Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Migrants"

Research on the consequences of being an undocumented migrant has focused mostly on the experiences of migrants in the Global North. Examination of experiences in Mexico reveals the export by the United States of a transnational regime of illegality that has transformed the citizenship rights of Mexican migrants in their own territory. La investigación sobre las consecuencias de ser un migrante indocumentado se ha centrado principalmente en las experiencias de los migrantes en el Norte Global. El examen de las experiencias en México revela la exportación por los Estados Unidos de un régimen transnacional de ilegalidad que ha transformado los derechos de ciudadanía de los migrantes mexicanos en su propio territorio.

Data from 154 different Mexican communities, housed within the Mexican Migration Project (mmp), is used to explore the influence of U.S. assimilation on a Mexican migrant’s propensity to remit money back to Mexico. A migrant opening a U.S. bank account is employed as a proxy for assimilation. Sociodemographic, U.S. migration, and Mexican community control variables are included. It is found that a migrant opening a bank account during the last U.S. migration is associated with a reduced probability of remitting money back to Mexico, suggesting a shift in social and economic activity from Mexico to the U.S. for migrants abroad. Los datos de 154 comunidades mexicanas, agrupados en el Mexican Migration Project (mmp), se utilizan para explorar la influencia de la asimilación a Estados Unidos sobre los migrantes mexicanos, tomando en cuenta su propensión a enviar remesas de vuelta a México. La apertura de una cuenta bancaria en Estados Unidos por parte de un migrante se emplea como una forma subsidiaria de asimilación. Se incluyen variables sociodemográficas, de migración a Estados Unidos y de control de las comunidades mexicanas. Los hallazgos dicen que la apertura de una cuenta bancaria por parte de un migrante durante la última ola de migración a Estados Unidos se asocia a una menor probabilidad de enviar remesas de vuelta a México, lo cual sugiere un cambio en la actividad social y económica de México hacia Estados Unidos por parte de los migrantes en el extranjero.

Entrepreneurship plays a key role in promoting the global economic growth. However, the association between socio-economic integration and migrant entrepreneurship goes unnoticed. Based on 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), using a baseline regression model, Heckman two-stage model and IV Probit model, our research evidences a positive correlation between migrants’ integration into the society and their entrepreneurship. Specifically, for every standard deviation increase in the socio-economic integration level of migrants, the probability of having entrepreneurial engagement increases by 1.4%. Further findings indicates that migrant’s socio-economic integration is negatively correlated with migrant necessity-based entrepreneurship, while indicating a positive relationship between migrants’ socio-economic integration and opportunity-based entrepreneurship. The underlying mechanism of how socio-economic integration impacts migrant necessity-based entrepreneurship is through changes in the perception of difficulty and migrants’ settlement intention. The internal mechanism of how socio-economic integration influences migrant opportunity-based entrepreneurship is by changing localised social capital and migrants’ risk preference. More extensive investigations evidence that the degree of marketisation and the level of information have significant regulatory effect on the relationship between socio-economic integration and migrant entrepreneurship. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the relationship between socio-economic integration and migrant entrepreneurship varies across different levels of human capital, material capital and experience capital.

This article examines how the EU regulates the rights of migrants as a matter of regional-level governance, and with what implications. To expose the differential logics behind the governance of migrant statuses by the EU, we compare the regulation of 12 legal categories of migrants, across three dimensions of rights: civil, economic, and social. We find that while asylum seekers are unequivocally subject to the most conditional regulation of rights, at the other end of the hierarchy, EU citizens' rights are subject to caveats and ambiguity. The allocation of diverse statuses to migrants privileges different kinds of rights for different categories of migrants, and does not construct clear hierarchies of rights or statuses. This complex stratification of migrant rights highlights the important role of EU-level regulation in generating a migrant rights regime, with substantive implications for migrants entering and living in the European Union.Spanish Este artículo examina cómo la Unión Europea (EU) regula los derechos de los migrantes como una cuestión de gobernanza a nivel regional, y sus consecuencias. Para exponer las lógicas diferenciales detrás de la gobernabilidad de los estatus migratorios de la UE, los autores comparan la regulación de doce categorías legales de migrantes, a través de tres dimensiones de derechos: civiles, económicos y sociales. Un notable hallazgo es que mientras los solicitantes de asilo son inequívocamente sujetos a la regulación más condicional de sus derechos, en el otro extremo de la jerarquía, el estatus de los derechos de los ciudadanos de la UE está supeditado a advertencias y ambigüedad. Para otras categorías de migrantes reguladas por la UE no se observaron jerarquías claras en ninguna de las dimensiones de los derechos, y la asignación de diversos estatutos a los inmigrantes es tal que instituye una compleja estratificación que privilegia diferentes tipos de derechos para las diferentes categorías de migrantes. La emergente estratificación compleja de los derechos de los migrantes en la gobernanza europea, tiene implicaciones más amplias para los derechos de los migrantes dada su articulación con la normatividad coexistente de los Estados miembros. French Cet article examine comment l'UE réglemente les droits des migrants à l'échelle régionale et ce que cela implique. Afin d'exposer les logiques différentielles qui se situent derrière la gouvernance des statuts des migrants par l'UE, nous souhaitons ici comparer la réglementation de douze catégories légales de migrants, à travers trois dimensions des droits de l'homme: civils, économiques et sociaux. Nous constatons que les demandeurs d'asile sont sans conteste soumis à la réglementation la plus conditionnelle des droits l'homme tandis que, de l'autre côté de l'échelle, les droits de l'homme des citoyens de l'UE font l'objet de circonspection et d'ambiguïté. Pour ce qui est des autres catégories de migrants réglementées par l'UE, on n'observe de hiérarchies précises dans aucune des dimensions des droits de l'homme et la répartition des divers statuts de migrants représente une stratification complexe dans laquelle sont privilégiés les différents types de droits pour les différentes catégories de migrants. Cette stratification complexe des droits des migrants souligne le rôle important que joue la gouvernance de l'Union européenne dans la conception d'un régime des droits des migrants et les implications significatives qu'elle a sur les migrants qui entrent et vivent dans l'Union Européenne.

