Tesi sul tema "Microscopie ptychographique de Fourier"
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Hassini, Houda. "Automatic analysis of blood smears images : contribution of phase modality in Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAS014.
Testo completoDigital pathology presents today a fundamental tool for medical diagnosis, exploiting technological advances in digitalization to transform biological samples into digital data, thus facilitating their visualization and analysis. However, these methods, often based on conventional microscopy, encounter limitations that sometimes hinder their effectiveness.From this perspective, unconventional imaging methods such as Fourier ptychographic microscopy offer promising prospects for overcoming these limitations. Indeed, FPM offers access to the phase in complement of the intensity and allows examining a large Field of View at a high resolution at a reasonable design cost.This thesis explores Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) 's potential in thin blood smear analysis. Several results have been obtained thanks to a multidisciplinary approach integrating deep learning and microscopy.We have first focused our attention on the problem of limited complexity of parasite detection for malaria diagnosis. The joint exploitation of intensity and phase is shown to improve the performance of a deep network detector. To this end, a complex-valued CNN has been introduced in Faster-RCNN architecture for efficient feature extraction.Secondly, we have considered a more complex application, namely the classification of white blood cells, where the benefits of joint exploitation of intensity and phase were also confirmed. Furthermore, to reduce the imbalance of classes encountered in this task, we propose a novel physics-informed GAN model dedicated to generating intensity and phase images. This model avoids the mode collapse problem faced with usual GAN implementation.Finally, we have considered optimizing the FPM microscope design. To this end, we explore strategies combining simulations, neural networks, and image formation modeling. We demonstrate that FPM can use low resolutions without significantly compromising performance.This thesis underscores the interest in tailoring machine learning in connection to microscopy principles and highlights the potential of Fourier ptychographic microscopy for future automated diagnosis systems
Liu, Hui. "Microscopie tomographique diffractive et profilométrie multivue à haute résolution". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MULH9558/document.
Testo completoWe have developed a tomographic diffractive microscope in reflection, which permits observation of sample surfaces with an improved lateral resolution, compared to a conventional holographic microscope. From the same set of data, high-precision measurements can be performed on the shape of the reflective surface by reconstructing the phase of the diffracted field. doing so allows for several advantages compared to classical holographic interferometric measurements: improvement in lateral resolution, easier phase unwrapping, reduction of the coherent noise, combined with the high-longitudinal precision provided by interferometric phase measurements. We demonstrate these capabilities by imaging various test samples
Zhang, Jinchi. "Microscopie acoustique large bande : modélisation des réponses échographiques et validation expérimentale". Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0059.
Testo completoThis work is mainly a fundamental contribution to the wide band acoustic microscopy, due to the important part devoted to the modeling of acoustic phenomena and to their validation. We have been interested in the study of the impulse choreographic responses produced by large aperture spherical transducers immersed in water, in front of various solid plane reflectors. Two models were developed in order to predict these responses, the first operates directly in the time domain and the second makes use of the harmonic synthesis. These two methods lead to identical results. The temporal approach consists in adding the elementary contributions of the transient Green functions for the reflected field. This calculation is complicated and time consuming and therefore we have chosen a more efficient method based on a preliminary study in the frequency domain. For that purposed we derived a new formulation of the well-known V(z) curves, characterised by an exact expression of the pupil function for spherical caps vibrating uniformly or not. By Fourier transforming these exact harmonic results, the impulse echographic response was deduced. In the case of a semi infinite reflector, an interesting analytical expression has been obtained. The numerical simulations are in perfect agreement with the experimental results obtained with a wideband concave transducer, whose piezoelectric element is a thin PVDF film. This proves that our hypothesis, on the uniformity of the vibration of the concave surface, is satisfactory. At last, two applications were presented, demonstrating the interest of this wideband approach
Tria, Assia. "Traitement spécifique de la signature acoustique et approche du problème inverse". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20150.
