobilidade humana é hoje um fenómeno muito presente nos estudos das ciências sociais e humanas, em específico da sociologia económica. O trabalho aqui apresentado visa analisar a mobilidade internacional dos quadros, em particular dos profissionais da área de saúde, e o papel das redes transnacionais no desenvolvimento da Guiné-Bissau, tendo como elementos explicativos os determinantes socioculturais implícitos na organização e acções da diáspora guineense qualificada. O crescimento do volume da diáspora guineense qualificada tem sido acompanhado pelas redes (de incorporação e transnacionais) deste grupo migrante. Estas redes têm conhecido algumas dificuldades no cumprimento dos seus objectivos, relativos à implementação de programas e políticas de migração e desenvolvimento. Isto acontece, por um lado, devido à instabilidade política, social e institucional do país de origem. Por outro, devido a determinantes de natureza sociocultural, como é o caso do capital social e organizativo das redes associativas e dos habitus culturels dos seus membros. Por consequência, a Guiné-Bissau faz parte dos países africanos que menos beneficia das oportunidades dos programas de inversão da fuga dos cérebros. Não obstante, possui, depois de Moçambique, a maior taxa de emigração relativa de médicos emigrados nos países da OCDE - sendo que a maior parte reside em Portugal estimada em 150% dos que trabalham actualmente no serviço nacional de saúde da Guiné-Bissau. Durante a nossa pesquisa, a maior parte dos médicos inquiridos em Portugal expressou a vontade de colaborar no desenvolvimento do sector da saúde guineense, através de programas que lhes permitam manter as suas residências e carteiras profissionais no país de acolhimento. Devido a perdas cada vez maiores de profissionais da área de saúde, em particular de médicos, na Guiné-Bissau, estima-se uma necessidade de formação local, nos próximos cinco anos, de pelo menos 51 médicos especializados. Dadas as más condições do sistema nacional de saúde na Guiné-Bissau - um dos principais factores de repulsão de profissionais médicos -, torna-se indispensável que o Estado guineense estabeleça mecanismos de reconhecimento e de ligação institucional com as redes da diáspora guineense qualificada, em particular dos profissionais da saúde, de modo a permitir uma participação e operacionalização de projectos de apoio ao desenvolvimento da Guiné-Bissau, em específico na área da saúde.
International migration is having a profound impact on human civilizations, as well as on global social, economic and political development, as a consequence of the dynamics of incorporation and transnationalism of migrant networks. Human mobility is today a theme deserving widespread research in human and social sciences, particularly in economic sociology. The current work aims to study the international mobility of highly skilled workers, particularly in the health sector, as well as the role of transnational networks on the development of Guinea-Bissau. The main explanatory factors under analysis are the social and cultural determinants underlying the organization and actions of the skilled diaspora. The increase of the skilled diaspora from Guinea-Bissau has been accompanied by the reinforcement of networks (of incorporation and transnational) from this migrant group. These networks have faced significant obstacles in the pursuing of their objectives, regarding the accomplishment of migration and development programs and policies. The main reasons for this are, on the one hand, the political, social and institutional instability of the origin country. On the other hand, they consist of social and cultural determinants, such as the social and organizational capital of the immigrants' associations and the habitus culturels of their members. An outcome is the fact that Guinea-Bissau is one of the African countries which benefits the least from programs of reverse brain drain. However, the country possesses, after Mozambique, the highest relative emigration rate of medical doctors to OECD countries - the majority of whom live in Portugal. That rate is estimated at 150% of the total number of medical doctors currently employed in Guinea-Bissau's national health service. In our own fieldwork, the majority of the medical doctors surveyed in Portugal expressed a will to collaborate with the development of Guinea-Bissau's health sector, supported by programs allowing them to maintain their residence and professional license in Portugal. Given the recurrent lost of health sector professionals, particularly medical doctors, from Guinea-Bissau, a local need for the training of at least 51 specialized doctors is forecast for the next five years. Taking into account the adverse conditions of the health national system in the country - one of the factors explaining the departure of professionals -, there is a need for the state to develop recognition mechanisms and institutional connections with the skilled diaspora's networks. This appears a crucial condition for allowing stronger participation and operationalization of development projects in Guinea-Bissau, particularly in the health sector.
Les migrations humaines contribuent depuis toujours au développement de l'humanité. Les diffusions culturelles et techniques qui les accompagnent enrichissent les civilisations et les communautés humaines d'accueil. Grâce aux moyens de communications d'aujourd'hui les processus d'intégration se combinent au déploiement de réseaux multinationaux toujours plus importants. C'est pourquoi les dynamiques de mobilité humaine sont aujourd'hui étudiées par les sciences sociales et humaines et plus particulièrement par la sociologie économique. Je considérerai dans ce travail un cas de mobilité internationale de cadres africains à partir de l'exemple des professionnels bissau-guinéens de la santé et des réseaux transnationaux de développement qu'ils installent. La formation d'une diaspora bissau-guinéenne de professionnels qualifiés a en effet donné lieu à la création de réseaux tant d'intégration dans le pays d'accueil que transnationaux qui ont vite voulu participer au développement du pays d'origine. Toutefois, les programmes mises en œuvre au sein de ces réseaux n'ont pas atteint leurs objectifs. D'une part, en raison de l'instabilité politique, sociale et institutionnelle que connait le pays d'origine. De l'autre, en raison de déterminants socioculturels dont le capital social et les habitus culturels des membres des réseaux. La Guinée-Bissau est par conséquent l'un des pays africains ayant le moins bénéficié d'opportunités telles que la mise en place de programmes visant à stopper la fuite des cerveaux africains. A l'exception du Mozambique, le pays a le taux le plus élevé d'émigration de médecins vers les pays riches de l'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economique. L'émigration dans le service national de la santé est, aujourd'hui, estimée à 150%. Notre enquête témoigne du fait que la plupart des médecins bissau-guinéens installés au Portugal expriment néanmoins une forte volonté de coopérer au développement du secteur de la santé de leur pays d'origine si leur était possible de conserver leurs cartes professionnelles du pays hôte. La fuite grandissante des cerveaux bissau-guinéens et en particulier des médecins, creuse le déficit. Le besoin de formation locale est estimé à 51 spécialistes au minimum dans les cinq prochaines années. Ces faits démontrent la nécessité pour l'Etat bissau-guinéen de mettre en place des mécanismes de reconnaissance et de liaison institutionnelle avec les réseaux qualifiés de la diaspora bissau-guinéenne et en particulier avec ceux constitué par les professionnels de la santé - ce qui permettrait leur participation à des projets de développement et en particulier à ceux concernant le domaine de la santé.
Instituto Português de Apoio Ao Desenvolvimento; CEDEAO-ECOWAS; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian; SOCIUS

Cette thèse a pour objet la compréhension des mécanismes de diffusion de la microfinance en relation avec les questions de genre en Haute-Guinée. En effet, l’examen des rapports sociaux en Haute-Guinée laisse entrevoir des disparités de genre au détriment des femmes. Majoritairement elles touchées par de nombreuses inégalités d’ordre socio-économique, culturel et politique : elles sont peu ou pas du tout impliquées dans le processus de prise de décision ; leur niveau d’instruction et de formation sont faibles par rapport à ceux des hommes ; elles sont exclues du contrôle des ressources productives et économiques (terres, arbres fruitiers, mines, pêche…). Cet état de fait a pour conséquence la dévalorisation de leur statut social, la charge considérable du travail domestique et surtout la paupérisation généralisée des femmes. Face à ces réalités, certaines femmes s’inscrivent dans des logiques d’emprunt de microcrédits pour démarrer, renforcer ou encore diversifier les activités génératrices de revenus dans les secteurs du commerce, de l’artisanat et de l’agriculture. C’est dans la perspective d’approfondir ce défi que cette thèse tente d’analyser les effets de la microfinance sur la vie des femmes de cette région de la Guinée.A partir d’une approche méthodologique essentiellement qualitative, l’examen des réalités de terrain révèle que la microfinance n’est pas une solution miracle pour lutter contre la pauvreté des femmes et les inégalités de genre. Elle peut tout aussi produire des effets inverses débouchant sur l’aggravation de leur situation économique et sociale (surendettement, pauvreté, migration, exclusion, divorce, prostitution, exposition au VIH/SIDA)
The purpose of this dissertation is the understanding of the mechanisms of the development of microfinance in relation to gender issues in Upper Guinea, in the republic of Guinea. Indeed, the examination of social relations in Upper Guinea suggests gender disparities to the detriment of women. They are disproportionately affected by many socio-economic, cultural, and political inequalities: they have little or no involvement at all in the decision-making process; they have very low levels of education and training in comparison to men; they have no control over productive and economic resources (trees, fruit trees, mines, fishing, among others). This situation results in the devaluation of their social status, significant domestic workload, and above all, women’s generalized impoverishment. Confronted with this reality, some women adhere to the logic of borrowing, which is based on micro-credits in order to start, strengthen or diversify income generating activities in the trade, crafts and agriculture sectors. For the purpose of further exploring that issue, this dissertation attempts to analyze the effects of microfinance on women’s life in this region of Guinea.Using a methodological approach, which is primarily qualitative, the examination of field realities shows that microfinance is not a miracle solution to fight poverty among women and gender inequalities. It may just as well produce opposite effects resulting in the worsening of their economic and social situation (over-indebtedness, poverty, migration, exclusion, divorce, prostitution, exposure to HIV/AIDS)

Texte remanié de: Th. 3e cycle--Paris--EHSS. Titre de soutenance : Tradition et adaptation dans un réseau de migration sénégalais : la communauté manjak de France.
Bibliogr. p. 192-201. Glossaire.

Bénéficiaires de la démocratisation quantitative sélective orchestrée par Campus France, les étudiants guinéens quittent leur pays pour poursuivre des études supérieures en France dans l’espoir d’avoir un diplôme international pouvant déboucher sur une embauche au niveau national et international. Je cherche à étudier la présence de ces étudiants dans les différentes universités françaises, les démarches qu’ils mènent pour venir en France, leurs motivations, la catégorie socio-professionnelle et le niveau d’études de leurs parents, le financement du voyage et des études, leurs conditions de vie et d’études, leurs intentions de retour une fois les études terminées en France…Les responsables politiques français, dans le cadre de l’État, définissent les critères d’immigration des étudiants africains sur le territoire : une façon de contrôler celle-ci. Cette dernière est donc une pensée de l’État, le seul acteur légalement institué pour monopoliser la question de l’immigration. Au cours du temps, selon les contextes, les politiques se sont axées sur la construction, la déconstruction et la reconstruction de modèles d’accueil de ces étudiants pour mieux orienter l’immigration sur le territoire français.Les étudiants, quant à eux, cherchent à atteindre leurs objectifs, s’adaptent au système universitaire et valident leurs semestres en ne transgressant pas les textes juridiques de l’État.La dualité des objectifs (ceux de l’État, ceux des étudiants) va dans le sens d’une migration pour les études en France. Elle vient rappeler la relation d’interdépendance entre les différents acteurs engagés dans ce processus
African students in France. The case of Guinean students in universities of Paris region Benefiting by the selective quantitative democratization set up by Campus France, Guinean students leave their country to continue their studies in France with the hope of getting an international degree/diploma that could lead to national or international employment.I am attemping to study the presence of students in various French universities, the administrative procedures they follow to come to France, their motivations, their socio-professional category and the level of study of their parents, the financing of their trip and studies, the conditions of their life and studies and also their intentions to return after their studies have been completed here in France.French politicians, in the context of the state, fixe the criteria for immigration of African students to the territory ; it is a way to control immigration. Therefore it represents a doctrine thought by the state, the only legally constituted actor to monopolise the issue of immigration. In the length of time, depending on the contexts, politicians focused on the construction, deconstruction and reconstruction of the models of reception of those students in order to improve direct immigration to French territory.Students seek to achieve their goals, adapt to the university system and validate their semester by abiding by the legal texts of the State.The duality of the objectives, those of the state and those of the students, is an asset for the academic migration in France. It reminds us of the relation of interdependence between the different actors involved in this process

The development of hydroelectric power production and the damming of water courses that ensues causes a threat to the migration patterns of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), by altering their habitat and compromising river connectivity. Because the species’ survival heavily depends on the completion of their migration between rivers and oceans, the design of guidance structures that promote successful passages around dams is a critical goal. Physical structures have been used to steer downwards-migrating smolts through safe fishways but they have not always proven effective, both from an ecological and economical perspective. In this study, the potential of bubbles in guiding salmon trajectories around a hydropower dam was tested as an alternative to existing guiding systems. Here the hypotheses were: i) bubbles guide downstream-migrating smolts around dams; ii) the reaction of smolts to a bubble barrier is linked to their individual boldness; iii) bubbles have varying effects on different school sizes. The first and third hypotheses were tested in the field, by recording sonar footage at the entrance of a fishway, downstream of a bubble barrier. The second hypothesis was evaluated by conducting a scototaxis experiment and an assessment of the reaction of young salmon to bubbles in the laboratory. My analysis of the fish abundance data collected in the river confirmed the first and third hypotheses. In the field, the presence of a predator (Esox lucius) was revealed to be a more influential factor than bubbles in regulating the number of smolts steered towards the fishway, indicating that predators generated a larger anxiety-like response in smolts than bubbles. In the controlled laboratory setting, there was no significant correlation between anxiety-like behaviour and reaction to bubbles and the second hypothesis did not appear to be valid. Therefore, the cause of avoidance of the barrier remains unclear, but bubble barriers seem to be an efficient and cost-effective structure for guiding downstream-migrating salmon smolts.