La migration et le retour temporaire dans la société de départ sont des moments importants, tant pour le migrant que pour sa famille restée au pays. Les proches non migrants attendent beaucoup du migrant qui revient en termes de solidarité et de redistribution des richesses accumulées en Europe. À partir d’une enquête qualitative multisituée à Bordeaux auprès de migrants originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne et de leurs familles au Sénégal et au Burkina Faso, cette étude présente les enjeux du retour temporaire au prisme des attentes de la famille non migrante. Les résultats montrent comment les migrants originaires d’Afrique subsaharienne, qui rencontrent des difficultés à répondre aux attentes de la famille non migrante, sont étiquetés de « toubab », et les effets de cet étiquetage sur le plan social, familial et identitaire.

The purpose of research deals with leading questions regarding migration, concentrating on migration remittances, and management relating to remittance. The survey was conducted in 2018. Five hundred and eleven migrant workers from these source countries-Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao, were interviewed. This research applies probit regression analysis. The results show that repeated migrants who are not first-time migrant, are a highly specific group with 54.74%. First-time migrants are most likely to send remittances home while working in Thailand, accounting for 2,826 Baht per month. However, this number decrease with the second-time migrants send remittances about 2,331 Baht per month. Saving behavior is similar between first-time migrants and second-time migrants, who save a portion of their earnings. However, this number increases to 50% in the cases of third and subsequent migrants. The estimation of sending remittances of all migrant's nationalities. The variables that have the influence on remittances in the positive direction are these variables: being Cambodia migrants, burden of family, social assistance, being Myanmar migrant and household size, respectively. On the other hand, the variables that effect on remittances in the opposite direction are attain below primary school, education (in year), real estate owned, and number of migrating household members in Thailand, respectively. The results show that those who finished below primary school are more likely to send remittances, compared with those who finished above primary school. Main policy recommendations are: bank should decrease money transferring cost; employers should pay salary through banking accounts; migrants should remit money through formal channels. Keywords: Migration, Remittance, International Migration, Myanmar Migrant, Cambodian Migrant, Lao Migrant.

The massive scale of new-generation rural-urban migrants in China has attracted extensive scholarly attention in recent years. While previous studies on China’s rural migrant workers focus on migrants’ individual settlement intentions, migrant’s family migration decision-making and the intergenerational differences between the old-generation migrants and new-generation migrants are underexplored. Based on the data of 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this paper adopts a multilevel logistic regression approach to explore family and destination factors influencing family migration decision of China’s new generation rural migrant workers. The empirical results reveal that both the migrants’ family and destination attributes significantly influence their family migration decision. The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of family have been pivotal factors underlying family migration decision of China’s new generation rural-urban migrants, while 16.9% of the chances is explained by between-destination differences. Self-employed migrants with housing properties in host cities, long migration duration and high-income level are more likely to migrate with their family members. Yet, the possibility of family migration is found to be significantly and negatively correlated with the age, education level, number of children and inter-provincial mobility of the new generation migrant workers. In addition, new generation rural-urban migrants’ family migration is more likely to be found in cities with service-oriented industry structure, better environmental quality, and higher hukou barriers which is possibly related to more job opportunities. These research findings not only complement the existing literature on China’s new generation rural-urban migrants, but also have important policy implications for reforming hukou system and enhancing social integration of rural-to-urban migrant population.

O artigo apresenta o atual carisma palotino no apostolado com os migrantes em conexão com a Sagrada Escritura e o Magistério da Igreja, bem como a história vivida por São Vicente Pallotti. São quatro aspectos que se relacionam entre si, mas sistematicamente estudados: antes de tudo a experiência da migração no Antigo Testamento e o mandamento de Deus ao povo judeu para amar os migrantes, porque também eles foram migrantes no Egito. No Novo Testamento, Jesus Cristo foi identificado como migrante, quando a primeira comunidade cristã foi enviada a anunciar o Evangelho a todos os povos e recomendou a acolhida e a hospitalidade aos estrangeiros. O segundo ponto é a ação apostólica de Pallotti com os migrantes devido ao deslocamento em massa no século XIX e o cuidado necessário aos migrantes italianos, seja pela necessidade espiritual seja pela solidariedade social. Os primeiros Palotinos foram também para os Estados Unidos, Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai, entre outros países. A terceira parte é sobre o ensinamento da Igreja a respeito da migração, começando por Pio XII, passando pelo Vaticano II e alcançando o atual pontificado de Francisco. Em conclusão, há uma proposta para o apostolado universal e sinodal realizado pela família Palotina. The article presents the current Pallottine charism on the apostolate with migrants in connection with Holy Scripture and the Magisterium of the Church, as well as the history lived by St. Vincent Pallotti. There are four aspects that relate to each other but are systematically studied: first of all the experience of migration in the Old Testament and God's commandment to the Jewish people to love the migrant because he too was a migrant in Egypt. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ is identified as a migrant, while the first Christian community was sent to proclaim the Gospel to all peoples and recommended welcoming and hospitality to foreigners. The second point is Pallotti's apostolic action with migrants due to the mass displacement in the nineteenth century and the necessary care for Italian migrants both for spiritual necessity and social solidarity. The first Pallottines also went to the United States of America, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, etc. The third part is on the ecclesial teaching on migrations beginning with Pius XII, passing through Vatican II and achieving the current pontificate of Francis. In conclusion there is a proposal for the universal and synodal apostolate carried out by the Pallottine Family.