Testo completoSrichan, Sirinart. "Synchrotron Based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy : Application on Photodynamic Treated Cancer Cells". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077181.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we studied the photodynamic effects of Hypocrellin A on four cancer cell lines using fluorescence microscopy, cytotoxicity tests and FT-IR microspectroscopy. As HA is a natural fluorescent substance, we used this intrinsic property to observe its localization in HeLa cells by fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence images revealed that HA did not penetrated into the nucleus but localized in the cytoplasm and aggregated perinuclearly after 24 hours of incubation. MTT viability assay was performed to evaluate the optimum PDT conditions (HA and light dose) which induced cell death in the four cell lines HeLa, Calu-1, K562, K562 RSTI571. The dark toxicity of HA on ail cell lines is low, but is increasing dose-dependently. The phototoxicity of HA on all cell lines was increasing in both HA dose and light dose dependent manner. The light irradiation alone affected only negligibly the cell survival. HeLa cells are sensitive to HA PDT than Calu-1 cells. We found also that K562 and K562 RSTI are sensitive to HA. Moreover the synergetic effect of HA and Glivec® on K562 RSTI was observed. FT-IR microspectroscopy detected the changes in the secondary structure of proteins exhibiting an increase of beta sheets characteristics frequency affected by ROS generated from PDT. , with a predominant shoulder at around 1630 cm"1 (for the Amide I band) and 1530 cm"1 (for the Amide II band). Moreover, a slight decrease of the lipid intensity was noticed. Coupling fluorescence microscopy and FT-IR microscopy was carried out on the same instrument. Fluorescence microscopy could reveal the modes of cell death while FT-IR microspectroscopy showed effect of HA PDT on the secondary structure of proteins. All approaches carried out in this thesis revealed that even HA did not penetrate in the nucleus but there are changes in secondary structure of proteins in nucleus which can be observed by FT-IR spectromicroscopy
Verrier, Nicolas. "Microscopie holographique numérique : modélisation et développement de méthodes pour l'étude d'écoulements canalisés et microcanalisés". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634672.
Testo completoMarim, Marcio. "L'Imagerie Compressé Appliqué a la Microscopie Biologique". Phd thesis, Telecom ParisTech, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586625.
Testo completoVerrier, Nicolas. "Microscopie holographique numérique : modélisation et développement de méthodes pour l'étude des écoulements canalisés et microcanalisés". Phd thesis, Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES051.
Testo completoMarim, Marcio. "Applications du Compressed Sensing à l'imagerie biologique de microscopie". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00710395.
Testo completoLéger, Charles-Louis. "Etude expérimentale des solutions solides octaédriques ternaires dans les smectites". Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2291.
Testo completoDohet-Eraly, Jérôme. "Méthodes de microscopie par holographie numérique interférentielle en couleurs avec un éclairage partiellement cohérent". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/250123.
Testo completoThe thesis deals with methods and developments in color digital holographic microscopy (DHM), with a partial spatial coherence illumination. The principal drawback of classical optical microscopy is its poor depth of field, which makes difficult the observation of dynamic phenomena in thick samples. On the contrary, DHM provides reconstruction in depth thanks to numeric propagation of the recorded hologram. Another feature of interferometric DHM is the quantitative phase contrast imaging, useful for analyzing transparent objects. Usual DHM is limited to monochromatic case, but multispectral illumination in an appropriate setup leads to color DHM. Color in-flow imaging of particles in DHM is developed in the thesis, with a method for the automatic correction of color balance and permanent defects. It is applied to analyze plankton microorganisms in untreated pond water samples, and provides high quality images, for both optical phase and intensity. Moreover, noise reduction obtained when decreasing the spatial coherence of the illumination in DHM is also investigated in the thesis, with the development of two models that quantitatively assess the noise reduction as a function of both the spatial coherence of the illumination, and the defocus distance of the noise source. Furthermore, differential DHM (DDHM) is also studied in the thesis. As DHM gives the optical phase, DDHM provides differential phases, from which phase is retrieved by integration. However, misalignments and defects give some aberrations, which affect phase quality and hinder refocusing. A specific hologram processing is developed, giving an accurate phase image and enabling holographic reconstruction in depth. Finally, in DHM, a criterion is essential to automatically achieve the refocusing distance of the object. Two refocusing criteria are developed in the thesis, both working independently of the nature of the observed object (amplitude, phase, or both mixed). The first one, monochromatic, is based on amplitude analysis and on a high-pass filtering process. The second one, which gives fast refocusing in multispectral DHM, compares the phase in the Fourier domain among wavelengths. Methods developed in the thesis show the high potential of color DHM with a partial spatial coherence illumination, suggesting a promising future for this technique.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Klaes, Benjamin. "Nouvelle méthode d'imagerie 3D et d'analyse quantitative des défauts ponctuels et amas de défauts pour l'étude du vieillissement des matériaux". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR048.
