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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Middle class"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 agosto 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Middle class"

Vértesy, László. "Poor Middle Class". Gazdaság és Társadalom 2012, n. 3-4 (2012): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21637/gt.2012.3-4.01.

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Fuller, Linda. "Cuba's "Middle Class"". Latin American Perspectives 20, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x9302000105.

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Nash, Logan. "Middle-Class Castle". Journal of Urban History 39, n. 5 (6 marzo 2013): 909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144213479320.

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Miner, Valerie, Jane Smiley e Ellen Gilchrist. "Middle-Class Moods". Women's Review of Books 7, n. 7 (aprile 1990): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4020702.

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Pavel Aptekar. "PUTIN’S MIDDLE CLASS". Current Digest of the Russian Press, The 72, n. 012 (22 marzo 2020): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/dsp.58508317.

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Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom. "Middle-Class Mobilization". Journal of Democracy 20, n. 3 (2009): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0090.

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Hout, Michael. "Middle Class Inequality". Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 44, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2015): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306115570270a.

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Attewell, Paul. "Middle-Class Woes". Sociological Forum 21, n. 3 (2 dicembre 2006): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11206-006-9035-1.

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Yeoman, Ian. "Middle class squeeze". Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 6, n. 2 (agosto 2007): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5160080.

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Linnes, Kathleen. "Middle-Class AAVE versus Middle-Class Bilingualism: Contrasting Speech Communities". American Speech 73, n. 4 (1998): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455582.

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Tesi sul tema "Middle class"

Daye, Sharon J. "The black middle class: middle class Afro-Caribbeans: a racial fraction of the British middle class or a class fraction of a racial group". Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14491/.

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This research examines the relationship between 'race' and class in Britain. This is achieved by considering how these two concepts articulate in the overall structuring of class relationships in a society which is typified by the incorporatation of black labour into a majority white society, This relationship is examined through an investigation of those black workers who occupy a position in the objectively defined middle class. The basic theme underlying this research is that 'race, in the form of structural racism, plays a significant role at two levels. Firstly, it serves to structure the class position of black labour in Britain. Secondly, it serves to determine the type of race, class and political consciousness generated by black labour. The study was carried out in the London area. Occupation was used as an indicator of 'objective' class position when selecting respondents to be included in the two survey populations required for the research. A 'network' approach was used to actually locate the respondents. In-depth interviews were carried out with all the respondents. The study concludes that the concepts of 'race' and class are not independent of each other in the overall structuring of class relationships between black and white labour. It is argued that the inter-relationship identified between these two concepts serves to highlight the fact that the structural position of black labour, the type of consciousness generated and the type of decisions taken by those who took part in the research are to a large extent a result of the structural constraints deriving from the effects of structural racism in Britain.

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Giesecke, James Andrew David. "The declining middle class? /". Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecg455.pdf.

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Morales, Emma R. "Middle-class gatedness : a practice-based analysis of middle-class gated communities in Mexico". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16257/.

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Gated communities are a global phenomenon - a common housing choice for middle-income groups in contexts of large socio-economic disparities. They have recently gained academic attention, and scholarly work since the late 1990s has focused primarily on drivers such as security, status, prestige, and social homogeneity. However, the proliferation of these enclaves is not only the result of individual motivations and choices, but rather a complex issue that goes beyond the gates. In this thesis, I propose that the discussion should focus not on the physical artefact (gated communities) but the policies, practices, and meanings that enable their existence. I centre the discussion on the concept of “gatedness”, which embodies the three elements of practice proposed by Shove et al. (2012): materials, competences, and meanings. The research took place in Mexico, a country with a history of debt-fuelled economy that affects individual households, particularly middle class families. The thesis provides elements for better understanding the complexity of the gated communities’ social phenomenon, where global economic forces affect national housing, land, finance, and planning policies, while shaping individual practices fed by aspirations and anxieties. The focus on the middle class population is mainly due to their role in the proliferation of these enclaves, and also because of the challenges to sustaining their lifestyle in a context of social, economic, and political uncertainty. Research was conducted with a qualitative approach using the case study of Lomas de Angelópolis, a large-scale suburban gated community in Puebla, Mexico. This research adds to previous knowledge about gated communities by recognising how elements of practice shape the physical world. Understanding these spaces better could help planners and policymakers in countries with similar dynamics to Mexico, propose alternatives to make cities more equitable, addressing the aspirations and anxieties of the middle classes without critically affecting access to opportunities to others.