The fight against trafficking of migrants is a common international concern that ensures the protection of the rights not to be subjected to slavery and conditions similar to slavery. This article deals with the subject of the crime of organizing illegal migration. Particular attention is paid to the status of the migrant, who under certain conditions can be considered the subject of the crime under consideration. In the Republic of Moldova, the trafficking of migrants is protected by the crime of “organizing illegal migration”. Paragraph 4 of Article 3621 of the Criminal Code, exonerates the migrant from criminal liability for the act prejudicial to the organization of illegal migration. However, the issue arises when the migrant is the object of the crime within the meaning of the Protocol against Trafficking of Migrants. The article analyzes the special quality of the subject of the crime and of the beneficiaries of international humanitarian protection. In the author’s opinion, there are many questions that need to be elucidated, such as: who is the subject of the crime? How old is he/she? What is the special subject of the crime, and what are the conditions when the migrant can be prosecuted? In the author’s view, in order to avoid violations of migrants’ rights, the Moldovan legislature must strengthen its position on the protection of migrants’ rights so that the national criminal law (which responsibly ensures the protection of migrants’ rights) complies with the Additional Protocol on Trafficking of Migrants, having as material object the migrant’s body (material object).

Purpose – The issue of migrant financial literacy remains largely unresolved despite the increasing focus on financial literacy in general. The purpose of this paper is to provide a migrant-based approach to provide a snapshot of the self-reported levels of financial literacy specifically for a group of newly arrived culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire is employed to explore the financial literacy of selected migrant groups representing the regions of Africa, Asia and Europe. Findings – The findings reveal that: migrants are eager to seek further information to assist with their financial decision making; better access and utilisation of basic financial services seems to be an area where improvement is required; and self-reported financial literacy levels are influenced by education levels. Research limitations/implications – Although the research targets newly arrived CALD migrants, no claims can be made regarding the representation of CALD migrants as a whole. The research has implications with respect to the development of a more adequate provision of avenues for CALD migrants to utilise basic financial services. This paper provides recommendations for future research in this area. Originality/value – A migrant’s financial literacy is typically based on a “one-size-fits-all” questionnaire, which only provides a broad examination of financial literacy aspects. This study addresses this gap by undertaking a case study focused solely on newly arrived migrants.

Cette thèse porte sur les envois de fonds des migrants vers la Turquie. La dynamique migratoire du pays et les principaux déterminants des envois de fonds sont analysés aux niveaux microéconomique et macroéconomique. L’apport de la thèse est d’exploiter deux nouvelles enquêtes réalisées en France, afin de mieux connaitre le comportement des migrants en matière d’envoi d’argent. Les migrants de première génération et ceux de deuxième génération sont étudiés séparément. Les transferts privés et les transferts collectifs sont également analysés indépendamment. Si le remboursement des prêts ne joue pas dans la décision de transférer au niveau microéconomique, l’altruisme et la motivation d’échange sont confirmés. Les transferts collectifs sont plutôt déterminés par le sentiment d’attachement au pays d’origine, l’intention de retourner et l’appartenance aux réseaux communautaires. Au niveau macroéconomique, les motifs de consommation comme ceux de l’investissement sont déterminants
This research focuses on the migrants’ remittances to Turkey. Migration and remittances dynamics of the country and the main determinants of remittances are studied at microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The main contribution of this thesis is the analysis of two recent surveys carried out in France in order to better understand the remitting behaviour of migrants. Thanks to detailed individual level data, different populations such as first and second generation migrants are analysed separately, as well as different types of transfers such as remittances sent to support households as opposed to collective projects. Although no evidence is found for repayment of loans hypothesis at microeconomic level, altruistic and exchange related motivations can be observed. Collective transfers are more determined by attachment to the home country, intention to return home and being member of a home country association. The results of the macroeconomic level analysis show evidence for both consumption and investment motivations

Les migrations constituent un phénomène transnational dont la gestion a traditionnellement occupé l’intérêt des Etats de destination des migrants dans l’exercice de leur souveraineté. Avec l’avènement de la mondialisation, le panorama migratoire s’est transformé. Les migrations occupent une place chaque fois plus importante dans les agendas des Etats ayant compris que la maîtrise des migrations nécessitait de la coopération et de l’action conjointe à l’échelle internationale. La gouvernance des migrations comporte tout un ensemble de défis tant pour les Etats de destination des migrants que pour les Etats d’origine et pour la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. D’une part se présente l’intérêt de contrôler l’arrivée des migrants très influencé par des conceptions sécuritaires; d’une autre part apparaissent les conceptions des migrations comme outils du développement qui visent à tirer profit des effets considérés comme positifs des migrations et restreindre ses effets négatifs. Et finalement nous constatons l’existence de circonstances pouvant mettre en danger les droits humains des migrants et face auxquelles des mesures doivent être prises pour assurer le respect total des droits de l’homme des migrants. Concilier les intérêts présents autour de la maîtrise des migrations n’est pas une tâche facile. Afin de trouver un cadre idéal pour la maîtrise des migrations et la protection des droits des migrants, nous explorons 5 hypothèses d’étude qui nous mènent à analyser la gestion mondiale migratoire, la gouvernance régionale des migrations (dans le cadre de l’Amérique latine et des relations bilatérales entre cette dernière et l’Union européenne), la protection des migrants en tant que personnes vulnérables titulaires des droits à vocation universelle, ainsi que la protection proposé par les Etats d’origine des migrants (le cas particulier de la Colombie). Les atouts et les défis de chaque espace de discussion sont analysés ainsi que leurs apports à la maîtrise des migrations et à la protection des migrants
Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government’s agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level. The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community. On one hand, it presents the interest of controlling the arrival of migrants, with a strong influence of security conceptions; on the other hand other ideas have immerged that consider migration as tools for development. Those ideas aim to profit from the effects that are considered as benefits of migration and to stop the negative effects. Finally, we consider the existence of the circumstances that can put in danger migrant’s human rights and for which some measures should be taken. Reconciling the interests surrounding the management of migration is not a simple task. For finding ideal management framework for the governance of migration and the protection of migrant’s human rights, we will explore 5 hypotheses. We will analyze the global administration of migration; the regional administration (in the framework of Latin America); the protection of migrants as vulnerable people having universal rights, as well as the protection from the migrant’s state of origin (in the particular case of Colombia). The assets and the challenges of each one of those discussion environments will be analyzed as well as its contributions to migration’s governance and migrant’s protection