Testo completoThe field ion microscope is an instrument that can provide an image of the surface of a metallic sample at the atomic scale. The technique is therefore interest in materials sciences to quantify and characterized the finest crystalline defects. The sample used is a sharp needle carried at a potential of several kilovolts. The image of the surface is obtained by ionization of an image gas under the effect of the electric field at the apex of the tip. Under the effect of this electric field the tip can also be progressively eroded to allow a series of images of the sample at different depths. The objective of this work is to use these images to obtain a 3D reconstruction at the atomic scale of the analyzed sample. The post-processing algorithm, developed in this work, leading to the 3D reconstruction of the volume, is based on different image processing. Reconstructions made on a pure material (tungsten) give very encouraging results. In the best reconstructed areas, the detection efficiency reaches 100% and the spatial resolutions achieved are 0.35Å in the direction of analysis and 1.25Å in the orthogonal direction to the direction analysis. Some defects, such as grain boundaries or cavities, could be reconstructed and observed in the 3D volumes. Automatic detection and characterization tools for crystallographic lattice and defects were also developed
Ibrahim, Ali. "Microscopie linéaire et non linéaire pour étude de stress chez les copépodes". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10209.
Testo completoCopepods are small crustaceans with length about 1mm in adult stage. Their responses to different external strain factors such as salinity and temperature can be observed at different scales from genes to organism (individual). Until now, no observation of the effects of temperature or salinity stresses on copepods has been done by light microscopy In this work we exploited optical imaging techniques and specifically nonlinear microscopy linear and nonlinear. First of all CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) allow studying, characterisation and quantifying stress effect applied on calanoid Pseudodiaptomus marinus copepod maintained during several generations in the laboratory at favorable and stable condition of salinity (30 psu) and temperature (18° C). These stresses applied were: a sharp decrease in temperature (18 to 4°C), a moderate and a major decrease in salinity (from 30 respectively to 15 psu and 0 psu), and finally a mixed stress with a decrease both in temperature and salinity (from 18°C and 30 psu to 4°C and 0 psu). Our observations are concentrated on copepod muscles regions.This study has been completed with SHG/TPEF techniques to answer some questions about stripes disappearance. This technique was followed by Fourier transformation (FFT) applied on the stripes muscles profiles to more understanding about stripes situations in each stress. Finally, we applied CARS microscopy which was developed in our laboratory to image these samples. With this technique we were able to identify these muscles stripes and also lipid reserves
Markey, Laurent. "Contribution à l'étude du greffage sur silicium de molécules de type cryptand aromatique à l'aide de techniques spectroscopiques (FT-IR et XPS) : observations et nano-indentation par microscopie à champ proche". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-407.pdf.
Testo completoMortet, Vincent. "Croissance et caractérisation de couches minces de nitrure d'aluminium et de nitrure de bore cubique obtenues par pulvérisation triode". Valenciennes, 2001. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/3b61f736-adf1-4988-81b5-f6851c6cfa9b.
Testo completoCubic boron nitride (c-BN) and aluminum nitride (AIN) possess a variety of hightly interesting mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties, and therefore, have significant technological potential for thin films applications. Layer properties obtained by PVD and CVD methods depend on substrate temperature and on flux and energy of each species reaching substrates. For instance, c-BN growth is obtained only for a limited range of process parameters with a significant level of energetic ion bombardment during film growth. AIN and BN fims wer deposited by reactive and substrate bias sputtering. The effect of each deposition parameters on the discharge was studied by means of a Langmuir probe and an ion collector. AIN and BN properties were studied by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), UV-Visible spectrometry, RAMAN spectrometry, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometry analysis system (EDS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Optimal nitrogen ratio and bias voltage were determined for c-BN growth and AIN (002) growth. Systematic studies of film stress have shown the effect of ion flux, ion energy, deposition rate and films thickness on stress. The c-BN growth studied by stress profile has shown the effect of stress on c-BN nucleation in accordance with Mackenzie stress model. The deposition conditions change after c-BN nucleation neither allows to reduce stress nor increases adherence of c-BN films. Our results indicate that film stress depends not only on deposition condition but also on the mechanical properties of deposited material
Mouillet, Virginie. "Spectroscopie des liants routiers : nouvelles approches macroscopiques. Relations pétroles bruts et caractéristiques des liants. Etude des interactions bitumes / polymères par microscopie IRTF". Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30036.