Les systèmes d'information âgés sont importants pour l'entreprise mais posent un réel problème. D'une part on n'arrive plus ou du moins difficilement à les maintenir et d'autre part ils sont dépassés du point de vue technologique. Alors, faut-il continuer à les maintenir jusqu'à la fin de leur cycle de vie ou bien redévelopper de nouveaux systèmes ? La meilleure approche face à cette problématique est la réingen1ene des systèmes d'information, laquelle se présente comme une solution intermédiaire entre la maintenance continue et le nouveau développement. Ainsi, le but de cette thèse est la proposition d'une démarche méthodologique pour la réingénierie d'un système d'information. Plus précisément, il s'agit de la migration d'un système se basant sur des fichiers classiques Cobol vers une plate-forme relationnelle. Notre méthode s'articule sur trois étapes principales à savoir : (1) l'évaluation du système existant pour le choix d'une stratégie de réingénierie, (2) la rétro-ingénierie du système existant pour reconstruire ses vues conceptuelles et/ou logiques et enfin (3) la mise en œuvre de la migration. Dans la première étape, l'évaluation est basée sur des métriques ~test conduite sur trois axes différents mais complémentaires qui caractérisent l'application sous trois angles : la qualité technique, la capacité d'évolution et enfin la satisfaction des utilisateurs. Des recommandations sont issues de ce processus, lesquelles seront prises en compte dans la suite du projet de réingénierie. Dans la deuxième étape, une démarche de rétro-conception orientée vers les données sera présentée et aura comme objectif l'analyse de fichiers Cobol en vue de l'obtention d'une vue conceptuelle selon le modèle entité/relation. Enfin dans la dernière étape, une approche globale de migration guidée par les données est présentée. Celle-ci est basée sur l'utilisation de passerelles et est réalisée en suivant un ordre préétabli dans le transfert des composants de la source vers la cible
Legacy information systems are increasingly acknowledged as major problems for most large corporations. On one side, we can hardly maintain them and on the other side they are technologically out-of-date. Sa, should we continue to maintain them until the end of their life cycle or do we need to redevelop new systems? The best approach for this problem is the reengineering of information systems, which could be an intermediate solution between continued maintenance and new development. The goal of this thesis is to propose a method of information system reengineering. More precisely, it concerns the migration of a system based on COBOL files towards a relational platform. Our method is composed of three principal steps: (1) the assessment of the legacy system for the choice of a reengineering strategy, (2) the reverse engineering of the legacy system to recover its logical and/or conceptual views and (3) the achievement of the migration. In the first step, the assessment is based on metrics and is led on three different but complementary axes which characterize the application program from three points of view: the technical quality, the evolution ability and the user’s satisfaction. The recommendations derived from this process will be taken into account in the following steps. In the second step, a data reverse engineering method is presented with the goal of examining the COBOL files to recover their conceptual view according to the Entity-Relationship model. In the final step, a data driven migration method is described. It is based on the use of gateways and achieved according to a predefined order in the migration of the components from the source towards the target

Orientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto d Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Na passagem do século XIX para o XX, no contexto de sua grande migração, alguns milhares de sírio-libaneses foram para a África Ocidental e ali se estabeleceram. Em toda a região, tornaram-se intermediários no circuito comercial, então em plena ascenção, que fazia chegar as matérias-primas da região à indústria européia e os bens de consumo produzidos na Europa àquele que era um novo mercado. Concomitantemente à expansão do comércio externo na região, deu-se a intensificação da presença militar e administrativa dos Estados imperiais europeus ali e no resto do continente africano. Com o contexto global e regional sempre em perspectiva, esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação sobre o processo de estabelecimento de migrantes sírio-libaneses na Guiné Portuguesa (atual Guiné-Bissau), concentrando-se nos anos correspondentes ao primeiro período republicano em Portugal, entre 1910 e 1926. O tema é abordado através da análise de documentos produzidos no contexto da administração colonial portuguesa no território, material que nos permitiu construir uma interpretação sobre este processo em que a ambigüidade da condição de estrangeiro é o elemento central.
Abstract: Between the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, in the context of their great migration, a few thousand Syrian-Lebanese travelled to and settled in West Africa. All over the region they became middlemen in a then growing trade circuit that carried local produce to the European industry and European manufactures to that new market. Concomitant to the expansion of external trade in the region was the intensification of imperial European states' military and administrative presence there and in the rest of the African continent. With the global and regional contexts constantly in the horizon, this dissertation presents a survey of the settlement process of Syrian-Lebanese migrants in Portuguese Guinea (present Guinea- Bissau), focusing the years of the first Portuguese republican period, between 1910 and 1926. The theme is approached through the analysis of written documents produced in the context of the Portuguese colonial administration in the territory. The material allows of an interpretation of the process in which the ambiguity of the condition of stranger plays a central role.
Mestrado
Cultura e Poder
Mestre em Antropologia Social

Ce travail de thèse propose une étude des nouvelles méthodes de classification, dites phylogénétiques, empruntées à la biologie dans le but de proposer une nouvelle classification linguistique. Les langues étudiées appartiennent à la famille « bantu », présentes au sein de la famille linguistique Niger-Congo, parlée en Afrique. De nombreux travaux ont été établis sur les langues bantu, montrant ainsi la complexité de cette famille linguistique. Notre étude se spécialise sur la zone « Nord-Ouest », qui comprend les pays suivants : Cameroun, Guinée Équatoriale, Gabon, Congo et République Démocratique du Congo. Ce travail présente une nouvelle classification de ces langues à travers l’étude du lexique. Nous avons ainsi constitué une base de données de 100 mots appartenant au vocabulaire de base pour les 207 langues retenues. Plusieurs arbres ont été générés par l’application des algorithmes Neighbor-Joining (Saitou et Nei, 1987) et Neighbor-Net (Bryant et Moulton, 2004). L’étude de la classification des langues du Nord-Ouest a permis de mieux comprendre les relations de proximité linguistiques qui existent entre les langues parlées dans cette région. De même, l’analyse de la classification a permis de proposer un schéma de migrations des langues bantu
This dissertation is presenting a linguistic classification based on phylogenetic methods borrowed from biology. The sample of languages considered here belongs to the Bantu family, a linguistic sub branch of Niger-Congo languages spoken in Africa. Numerous publications have shown a complexity and the diversity of Bantu languages. Our study focus on the North-West region which includes the following countries: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo. This new classification is based on the comparison of lexical items. We have organized a database including 100 words from the basic vocabulary for 207 languages. Several tree representations were obtained by using Neighbor-Joining (Saitou and Nei, 1987) and Neighbor-Net (Bryant and Moulton, 2004) algorithms.This study allows us to get a better understanding of the linguistic proximity of these languages. It also provides a historical scenario for Bantu migrations

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 2, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Reed Wadley. Includes bibliographical references.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions des modèles mathématiques de la dynamique des populations en environnements déterministe et stochastique. Pour les environnements déterministes, nous considérons trois modèles. Le premier est un modèle intra-guilde prenant en compte des effets d'un environnement spatial hétérogène avec une migration rapide des individus entre les différents sites. Le deuxième est un modèle de pêche dans une zone constituée d’une aire marine protégée où la pêche est interdite et d’une zone où la population de poissons est pêchée. Enfin le troisième est un modèle prédateur-proie considérant une proie et deux prédateurs avec des réponses fonctionnelles de Beddington-DeAngelis. Pour les environnements stochastiques, nous étudions un modèle épidémique SIRS et un modèle prédateur-proie en prenant en compte un bruit télégraphique. Nous étudions le comportement dynamique de ces modèles et nous recherchons les conditions de maintien ou de disparition des espèces modélisées
In this thesis, we consider mathematical population dynamics models in deterministic and stochastic environments. For deterministic environments, we study three models: an intraguild model with the effects of spatial heterogeneous environment and fast migration of individuals; a fishery model with Marine Protected Area where fishing is prohibited and an area where the fish population is harvested; a predator-prey model which has one prey and two predators with Beddington-DeAngelis functional responses. For stochastic environments, we study SIRS epidemic model and predator-prey models under telegraph noise. We try to present the dynamical behavior of these models and show out the existence or vanishing of species in the models

Abstract HIV/AIDS is a global epidemic with the greatest burden in terms of prevalence, morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Asia and, more recently, the Caribbean. Immigrants from these regions of birth now make up a significant proportion of people living with HIV in many high-income countries, including Australia. The higher priority accorded to people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds in Australian national and local HIV/AIDS strategies generates a broad question on ‘how’ to implement HIV prevention interventions with immigrants to address what are often atypical modes of HIV transmission and observed disparities in areas such as later presentation with HIV. HIV prevention in Australia has included whole-of-population approaches alongside targeted approaches, which address HIV prevention with specific groups – usually those disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS such as gay men or injecting drug users. Targeted health promotion interventions for immigrants have also formed part of the HIV response in Australia. Immigrants in Australia may have acquired HIV prior to their first arrival in Australia, on subsequent travel abroad, or within Australia. A key gap in our evidence base in Australia includes what we can learn from interventions implemented in other high-income countries to guide new, or strengthen existing, approaches to culturally appropriate primary and secondary HIV prevention with immigrants locally. Typically it is taken as a given that prevention interventions will be more effective if they are culturally appropriate to the population they serve, and a range of strategies and activities are used to achieve this. However, there is rarely an examination of what mechanisms – the ‘change elements’ or program theories of the intervention – contribute to culturally appropriate interventions. This research, in the form of a realist review of evidence, sought to ‘unpack’ the mechanisms for achieving cultural appropriateness in HIV prevention interventions with immigrants that have been implemented in contexts similar to Australia. Thus the broad question the research sought to answer was ‘How and why do interventions work (or not), for which groups of immigrants, and in what contexts?’ The review of evidence in HIV prevention included a span of interventions from community-level approaches using mass media through to interventions delivered at a group level to immigrants. Systematic searches were carried out on major public health databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, PsychInfo) and Google Scholar to find peer-reviewed and grey literature relevant to HIV prevention among immigrants. Two types of studies contributed to the review of evidence – studies of interventions and qualitative studies of immigrants’ views on HIV/AIDS prevention – in order to bring together ‘expert’ and ‘lay’ understandings of HIV prevention among immigrants. Simultaneously, a scan of the literature mapped preliminary mechanisms contributing to cultural appropriateness in HIV prevention interventions with immigrants. This preliminary set of seven mechanisms – ‘authenticity’, ‘understanding’, ‘consonance’, ‘specificity’, ‘embeddedness’, ’endorsement’ and ‘framing’ – were theorised as the key, rather than the only, interrelated mechanisms contributing to cultural appropriateness in interventions with immigrants. These preliminary mechanisms were then tested, revised and refined against evidence – 74 ‘grey’ and peer-reviewed studies and reports relevant to HIV prevention with immigrants – found in systematic searches. The evidence indicates that the pivotal mechanisms contributing to cultural appropriateness in HIV prevention interventions with immigrants are ‘understanding’ and ‘consonance’ – ensuring that language (usually the ‘mother tongue’) and cultural values are included as key elements in the development and implementation of the intervention. ‘Authenticity’, ‘specificity’ and ‘embeddedness’were moderately important in contributing to cultural appropriateness – mechanisms that dealt with staffing, targeting through ethnicity and using settings for interventions – from the evidence included in the review. Finally, there was mixed evidence for the roles of ‘endorsement’ and ‘framing’, which suggests that gaining community endorsement or partnering initiatives with immigrants or immigrant community institutions were the least critical mechanisms in contributing to cultural appropriateness in terms of HIV prevention interventions. Further research is needed to examine the relationships between these seven mechanisms and any impacts they contribute to the effectiveness of interventions and HIV-related health outcomes among immigrants.