A bicultural approach to the politics of settler-indigenous relations, rapidly increasing ethnocultural diversity and its status as an ex-British settler society, make Auckland a fascinating and complex context in which to examine contemporary British migrants. However, despite Britain remaining one of the largest source countries for migrants in Aotearoa New Zealand, and the country's popularity as a destination among British emigrants, contemporary arrivals have attracted relatively little attention. This thesis draws on twelve-months of qualitative research, including in-depth interviews with forty-six participants, photo-elicitation with a smaller group, and participant observation, in order to develop a nuanced account of participants' narratives, everyday experiences and personal geographies of Auckland. This thesis adopts a lens attentive to the relationship between the past and the present in order to explore British migrants' imaginaries of sameness and difference, national belonging, place and ‘the good life' in Aotearoa New Zealand. First, through attention to the ‘colonial continuities' of participants' popular geographical and temporal imaginaries of Aotearoa New Zealand, and the lifestyles they associate with it, this thesis is part of growing attention to historical precedents of ‘the good life' in international lifestyle migration literature. Secondly, by examining participants' relations with Māori, other ethnicised groups, bi- and multiculturalism, I expand on whether these migrants' invest, or not, in ‘the settler imaginary' (Bell 2014). In doing so, I bring crucial nuance to understandings of ethnic and cultural difference, and settler-indigenous relations, in globalising white settler spaces. As neither fully ‘them' nor ‘us' (Wellings 2011), British migrants occupy an ambiguous position in ex-British settler societies. Finally, I examine participants' notions of shared ancestry and of cultural familiarity with Pākehā, and, in doing so, problematise the notion of Britishness as a natural legacy or passive inheritance in this context.