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Stanard, Scott S. "Studies of the Middle Class". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3577.

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I create oil paintings and drypoints that bring attention to scenes of American middle class life. I present crowds of people engaged in community activities and festivals. This enables me to depict a cross section of the residents of a given region. I also create a counterpoint to these peopled gatherings by painting and drawing the exteriors of middle class homes. In my work, I attempt to imbue a sense of intrigue and pathos. I work from candid photos that I take of people and their living spaces. In these photos, I modify and delete elements to optimize narrative and drama. I use natural light to define hard shadows and bright hues or light values to define forms.

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Unal, Nese. "A Comparison Of Middle And Lower Middle Class Housewives". Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614219/index.pdf.

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This study is about daily experiences of housewives. It aims to reveal to what extend middle and lower middle class women are different as well as similar to each other. This class comparative analysis is based on their attitudes and feelings about being a housewife, employment, housework, child care, daily routine, housekeeping, and division of labour at home. The study also discusses the factors affecting women&rsquo
s attitudes towards housework such as technology and use of paid domestic service. In order to shed light upon the experiences of housewives, qualitative method is used by in-depth interviews with 14 middle class and 14 lower middle class housewives living in Ankara. In this study class is determined by taking into consideration the place of residence, monthly income and occupation of the husband.

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Pfafman, Tessa M. "Selling class constructing the professional middle class in America /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4756.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 19, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Sánchez, Romera Alfonso. "The middle class in contemporary urban china: construction, practices and representations". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671319.