Loss of connectivity in riverine systems due to construction of hydropower dams has resulted in a worldwide decline of anadromous salmonid species such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.). The future of these species depend on the presence of available spawning habitat in freshwater river systems. Modern research and mitigation efforts mainly focus on ensuring a successful upstream passage past dams e.g. fish ladders. Atlantic salmon and sea trout are iteroparous, and are thus able to spawn repeatedly during their lifetime. Individuals surviving upstream migration and spawning generally face a hazardous journey back to their marine feeding grounds. In this large scale natural field study I evaluate the possibility of using a bubble barrier as a non-physical structure to guide downstream migrating kelt past the turbines at a large hydropower station in northern Sweden. Results from this study clearly show that kelt effectively can be diverted using a bubble barrier in daylight conditions with a mean water velocity of 1.1 m s-1 (p=0,01). From a fishway managers perspective, increasing survival of salmonid kelt is a substantial step towards achieving a viable population with increased numbers of repeat spawners and large individuals. This study presents new results in a sparsely explored subject; the diversion of post-spawn salmonid migrants using non-physical barriers.

La libre circulation en zone CEMAC est un long processus en Afrique centrale qui date de cinq décennies. Les pays membres de cette organisation sont toujours en tractation et font face à d'interminables signatures et accords y afférents. Son manque d'effectivité empêche les citoyens tels les Camerounais de migrer dans la sous-région, en l'occurrence vers le Gabon et la Guinée Equatoriale, très réticents à l'ouverture de leurs frontières aux ressortissants de la CEMAC. Ceux-ci justifient leur posture par une situation socioéconomique qu'ils entendent préserver. Le contexte limitatif rend pertinent le développement de stratégies de mobilité pour les acteurs migrants concernés. Des politiques migratoires contraignantes amènent ainsi les migrants venant du Cameroun à concentrer leur présence à la frontière commune à ces trois pays : Kyé-Ossi. Au fil du temps, cette localité de halte prolongée des migrants a connu une expansion spatiale rythmée par une croissance démographique issue principalement de la migration intérieure ; ce phénomène soutenu par le commerce développe et anime la coopération transfrontalière dans cette partie du monde. Du processus d'intégration fortement ralenti, on assiste ainsi à une dynamique frontalière grâce à l'anthropisation des migrants et aux actions étatiques de territorialisation qui accroissent davantage les mouvements humains vers cette frontière. A partir de Kyé-Ossi vont se développer de nouvelles expériences de migration et de mobilité. Grace à la dynamique familiale et de réseaux créée autour de la frontière, Kyé-Ossi devient une nouvelle base pour des mobilités internationales variées : courtes et longues durées vers le Gabon ou la Guinée Equatoriale, réseau pour l'immigration, zone de transit de longue durée pour une immigration ultérieure, réseau de passage et de chaine d'acteurs marchands pour d'autres camerounais à l'intérieur de ces pays. Les trois frontières se retrouvent ainsi habitées par les camerounais, lieux de vie où on observe une différenciation dans leur expression de citoyenneté en tant que Camerounais et ressortissants de la sous-région CEMAC. La démarche adoptée pour mener cette recherche mobilise un corpus méthodologique s'appuyant sur un travail de terrain initié depuis 2014. Il intègre à la fois des observations directes en contexte d'immersion, des administrations de questionnaires et entretiens auprès de cibles diverses. S'y ajoute un travail d'exploitation de supports écrits tels que les documents scientifiques, administratifs et médiatiques, ainsi que des images satellitaires. Les matériaux obtenus permettent d'interroger et d'apprécier les liens mobilités – dynamique sociospatiale dans un cadre pluri-frontalier – intégration sous-régionale. Elle vérifie l'hypothèse d'ouverture des frontières aux mobilités internationales du fait de la continuité territoriale produite par la dynamique frontalière et mobilitaire
Free movement of people in the CEMAC zone has been a long process in the Central Africa subregion for the last five decades. The member States of that organization are still negotiating, then facing endless agreements about free movement. Its lack of effectiveness hinders sub-regional citizens like Cameroonians to migrate within the sub-region, especially to Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. These countries are very reluctant to open their borders to CEMAC nationals, because of their higher socio-economic situation they are protecting. That obstacle induces actors to develop their own mobility strategies. In fact, rejection at the border causes Cameroonian migrants to settle in Kyé-Ossi, a Cameroonian town that borders those two countries. Over time, that settlement gradually led to spatial expansion enhanced by the demographic growth resulting mainly from internal migrations; this phenomenon poked up by trade expands and enlivens border cooperation in that region. With a stagnant integration process, we thus witness a frontier transformation through anthropization by migrants and territorialization of state, actions which further increase human movements to that border. So from Kyé-Ossi will be formed the new migratory and mobility lives. Due to the family and network dynamics created around the border, Kyé-Ossi thereby becomes a new turning point for different international mobilities: short and long journeys towards Gabon or Equatorial Guinea, network for immigration, long-term transit zone for a subsequent immigration in both countries, network of passing and actors system of trade for other Cameroonians inside these countries. Then the three border fronts tamed or inhabited by Cameroonians, living places where they undergo differentiation in their citizenship as Cameroonians and nationals of the CEMAC sub-region. The methodology adopted to carry out this research includes a corpus based on fieldwork conducted since 2014. Data-gathering integrates direct observations in ethnographic context, sample survey and interviews with various target informants. Has been added to the previous methods exploitation of written materials such as literary, administrative and media documents, as well as satellite images. The collected data allows us to question and appreciate the links among mobility - socio-spatial dynamics in a multi-frontier context – sub-regional integration. This aims to verify the hypothesis of border openness to international mobility due to land continuity resulting from the border and migratory dynamics

This study explores the argument that Postcolonial Africa has been the setting for competing external language spread policies (LSPs) by ex-colonial European countries at the turn of the 21st Century. To explore the topic I examine the case studies of Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, in the time frame of the 1990s to the present. In both case studies is visible the pervasiveness of international European languages that has been fostered by the history, structure and functioning of the international system. African languages mostly remain circumscribed to non-official domains. This linguistic inequality reflects the power relations enacted in society and internationally. It further raises issues of linguistic/cultural human rights and the defence of language and cultural diversity that this study argues for. Associated with the European languages are foreign governments’ policies that support language spread in different measures and, in some cases, are at the origin of the internal language spread policy of the African countries. In Mozambique, my research identified overt external language spread policies undertaken by the governments of Portugal, Brazil, France, UK and Germany. In Guinea-Bissau, research identified external language spread policies undertaken by the government of Portugal, Brazil, France and Germany. Languages are dynamic and the linguistic situation in Africa should not be read as a simple dichotomy of European versus African languages in a positive/negative balance. As it has been deployed, the process of spread of official languages in Africa leads to their de facto supremacy and can be read as a ‘glottophagic’/language cannabalism process (Breton 1991, Calvet 2002b). It is thus imperative that a strong political will supports policies for African languages allowing the maxium participation of the people in the governing process and promoting socio-cultural independence from the outside world (Heine 1992). This study is based on transdisciplinary analysis using elements of sociology of language, sociolinguistics and international relations. Research for this study focused on the qualitative analysis of extensive documentary data and a series of elite interviews.

A l’Antic Egipte l’or va representar des dels inicis el metall amb el qual els Faraons eren venerats. Va ser per aquesta qüestió que es varen necessitar grans quantitats d’aquest element per satisfer la ostentació i el poder d’aquests Reis. Coneixem per les fonts textuals, papirològiques i arqueològiques que l’or es va explotar des del període Predinàstic. Ens interessa en aquest estudi aprofundir en els Períodes del Regne Nou (1539 -1077 a C), i també el Ptolemaic (332-30 a C). El primer per ser el període en què es va explotar més quantitat d’or per a la producció de joies, escultures i materials d’indole sacra. El segon perquè representa una aproximació a la nostra era, i sobretot perquè ens aproxima, en certa forma a les fonts de l’Àfrica occidental. En aquest estudi partim d’un decalatge de les dades de consum d’or que diferents investigadors ens han donat a partir de les seves investigacions. Aquests autors, d’escoles ben diferenciades en el temps, ens donen unes dades sobre l’extracció de l’or que difereixen de molt segons es tracti de l’escola alemanya de Quiring (1948) o de Klemm (2001,2012). Quasi bé set dècades de temps separen les apreciacions de les dues escoles sobre les dades del consum de l’or a l’Antic Egipte. Donat aquest decalatge tant gran amb les dades nosaltres proposem una hipòtesi: l’or hauria hagut de provenir de rutes comercials de llocs lluny del món egipci. Proposem les rutes transsaharianes com una possibilitat per a refermar la hipòtesi del comerç de l’or entre l’Àfrica occidental i l’Antic Egipte. Durant el període del Regne Nou els intercanvis comercials entre Egipte i els països veïns es varen produir en tres direccions ben definides: la via del NNE o els països del Pròxim Orient, la via del Sud, és a dir el Sudan i el mateix País de Punt del qual avui en dia encara es desconeix la seva ubicació exacte i la via transsahariana, és a dir la via occidental justament la que connecta amb l’Àfrica Occidental. Per a realitzar aquest estudi partim de registres arqueològics, papirològics i també etnogràfics. Egipte ens ha donat la major part de la documentació de la època basada en aquests registres papirològics, textuals i també arqueològics. A l’Àfrica Occidental en canvi, la majoria d’aquests registres són inexistents. En aquesta part de l’Àfrica els registres a partir dels quals podrem obtenir informacions son la transmissió oral ( com el cas del poble Peül amb el conte de Kaidara, per exemple) i també els registres etnogràfics, és a dir els que ens porten les persones. A partir d’aquest darrers estudis es tracta de poder posar en evidència les possibles relacions existents entre l’Egipte Antic i l’àrea de l’Àfrica Occidental. És per aquesta raó que a partir d’estudis etnogràfics actuals traurem conclusions sobre les evidències actuals que ens connecten amb el passat i on la comparació dels mètodes d’explotació que es realitzaren a l’antiguitat evidencien similituds amb els que actualment es desenvolupen en aquesta part de l’Àfrica. Els orpailleurs actuals de l’Àfrica Occidental fan la recol·lecció, el rentat i la selecció de les petites pelletes d’or d’una forma molt semblant a la que ho feien a l’antiguitat els miners al desert Oriental i a Núbia, llocs on s’hauria explotat les quantitats més grans d’or en aquests períodes. Aquesta es suposadament una tècnica que a partir de l’extrapolació ens dona una sèrie d’indicis que ens porten a construir aquestes hipòtesis. Les rutes de l’or haurien començat molt probablement a la província autònoma del Bambouk i haurien arribat a Egipte. Si les rutes de connexió haurien estat fetes a peu entravessant el desert és encara una tessitura prematura, però plantejable. Aquest estudi inclou un apartat sobre les migracions actuals. Aquestes seguirien patrons forjats en aquestes rutes antigues. Les rutes de l’or en son una d’elles que obliguen als migrants de l’Àfrica Occidental a arribar fins al Líban actual per a creuar el Mediterrani i arribar fins a Europa.
In Ancient Egypt, gold represented, from the beginning, the metal with which the Pharaohs were venerated. Because of this great quantity of this element would be required to satisfy the ostentation and power of these Kings. We know by textual, papirologic and archeologic sources that gold was exploited starting at the Predynsatic period. In this study, we are interested in delving deeper in the Periods of New Kingdom (1539-1077 B.C.), and, in the Ptolemaic (332-30 B.C.). The first one for being the period during which the largest quantity of gold was exploited for jewelry production, sculpting and the production of “sacred materials”. The second one because it represents an approximation to our own era, and most of all because it somehow gets us closer to the sources of West Africa. Authors from different schools provide us with data about gold extraction, which differ from one anoteher according to the German schools of Quiring (1948) or Klemm (2001). Given such a big offset with the data we propose a hypothesis: gold should have been brought by commercial routes from places far away from the Egyptian world. We propose the Trans-Saharan routes as a possibility to reform the hypothesis of gold commerce between West Africa and Ancient Egypt. The modern West African orpailleurs (gold panners) gather, clean and select gold with pallets in a similar way to how it was done in ancient times by miners from Eastern Desert and Nubia, places where the largest quantities of gold have been extracted during these periods. This is supposedly a technique that gives us a series of signs from extrapolation that led us to construct this hypothesis. The gold routes would have probably started in the autonomous province of Bambouk and would have arrived in Egypt. The possibility of connecting routes being travelled on foot, traversing the desert, is doubtful but may still be considered. This study includes a section on modern migrations. These would have followed patterns forged in these ancient routes. The gold routes are some that force West African migrants to travel toward modern Lebanon to cross the Mediterranean Sea so as to arrive in Europe.

Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to build a practical guide to get a clear understanding about the implementation process of Customer Relationship Management in the cloud within Small. It also describes the different concepts that are Customer Relationship Management, Cloud computing and CRM in the cloud, especially related to the SMEs, in order to have a great insight that gives the opportunity to implement successfully this paradigm.   Scientific method: The research lies in the interpretative field of inquiry. Abduction is used to combine empirical data with theoretical studies in orderto tryto investigate patterns that could give an understanding of the phenomena that is studied. Descriptive research approach using multiple-case study design is used.   Theoretical frame of references: The first part of the theoretical frame of references explores existing theories. This leads to CRM and Cloud Computing. The second part explores different means of analysing our problematic.   Empirical method: The chosen approach is qualitative. Interviews have been conducted for data collection. Documentsarehave beengathered and analysed to support the interviewguides. We also gathered a previous practical guide from Salesforce in order to compare our results.   Analysis: Analysing hosted CRM implementation of three SMEs using Salesforce, it describes the key facts that have to be taken into account to implement the Salesforce CRM solution.   Conclusion: The findings show how three companies can be analysed to draw conclusions about the implementation process. According to interviews, theories, documents from hosted CRM provider, some suggestions have been advised to avoid problems concerning the implementation in SMEs.

Positioned between writing and drawing, the diagram is proposed by John Berger as an alternative strategy for articulating encounters with landscape. A diagrammatic approach offers a schematic vocabulary that can compress time and offer a spatial reading of information. Situated within the contemporary field of direct data visualisation, my practice-led research interprets Berger’s ‘Field’ essay as a guide to producing four field | studies within a suburban park in Canberra. My seasonal investigations demonstrate how applying the conventions of the pictorial list, dot-distribution map, routing diagram and colour-wheel reveals subtle ecological and biographical narratives.

Notre recherche a pour objet la migration pour études et plus précisément l’expérience de retour et du non-retour des diplômés guinéens formés au Canada. Elle repose sur une démarche qualitative. Prenant appui sur des matériaux discursifs issus d’entrevues individuelles dans deux sites (en Guinée et au Canada), auprès d’un échantillon de trente et un diplômés, notre étude s’est attachée, dans un premier temps, à faire ressortir les motivations des étudiants à « retourner au pays » à la fin de leurs études au Canada ou, à l’inverse, à demeurer dans le pays d’accueil. Dans une seconde phase, la recherche s'est intéressée au devenir des enquêtés après leurs études et en particulier à l’insertion ou réinsertion sociale, familiale et professionnelle des diplômés retournés en Guinée ou installés au Canada. Enfin, notre étude examine les perspectives d’avenir de l’ensemble de nos répondants; leurs satisfactions et frustrations après le retour en Guinée ou l’installation au Canada, le bilan qu’ils tirent de leur expérience de migration pour études mais aussi les perspectives de retour éventuelles et les liens que ceux qui sont restés entretiennent avec leur pays d’origine. Pour les diplômés retournés en Guinée, l’analyse des données montre que les « perspectives d’emploi et de promotion » ont joué un rôle central dans leur décision de rentrer. Ils sont également nombreux a déclaré avoir choisi le retour pour des raisons familiales. Certains justifient aussi leur retour par « la volonté de servir le pays ». Si l’insertion familiale a été facile pour la plupart des diplômés retournés en Guinée, la réinsertion sociale, le retour à des pratiques sociales et à un environnement précaire « qu’ils avaient oublié » semble en revanche avoir été moins aisé. Sur le plan professionnel, le séjour canadien est perçu comme ayant eu un impact très positif sur leur carrière. Les diplômes canadiens semblent très valorisés en Guinée et les réseaux canadiens que les diplômés ont pu établir lors de leur séjour sont aussi très utiles. La possibilité de trouver un emploi décent au Canada domine également le discours des répondants qui ont choisi de demeurer au pays d’accueil après leur formation. Les répondants ayant choisi de demeurer au Canada évoquent également fréquemment l’idée de « sacrifier » leur retour au profit de « l’avenir » des enfants. La politique de l’immigration canadienne par « l’incitation » de demeurer au Canada après les études ont aussi influencé certains diplômés dans leurs décisions de ne pas retourner. Même s’ils évoquent fréquemment l’emploi pour justifier leur installation au Canada, nos répondants restés au Canada ne trouvent pas facilement un travail qui correspond à leur formation et doivent souvent se contenter de « petits boulots ». Plusieurs pointent du doigt le «bilinguisme» et la «discrimination» en milieu de travail comme obstacles majeurs. Enfin, pour bon nombre d’entre eux le « retour au pays » est une perspective jamais écartée, la plupart n’ont jamais coupé le lien avec leur pays d’origine et plusieurs tiennent à faire connaître la culture guinéenne à leurs enfants.
The present study deals with the phenomenon of migration for educational purposes. Based on a qualitative approach, it specifically looks at the experience of Guinean graduates, educated in Canada, both those that have returned home and those that chose to stay in the host country. Using discursive materials gathered through individual interviews carried out in both Guinea and Canada, the sample includes 31 graduates. The thrust of the study is threefold. It seeks, first, to identify the main motivations for Guinean graduates in their decision to “return home” or stay in the host country at the end of their studies. The second aim is to enquire about the future of the graduates, particularly their social, family and professional integration or re-integration back home or in Canada. Finally, the study examines the future prospects of the sampled graduates: their satisfaction or lack thereof with their current situations, their retrospective view about the experience of migration for studies, the prospects of eventual return back home for those who stayed in the host country, as well as the linkages they have maintained with their home country. In the case of those who returned home, the study shows that “employment and promotion prospects” had played a central motivating role in their decision to return. Family considerations constituted the main motivation for some, while others cited their “resolve to serve the home country”, as the main incentive for their return. If family reintegration was easy for most of them, re-adaptation to certain social practices “they had forgotten” seems to have been less smooth. On the professional front, it appears that their Canadian training had a positive impact on their careers, as the reputation of Canadian certificates seems quite valuable in Guinea. Also, the professional networks established during their stay in Canada seem to be useful to many. For those who remained in Canada, the possibility of finding a decent job seems to be the main incentive for staying. They often cite the opportunity that Canada offers for a “better future” for their kids as one reason for their decision to stay, which they consider as a worthy “sacrifice”. Another important motivation is the Canadian immigration policy, which encourages graduates to remain in the country. But while they often cite employment opportunities in Canada to justify their decision to stay, they do not, in most cases, get an appropriate employment in line with their qualifications. Thus, they generally end up taking up “petty jobs”. Many blame “discrimination” and their poor or non-existent “English” for this situation, given Canada’s bilingualism. Finally, however, the majority of them still do not exclude “returning home” one day, and they have not severed links with the home country. In fact, most of them strive to raise their kids in a way that would not detach them from Guinean cultures and customs.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A reflexão e a tomada de decisão de emigrar como forma de melhorar as condições de vida de determinados indivíduos, ou grupos de indivíduos, e respectivas famílias revelam como as influências sociais modificam o suposto comportamento de maximização dos indivíduos, levando a previsões distintas das que são apontadas pelos modelos económicos convencionais. O carácter selectivo da emigração confirma que as determinantes da emigração não radicam apenas na pobreza ou nas diferenças absolutas de saiários entre países. Devido à existência de diferentes culturas e a contextos sociais e políticos específicos, as migrações afectam desigualmente grupos com situação económica semelhante. Tendo. estas considerações como base, este estudo observa os movimentos de certos povos, etnias e estratos sociais da Guiné-Bissau em resposta à pobreza e à falta de alternativas reinantes neste país, particularmente no período compreendido entre 1980 e2000. Serão estudadas as especificidades económicas, sociais e culturais da Guiné-Bissau, as condições que levaram a intensos fluxos de emigração, e o impacto (positivo ou negativo) dos emigrantes junto das famílias, empresas e governo da sociedade de origem, com ênfase na melhoria das condições de vida da população deste país.
The evaluation and decision-making leading to emigration as a means of improving the life standard of individuais, or groups of individuais, and their farnilies reveal how social influences shape the expected maximizing behaviour of individuais, conducing to distinct forecasts than those established by mainstrearn econornic models. The selective character of migration con:firms that its determinants are not only based in poverty and in wage differences between countries. Given the role of distinct cultures and specific social and politica! environments, migrations affect unequally groups displaying identical economic standards. Taking in mind these considerations, this study is concemed with the migrations invoi,ving certain individuais, ethnic groups and social strata from Guinea-Bissau, responding to poverty and lack of altematives in the country, particularly in the period between 1980 and 2000. The study deals with the economic, social and cultural specificities of Guinea-Bissau, the conditions that explained large emigration flows, and the impact (positive or negative) of emigration in families, firms and government of the country, particularly conceming the improving of life standards.
N/A

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Univerisitáirio
Atualmente observamos um maior impacto das mobilidades humanas sobre as estruturas sociais e nas formas de atuação em contexto clínico, surgindo desta forma uma maior necessidade de estudar as questões dirigidas à população migrante. Sobre o pano-de-fundo do processo migratório, nasce um conflito sobre a conciliação entre dois mundos, sobre um cá e um lá que exigem um reajuste na vivência do sujeito-migrante. Este reajuste é muitas vezes sentido como um momento turbulento para a integridade do sujeito, que se repercute nas relações de alteridade e com o meio cultural. Assim, este processo migratório é também uma transformação identitária. Deste modo, procurou estudar-se como, à luz da perspetiva psicanalítica, é que estas vicissitudes do contexto migratório agem no sujeito, este sempre em constante transformação. Para ser passível o estudo sobre a identidade e a migração, procurou entrevistar-se dois participantes migrantes do sexo masculino, oriundos da Guiné-Bissau. O primeiro entrevistado, João de 59 anos, e o segundo, Cristóvão, de 49 anos. O método empregue foi a Entrevista Narrativa de Associação Livre, enquadrando-se numa metodologia qualitativa, mais especificamente, de estudo-de-caso, que tem por base o principio psicanalítico da associação livre. Deste modo, ficaram salientes nos resultados as questões sobre a conciliação e integração destes dois universos culturais na identidade, os objetos transgeracionais e imagos parentais, em cada sujeito.
ABSTRACT: Nowadays, we notice a greater impact of human mobilities on social structures and on the forms of action in the clinical context, arising in a major need to study the issues adressed to the migrant population. On the background of the migratory process, a conflict arises about the conciliation between two worlds, about a here and a there that requires a readjustment in the experience of the migrant subject. This readjustment is often felt as a turbulent moment in the integrity of the subject, which is reflected in the relations of Otherness and with the cultural milieu. Thus, this migration process is also an identity transformation. In this way, it was tried to study how the vicissitudes of the migratory context act in the subject, who's always in constant transformation, in the light of an ethnopsychoanalitic perspective. In order to be eligible for the study on identity and migration, two male migrant participants from Guinea-Bissau were interviewed. The first participant, João, 59 years old, and the second, Cristóvão, 49 years old. The method used here was the Free Association Narrative Interviewm based on a qualitative methodology, specifically, a case-study based on the psychoanalytic principle of free association. In this way, the questions about the conciliation and integration of these two cultural universes in the identity, transgenerational objects and parental imagos, in each subject, were salient in the results.