Les persones migrants i les organitzacions de migrants són actors cívics i polítics de creixent interès en els fòrums de ciències socials, així com en entorns governamentals i de la societat civil. Malgrat això, a nivell acadèmic, encara suposa un desafiament teòric i empíric com abordar una anàlisi de les jerarquies de poder en què estan integrats els migrants. En particular, aquest és el cas quan es considera l'agència col·lectiva migrant des de perspectives transnacionals. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a aquests debats tot comprenent fins a quin punt les organitzacions d'un mateix grup de migrants tenen diferents nivells d'agència quan actuen translocalment. La tesi mostra que les tendències a pensar en l'agència (cívica i política) com a funció del lloc i de les estructures polítiques poden ignorar altres dimensions internes que afecten als col·lectius migrants. Les principals preguntes que aborda aquesta investigació són: Quins factors institucionals i actius de migrants sustenten l'agència d'associacions de migrants? Com canvia l'agència de les associacions de migrants en els processos transnacionals? L'agència d'associacions de migrants s’operacionalitza en dues dimensions: a) presència: legitimitat i visibilitat de les associacions de migrants; i b) pes: capacitat d'influir en la governança dels afers cívics i polítics. La investigació adapta marcs de poder d'estudis de desenvolupament a l'anàlisi de l'agència d'associacions de migrants per estudiar les relacions entre estructura-agència que els afecten. Per tant, tot i que el compromís transnacional dels migrants ja ha estat estudiat considerat en estudis sobre política transnacional, aquesta tesi vol contribuir a la comprensió de l'agència dels migrants a partir de conceptes de poder i d'agència treballats en estudis de desenvolupament. Sostinc que l'agència d'associacions de migrants és conseqüència dels actius de les associacions de migrants i de les institucions (formals i informals) que afecten aquestes associacions en els processos de codesenvolupament. Per respondre a les preguntes principals, es prenen processos de codesenvolupament que vinculen a les associacions de migrants senegalesos i les localitats a Catalunya i Senegal (a Kolda i Dakar). La investigació se centra en aquest cas extrem per cercar variacions regionals en l'entorn polític i diferències dins de la comunitat senegalesa, per tal de veure com aquests factors es relacionen amb l'agència de les associacions de migrants. D'acord amb aquest disseny, tres arguments principals guien la investigació. En primer lloc, sostinc que els entorns de polítiques afecten la forma en què l'agència d'associacions de migrants canvia en les localitats dins de la mateixa regió i de manera translocal. Diferents troballes donen suport a aquest argument. En relació a les localitats de residència, els resultats suggereixen que encara que el codesenvolupament pot ser una estratègia per superar contextos locals més tendents a l'exclusió respecte al compromís cívic migrant, la política no necessàriament du a una major visibilitat de les associacions de migrants en comparació amb els contextos locals que són, en general, més inclusius. En el context del país d'origen, es troba que, en coherència amb enfocaments que mostren els problemes en la penetració de l'estat senegalès al nivell local, el transnacionalisme local pot quedar desapercebut en observar dinàmiques a nivell regional i municipal. A més, les troballes mostren percepcions contrastades pel que fa a la legitimitat de les associacions de migrants a les localitats de residència o origen (rural). En general, les associacions de migrants tenen menys presència en Kolda que en altres localitats a nivell municipal. El segon argument és que els actius de les associacions de migrants influeixen en la seva presència en contextos d'origen i residència. L'anàlisi d'actius mostra presència cívica i política de les associacions de migrants a Kolda que romangué invisible en analitzar les institucions formals a nivell municipal i regional. Els resultats donen suport a la importància de factors com ara el nivell d'educació o el gènere per al transnacionalisme migrant. No obstant això, la investigació mostra com altres institucions informals que afecten les societats al Senegal, com els sistemes de lleialtat/noblesa, de caps tradicionals i els sistemes de parentiu, travessen actius i, per tant, també afecten l'agència d'associacions de migrants. El tercer argument de la investigació es basa en una anàlisi de la relació entre els actius i el pes de les associacions de migrants en origen. D'acord amb els resultats, sostinc que encara que els processos de codesenvolupament porten a la presència d'associacions de migrants en origen, no sempre aquests processos desafien desigualtats socials. El marc teòric ajuda a desemmascarar aquestes dinàmiques i obre la possibilitat d'analitzar l'agència d'associacions de migrants en diferents grups i contextos. En proposar una mirada que complementa marcs d'anàlisi sobre l'agència i l'empoderament, amb debats sobre estructura i agència en els estudis de migració, el marc apunta a millorar el diàleg entre aquests camps de coneixement.
Las personas migrantes y las organizaciones de migrantes son actores cívicos y políticos de creciente interés en los foros de ciencias sociales, así como en entornos gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, a nivel académico, todavía supone un desafío teórico y empírico cómo abordar un análisis de las jerarquías de poder en las que están integrados los migrantes. En particular, este es el caso cuando se considera la agencia colectiva migrante desde perspectivas transnacionales. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a estos debates comprendiendo hasta qué punto las organizaciones de un mismo grupo de migrantes tienen diferentes niveles de agencia cuando actúan translocalmente. La tesis muestra que las tendencias a pensar en la agencia (cívica y política) como función del lugar y de las estructuras políticas pueden ignorar otras dimensiones internas que afectan a los colectivos migrantes. Las principales preguntas que aborda esta investigación son: ¿Qué factores institucionales y activos de migrantes sustentan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes? ¿Cómo cambia la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes en los procesos transnacionales? La agencia de asociaciones de migrantes se operacionaliza en dos dimensiones: a) presencia: legitimidad y visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes; y b) peso: capacidad de influir en la gobernanza de los asuntos cívicos y políticos. La investigación adapta marcos de poder de estudios de desarrollo al análisis de la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes para estudiar las relaciones entre estructura-agencia que les afectan. Por lo tanto, aunque el compromiso transnacional de los migrantes ya ha sido estudiado considerado en estudios sobre política transnacional, esta tesis busca contribuir a la comprensión de la agencia de los migrantes a partir de conceptos de poder y de agencia trabajados en estudios de desarrollo. Sostengo que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes es consecuencia de los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes y de las instituciones (formales e informales) que afectan a estas asociaciones en los procesos de codesarrollo. Para responder a las preguntas principales, se toman procesos de codesarrollo que vinculan a las asociaciones de migrantes senegaleses y las localidades en Cataluña y Senegal (en Kolda y Dakar). La investigación se centra en este caso extremo para revelar variaciones regionales en el entorno político y diferencias dentro de la comunidad senegalesa, a fin de ver cómo estos factores se relacionan con la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes. De acuerdo con este diseño, tres argumentos principales guían la investigación. En primer lugar, sostengo que los entornos de políticas afectan la forma en que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes cambia en las localidades dentro de la misma región y de manera translocal. Diferentes hallazgos apoyan este argumento. En relación a las localidades de residencia, los resultados sugieren que aunque el codesarrollo puede ser una estrategia para superar contextos locales más tendentes a la exclusión con respecto al compromiso cívico migrante, la política no necesariamente lleva a una mayor visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en comparación con los contextos locales que son, en general, más inclusivos. En el contexto del país de origen, se encuentra que, en coherencia con enfoques que muestran los problemas en la penetración del estado senegalés en el nivel local, el transnacionalismo local puede quedar desapercibido al observar dinámicas a nivel regional y municipal. Además, los hallazgos muestran percepciones contrastadas en cuanto a la legitimidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en las localidades de residencia u origen (rural). En general, las asociaciones de migrantes tienen menos presencia en Kolda que en otras localidades a nivel municipal. El segundo argumento es que los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes influyen en su presencia en contextos de origen y residencia. El análisis de activos revela presencia cívica y política de las asociaciones de migrantes en Kolda que permaneció invisible al analizar las instituciones formales a nivel municipal y regional. Los resultados apoyan la importancia de factores como el nivel de educación o el género para el transnacionalismo migrante. Sin embargo, la investigación muestra cómo otras instituciones informales que afectan a las sociedades en Senegal, como los sistemas de lealtad/nobleza, de jefes tradicionales y los sistemas de parentesco, atraviesan activos y, por lo tanto, también afectan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes. El tercer argumento de la investigación se basa en un análisis de la relación entre los activos y el peso de las asociaciones de migrantes en origen. De acuerdo con los resultados, sostengo que aunque los procesos de codesarrollo llevan a la presencia de asociaciones de migrantes en origen, no siempre estos procesos desafían desigualdades sociales. El marco teórico ayuda a revelar estas dinámicas y abre la posibilidad de analizar la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes en diferentes grupos y contextos. Al proponer una mirada que complementa marcos de análisis sobre la agencia y el empoderamiento, con debates sobre estructura y agencia en los estudios de migración, el marco apunta a mejorar el diálogo entre estos campos de conocimiento.
Migrants and migrant organisations are civic and political actors of increasing interest in social science and policy forums as well as in governmental and civil society settings. Yet, at the academic level, there is still a theoretical and empirical challenge concerning how to tackle an analysis of the power hierarchies in which migrants are embedded. Indeed, this is particularly the case when considering migrant collective agency within transnational perspectives. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to these debates by analysing to what degree organisations from the same migrant groups have different levels of agency when performing translocally. The thesis shows that tendencies to think about (civic and political) agency as a function of place and policy structures tends to disregard other internal dimensions that affect the collectives. The main questions that this research addresses are: Which institutional factors and migrant assets underpin the agency of migrant associations? How does the agency of migrant associations change across transnational processes? The agency of migrant associations is operationalized as having two dimensions: a) presence: the legitimacy and visibility of migrant associations; and b) weight: the capacity to influence the governance of civic and political affairs. The research adapts power frameworks from development studies to the analysis of migrant agency in order to analyse the relations between structure and agency factors affecting migrants. Thus, while migrant transnational engagement has been looked at in studies of transnational politics, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of the agency of migrants by drawing on concepts of power and agency from development studies. I contend that the agency of migrant associations is an outcome of migrant associations’ assets and (formal and informal) institutions affecting these associations in codevelopment processes. To answer these main questions, the research draws upon codevelopment processes linking Senegalese migrant associations and localities in Catalonia and Senegal (in Kolda and Dakar). The research focuses on this extreme case to unpack regional variations in policy environment, and differences within the Senegalese community, in order to see how these factors relate to the agency of migrant associations. In accordance with this design, three main arguments guide the research. First, I argue that policy environments affect how the agency of migrant associations changes across localities within the same region and translocally. Different findings support this argument. Regarding localities in residence, results suggest that even though nurturing codevelopment may be a strategy to overcome more exclusionary local contexts regarding migrant civic engagement, this type of policy approach does not necessarily lead to more visibility of migrant associations. In the context of the country origin, it is found that – consistent with approaches that show awareness of the problems state penetration can have at local levels in Senegal, hometown transnationalism may be 'under the radar' when observing regional and municipal dynamics. Moreover, the findings show contrasting perceptions of the legitimacy of migrant associations in localities of residence or (rural) origin. Overall, migrant associations have less presence in Kolda than in the other localities at the municipal level. The second argument is that the assets of the migrant associations (human, organisational and financial) influence their presence in origin and residence contexts. The analysis of assets uncovers the civic and political presence of migrant associations in Kolda that remained invisible when analysing formal institutions at municipal and regional levels. The findings support the importance of factors such as level of education or gender for migrant transnationalism. However, research shows how the informal institutions affecting societies in Senegal - such as allegiance/nobility systems, chieftaincy and kin systems - traverse assets and consequently affect the agency of migrant associations. The third argument of the research is based on an analysis of the relationship between assets and weight of migrant associations in origin. According to the results, I argue that although codevelopment processes do lead to presence of migrant associations in origin - expressed either through more formal or assets-based mechanisms, at different governance levels including the village - it is rare for them to challenge social inequalities.