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Aquesta investigació té com a objectiu analitzar el fenomen social de la classe mitjana xinesa, posant atenció especial en la construcció social de la identitat mitjançant l’anàlisi de les pràctiques i representacions socials a la Xina urbana contemporània. L’estudi consisteix en l’anàlisi d’entrevistes semiestructurades mantingudes a Beijing entre l’any 2017 i l’any 2018, del discurs oficial de la classe mitjana xinesa a partir de les esmenes a la Constitució de la República Popular de la Xina (RPX) i dels textos i discursos dels líders de l’Estat-partit i, finalment, del contingut dels articles sobre classe mitjana publicats a Renmin wang (People’s Daily online) —el portaveu del Comitè Central del Partit Comunista Xinès— des de principis del segle XXI. Per això, l’etnografia no es centra únicament en proporcionar un exemple categòric de la construcció d’una identitat de classe mitjana a Beijing, sinó que també explora el camp social de la Xina urbana contemporània com a espai multidimensional de mobilitat social, de noves pràctiques i representacions socials —és a dir, de nous estils de vida. Tot i que s’ha emprat un esquema conceptual associat a l’obra de Pierre Bourdieu, alguns resultats obtinguts qüestionen la seva conceptualització de “classe real” i la seva formulació sobre les condicions homogènies d’existència de classe i la seva capacitat de generar pràctiques socials similars. El model de Bourdieu permet descobrir una sèrie de característiques definidores que indiquen que la formació dels grups de classes mitjanes a la RPX constitueix principalment un fenomen de reproducció social en comptes d’un procés de formació de classe. D’altra banda, el resultat d’aquesta recerca determina de quina manera la tesi de la “cleavage society” o l’anomenada cristal·lització de classes rau principalment en el consum —és a dir, el capital econòmic—, i no tant en una identitat ‘de classe’ reconeixedora o ‘classe real’. La migració interna a la RPX és una forma de consum d’un determinat estil de vida, una pràctica suzhi (‘de qualitat’) i una manera de construir-se com a subjecte de classe mitjana, civilitzat i modern. Tanmateix, a la Xina urbana es construeix progressivament una identitat de classe mitjana no només amb pràctiques de consum, sinó també amb l’experiència de participar en noves activitats al barri basada en principis oberts, públics i solidaris, i també en accions col·lectives contra la vulneració dels seus drets com a propietaris. Així doncs, aquesta investigació mostra la validesa i la configuració del concepte de classe —juntament amb els de racialització, gènere i sexualitat— per a produir una representació precisa de la institucionalització, legitimació i reproducció tant de la desigualtat com del privilegi a les societats contemporànies.
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno de la clase media china, poniendo especial énfasis en la construcción social de la identidad mediante el análisis de las prácticas y representaciones sociales en China urbana contemporánea. Se utiliza una metodología mixta que incluye el análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas llevadas a cabo en Beijing entre 2017 y 2018, el discurso oficial de la clase media china a través de las enmiendas a la Constitución de la República Popular de China (RPC) y de textos y discursos de los líderes del Estado-partido y, finalmente, del contenido de los artículos sobre clase media publicados en Renmin wang (Diario del Pueblo en Línea) —portavoz oficial del Comité Central del Partido Comunista Chino— desde principios del siglo XXI. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio no es brindar únicamente un ejemplo categórico de la construcción social de la identidad en la clase media, sino explorar también el campo social de China urbana contemporánea como espacio multidimensional de movilidad social, de nuevas prácticas y representaciones sociales —es decir, de nuevos estilos de vida. Aunque estas observaciones parten del esquema conceptual propuesto por Pierre Bourdieu, los resultados obtenidos cuestionan su conceptualización de la ’clase real’ y su formulación respecto a las condiciones homogéneas de existencia de las clases y su capacidad generadora de prácticas sociales similares. El modelo de Bourdieu permite descubrir una serie de características definidoras que indican que la formación de los grupos de clases medias en la RPC constituye principalmente un fenómeno de reproducción social en lugar de un proceso de formación de clase. Por otra parte, el resultado de esta investigación determina de qué manera la tesis de la ‘cleavage society’ o cristalización de clases se fundamenta principalmente en el consumo —es decir, el capital económico—, y no tanto en una identidad de ‘clase’ reconocible o ‘clase real’. La migración interna en la RPC es una forma de consumo de un determinado estilo de vida, una práctica suzhi (‘de calidad’) y una manera de construirse como sujeto de clase media, civilizado y moderno. Además, en las ciudades chinas se construye progresivamente una identidad de clase media no solo con prácticas de consumo, sino también con la experiencia de participar en nuevas actividades vecinales basadas en principios abiertos, públicos y solidarios, y en acciones colectivas contra la vulneración de sus derechos como propietarios. Así, esta investigación muestra la validez y la configuración del concepto de clase —junto a los de etnicidad, género y sexualidad— para producir una representación precisa de la institucionalización, legitimación y reproducción tanto de la desigualdad como del privilegio en las sociedades contemporáneas
This research aims to explore the social phenomenon of the Chinese middle class, with particular focus on the social construction of identity by analysing social practices and representations in contemporary urban China. The study is framed in the analysis of semi-structured interviews collected in Beijing between 2017 and 2018, the official discourse of the Chinese middle class through the amendments to the Chinese Constitution, the main texts and speeches of the Party-state leaders and, finally, the content of articles on middle class published on Renmin Wang (People’s Daily online) —the mouthpiece of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China— since the early 21st century. Therefore, the aim of this research is not only to provide a categorical example of the social construction of identity within Beijing’s middle class, but also to explore the social field in Contemporary urban China as a multidimensional space of social mobility, new social practices and representations —that is, new lifestyles. While these observations have been derived by employing a conceptual schema associated with the work of Pierre Bourdieu, some results obtained question his conceptualization of “real class” and his formulation on homogeneous conditions of class as homogeneous systems of dispositions capable of generating similar practices. As a result, this study has discovered a number of defining characteristics that indicate that the formation of the middle-classes groups in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) constitutes a social reproduction phenomenon rather than a class formation process. Moreover, the findings of the case study undertaken in Beijing are also supportive of the thesis of a cleavage society or the so-called class crystallization is maintained primarily through consumption —that is, economic capital—, but not through a recognizable ‘class’ identity or ‘real class’. Also, this study has shown that domestic migration in the PRC is also a form of lifestyle consumption, a suzhi (‘quality’) practice and a way to fashion oneself as a middle-class, civilized and modern subject. However, a middle-class identity is progressively constructed in urban China not only through consumption practices but also through the experience of participating in new activities in their neighbourhood life based on principles of openness, publicity and solidarity, and also in collective action against violation of their private-property rights as homeowners. Besides, the research revealed the validity and the configuration of the concept of class —together with racialization, gender and sexuality— to produce an accurate representation of the institutionalization, legitimatization and reproduction of both inequality and privilege in contemporary societies.

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Archer, Patrick Charles. "Middle class identification the influence of interclass context on middle class evaluations of morality and success /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Gunn, S. "The Manchester middle class, 1850-1880". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504954.

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Martin, Sandra. "Is the black middle class shrinking?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68278.

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Libri sul tema "Middle class"

Breines, Markus Roos. Becoming Middle Class. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3537-3.