It has been assumed in this thesis that there are gaps in the various spaces of meaning, understanding, treatment and theorisation of internal migration in Papua New Guinea, at different scales, to have resulted in the contestation of its nature, experience, outcomes and explanations in Papua New Guinea. Internal migration is the most contested aspect of the process of development change and progress in the country because while migration follows the rural-urban path according to conventional expectations, the bulk of experiences and outcomes are of poverty and issues. Yet its relevance and pivotal role in the development process renders it an important issue that requires proper understanding and explanation. This research proposes to fill the spatial knowledge gaps about internal migration at both the micro-level of individuals and households and the macro-level of the economy and society, and at the methodological and theoretical levels. These gaps are rooted in the absence of a holistic explanation of internal migration that properly answers simultaneously the questions of 'what is migration?' and 'who is the migrant?' Thus, it is important that the role and response of both migrants and migration to changes, including social and economic progress, are incorporated in that integrated and holistic explanation. The lack of clarification of the meaning of internal migration has arisen mainly from the ambiguity in the nature of treatment, understanding, and explanation of migration at the societal, methodological and disciplinary levels. At the practical level, migrants are stigmatised as criminals and are considered as not belonging in their places of residence, where they have moved and settled. The unfavourable public view on migrants and migration have influenced State and Provincial Government reactions and planning against migrants and migration. Media reports that blame criminal activities on migrants have contributed to an escalation ofboth emotional and physical reactions against them. However, the National Constitution stipulates that all citizens can move anywhere in the country for the purpose of participating in economic activities, so that internal migration is acceptable and legalised in that sense. The reaction of the society to migration reflects a literary divergence and a philosophical chasm that is rooted in disciplinary traditions of the social sciences. Disciplinary traditions have differentiated between the micro-level study of migrants and macro-level study of migration as mutually exclusive. The freedom of movement guaranteed in the National Constitution reflected the contemporary thinking of the time when the Constitution was written, that migration was necessary for distributing labour to places of industry, employment and high wages. This is the opposite of migration that arises from the conditions found in less economically developed places, and of migrants as poor, unemployed, uneducated and a problem for development and progress. Such explanations highlight the need for an integrated perspective that informs, improves understanding and explains internal migration and that which fill in the knowledge gaps already identified. In turn, this holistic understanding and explanation requires a proper contextualisation of the benefits and costs of migration to society. This thesis argues that the proper context for researching, understanding and explaining internal migration is Papua New Guinea's hybrid socio-economy (Curry 2003), in which there are no clear boundaries between socio-cultural and economic processes of meaning, valuing, experience and practice. It further argues that the integrated methodology is a mixed methods approach that can guide the formulation and implementation of the research design, methodology and research outcome. The ambiguities referred to above imply the need to provide operational definitions of internal migration, migration, and migrant. 'Internal migration' refers to voluntary or involuntary (see 6.4.1) movements of people between different places within the country leading to semi-permanent or permanent residence. This term will be used interchangeably with 'migration'. The term 'migrant' refers to individuals or groups of people who, for a variety of reasons, including economic and social, undertake voluntary and or, involuntary movements between places, leading to semi-permanent or permanent residence. The central focus of this thesis is on 'in-migrants', which may refer to voluntary or involuntary migrants (see Chapter 6), who for a variety of reasons, move into places including rural, urban and peri-urban locations. The economy will be discussed in terms of the national, provincial, district, LLG, village, household and individual levels. 'National' refers to the country as a whole. Province, district, LLG and village refer to the administrative units of governance from largest to the smallest. Household refers to a core nuclear family but may include relatives and non-relatives living with them. The operational definitions provided of internal migration, migration and migrant expose the partiality of exclusive explanations and treatment of internal migration within macro or quantitative and micro or qualitative approaches. At the same time, realisation is made of the need to combine the approaches in terms of a mixed methods research so as to order to capture the effects of the dual economy, which comprises a large subsistence, dominated by social institutions, and a small cash economy. A mixed methods approach, which included both quantitative and qualitative data, was employed in this research (see Chapters 3 and 4) in order to reflect the hybrid socio-economic context in which migration occurs and is experienced. Quantitative methods of data collection used were the 2000 National Census and field surveys of migrant families. A country-wide picture of migration was obtained from an analysis of the National Population Census of 2000, of 5,190,786 individual cases (the total population). These data were transformed into SPSS tables for analyses. Independent variables of age and sex were cross-tabulated against dependent variables of relation to household, highest level of education completed, duration in years of residence, and occupation to determine the relationship between migrant characteristics and economic outcomes for migrants from their migration. In Chapter 3, cross-tabulations are performed of migration data at the level of the province for the whole country. Chapter 4 reports on migration data of the same variables in two case study provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands, down to the level of District, in each province. Survey questionnaires administered during the field work to collect household data on migration and socio-economic variables in the provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands were aimed at clarifying the patterns of the role of families in migration and livelihood outcomes arising from migration. A migrant survey questionnaire (Appendix 1.4.1) was conducted on 50 migrant households with 25 questionnaires in each province, and 50 non-migrant households also with 25 in each province. Migrant households were sampled according to province of origin, age ofhead ofhousehold, occupation and marital status. Only five households composed of either migrant and or non-migrant households were selected in five peri-urban and ten rural villages. These data were analysed in Excel. The results are reported in Chapters 5 and 6. Qualitative methods used to capture the patterns of migrant experiences and livelihood outcomes from migration were observation and participant observation, a travel diary, field notes and in-depth life migration history interviews with individual migrants selected from each of the surveyed households. Observations were conducted at the same time as the administration of the survey questionnaires and in-depth life migration history interviews. A travel diary was kept daily. Field notes also were kept of interesting or unusual anecdotal evidence and experiences of migrants and their livelihood outcomes. Traditional expectations that migration IS the key to accessing social services and economic opportunities are implicated from the study of quantitative data but qualitative data reveal that these expected outcomes from migration are the ideal but the general outcome from migration for the majority of migrants is poverty which includes access and affordability issues (see Chapter 1). Yet, migrants are making intentional decisions and as active participants and agents of change they are the beneficiaries of the social and economic outcomes that result from migration. 'Migration' between locations that results in semi-permanent or permanent change of residence continues to occur and is here to stay. 'Migrants,' who are individuals or groups, including the household, participate both as actors and agents of that change in the process ofmigration to places perceived to offer better economic opportunities and social services. Specific analysis of the quantitative data from the 2000 Census shows that the impact of the economy on migration to rural and peri-urban places is unequal. These sectors of the hybrid or dual economy are dominated by the social institutions which outweigh the impact of the small cash economy. At the urban, peri-urban and roadside places to which migrants move, and which they perceive as offering high levels of employment opportunities, they do not realise the expected social and economic outcomes that might have motivated them to move there. At the macro-level of the national or provincial economies therefore, the majority of migrants tend to have rural social and economic characteristics including no education, a subsistence occupation, a short-term duration of residence, and extended family households. These characteristics are those of poverty (see Chapter 1). Qualitative data collected during fieldwork acquired experiential and livelihood data of migrants arising from the migration experience that have assisted to explain in the Chapters 5 and 6 the causes, effects, outcomes, and behaviour, and the multiple Iuoves of migrants that are an integral aspect of the internal migration experience in PNG. Life histories, household surveys, field notes and observations conducted on rural and peri-urban migrants yielded data that support the important role and relevance of internal migration as a cause and an effect of development change and migrants as active agents of that process and as livelihood participants and beneficiaries in the outcomes. The experience patterns of individual and migrant household provided complementary insights about the relationship between internal, migration and the development process in the country. As a development process, migrants move to access services, sources of cash incoine such as markets, employment in urban and peri-urban locations because these are not generally to be found in their poor rural places of origin. The motivations or causes for the majority of movements are social, representing sponsorship of migration for poor rural migrants as opposed to perceptions that all movements are voluntary. Contrary to conventional perspectives, internal migration follows a step-wise direction to destination hence it occurs in a process where a variety of social and economic negotiations continue to be made between migrant and sponsors or carers, between places to ascertain the next move and a destination. The evidence that a migration is completed are migrant owns a house, garden and a regular source of cash income generation activities. Migrants can continue to participate in travels referred to as hevi for participation in life cycle events including births, deaths, initiations, marriages and events of family and friends and events requiring heavy financial engagements including compensations, house constructions, and school fees, because migrants attempt to rescue their rural households from these burdens. A finding also was that remittances are used for hevi-related travels (see Chapters 5 and 6) and not necessarily on improving the livelihood platform of rural origin households. Outcomes of their fulfilment of socio-cultural obligations and relationships are more important outcomes for migrants than economic investments of cash generated at destination. These research insights have also demonstrated the usefulness of the mixed methods research approach to yield information on internal migration that have clarified the differences and interrelations sought between quantitative or macro-and qualitative or micro-level approaches. The research has also demonstrated that both quantitative methods which provide data on migration patterns and migrant characteristics and qualitative methods which provide data on the socio-cultural meanings, understandings and outcomes of migration and migrant experiences, have an important complementary role and relevance for migration research. The research has also highlighted that these clarifications can correct misunderstandings and explanations of internal migration at the practical, societal, methodological and theoretical levels. The research has also demonstrated that half a century of attempts to bridge the gap between macro-explanations of migration and micro-explanations of migrants is enabled through the combined application of both quantitative and qualitative methods, techniques of data analyses and data. Quantitative data identifies the patterns of influence of the cash economy on migration and its impact on migrants in terms of the characteristics of those who move. Qualitative data provides insights into the migrant experience and information on these patterns and their influences. This exercise has been informed by considerations of migration from the various disciplines of the social sciences including economics, sociology, anthropology and geography. As a geographical research, it has rightly evoked the traditional claims about the synthesising nature of geography in terms that its essence of spatial linkages bridges both the quantitative or macro-and qualitative or micro-level explanations about internal migration in Papua New Guinea. There is promise and urgent need for developing a mixed methods explanation of internal migration in the context of the widespread poverty outcomes from migration, instead of economic prosperity that was envisaged in the National Constitution in 1975. In terms of its practical relevance to PNG, although this research did not focus on Port Moresby which is the capital city and largest recipient of peri-urban in-migrants, it studied focuses on two urbanising provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands and not on the largest urban centre of the national capital. Morobe is also the largest province in the country. Finally, in the hybrid and dual economy, the rural poor utilise migration as their strategy for accessing, benefiting and transferring the benefits and wealth of progress to those poorer than themselves, who remain at their rural origins. The crime-related allegations about internal migration suggest that just like any other development program, internal migration requires a wise management plan and a greater focus on integrated rural development as part of the development plan.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002.
Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 06, 2002). Thesis advisor: Don Bouldin. Document formatted into pages (vii, 78 p. : ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44).

碩士
國立臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
101
Galvanotaxis is a phenomenon in which microorganisms migrate in response with the electric current. Most studies indicate that the redistribution of plasma membrane proteins guides cell directional motility. The previous study showed that α2β1 integrin polarizes with AC and DC electric fields. This study shows when fibroblasts are stimulated by an electric field, lipid rafts polarize and the polarization coincides with asymmetrically-distributing α2β1 integrins. Disruption of lipid rafts inhibits EF-induced directional migration. The caveolin-1 knockdown inhibits cell directional motility and RhoA polarization. The results indicate that lipid raft is a mechanosensor to EF stimulation and lipid raft polarization lead to integrin and caveolin-dependent directional migration.

This thesis develops a novel photopatterning strategy for biomimetic scaffolds that enables spatial and biochemical control of engineered cellular architectures, such as the microvasculature. Intricate tools that allow for the three dimensional (3D) manipulation of biomaterial microenvironments will be critical for organizing cellular behavior, directing tissue formation, and ultimately, developing functional therapeutics to treat patients with critical organ failure. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogels, which without modification naturally resist protein adsorption and cellular adhesion, were utilized in combination with a two-photon laser patterning approach to covalently immobilize specific biomolecules in custom-designed, three-dimensional (3D) micropatterns. This technique, known as two-photon laser scanning lithography (TP-LSL), was shown in this thesis to possess the capability to micropattern multiple different biomolecules at modular concentrations into a single hydrogel microenvironment over a broad range of size scales with high 3D resolution. 3D cellular adhesion and migration were then explored in detail using time-lapse confocal microscopy to follow cells as they migrated along micropatterned tracks of various 3D size and composition. Further, in a valuable modification of TP-LSL, images from the endogenous microenvironment were converted into instructions to precisely direct the laser patterning of biomolecules within PEG-based hydrogels. 3D images of endogenous microvasculature from various tissues were directly converted into 3D biomolecule patterns within the hydrogel scaffold with precise pattern fidelity. While tissue engineers have previously demonstrated the formation of vessels through the encapsulation of endothelial cells and pericyte precursor cells within PEG-based hydrogels, the vessel structure had been random, uncoordinated, and therefore, ultimately non-functional. This thesis has utilized image guided TP-LSL to pattern biomolecules into a 3D structure that directs the organization of vessels to mimic that of the endogenous tissue vasculature. TP-LSL now stands as a valuable tool to control the microstructure of engineered cellular architectures, thereby providing a critical step in the development of cellularized scaffolds into functional tissues. Ultimately, this thesis develops new technologies that advance the field of regenerative medicine towards the goal of engineering viable organs to therapeutically treat the 18 patients who die every day waiting on the organ transplant list.