Cette thèse se propose d'étudier la mobilité des migrants et ses effets sur et l'évolution de l'espace urbain à Salamanque, une ville moyenne intérieure encore peu marquée par les migrations. Il s'agit de croiser une sociologie des parcours migratoires et une sociologie urbaine, avec comme clé de lecture la notion de projet migratoire. L'hypothèse de départ est celle d'un projet migratoire qui se dessine et se redessine au gré des rencontres et des opportunités. Par une procédure méthodologique compréhensive, s'inscrivant dans le cadre de la socio-anthropologie, il s'agit de saisir la logique des parcours, c'est-à-dire par une approche longitudinale de reconstituer les successions temporelles de mobilité, d'événements, de situations, de projets, et de décrire et d'analyser les manières d'investir - spatialement et temporairement - la ville.

The thesis “Migrants and Nature” brings together two globalized movements: the movement of people and the environmental movement. It offers a rich consideration of the values, practices and structures that the relationship between migrants and nature brings. I argue that migrants are empowered in a degree and in character by environmental activism. As such they have the potential to determine social and partial outcomes in the allocation of the rights to the natural environment.

Thesis (PhD) -- Bond University, 2006.
"This thesis submitted to Bond University in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Bibliography: pages 258-284. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Historically, migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) arrived in Australia without formal qualifications and with poor English language skills. Consequently many of these migrants found employment at the lower end of the labour market in semi-skilled jobs. However, as a result of changes to immigration policy, since 1996 migrant intakes have been centred on skilled workers and driven by the need to fill identified skill shortages. Skilled migrants must meet English language skills and education requirements, have work experience in an occupation identified as ‘in demand’ and are subject to predefined quotas in order to gain entry. However, one of the main challenges for skilled independent migrants is finding employment commensurate with their qualifications and skills. This thesis focuses on the expectations and experiences of skilled migrants who are seeking employment in Australia. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, the research explores the complexities of this job search experience. There has been minimal published qualitative research about the experiences or outcomes for NESB skilled migrants since the major policy change of 1996. This is particularly the case for migrant women’s experiences and this thesis specifically addresses this gap, examining how such experiences differ from men’s. From both public policy and social justice perspectives, it is important to understand the job search experiences of these skilled migrants, female and male.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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This study explores how the terms ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ relate to the visual representation of these individuals and groups in five Danish newspapers. This study is particularly concerned with how the visual representation constructs an ‘us’ and ‘them’ between Danish society and these individuals. This study draws on a conceptual outline of ‘racialization’ that understands the concept as a ‘lens’ that ‘race’-thinking operates through in the process of constructing group boundaries. This study will draw on Gillian Rose’s visual discourse analysis in the study of Danish newspaper images. It is argued that the ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ are represented as a racialized ‘Other’ to the Dane, in particular the Muslim identity. It is shown that a Muslim identity is a main racialized identity. Moreover, it is pointed out that the use of the term ‘refugee’ is dominant which indicates that this term is in danger of becoming a catch-all category.

