Tesi sul tema "Migration, Internal – Indonesia"

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 444-460). A study based on a case study with integrated macro and micro approaches to investigate some effects of the development and industrialisation processes in Indonesia.

Since Papua became part of Indonesia in 1963, hundreds of thousands of people have migrated there from other parts of the nation. By 2000, over a third of the province??s residents were non-indigenous people, with the great majority of these immigrants living in the more developed urban areas along the coast. This mass movement has transformed the territory??s society, altering the social, cultural and economic position and opportunities of the indigenous inhabitants. This thesis uses statistical data from Indonesian government publications to describe the development of these changes to the province??s population from 1963 to the early part of the 21st century. While it is acknowledged that the military presence and actions in the territory have played a crucial role in creating distrust of the Indonesian government among the indigenous people, this material supports the thesis that the mass movement of people to the region has developed an identification among the indigenous peoples of the territory of being part of a single Papuan community, a Papuan nationalism. This migration has also limited the educational and employment opportunities of indigenous people, creating hostility towards the newcomers among indigenous people and resulting in an alienation from the Indonesian nation. It will be argued that the patterns of settlement, employment and perceptions of ethnic difference between indigenous and migrant groups reflect a form of internal colonialism that has resulted from this immigration. While independence is a popular aspiration among indigenous Papuans, an evaluation of the national political situation suggests that this event is unlikely in the foreseeable future. If Papuans are to be incorporated fully into the nation of Indonesia, an understanding of the impact of migration on the province??s people is vital. This material also suggests that while there have been negative consequences of the Indonesian rule of the territory, claims that the indigenous population has suffered from genocide perpetrated by Indonesian forces are not supported by the statistical data.

[Truncated abstract] The initial success of the Green Revolution notwithstanding, the ability of our planet to produce sufficient food to support its growing population is causing growing concern. Indonesia, like many other countries, cannot produce sufficient rice to feed its people. This creates an imperative to import rice that Indonesia wishes to overcome. In addition, agricultural intensification has created ecological contamination from overuse and the mismanagement of chemical inputs. These problems threaten the sustainability of agricultural lands and Indonesia's ability to support national food selfsufficiency. The extension of agricultural lands is one alternative that has been implemented by the Indonesian government for more than two decades. Families from the crowded islands of Java and Bali have been translocated to the outer islands of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. In South Kalimantan, the tidal swampland areas are one of the resettlement destinations; which are usually reclaimed for the purpose of increasing rice production. However, the difference between the natural characteristics, socialeconomics, language, and culture in South Kalimantan, compared with the homelands of the transmigrant farmers, has the potential to adversely affect the farming activities of both the transmigrant and the local indigenous farmers. This in turn might affect the sustainability of the tidal wetlands for agricultural production. It may also damage the ecological integrity of the coastal environment ... The research findings indicate that farming practices by the groups differed significantly. Similarly, there was a significant difference between the cultivation of traditional rice varieties and the HYV. Farming practices performed by the indigenous local farmers, who have lived in the swamplands for centuries, were more ecologically sustainable than those of their transmigrant counterparts in both of the tidal swamplands being assessed. Likewise, traditional (indigenous) rice variety cultivation appears to be more sustainable than the HYVs. Among the socio-economic and agronomic influences of the farming practices selected for statistical analysis, only the non-formal education variable had a significant impact on the sustainability index. Tidal swampland Type B has lower yields than Type A, but in both swampland types, indigenous farmers produce higher yields than the transmigrant farmers, while the HYV has a higher yield over the traditional one. Indigenous farmers received higher financial returns per ha compared to the transmigrant returns in tidal swampland Type A and Type B. The higher yields produced by the HYVs are not accompanied by a higher financial return per ha compared to the traditional variety. The conclusions of this research are that not only are indigenous farming practices more sustainable but that indigenous farmers achieve a higher overall output and higher returns per ha from their farming activities. Future research should be formulated to further investigate the implications for both increasing rice production and sustainability by extending the use of indigenous farming systems. The sustainability index developed in this research should be investigated for adaptation in other areas of Indonesia and possibly by other farming areas internationally.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 2, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Reed Wadley. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis analyses transmigration policy in Indonesia within the context of centre and regional relationships. The evidence from Riau and South Kalimantan suggests that as a consequence of the unequal relationship between the centre and the regions, the implementation of transmigration policy has suffered from a lack of both coordination and feedback that could enhance an appropriate policy. At the regional level, the ambiguous national goals of transmigration policy have been simply translated into physical and quantifiable targets, which, in turn, have resulted in the neglect of transmigration policy as an integrated and complementary effort between the different sectors and ministries. The prevailing problems of implementation, such as the unsuitability of land for agricultural settlements, the various forms of mismanagement within the implementing agencies, and the hidden conflicts with the local population, have only had limited feedback effect on the policy making process in the central government. After the budget was drastically cut back in the mid-1980s, however, transmigration policy started to confront new dimensions of these problems. At this time, the implementation of transmigration policy was forced to change direction toward, among other things, maintaining the existing settlements and bolstering the cash-crops scheme. The spontaneous transmigration scheme, which became government rhetoric during the previous period, seems also to be receiving serious attention by the government. Yet, as the prevailing economic and political structure of the country is unchanged, the myth of transmigration policy as a panacea is unlikely to vanish.