O crescimento da componente feminina no total dos estrangeiros residentes em Portugal torna urgente uma análise baseada na convergência de dois domínios de especialização teórica: o género e a etnicidade. Os fenómenos migratórios constituem espaços privilegiados para a análise de processos de (re)construção da identidade, uma vez que são, por definição, fenómenos de mudança social e cultural. O objectivo foi contribuir para a compreensão da especificidade da componente feminina do fenómeno imigratório em Portugal, especificamente das mulheres oriundas da Guiné Bissau. Procurou-se, pois, compreender de que modo o percurso migratório (origem étnica e social, decisão de emigrar e acolhimento em Portugal), a inserção social no feminino (estratégias residenciais, percursos escolares e trajectórias profissionais), a conjugalidade e estruturas familiares (escolha do cônjuge, situações conjugais, tipos de famílias e descendentes), as sociabilidades (redes sociais, orientação das sociabilidades e apresentação e participação no espaço público e no espaço privado) e os elementos de identidade cultural (territórios linguísticos e identidade religiosa) se cruzam e concorrem na (re)construção da identidade, considerando as condicionantes estruturais, a par da acção individual, da sociedade de origem e de acolhimento e que interferem no poder estratégico dessas mulheres.
The increase on the number of women in the total of foreigners in Portugal turns urgent the convergent analysis of two theory domains: gender and ethnicity. The migration phenomena constitutes a privileged space for the analysis of identity (re)construction processes once it generates social and cultural changes in migrants. The main goal is to contribute for the understanding of the female component of the immigration phenomena in Portugal, especially concerning women form Guinea Bissau. It was also an aim to understand in which way the migration route (ethnic and social origin, migration decision making process and hosting in Portugal), the female social integration (residential strategies, scholar routes and professional trajectories), the conjugally and family structures (spouse choice, conjugally situations, family types and descendents), the sociability (social networks, orientation of sociability and presentation and participation in public and private spaces) and the elements of cultural identity (linguistic territories and religious identity) intersect each other and contribute to the identity (re)construction, considering the structural conditions and the individual action, both in the origin and hosting society, which interfere in the strategic power of those women.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
醫學工程學研究所
104
Galvanotaxis is a phenomenon where cell migration directed by electric fields (EFs). Previous studies revealed that the redistribution of lipid raft guides cell directional motility by regulating integrin or caveolin-1, and cells has opposite directionality between AC and DC. This study indicates that lipid raft can be polarized under in 50Hz of alternative current, and the redistribution of lipid raft can be different in different migration phenotype cells. Lipid raft and caveolin-1 polarization can guide cell directional migration in EF by redistribute Src polarization. PI3K also involved in the pathway by affecting Src polarization. These results clarified how lipid raft polarization change cell migration in EF in two aspects: the position lipid rafts distribute in different situations, and the downstream pathways.

abstract: Throughout history composers have used music to depict their perception of the refugee experience. This project expands upon this idea through the commission and recording of four new works for saxophone. The compositions are Different Arks for solo alto saxophone by John Secunde, Rubble/Resolve for alto saxophone and piano by Jared Yackiw, Emerging Light for soprano saxophone and vibraphone by Alan Hankers, and Unam aeternam for solo alto saxophone and stereo playback by Ashlee Busch. For each work, this project provides performance guides, biographical contexts, program notes, and recordings. I hope to encourage artists to discover and facilitate creative ways to draw attention to migration around the world and contribute to the fight against racism and xenophobia.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Music 2020

Important habitats crucial to animal reproduction and survival are being transformed at an increasing rate and at the same time, climate change is altering ecological patterns in both time and space. Migratory species are currently experiencing severe declines as they move within a network of interconnected areas that are often undergoing different rates of change. Understanding the factors that influence population dynamics in migratory species therefore requires not only knowledge on breeding ecology and drivers of breeding success, but also on how events during one period of the annual cycle carry over to influence events in subsequent seasons. The overall objective of this thesis was to increase the knowledge about the breeding ecology and migratory patterns of the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster), an Afro-Palearctic long-distance migrant. More specifically, this thesis focused on increasing the knowledge on trophic ecology as well as providing a first insight of bee-eater’s migratory patterns, at population and individual levels. This work also explored, for the first time, the link between migratory performance and productivity in an Iberian population of this species. Finally, it was investigated if productivity is influenced by age and pair-fidelity. The first two chapters were developed based on the need of the application of the described methods in the subsequent chapters. First, I developed discriminant functions to sex adult bee-eaters. This work was the first using biometrics of molecularly sexed birds to generate population specific, as well as, general discriminant functions for sexing adult European bee-eaters. Then, I also developed a photographic guide to estimate the age of nestling bee-eaters and presented a protocol that proposes visiting nests at 12 day intervals, while achieving the highest accuracy in nestling aging with the smallest disturbance and logistic investment. This thesis showed that the diet of bee-eaters during the breeding season varies across colonies in distinct habitats and seasons, and between what is consumed by adults and provided to nestlings. The results revealed distinct migration patterns of European Bee-eaters from three breeding populations (Iberia, Germany and Bulgaria) showing that individuals from Bulgaria migrate on an eastern route to southern Africa while the other two populations take a western route. It also provided evidence for different timings of migration between the three populations. At individual level, departure from the wintering area and travel duration seemed to be the most apparent factors influencing arrival to the breeding areas in Iberia. In this study, it was reported a positive relationship between arrival and laying dates. Additionally, the relationship between laying date and productivity was year specific: in 2017, the number of fledglings decreased throughout the season, contrary to 2016, when laying was earlier in the year and productivity remained constant. Finally, the results showed that older females (but not males) lay eggs earlier and have higher productivity than first breeding females. Moreover, older couples seemed equally likely to maintain their pair bond during two consecutive seasons than first breeding pairs and productivity does not seem to be influenced by mate retention. Inter-annual variation in productivity may affect populations in the long term if the frequency of poor (or good) environmental conditions increases, as these induce fluctuations in demographic rates. Therefore, this study urges for long-term monitoring of bee-eater populations, and other Afro-Palearctic migrants, to predict their population level responses to environmental change and optimize conservation strategies accordingly.
Os habitats essenciais para a reprodução e sobrevivência animal têm vindo a ser transformados a um ritmo crescente e ao mesmo tempo, as alterações climáticas têm vindo a alterar espacialmente e temporalmente os padrões ecológicos. Muitas espécies migradoras estão, actualmente, em declínio severo devido ao facto de ocuparem áreas conectadas entre si que muitas vezes são alteradas a diferentes velocidades. Assim, para compreender os factores que influenciam a dinâmica populacional das espécies migradoras é necessário, não só, aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a sua ecologia reprodutora e os factores que determinam o sucesso reprodutor, mas também perceber de que modo os eventos que ocorrem durante um determinado período do ciclo anual se traduzem em carry-over effects e influenciam os eventos nas épocas subsequentes. O principal objectivo desta tese foi aumentar o conhecimento sobre a ecologia reprodutora e padrões migratórios do Abelharuco (Merops apiaster), um migrador Afro-paleártico de longa distância. Mais concretamente, esta tese focou-se em aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a ecologia trófica, assim como investigar pela primeira vez os padrões migratórios do Abelharuco, a nível populacional e individual. Este trabalho também investigou pela primeira vez a relação entre a performance migratória e a produtividade de uma população desta espécie que nidifica na Península Ibéria. Finalmente investigou-se se a produtividade é influenciada pela idade e fidelidade do casal. Os primeiros dois manuscritos foram desenvolvidos devido à necessidade de aplicar esses métodos nos capítulos seguintes. Primeiro, desenvolvi funções discriminantes para determinar o sexo de Abelharucos adultos. Este trabalho foi o primeiro que utilizou biometrias de Abelharucos, nos quais o sexo foi identificado molecularmente, para produzir funções discriminantes aplicáveis ao nível da população mas também para a espécie em geral. Desenvolvi também um guia de fotografias para determinar a idade das crias de Abelharuco e apresento um protocolo que propõe visitar os ninhos em intervalos de 12 dias de modo a atingir a precisão máxima na determinação da idade das crias, minimizando a perturbação e o investimento logístico. Esta tese mostrou que a dieta do Abelharuco durante a época reprodutora varia entre colónias localizadas em habitats distintos, entre épocas e entre o que é consumido pelos adultos e fornecido às crias. Os resultados revelaram distintos padrões migratórios do Abelharuco entre três populações reprodutoras (Ibéria, Alemanha e Bulgária), indicando que os indivíduos da Bulgária migram através de uma rota este para o sul de África, enquanto as outras duas populações migram por uma rota oeste. Também demonstrou que as três populações exibem diferentes timings de migração. Ao nível individual, a partida da área de invernada e a duração da migração parecem ser os principais factores que influenciam a data de chegada à área de reprodução na Ibéria. Neste estudo, foi estabelecida uma relação positiva entre a chegada à área de reprodução e as datas de postura. Adicionalmente, a relação encontrada entre a data de postura e a produtividade variou entre anos: em 2017, o número de crias voadoras diminuiu ao longo da época reprodutora; mas tal não aconteceu em 2016, quando as datas de postura ocorreram mais cedo e a produtividade permaneceu constante ao longo da época. Finalmente, os resultados mostraram que fêmeas mais velhas (mas não machos) colocam os ovos mais cedo e têm maior produtividade do que as fêmeas que se reproduzem pela primeira vez. Adicionalmente, os casais mais velhos parecem ter a mesma probabilidade de se manter juntos durante duas épocas reprodutoras consecutivas comparado com os casais que se reproduzem pela primeira vez. A produtividade não parece ser influenciada pela manutenção do parceiro. A variação inter-anual na produtividade pode afectar as populações a longo termo através da indução de flutuações nas taxas demográficas, se a frequência de más (ou boas) condições ambientais aumentar. Deste modo, este estudo apela à monitorização a longo prazo das populações de Abelharucos, e outros migradores afro-paleárcticos, de forma a prever as respostas das populações às alterações ambientais e optimizar medidas de conservação.
Programa Doutoral em Biologia

A segurança alimentar em África tem sido ameaçada por várias condicionantes externas e internas como a crise mundial económica e financeira, as mudanças climáticas ou as migrações. A “crise dos cereais” de 2007-2008, que levou à inflação dos preços dos alimentos, com consequências graves para muitas populações, veio reforçar as preocupações em relação aos riscos de insegurança alimentar em vários países do continente. Os felupes são uma sociedade do Norte da Guiné-Bissau, que se dedica à agricultura, nomeadamente ao cultivo de arroz, e que é afectada por várias destas condicionantes. É através do cultivo do arroz que os felupes garantem a sua segurança alimentar sendo que o arroz tem também um papel essencial na estrutura da sociedade. No entanto, factores como as alterações climáticas e as migrações têm ameaçado constantemente esta actividade e os felupes desenvolveram várias estratégias para fazer face a estas pressões. As mulheres têm assumido um papel preponderante nestas estratégias, tendo o seu papel tradicional mudado. Esta tese tem como objectivo compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelas mulheres felupes para combater a insegurança alimentar na sociedade felupe. As mulheres sempre tiveram um importante papel na actividade agrícola que se estendia desde o cultivo até a comercialização dos produtos, cumprindo um calendário de trabalho bastante rigoroso. Com as pressões a que esta sociedade tem estado sujeita, as mulheres foram desenvolvendo estratégias para fazer face aos desafios: foram acumulando novas tarefas que dantes não assumiam, foram adaptando as técnicas de produção através da escolha de tipo de sementes diferentes e, acima de tudo, foram-se organizando de forma diferente para melhor fazer face ao desafio de garantir a segurança alimentar das suas famílias.
Food security in Africa has been threatened by internal and external pressure factors such as the world economic and financial crises, climate change and migration. The “cereal crisis” of 2007-2008, who led to food price inflation was another such factor which had several consequences for many populations and brought again to the international fore concerns about food insecurity in several African countries. The Joola/felupe is a society of Northern Guinea-Bissau, whose main activity is agriculture namely rice production and who is greatly affected by these pressure factors. It is through rice cultivation that the felupe ensure their food security, but rice has also a key role in the structure of society. Factors such as climate change and migration are increasingly putting pressure on this activity and the felupe have developed several strategies to overcome them. Women have assumed key roles in these strategies, their traditional roles having been changed as a result. The objective of this thesis is to understand the strategies implemented by felupe women to fight food insecurity. Women have always had an important role in agricultural performing diverse activities which ranged from cultivation to commercialization, following a very rigorous working timetable. To face the pressures on food security, women have developed several coping strategies: these include performing activities that were not traditionally assigned to them, adapting agricultural production techniques by choosing, for instance, different types of seeds and, above all, by organizing and strengthening women’s associations so that together they are better equipped to ensure the food security of their families and community.