This study is aimed to increase the knowledge about the Swedish immigration authorities’ assessment of the asylum applications based on particularly distressing circumstances, submitted by disabled undocumented migrants. Making an attempt to explain the reasons of asylum-seekers’ health deterioration during the asylum process, this study determines the factors in migration authorities proceedings affecting such deterioration. Documents in five personal files concerning six disabled asylum-seekers, whose applications were declined, were studied by applying two observational methods: content analysis of the documents in the personal files and non-participant observations made during receptions of undocumented migrants at the Swedish Asylum Committee. The results of the study have shown that migration authorities' way of applying the principle of child’s best interests have a declarative character, while the disability perspective is completely ignored. The migrations authorities make free interpretations of the information on the countries of asylum-seekers' origin, while adaptation to Swedish conditions does not work at all as cause for residence permit. Advocates, who neglect their prior duties, have also a negative influence on the asylum process. Analyzed from the perspective of appropriate sociological concepts, the results of this study have shown that the above mentioned observations cause disabled undocumented migrants health deterioration.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that the number of people involved in the international migration process is increasing annually. On the one hand, it is important to integrate migrant children into the social and cultural system of the host country. On the other hand, it should be taken into account the issue of preserving of their ethnic and cultural identity. In this regard, preserving ethnic and cultural identity of children who migrate with their parents is an important issue. The purpose of this article is to show the opportunity of using distance education methods in preserving migrant children’s ethnical and cultural identity. The research was carried out in 2016-2017 and on the territory of six European countries and in Belgorod region (Russia), and was based on the use of in-depth interviews as well as focus groups with migrants. The results showed the following. First, migrants have difficulties to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity in the host country, it is especially truly for migrant children who much faster than adults can integrate into the host community and lose their ethnic and cultural identity. Secondly, the Internet provides to children an access to wide range of educational resources regardless of the area of their residence. Most of these trainings are conducted in native language, in the traditional ethno-cultural context. Third, the content of distance learning can be individual, depending on age, previous education, personal interests, etc. Fourth, distance education can be used by migrant children as well as the whole migrant community. Fifth, distance education can include a range of disciplines and activities specific to particular ethno-cultural groups of migrants (linguistics, religious studies, history, literature, cooking, crafts, etc.).

The relevance of researching of the topic of migration to the Russian Federation from neighboring countries is determined by the constant increasing of the number of migrants in Russian Federation. Essays of migrants were used as a source for writing the article. Essays were written in the framework of the competition "Is it Easy to be a Migrant?" that was organised by the women's Council of mi-grants in ANO "Migration". The analysis of competitive essays of migrants allows us to conclude that in the process of adaptation migrants successfully solve the problem of financial stability, form a new view of the world, fitting into a new social environment for them.

The removal of internal borders and the establishment of freedom of movement are important aspects of the EU’s history, but they are not accompanied by a uniform legal system. The migrant dilemma isn’t going away, and the pattern and character of these movements have evolved dramatically over the previous six decades. The author of this article addresses the issue of migrants’ position in Serbia’s rural areas during the coronavirus pandemic. During the period of emergency, Serbia enacted policies that imprisoned migrants in detention centres, effectively depriving them of their liberty. According to the government’s reasoning, it was done to protect migrants’ health. Given the rising violence between migrants and the local people, the question is whether the state intended to safeguard migrants’ health or citizens from migrants in this manner. The author conducted a survey in these areas, explains the findings in depth, and draws a conclusion based on his findings. The paper is comprised of several units. In the first place, the author briefly explains the state of emergency in Serbia and gives an overview of migration centers in Serbia. The central part of this paper deals with the research between citizens in relation to migrants, both in their general attitude and in terms of the relationship between migrants and crime. Residents of migrants’ areas were surveyed, as the author believed thought that due to the location of migration centres, they would be most affected by waves of migrants and possibly, crimes committed by migrants. The author set two initial hypotheses and both were confirmed, and according to the research, the population has a negative attitude towards migrants. At the same time, most respondents show distrust of the state’s claim that migrants are imprisoned for their health. The author believes that this move by the state at that time was a hasty reaction in order to prevent the uncontrolled movement of migrants and the potential spread of the infectious coronavirus disease. In the same time, the author tries to answer to the question about the migrants’ position today and in the near future.