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Haugen, David M. The middle class. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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1969-, Haugen David M., Musser Susan e Kalambakal Vickey, a cura di. The middle class. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Haugen, David M. The middle class. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Billitteri, Thomas J. Middle-Class Squeeze. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20090306.

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1969-, Haugen David M., Musser Susan e Kalambakal Vickey, a cura di. The middle class. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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Nyhan, Anne. Middle class melt down. Dublin: Original Writing Ltd., 2014.

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Masci, David. The Black Middle Class. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre19980123.

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Middle class. Los Angeles, CA: Baker's Plays, 2008.

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James, Lawrence. Middle Class. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2010.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Middle class"

Aronowitz, Stanley. "The Vanishing Middle". In Class, 191–203. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119395485.ch16.

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Hoberek, Andrew. "The Twilight of the Middle Class". In Class, 229–61. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119395485.ch19.

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Anderson, R. D. "Middle Class Values". In Universities and Elites in Britain since 1800, 37–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11554-9_4.

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Williams, Michael. "The Middle Class". In Society Today, 110–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08845-4_24.

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Roberts, Ken. "The Middle Class". In Class in Contemporary Britain, 129–55. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34458-7_6.

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Ames, Genevieve M. "Middle-Class Protestants". In The American Experience with Alcohol, 435–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0530-7_23.

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Varnava, Andrekos. "Middle class loyalties". In British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925, 61–94. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in First World War history: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315519418-4.

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Rocca, Jean-Louis. "Middle Class Politics". In The Making of the Chinese Middle Class, 171–226. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39339-5_5.

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Butler, Alison. "Middle-Class Magic". In Victorian Occultism and the Making of Modern Magic, 162–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230294707_7.

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Moodie, Deonnie G. "Middle-Class Hinduism". In Hinduism and Tribal Religions, 1–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_30-1.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Middle class"

Krisna, Ketut, e Turro S. Wongkaren. "The Middle Class is Us: Measuring Indonesian Middle Class". In 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Economy and Development (ICIED 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icied-17.2018.17.

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Zhang, Xiaona, e Xiaoting Zhang. "Junior middle school class teacher class management skills". In Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemaess-18.2018.250.

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Kertamukti, Rama, Heru Nugroho e S. Bayu Wahyono. "Digital Life Middle-Class on Instagram". In Proceedings of the 1st Annual Internatioal Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities (AICOSH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aicosh-19.2019.61.

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Carusone, Marco. "The middle-class condominium in Naples". In The 4th Virtual Multidisciplinary Conference. Publishing Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/quaesti.2016.4.1.267.

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Loi, Daria, e Sasanka Prabhala. "The rise of middle and upper middle class in emerging markets". In the 20th Australasian Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1517744.1517777.

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Samadashvili, U. "BUSINESS AND MIDDLE CLASS IN MODERN GEORGIA". In III International Conference on Economic Sciences "Functioning of economic systems in the global world". Prague: Premier Publishing s.r.o., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/iii-conf-economy-pp-3-14-21.

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Listyani, Refti H., Emy Susanti e Musta’in Mashud. "Middle Class Muslim Women and Beauty Industry". In International Conference on Emerging Media, and Social Science. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-12-2018.2281807.

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Matthews, Teg. "World-Class Organizations / World Class Safety - How the Best Oil and Gas Companies Achieve and Sustain Outstanding Safety Performance". In Middle East Drilling Technology Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/125831-ms.

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Yarullin, Ilnar F. "The Cognitive Activity Development Of Middle-Class Students". In 3rd International Forum on Teacher Education. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.08.02.101.

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Leatherwood, Christopher. "Error Episodes in a Middle School Math Class". In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1438755.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Middle class"

Castellani, Francesca, Gwenn Parent e Jannet Zenteno. The Latin American Middle Class: Fragile After All? Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011664.

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This paper joins in the debate on the size of the middle class in Latin America, providing an analysis of its structure and characteristics. Using several measurements, it finds that 40-60 percent of Latin American households are middle class, a share which has consolidated over the past decade. The analysis reveals that gender, age, and education are associated with the likelihood of being middle class. The example of Colombia illustrates that, while growing in size, this income group still faces deficits in crucial dimensions of well-being, such as education, job formality, and health care, which are generally associated with being middle class. The analysis reveals the fragility of this emerging group in the region.

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Lemos, Tania, Amy Scalera, Avital Rodal, Steve Delsignore, Biljana Ermanoska, Cassandra Blanchette, Frankie Marchan e Troy Zhao. Eighth Grade Science Class Visit at McDevitt Middle School. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Materials Research Science Engineering Center, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/scilinkreports.37.