Testo completoAt present, considering crude oils diversity and different formulations, there is a great variety of road bitumens, with chemical compounds or not (polymers,. . . ). So, physico-chemical methods of modified bitumens must set of macroscopic approaches and microscopic approaches too, ideal to characterize in situ differents components. Nevertheless, one of industrial difficulties of bitumens manufacturing is to choose quickly a crude oil or mixture of crude oils leading to the final characteristics wished for bitumens. In order to answer to this industrial matter, a new macroscopic approach of bitumens spectroscopic study, based upon statistical treatment, have been developped to create bitumens maps. These ones present a great benefit industrial as an decisional help. Explanatory patterns by multiple regression or partial least squares have enabled to identify links between chemical and physical parameters. So, inspite of the judicious choice of crude oils, bitumens, during their road service life, asphalts harden due to weathering (temperature, UV,. . . ). Consequently, their mechanical properties are modified. Then, in order to limit theses phenomenons, a polymer can be added. Polymer Modified Bitumens (PMB) are composite materials with a highly complex structure. Understanding how this microstructure is affected by any changes in PMB composition is a very important objective. So, for this purpose, FTIR microscopy and UV Fluorescence microscopy were used in order to characterize in situ differents components. FTIR microscopy displayed promising results to make a mapping of the specimen with respect to local polymer concentration. Most PMB display a biphasic structure with polymer rich areas along with polymer poor regions. The size and the composition of those areas are bitumen dependent. They also dramatically change through the cross linking process. The chemical species that swell the polymer involve certain types of aliphatics and slighty condensed aromatics. In any case, the polymer dispersion is greatly enhanced by the cross linking process
Maillet, Tony. "Oxydation d'hydrocarbures sur Pd et PdRh déposés sur Al2O3 et ZrO2 - caractérisation par échange 18 O2/16 O2 et par spectroscopie infrarouge de CO et de NO". Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2261.
Testo completoBadeva, Diyana. "Elaboration et caractérisation de nanocomposites organiques à matrice de silicium poreux : exemple du Poly (3'-acide acétique -2,2' -5, 2'' ter tiophène) et de ses complexes". Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=e9a1aa92-93d9-4d34-bd60-d4270722cb24.
Testo completoThis work is realized in partnership between IMN in Nantes (France) and UCTM in Sofia (Bulgaria) financed by a French Government Scholarship. It consists in the elaboration and characterization of new nanocomposites based on a porous silicon matrix filled with polymers showing non linear optical properties used in the field of telecommunication. The tendency of communications networks is to use devices for ultrafast optical signal processing. Following à short bibliography, we present the first section of our work, which is the elaboration of porous silicon matrix from p and n doped silicon. This matrix must have a high porous volume, mesoporous diameter (20-50 nm) of the pores and the highest thickness. The morphology and the physicochemical characterization of our matrix are determined by different methods. In the second section we have optimized the chemical properties of the porous silicon surface by oxidation and surface modification with fluorinated and amino organosilanes to enhance the filling of the porous layer. Finally we have obtained a nanocomposite with a porous silicon matrix and poly (terthiophene-acetic-acid) and its complexes. The filling of the porous layer is realized by a new melting-based method. Primary measurements have been carried out to demonstrate the nonlinear optical properties of these nanocomposites
Guédon, Fialips Claire-Isabelle. "Etude expérimentale de la cristallinité et des conditions de formation de la kaolinite". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2306.
Testo completoMeiniel, William. "Développement et mise en oeuvre de stratégies d'échantillonnage comprimé pour le débruitage et l'acquisition d'images en microscopie à fluorescence et en tomographie en cohérence optique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENST0052.
Testo completoThe mathematical theory of Compressed Sensing (CS) is a recently developed framework that enables the reconstruction of a signal or an image from very few measurements. In this thesis, we investigate how this theory can be implemented in the context of two optical microscopy techniques : fluorescence microscopy, and optical coherence tomography. Both technologies present different limitations which we prove can be tackled by the embedding of CS driven strategies. The latter can be divided into two categories : image processing algorithmic solutions, and optical acquisition techniques
Fons, Romain. "Propriétés optiques de boîtes quantiques semiconductrices intégrées dans des antennes à fil photonique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY053.