ABSTRACT Sports individuals encounter different problems when they migrate and have difficulty adjusting since they run into restrictive policies and rules that differ from their own country. Careers in sports and related fields, such as coaches and trainers, are also affected by the same concerns. These gaps can be addressed through the “Education through Sports” (ETS) methodology. This methodology can enhance the managerial skills of sports managers, coaches, and trainers. However, this methodology has not been tested among migrants in Bulgaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and skills of migrant sports professionals in Bulgaria and determine the trainers’ expertise. It also assessed the effectiveness of “Education through Sport” as a new methodology. The quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Paired sample T-test was used to determine whether the ETS program enhanced the migrants’ level of knowledge and skills. ANOVA was utilized to determine the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. The Mean was used to determine the level of knowledge and skills using the 5-point Likert scale. Standard deviation was also used to determine the variations in the participants’ responses. After the intervention, a significant difference was computed between the respondents’ knowledge and skills, p = .000. This means that the ETS methodology was effective in developing the knowledge and skills of migrants, providing a solution to their under-representation in leadership roles. Trainers providing the ETS program also showed a high level of expertise resulting in the effective acquisition of knowledge and skills. This methodology should be continuously used as a strategy to advance sports management skills among migrants in Bulgaria and other parts of Europe.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to assess the functional state and working stress of labor migrants, since the demand for labor migrants from the Republics of the Southern regions to perform a number of labor duties in Russia is high. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical and physiological features of working stress, overstrain and the frequency of prevalence of certain diseases in migrant workers from the Republic of Tajikistan working in various regions of the Russian Federation during the pandemic of COVID‑19. Materials and methods. Comprehensive clinical and physiological studies included an assessment of the degree of labor intensity, physiological studies of the central nervous system, neuromuscular apparatus, and cardiovascular system. The study of the state of health was carried out according to a subjective and objective assessment. Results. The accumulation of work stress during the pandemic among migrants from the southern republics (food delivery couriers, metro builders, road network workers and migrant women) is shown. The influence of production factors in conditions of COVID‑19, that determine the frequency of some work-related diseases has been studied, their dependence on the length of stay in the territory of the Russian Federation, i.e. the length of work of migrants, has been analyzed. Conclusion. It was established during the pandemic period, based on the results of changes in the functional state of workers, the formation of overstrain and an increase in the prevalence of certain diseases among migrants of the surveyed occupational groups.

This paper explores the role of the linguistic dimension within the process of the social integration of migrant populations in Italy. With increasing ethnic diversity as a result of recent decades of immigration in all Western European countries, the integration of ethnic minorities has become a major concern of national governments, policymakers, academics, and the individuals directly affected themselves. Indeed, the Council of Europe has been a pioneer in the field of language teaching and the project on the Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants (LIAM) is part of its continuing work in this domain. Linguistic integration is a complex process and can occur in different forms and levels being highly contextual and connected to migrants’ and host communities’ expectations. Starting from an overview of the main Italian policies for linguistic integration, this study highlights the linguistic resources that migrants need in order to successfully develop a sense of belonging and engagement in the host community. This study aims to understand what shapes, affects or enables the linguistic integration of migrants in medium-sized towns and rural areas. It is vital to define what types of content should be taught on a priority basis in order to develop efficient language programmes to fulfil migrants’ needs and expectations.

Using a standard trust game, we elicit trust and reciprocity measures in a representative sample of adult players in Montevideo, the capital city of Uruguay, a country that exhibits relatively better levels of tolerance towards migrants than other Latin American countries. We find no statistically significant differences in trust levels of Uruguayans towards countrymen versus migrants. In reciprocity, we find only marginally significant differences attributable to the nationality of the players.

This mixed methods participatory study explores equity and fairness in access to Vietnam’s Covid-19 vaccination programme, when the Covid-19 vaccine was scarce, with a focus on internal migrant workers. At the beginning of the pandemic large numbers of Vietnamese migrants from rural areas lost their jobs. Migrants are vital to the Vietnamese economy. Many factories that produce goods for export employ internal migrants. Before the pandemic, these workers faced inequalities of access to available health services and nutritious food. Although the Vietnamese state aspires to universal access to health, internal migrant workers living outside their village do not have long-term household book registration, which is the key to access many public services including health care and prevention. We found that migrant workers, especially those working in the export zones where factories produce for export, did have access to vaccination. However, there are intersectional inequalities between internal migrants based on other characteristics such as (dis)ability.

This study examines the impact of a behavioral intervention on reducing discrimination against Venezuelan migrants in the screening of home rental applications conducted by Ecuadorian real estate agents (REAs). Given that Venezuelan migrants represent the second-largest migratory group globally, with over seven million individuals seeking refuge primarily in other Latin American countries, understanding and addressing discrimination against them is of significant importance. Our artifactual field experiment involved providing information to REAs that highlighted the extra efforts Venezuelan migrants must make to achieve the same goals as nonmigrants in host countries. The results demonstrated a meaningful increase of 33.67% in the preference for Venezuelan migrants over native applicants, with this effect mainly driven by changes in male REAs discriminatory behaviors. The findings suggest that challenging the information value of Venezuelan migrant stereotypes, which often underlie assumptions about their qualities, can effectively diminish discrimination during the rental application process. This research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing efforts to identify effective means to deal with discrimination against migrants.

Bangladesh is a significant labor-sending country, with about 7.8 million Bangladeshis working abroad. Major destinations for migrant workers are the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Female migrants represent 12 percent of the migration flow, with a majority engaged as domestic workers. Migration to GCC countries is characterized by short-term temporary migration, migration of low- and semi-skilled workers, laborers with low literacy level, debt-financed migration, and often migration through unofficial channels. The overseas labor recruitment industry often leaves migrants susceptible to human trafficking, forced labor, and modern slavery. Also, many migrants return empty-handed and with huge debt. The Population Council in partnership with the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery (GFEMS) undertook a study to better understand survivors’ and stakeholders’ perspectives on the kinds of policies, programs, and initiatives that could facilitate safer overseas labor migration for Bangladeshi migrant workers. A qualitative study was conducted with returned migrants in Faridpur and Munshiganjs, Bangladesh. These locations also served as an assessment of an intervention for economic and social reintegration. A stakeholder consultation provided an opportunity for participants to reflect on the study findings and brainstorm about research, program gaps, and recommendations.