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Suzuki, Akito, Kenji Shimizu, Minoru Kurosawa, Tsutomu Saitou e Hideo Asano. Development of New Xtronic CVT for Middle Class Vehicle. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, maggio 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0039.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss e Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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Beverinotti, Javier, Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza e Alejandro Puerta. Understanding the Growth of the Middle Class in Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003407.

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In this paper we aim to disentangle how sectoral economic growth affects the growth of the middle class size using state-level data of Bolivia from 2000 to 2017, a country with limited data, breaking the three main economic activities into subsectors aiming for more specific results. By means of a Bayesian hierarchical longitudinal model for small samples, we find that the commerce and services sectors have the biggest impact, even though mining and agriculture also have a positive effect on the increase of the middle class in Bolivia. Our results also suggest that both formality and public social investment have a significant, yet smaller, effect.

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Ordeñana, Xavier, e Elizabeth Arteaga. Middle-Class Entrepreneurship and the Effect of Social Capital. Inter-American Development Bank, luglio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011397.

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This paper surveys Ecuadorian entrepreneurs to ascertain the differences between middle-class and upper-class entrepreneurs and identify the variables associated with the "success" of a business. The paper also explores the variables that can determine the probability of upward intergenerational mobility. The paper finds that, although the level of social capital among Ecuadorian entrepreneurs is weak, it positively affects the chances of being a dynamic entrepreneur.

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Medellín, Nadin, Marco Stampini, Mayra Sáenz, Marcos Robles e Pablo Ibarrarán. Poverty, Vulnerability and the Middle Class in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, aprile 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012281.

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Between 2000 and 2013, Latin America has considerably reduced poverty (from 46.3% to 29.7% of the population). In this paper, we use synthetic panels to show that, despite progress, the region remains characterized by substantial vulnerability that also affects the rising middle-class. More specifically, we find that 65% of those with daily income between $4 and 10, and 14% of those in the middle-class, experience poverty at least once over a ten-year period. Furthermore, chronic poverty remains widespread (representing 91% and 50% of extreme and moderate poverty respectively). Differences between rural and urban areas are substantial. Urban areas, which are now home to most moderate poor and vulnerable, are characterized by higher income mobility, particularly upward mobility. These findings have important implications for the design of effective social safety nets. These need to mix long term interventions for the chronic poor, especially in rural areas, with flexible short-term support to a large group of transient poor and vulnerable, particularly in urban areas.

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Mejia, Paula, e Marcela Meléndez Arjona. Middle-Class Entrepreneurs and Social Mobility through Entrepreneurship in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, settembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011415.

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The paper uses microeconomic data to characterize entrepreneurs by income group and selected household, individual and business characteristics, finding that entrepreneurship is rare but more frequent in the upper class than the middle or lower classes. Middle-class entrepreneurs are, on average, better off than middle-class employees of similar characteristics but differ greatly from upper-class entrepreneurs in terms of educational attainment, the size of their businesses, and their outcomes. While entrepreneurs appear to have more income mobility than the average worker, this paper cannot establish whether this is true for middle-class entrepreneurs in particular, nor provide evidence to support the hypothesis that middle-class entrepreneurs' activity is an engine for economic growth. Instead, the findings suggest that the types of businesses run by these entrepreneurs are characterized by low productivity. Consequently, policies to increase social mobility seem to hold greater promise for promoting higher productivity and welfare than policies encouraging entrepreneurship.

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Hartley, Robert, Beth Mattingly e Christopher Wimer. Child Care Expenses Make Middle-Class Incomes Hard to Reach. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.334.

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Fajardo, Johanna, e Eduardo Lora. Latin American Middle Classes: The Distance between Perception and Reality. Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011352.

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The main contribution of this paper with respect to previous work is the use of data on subjective perceptions to identify the Latin American middle classes. This paper provides a set of comparisons between objective and subjective definitions of middle-class using data from the 2007 World Gallup Poll. Seven objective income-based definitions of social class are contrasted with a self-perceived social status measure. Mismatches between the objective and the subjective classification of social class are the largest when the objective definition is based on median incomes. Mismatches result from the fact that self-perceived social status is associated not just with income, but also with personal capabilities, interpersonal relations, financial and material assets, and perceptions of economic insecurity. Objective definitions of the middle class based on absolute incomes provide the lowest mismatches and the most accurate differentiation of the middle class from other classes.

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