For rural people in Java, population mobility, particularly temporary movement, is usually seen as a compromise between the high living costs and marginal wages in the destination places and the psychological trauma of separation from family and friends in the home village. This thesis investigates these aspects of population mobility in East Java, and in particular migrant-village tie s . The data used are from the National Population Mobility Survey, conducted in eight provinces in Indonesia in 1980. Two villages were studied in East Java, and the analyses here are based mainly on information from 153 migrants who were visiting their home village at the time of the survey. The study found that the main reasons for migrants to leave their home village were economic, while familial and socio-cultural motives were stated as the main reasons for choosing the destination place. The presence of kin and friends in the destination place can serve as a source of information and increase the probability of getting a job, and therefore the location of relatives or friends can affect the migrants' choice of destination place. The migrants reported that their incomes were higher after they moved. Migrants who had surplus cash were more likely to spend i t on modern goods and education of their families, while poorer migrants used their incomes to supplement basic consumption. Chain migration was extensive among migrants, particularly those who moved within Java. Assistance from kin and friends in the process of moving was high. newer latter Migrants often provided housing, food and skill training to migrants, which temporarily reduced the living costs of the and made their adjustments to the new way of life easier.

Bibliography: leaves 340-374.
xxi, 374 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.), maps ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 1999?

Migration within Indonesia has a long history, a history associated with the uneven distribution of population across the archipelago that has persisted over centuries. Throughout this history, out-migration has been associated with population policy and, in particular, with one province, Central Java. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate contemporary patterns of population movement within Indonesia and to situate Central Java in the overall migration pattern. Specifically the thesis examines patterns and changes in inter-provincial migration, calculates rates of primary, onward and return migration for Central Java, and investigates employment outcomes and marital assimilation of Central Java’s migrants in selected destinations. Utilising the five censuses of Indonesia from 1971 to 2010, the thesis found that Central Java was the largest source of out-migration in all the censuses, and was strongly connected with movements into two provinces: Jakarta and Yogyakarta. I argue that the connectedness between Central Java and Jakarta is related to economic opportunities while similarity in culture and proximity are the key connectivities between Central Java and Yogyakarta. Over time, the proportion of primary and onward migration to Jakarta declined substantially. At the same time, the proportion moving to West Java increased significantly. A substantial proportion of Central Java primary migrants was also found in Kepulauan Riau. I argue that the decline in the proportion of primary and onward migration to Jakarta is due to the economic extension of Jakarta to its peripheral regions in West Java and Banten. Comparing three destinations, Central Java primary migrants are less likely, as opposed to non-migrants, to be employed in Semarang Metropolitan Region (SMR) and are more likely to be employed in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR) and Batam-Bintan-Karimun (BBK). In JMR, Central Java primary female migrants are less likely to work in manufacturing relative to Central Java primary male migrants. In contrast, in BBK, Central Java primary female migrants are more likely to work in manufacturing relative to Central Java primary male migrants. The nature of the manufacturing industry in the destination influences the gender of the migrants. I also find that private-assisted labour movement acts as a gateway for migrants to seek better opportunities in distant places. From a social perspective, patterns of marital assimilation of Central Javanese husbands and wives are higher when measured by ethno-migration status that is, province of birth than they are by ethnicity. I argue that ethnicity is a better variable for measuring patterns of inter-marriage than ethno-migration status. When they do inter-marry, Central Javanese migrants favour marriage with local people compared with marrying people from other groups. Exogamous marriage is lower in JMR than it is in BBK when measured by either ethno-migration status or ethnicity. While education homogamy is the norm in all ethnic pairing type marriages, I found that hyper-gamy is more likely to be found in exogamous marriages than in endogamous marriages. As the levels of educational differences between husband and wife increases the likelihood of inter-marrying increases. As opposed to Javanese intra-marriages, Javanese husbands and wives who are in inter-marriages are more likely to marry down than to marry equally on education in both BBK and JMR. This means that status exchange on education applies among Central Javanese who inter-married local people in BBK and JMR. By examining patterns and outcomes of migration out of Central Java, my thesis contributes to the literature in understanding contemporary patterns of inter-provincial migration, and employment and marital assimilation of migrants who originate from the same place of origin but who migrate to different places of destination.