Testo completoA photonic wire antenna shapes the emission of a quantum dot (QD) into a directional beam, which can be efficiently collected by free-space optics. These photonic structures find applications in the emission of non-classical states of light (single photons, entangled pairs of photons) or in the generation of giant non-linearities, at the level of a single photon. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the optical properties of InAs QDs integrated in photonic wire antennas through two main results. We first demonstrate an all-optical - and therefore non-destructive - technique for precisely locating a QD in a section of the antenna. The position of the emitter is important because it conditions the strength of the light-matter interaction within the antenna, as well as the coupling of the QD to certain spectral decoherence channels. The proposed technique exploits the emission of the QD in two guided modes which present different spatial profiles and is based on a measurement of the angle-resolved far-field map. The second study focuses on spin-flip mechanisms that couple the exciton states of a neutral QD. These spin-flips are a source of decoherence. To reveal them, we integrate the QD into an anisotropic photonic structure (here a photonic wire with an elliptical cross section). Polarization measurements combined with time-resolved measurements of the photoluminescence decay then allow determining the spin-flip rates. We present a study of the influence of the temperature and of the non-resonant excitation power
Lheureux, Guillaume. "Étude de l'effet laser dans les structures à plasmon Tamm". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10341/document.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the experimental study of actives Tamm plasmons structures, consisting in a layer of silver deposited on a AlGaAs/GaAs semiconductor Bragg mir ror which con.tains InGaAs quantum wells. After describing Tamm planar modes and their properties, we focused particularly on structures where Tamm plasmons are la terally confined by a metallic micro-disk. Photoluminescence measurements have been carried out in order to demonstrate lasing in these structures. A comprehensive study has shown a change in the lasing threshold with the diameter of the disk, resulting from a compromise between the confinement and the lasses. Secondly, we studied the optical response of asymmetric Tamm plasmon structures, where the Tamm plasmon is confined by micro-rectangles. This asymmetry lifts the degeneracy of energy between the two linearly polarized modes of the structure. Combined with a strong spectral de tuning between the quantum wells emission and the Tamm plasmon, this allows linearly polarized laser emission to set-up. Finally, we present the study of a Tamm plasmon structure comprising a gratting to couple the Tamm plasmon to the surface plasmon at the silver/air interface. Thanks to propagation measurements, we have highlighted the beating between Tamm plasmon and surface plasmon modes
Reverdy, Antoine. "Localisation de défauts par stimulation thermique laser modulée en intensité : développement et application à la direction de phase". Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2070.
Testo completoAll along this PhD manuscript we study various techniques dedicated to the defect localization in the interconnection part of microelectronics devices, with a special focus on the Thermal Laser Stimulation approach and its intrinsic limitations. A theoretical model was developed to describe the thermal behavior of an elementary structure excited by a step of thermal power. We establish an analytical model that allows the identification of parameters describing the transient evolution of the Thermal Laser Stimulation signal. Then, we demonstrate the interest of this novel approach in the failure analysis of an advanced microelectronic device and particularly in the interconnection part. The third chapter describes the experimental setup evolution, providing an access to this temporal information in image mode, i. E. Compatible with a laser scan configuration which is the standard mode of utilization in a failure analysis laboratory. Finally, the last part focuses on the application of this new approach for defective advanced technology devices analysis, where the dynamics analysis of the TLS signal gives complementary information, leading to a more accurate signature interpretation
Roullier, Frédéric. "Étude et mise en œuvre de techniques non destructives pour l'analyse de défaillances en microélectronique". Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2022.
Testo completoThis thesis manuscript deals with the study and development of non destructive analysis techniques for microelectronic products and especially complex system in packages. Non destructive analysis is a main step of failure analysis flow. The problem related to the integration of more and more functions inside the same package makes it much more difficult to analyze and requires a continuous improvement of abilities of these techniques. In a first part, this manuscript reviews various techniques used in a failure analysis laboratory as well as its typical working and objectives. Then it focuses on two non destructive techniques : acoustic microscopy and fast Fourier transform spectrometry. Thus, the second part develops the use and improvement of ultrasonic microscopy. After a brief recall of all the different control techniques based on ultrasonic waves, a theoretical approach of acoustic phenomena in condensed material is given. Then, the ultrasonic system of the laboratory is precisely described and an original procedure of defect characterization is proposed, based on a semi-empirical modelization of acoustic response of the studied packages. Follows the comparison of measured acoustic waves with simulated ones, this for two types of transducers. The final part of this manuscript deals with the development and perfecting of an original application of fast Fourier transform spectrometry to critical dimension measurements in passive integration connective substrates (PICS). This work supported process development activity of NXP-Semiconductors Caen site
Abdoune, Fatima-Zohra. "Dispersion de nano- et micro-domaines de cristal liquide dans des matrices polymères". Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10163.
Testo completoChen, Hsiang-Hsin. "Imagerie IRTF tridimensionnelle pour l'étude de l'insuffisance rénale chronique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0448/document.