Przedmiotem rozprawy jest analiza dyskursów na temat Zachodu i zachodnich idei rozwoju i nowoczesności wśród mieszkańców Gwinei Bissau w Afryce Zachodniej. Obraz Zachodu odgrywa dominującą rolę w kolektywnej wyobraźni współczesnych Gwinejczyków, jak wynika z przeprowadzonych przez autorkę badań terenowych. Określany najczęściej metonimicznie słowem „Europa”, Zachód funkcjonuje jako kluczowy punkt odniesienia. Jest obiektem marzeń i aspiracji. Emigracja do Europy jawi się młodym ludziom jako idealny cel ścieżki życiowej. Znaczna część powstającej w ostatnich latach literatury nauk społecznych podkreśla pozytywne skutki globalnych procesów kultury dla tożsamości, aspiracji i trajektorii życiowych ludzi na całym świecie. Powszechnie kwestionuje się dziś ujęcie globalnych powiązań w kategoriach „centrum-peryferia”. Mówi się o globalnie poszerzonych horyzontach społecznej wyobraźni, zjawisko to zostało określone między innymi jako „uwolnienie wyobraźni”. Jednak Zachód wywiera intensywny wpływ kulturowy na różne miejsca świata. Dyskursy Gwinejczyków pokazują, że musimy rozpatrywać te wpływy w kategoriach dominacji kulturowej; władzy symbolicznej, jaką ma obraz Zachodu nad ludzką wyobraźnią. Jego siła w dyskursach Gwinejczyków jest tak wielka, że można mówić o zjawisku życia „w cieniu Europy”. Jednym z przejawów trwającego do dziś podziału świata na centrum i peryferie jest dostępność różnych przestrzeni geograficznych świata dla jednych (dla mieszkańców centrum) i ich niedostępność dla innych (zamieszkujących peryferia). Dla tych ostatnich Zachód, „Europa”, jawi się jako zamknięte, zabarykadowane miejsce, do którego Afrykanom bardzo trudno się dostać. Ten obraz miejsca zarazem odległego, acz dziwnie obecnego w codziennych rozmowach Gwinejczyków, wielkiego, górującego nad ich życiem – niczym potężna twierdza – zawiera sprzeczności dziedzictwa kolonialnego i dzisiejszego zglobalizowanego świata. W pracy przedstawiam zarówno sposoby mówienia Gwinejczyków o przestrzeni geograficznej Europy, jak i strategie, jakie postrzegają oni jako drogi do „twierdzy”. Oprócz emigracji z pomocą krewnych-emigrantów, obejmują one m.in. kontakty z białymi turystkami w nadmorskich kurortach oraz emigrację „drogą morską” – śmiertelnie niebezpieczną podróż przez ocean na pokładzie drewnianych łodzi. Dużo mówi się również na temat magicznych amuletów i 'kontraktów' z duchami, mających zapewnić dotarcie do Europy. Ze szczególną uwagą rozpatruję w pracy oddziaływanie zachodniego dyskursu rozwoju i nowoczesności. Wydaje się dziś on wywierać najsilniejszy wpływ na mieszkańców Gwinei Bissau. Oddziaływanie tych idei jest złożone. Po pierwsze, kształtują one postrzeganie lokalnej rzeczywistości przez Gwinejczyków. W oparciu o nie konstruuje się dzisiaj społeczne tożsamości, tworzy się podział na „nowoczesnych” i „zacofanych”, na świat miasta i wioski. Mieszkańcy miast podkreślają niższość wieśniaków pod wszelkimi względami. Podobne zjawisko, będące skutkiem Zachodniego myślenia o modernizacji przeniesionego na grunt afrykański, zostało opisane przez niektórych antropologów jako społeczna polaryzacja środowiska społecznego. Proponuję jednak traktować to nie jako polaryzację, lecz relację trzystopniową. Porównania, które robili moi rozmówcy wskazywały na to, że przepaść, mająca według nich dzielić człowieka miastowego od mieszkańca wioski, jest analogiczna do różnicy, jaka istnieje między Gwinejczykiem, mieszkającym tylko w Gwinei Bissau, a emigrantem, regularnie przebywającym w Europie, mającym dostęp do tego świata postępu i nowoczesności. Moja hipoteza w tym względzie brzmi, że „nowoczesność” człowieka, tak jak się to postrzega lokalnie, stopniuje się w bezpośredniej zależności od udziału w świecie Zachodu. W skali globalnej natomiast ideologia rozwoju pociąga za sobą nieuniknione poczucie marginalizacji Afrykanów. Rozwój jest zasadniczo ideologią temporalną (czasową), w której osiągnięcie postępu jest przedstawiane jako kwestia czasu. Dyskurs ten zawiera też aspekt przestrzenny, polegający na tym, że historia jest wyobrażana jako postęp i zarazem jako przemieszczanie się ludności ze wsi do miasta. Jednak w kontekście kraju tak biednego jak Gwinea Bissau rzeczywistość nie oferuje stabilnej podpory dla dychotomicznego dyskursu na temat świata wioski i miasta. Zwłaszcza – wbrew usilnym pragnieniom jego mieszkańców – nie pozwala utrzymać twierdzeń na temat zdobyczy cywilizacyjnych dostępnych mieszkańcom gwinejskiego miasta, które w teorii mają tak zasadniczo odróżniać ich życie od życia w wiosce. Nadzieje na osiągnięcie upragnionego postępu w Gwinei Bissau w jakiejkolwiek wyobrażalnej przyszłości upadły, w rezultacie dziesięcioleci zawiedzionych oczekiwań i gospodarczych zapaści. W związku z tym nawet w największym mieście kraju nieuniknione jest poczucie marginalizacji i „niedorozwoju” w skali globalnej. Ten sam dyskurs, który pozwala miastowym Gwinejczykom konstruować swój wyższy status w porównaniu do wieśniaków sprawia, że czują się oni zacofani w porównaniu do reszty świata, zwłaszcza do Zachodu. Twierdzę, że w tej sytuacji dla jednostek, których światopogląd został ukształtowany przez wartości właściwe dla idei postępu, drogą wiodącą do nowoczesności stała się trajektoria wiodąca z miejsca biednego i „nierozwiniętego” do Europy, uosabiającej „prawdziwy rozwój” i „najwyższą formę nowoczesności”. Według mojej hipotezy, w miejscach takich jak Gwinea Bissau rozwój, będący zasadniczo ideologią czasową, stał się ideą przestrzenną wytyczoną w globalnej przestrzeni. Wydaje się, że w tej sytuacji można stwierdzić, że ideologia rozwoju przyczynia się do pragnienia emigracji na Zachód, które jest tak wyraźnym zjawiskiem we współczesnej Gwinei Bissau. Praca ukazuje obecność omówionych zjawisk w dyskursach mieszkańców Gwinei Bissau, a także ich wpływ na życie Gwinejczyków na przykładzie konkretnych życiorysów.
The subject of the thesis is the analysis of discourses about the West and its ideologies of development and modernity, present among the people of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. The image of the West occupies a central place in the collective imagination of contemporary Guineans, as I found in my fieldwork. Most often metonymically referred to as “Europe”, it plays a dominant role in the way Guineans nowadays view the world, their place within it as well as their own lives. For many, it is the ideal destination of their imagined life path as the image of Europe is strongly idealised. The aim of this thesis is to further our academic understanding of the perception of the Western world in places of the so-called Global South. A large part of literature in social sciences of the recent years underlines positive outcomes of global cultural processes for the identity, aspirations and life trajectories of people around the world. It is common today to question treating global connections in terms of “centre” and “periphery”. Researchers emphasize that the horizons of the social, collective imagination have widened. This process has been described by some as freeing the imagination. The West, however, exerts an intensive cultural influence over various places of the world. In spite of the optimistic literature about globalisation produced lately, we have to view these influences in terms of cultural domination; a symbolical power that the image of the West holds over people's imagination in various places of our planet. The power of the image of Europe in Guinean discourses is such that I propose to describe it as living in the European shadow. One of the ways in which the persistence of the “centre – periphery” division of the world demonstrates itself today is the accessibility of the world's geographical spaces for some (residents of the centre) and their inaccessibility for others (inhabitants of the peripheries). For the latter the West seems a closed, barricaded territory which Africans find extremely difficult to get inside of. This image of a place which is remote, yet oddly present in daily conversations of Guineans, which seems powerful and towers above their lives – like a fortress – summarizes the experience of these geographical spaces by Guineans and encapsulates the contradictions of post-colonial legacy and today's globalized world. Among the Western discourses which seem to have had the greatest impact on the people of Guinea-Bissau is the ideology of development combined with the idea of modernity. The impact of these ideas is complex as they shape the perception of local reality by the Guinean: categories derived from them are the basis for constructing social identities today and for the division into the “modern” and the “backward”, the world of the town and the village. To a large degree it recreates Western perception of history as progress and as a movement of people from the village to town. In Guinea-Bissau this village-town dichotomy is complemented by a third category, however, of identities related to the West (emigrants and the whites), forming a peculiar three-tier scale of modernity. On a global scale the ideology of development entails the unavoidable sense of marginalisation of Guinea-Bissau and its inhabitants. Europe, as the site of the „highest form” of progress and modernity, in a way “automatically” occupies a central place in the world-view shaped by these ideologies. It thus becomes the most desirable life destination.

O objetivo desta investigação consiste em abordar as contribuições de associações de comunidades de migrantes guineenses na diáspora no apoio ao desenvolvimento do país de origem, e dos parceiros que apoiam os projetos associativas de âmbito assistencialista para com as comunidades de origem e respetivamente aos conterrâneos no país de acolhimento. E por meio deste serão ainda destacados os futuros projetos de desenvolvimento destas associações. A migração tem sido uma parte da história que construiu a sociedade guineense. Desde os tempos remotos, que esta pequena parte da população da costa ocidental da África tem demostrado dinâmica na mobilidade, quer ao nível interno como externo. Mas foi após a independência, alcançada com a luta de libertação nacional, nos anos 80/90, que o país começou a viver um intenso fluxo de imigração com destino para a Europa, principalmente para Portugal; essa crise migratória agravou-se mais com o conflito político-militar de 1998 e culminou com as sucessivas instabilidades político, militar, económico e social dos últimos anos. Tendo em conta a situação e fragilidade do país dos últimos anos, tem-se verificado a dinâmica participativa dos guineenses a nível político, das redes de associações locais e das sociedades civis na procura do tão almejado desenvolvimento da Guiné-Bissau. Tais desejos têm sido manifestados pela sociedade guineense, tornando-se a razão da existência de muitas redes associativas guineenses na diáspora, de diversas naturezas, com o objetivo de complementar o apoio ao programa de desenvolvimento e de bem-estar dos guineenses.
The aim of this research is to address how Guinean associations of migrant communities in the diaspora help support both the development of the country of origin and the partners behind all associative projects assisting the communities of origin in particular, countrymen in the host country. On this basis, these associations’ future development projects are to be stressed. Migration has been a part of the founding history of Guinean society. From the earliest times, this small part of the West African coast population has demonstrated a dynamic mobility, both internally and externally. However, after independence was gained through the struggle for national liberation in the 80s/90s, the country began experiencing an intense immigration flow headed towards Europe mainly Portugal. This migration crisis worsened with the political and military conflict of 1998 and culminated in the repeated political, military, economic and social instability of recent years. Notwithstanding the country's recent fragile condition, there has been a politics-driven participatory dynamics of Guineans in search of the long-awaited development of Guinea-Bissau, be it in local association networks and civil society. Such desires have been expressed by Guinean society and have become the reason for the existence of many Guinean associative networks in the diaspora of diverse nature and aimed at supplementing the program for the development and well-being of Guineans.

Nogat mani, the Tok Pisin term expressing ‘we have no money’, is a familiar refrain of migrants in Port Moresby, the capital city of Papua New Guinea (PNG). In the absence of formal income opportunities and affordable housing, many are forced to resort to informal forms of shelter and income generation. Food and shelter are particularly difficult to secure which is why many rely on support from people of their own ethnic group. One such group is the Tufi people of Oro Province who live in the ATS squatter settlement located near the city’s airport. There, kin and neighbors are important sources of support but, paradoxically, also place severe demands on those who have food, housing and money. Moreover, people must contribute to collective undertakings or risk becoming alienated from this urban safety net. This collective identity has to be balanced with the reality of being marginal citizens in the increasingly cosmopolitan city. This thesis examines the livelihood and social safety strategies of this group of Tufi migrants over the period from the mid-1990s to 2013. It draws on a combination of ethnographic and quantitative data based on fieldwork conducted in 2013, reflective autoethnographic data and secondary sources. It examines the changing forms of indigenous Melanesian value systems in urban settings as they come into contestation with neo-liberal systems of value which dominate access to basic needs in the city. Drawing on theoretical concepts of value, exchange, kinship and urban space, this thesis provides a grounded account of settlement life in PNG. It examines the challenges and responses of the Tufi as marginal citizens in one PNG informal settlement and demonstrates how collective identity is deployed to address the many challenges encountered in urban life. The thesis makes visible emerging forms of citizenship in urban PNG and the paradoxes of collective action and identity.

Este trabalho pretende ser uma reflexão sobre a relação e o papel da urbanização na segurança alimentar, destacando as estratégias utilizadas para contrariar a insegurança alimentar. O arroz como base da alimentação dos Felupes é também sinónimo de riqueza, paradoxalmente a esta situação, os agricultores não só produtores e consumidores da sua própria produção mas também consumidores de alimentos importados. As alterações climáticas, a diminuição da produção e o difícil trabalho de manutenção das bolanhas, faz com que seja essencial encontrar alternativas viáveis que permite reduzir a insegurança alimentar. A procura de soluções nos centros urbanos é vista como uma alternativa e resulta de uma tentativa de subsistência. Criando organizações sociais, as populações concebem grupos de apoio simples, mas que pela sua organização conseguem ser abrangentes e eficazes. É esta capacidade de criar estas verdadeiras redes de solidariedade que impede um agravamento das suas condições de vida. Assim, no contexto urbano pretende-se verificar se este meio oferece à população instrumentos para que estes possam garantir a sua segurança alimentar. Não obstante as dinâmicas da população urbana e as implicações que esta tem na segurança alimentar apresentando-se como uma questão crítica, pois o rápido crescimento populacional na cidade não tem sido acompanhado de meios que visem salvaguardar a alimentação para os mesmos. Seria necessária a existência de uma correlação mais adequada entre a produção e consumo, e isso não acontece nestes espaços urbanos. Palavras
This work intended to be a reflection on the relationship and contribution of urbanization to assure food security, highlighting the strategies used to counter food insecurity. Rice as base of alimentation of Felupe is also synonymous of wealth, paradoxically of this situation, farmers are both producers and consumers of their own production but also consumers of imported food. Climate changes and the declining of production and hard work maintaining the bolanhas, makes it essential to find alternatives that allow reduction of food insecurity. Finding solutions in urban areas is seen as an alternative and an attempt to subsistence. Creating social organizations, people form simple support groups and it is this ability to create these networks of solidarity that prevents the worsening of their living conditions. In this urban context it is intended to ascertain that this environment offers means that enables people to ensure their food security. Despite the dynamics of urban population and the implications it has on food security, itself presents as a critical issue, since the rapid population growth in the city has not been accompanied by means that safeguard the nourishment that they need. There is need for a correlation between production and consumption, and this does not happen in urban spaces.

This study aims to examine how the migration experience influences newcomer mothers’ young child feeding and care practices and their children’s overall health. The thesis comprises three separate manuscripts, each of which examines one of the three intermediate determinants of the nutritional status of young children (UNICEF 1990): access to healthcare, household food insecurity, and child feeding and care practices. The research was conducted in Toronto’s Jane-Finch neighbourhood, a suburban neighbourhood home to a high density of newcomers. Thirty-two participants (16 Sri Lankan Tamil and 16 Latin American) who had migrated to Canada within the past five years as refugee claimants or family sponsored immigrants participated in the study. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with women from low-income households who had a child between the ages of 1 and 5 years. Spanish and Tamil speaking interviewers interviewed each participant two or three times. Data was analyzed using a mid-level approach in which broad analytical themes are determined prior to analysis and specific themes were then generated based on participants’ perspectives and are grounded in the data. The first manuscript examines newcomer mothers’ experiences accessing physicians for their children and identifies the major gaps between mothers’ expectations and their actual experiences that lead to barriers in communication and overall patient dissatisfaction. The second manuscript demonstrates that mothers’ past experiences with food insecurity affect two aspects of the construct of food insecurity: its managed aspect and its temporal nature. This finding has implications for the measurement of food insecurity in newcomer populations. The third manuscript reveals that newcomer mothers are exposed to several parallel and often conflicting systems of knowledge concerning health and nutrition for their children, and that their utilization of Canada’s Food Guide is impeded by its failure to acknowledge alternate parallel knowledge systems. These findings can be applied to the development of social and health policy aimed at improving cultural competency in healthcare and nutrition education and at ameliorating the income constraints leading to household food insecurity.

A Guiné-Bissau, apesar da reduzida dimensão do seu território, apresenta um movimento migratório muito importante, como de resto acontece em toda a África Ocidental, onde está inserida, região onde mais de 80% dos movimentos populacionais ocorre dentro da própria região. Estes fluxos que envolvem pessoas, conhecimento e dinheiro, nomeadamente as remessas dos emigrantes. Embora a investigação sobre migrações seja abundante, pouco se tem estudado sobre o modo como estas afetam as sociedades africanas. Este trabalho pretende abordar este problema, focando-se nas remessas dos imigrantes guineenses. A intenção é perceber se as remessas têm um efeito positivo, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento das comunidades ou se, pelo contrário, podem levar à sua desestruturação e mesmo ao colapso. Para responder a esta questão, surgiu a iniciativa de realizar um estudo comparativo de diferentes comunidades, em contextos geográficos também distintos. A diversidade étnica, representatividade geográfica e uma história conhecida de emigração foram os critérios que determinaram a escolha das comunidades estudadas, que recaiu sobre o Setor de Sonaco, região de Gabú, Leste do País. A população dessa região é maioritariamente muçulmana, constituída essencialmente por fulas, com algumas minorias, sobretudo mandingas. No Norte, a escolha recaiu sobre a comunidade de Tame, um pequeno regulado localizado a Oeste de Canchungo, região de Cacheu, onde a maioria da população é da etnia Manjaca. Os setores de Buba e Quebo formam o espaço de estudo no Sul. Os agentes comerciais em Bandim e no Rossio, a par dos migrantes guineenses em Portugal, completam o objeto do estudo.
Guinea-Bissau, despite the small size of its territory, has a very important migratory movement, as it happens throughout West Africa, where it is inserted, a region where more than 80% of population movements occur within the region itself. These flows involve people, knowledge and money, particularly emigrant remittances. Although research on migration is abundant, little has been studied on how it affects African societies. This thesis aims to address this problem by focusing on remittances from Guinean immigrants. The intention is to understand whether remittances have a positive effect, contributing to the development of communities or, on the contrary, can lead to their disruption and even collapse. To answer this question, the initiative arose to carry out a comparative study of different communities in different geographical contexts. Ethnic diversity, geographical representativeness and a well-known history of emigration were the criteria that determined the choice of the studied communities, which fell on the Sonaco Sector, Gabú region, East of the country. The population of this region is mostly Muslim, consisting essentially of fulas, with some minorities, especially mandingas. In the North, the choice fell on the community of Tame, a small regulate located west of Canchungo, Cacheu region, where the majority of the population is ethnic Manjaca. The sectors of Buba and Quebo form the study space in the South. Commercial agents in Bandim and Rossio, along with Guinean migrants in Portugal, complete the object of the study.

A significativa migração para Portugal de jovens futebolistas da Guiné Bissau entre 1998 e 2015, com vista a serem profissionais de futebol, é o estudo de caso desta dissertação. A investigação qualitativa é feita através de entrevistas semi directas gravadas, análise de discurso, pesquisa bibliográfica, revisão da literatura e observação participante assistemática, e será organizada em torno de duas hipóteses: 1ª - A agência individual é a principal razão da migração dos jovens futebolistas. 2ª - A existência de um certo paternalismo sobre estes, sobretudo os negros, por parte de agentes e empresários desportivos, dirigentes de clubes, jornalistas e, de um modo geral, pela sociedade portuguesa, leva a um tratamento de menoridade e desconsideração, podendo admitir-se que existe uma visão racista subjacente a esta subalternização. A teoria da acção de Pierre Bourdieu, enquadra a análise ao modo como as estruturas incorporadas do "habitus" nos agentes se relacionam com as estruturas objectivas do campo social, neste caso o microcosmos futebolístico onde actuam. O campo de análise começa por centrar-se na Guiné Bissau, por ser actualmente o país de origem da grande maioria dos migrantes e continua em Portugal, país de destino de quase todos eles. A questão da migração de futebolistas no tempo colonial está reflectida resumidamente no Estado da Arte e de forma mais desenvolvida no capítulo dedicado a Moçambique. Para além de identificar as causas da saída da Guiné Bissau destes jovens, pretende-se sinalizar as maiores dificuldades sentidas quando decidiram partir, mapear a inserção no mercado laboral futebolístico português, analisar as dificuldades encontradas na sociedade do país de acolhimento e ao mesmo tempo aferir sobre práticas de racismo em Portugal.
The significant migration to Portugal of young soccer players from Guinea Bissau between 1998 and 2015, with a view to be football professionals, is the case study of this dissertation. Qualitative research is done through semi-direct-recorded interviews, discourse analysis, bibliographic research, literature review and unsystematic participant observation, and will be organized around two hypotheses: 1 - The individual agency is the main reason for the migration of young footballers. 2 - The existence of a certain paternalism about these, especially the black ones, by agents and sports entrepreneurs, leaders of clubs, journalists and, in general, by the Portuguese society, leads to a treatment of minority and disrespect, being able to admit that there is a racist view underlying this subalternization. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of action frames the analysis of how the built-in structures of "habitus" in agents relate to the objective structures of the social field, in this case the football microcosm where they operate. The field of analysis begins by focusing on Guinea Bissau, as it is currently the country of origin of the vast majority of migrants and continues in Portugal, the destination country of almost all of them. The question of the migration of footballers in colonial times is briefly reflected in the State of the Art and more elaborated in the chapter dedicated to Mozambique. In addition to identify the causes of the departure of Guinea Bissau from these young people, it is intended to signal the greatest difficulties experienced when they decided to leave, map the insertion in the Portuguese football labor market, analyze the difficulties encountered in the society of the host country and at the same time, assessing practices of racism in Portugal.

Effective conservation strategies for sea turtles require knowledge of animal movements and protection of biologically important habitats and life history stages. For breeding adult sea turtles, understanding both their inshore and pelagic spatial patterns is imperative to the successful protection of the species and the accurate identification of their vulnerabilities. This study provides insight into the inter-nesting, post-nesting, and foraging movements of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) that nest on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, by using satellite telemetry to track green turtles (n=12) during two nesting seasons (2017-18, 2018-19), and as they migrated to foraging grounds after the nesting season. These tracks were fit with a switching state space model to characterize movements, and then analyzed in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors. Dive depth data was also used to determine utilization patterns within the water column. The 12 tagged turtles migrated for an average of 1064 km to two distinct foraging grounds, with 10 migrating west for an average of 1115 km to the coastal waters of Ghana, and 2 migrating south for an average of 1563 km to the coastal waters of Angola. Migrating turtles used both direct, pelagic migration strategies, and biphasal, coastal strategies, which included intermittent foraging throughout migrations. Dive depths varied depending on behavior, with an average of 19.3 m during inter-nesting, 12.6 m during migration and 8.5 m during foraging. Knowledge of inter-nesting habitat use, migration patterns, and foraging ground locations will be critical for the development of marine conservation management plans in the Gulf of Guinea and aide in sea turtle conservation efforts throughout the area. Additionally, spatial and dive depth data can inform zonal fishing regulators and provide information needed for modifications to fishing practices and gear that is most likely to reduce sea turtle bycatch. These data will provide a more complete understanding of marine areas critical to sea turtle conservation and aide in sustainable economic development in the Gulf of Guinea.

The objective of this thesis is to study two Basins of the Gulf of Guinea (GoG), namely the Dahomey and the Liberian Basins. These Basins are located in the northern part of the GoG, where oil and gas exploration has significantly increased in the last 10 years or so. We proposed geological descriptions of these two Basins. The key characteristics of the two models are the presence of channels and pinch-outs for depths of between 1 km and 2 km (these values are rescaled for our numerical purposes to 600- m and 700-m depths) and normal faults below 3 km (for our numerical purposes we use 1 km instead of 3 km). We showed that these models are consistent with the plate tectonics of the region, and the types of rocks and ages of rocks in these areas. Furthermore, we numerically generated seismic data for these two models and depth-migrated them. We then interpreted the migrated images under the assumption that the geologies are unknown. The conclusions of our interpretations are that we can see clearly the fault systems in both models. However, our results suggest that seismic interpretations of the channels and pinch-outs associated with the geology of the Dahomey and Liberian Basins will generally be difficult to identify. In these particular cases, we missed a number of channels and pinch-outs in our interpretations. The limited resolution of seismic images is the key reason for this misinterpretation.