Testo completoCKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is one of the worst public diseases in developing countries. The stages of CKD are mainly based on measured or estimated GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate). However, this method is not sensitive enough on early stages of the pathology and thus do not offer accurate diagnostic value. Early detection and treatment can often limit or avoid the chronicity effects of the disease. This thesis focuses on the development of FTIR microscopy as a diagnostic tool for the identification by histopathology at glomerulus level of the kidney in CKD model. We developed a technique of 3D reconstruction for the FTIR imaging of biochemical components changes in glomeruli for identifying the pathological marker of CKD. The curve-fitting and spectral clustering are applied on the FTIR microscopy analysis to distinguish between healthy and pathological glomeruli of a kidney. Then, the glomerular microvasculatureis highlighted to reveal the morphological abnormalities by perfusing contrast agents into blood vessels. With advanced 3D statistical methods and 3D image visualization by microscopy, FTIR spectro-imaging can be used as a functional technique to determine the morphological and molecular changes occurring along CKD development
Chang, Shan Shan. "Study of macromolecular and structural modifications occurring during the building of the tension wood cell wall : a contribution to the understanding of the maturation stress generation in trees". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20027/document.
Testo completoTrees are long-living organisms which develop in a variable environment. During their formation, they generate a tensile mechanical stress called maturation stress to fulfil essential biomechanical functions. In angiosperm species, trees adapt the mechanical state by producing tension wood with high tensile stresses on the upper side of the leaning stem. Despite considerable research in this field during a number of years, the current knowledge on the mechanism of the active stress generation in tension wood is still incomplete and needs improvement. The first part of this study was to advance the understanding on the composition and organisation of polymers within the secondary cell wall, as well as its orientation during the maturation of tension wood cell wall. Measurements performed on FTIR microscopy indicated that already before G-layer formation, a more ordered structure of carbohydrates at an angle more parallel to the fibre axis exists in tension wood. This was clearly different to the behaviour of opposite wood. In tension wood, the lignin was more highly oriented in the S2 layer than in opposite wood. With the formation of the S2 layer in opposite wood and the G-layer in tension wood, the orientation signals from the amorphous carbohydrates like hemicelluloses and pectins were different between opposite wood and tension wood. For tension wood, the orientation for these bands remains the same all along the cell wall maturation process, probably reflecting a continued deposition of xyloglucan or xylan, with an orientation different to that in the S2 wall, throughout the whole process. The second part of this study was to improve the current knowledge on the matrix behaviour by studying the mesoporosity and its evolution during the building and maturation of tension wood cell wall. Results on two kinds of tension wood suggested that mesoporosity can always be detected near cambium zone for both tension and opposite wood. The high porosity decreased gradually with the lignification in the developing cell wall, with an exception in tension wood with G-layer. The typical ink-bottle pore and the increase of median pore size are observed in both kinds of tension wood, indicating non-G-layer species may share the same mechanism of tensile stress generation as in tension wood with G-layer. This study aims to contribute to an increased understanding on the maturation stress generation in trees and may allow to improve the modelling of matrix behaviour during cell wall maturation
Elouali, Fatima-Zohra. "Élaboration et caractérisation de gels de polymères acryliques et méthacryliques en présence de solvants isotropes et anisotropes". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10175.
Testo completoThis study focuses on the development and characterization of systems based on biocompatible polymers in the presence of isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The characterization of these networks of acrylic and methacrylic polymers obtained by radical photopolymerization was carried out by swelling experiments in an isotropic environment (water) and in anisotropic solvents (using cyanobiphenyls as liquid crystals). The kinetics of swelling in water was followed by the rate of crosslinking and pH. The swelling of polymer networks in some liquid crystals has been studied as a function of temperature using an optical microscope and a heating stage. The swelling ratio did not exceed 5% because of strong interactions between the polymer and liquid crystal.These materials are of particular interest in the field of electro-optical devices. A detailed study of electro-optical properties has been performed for polymer-liquid crystal films, prepared by the method of phase separation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some binary systems exhibit relaxation phenomena leading to optical memory effects after stopping the electric field. The characterization of synthesized structures was performed through the use of powerful experimental techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Polarized Optical Microscopy (MOP), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Rendón, Barraza Carolina. "Polarization-resolved nonlinear microscopy in metallic and ferroelectric nanostructures for imaging and control in complex media". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4365.
Testo completoIn this work, we develop a novel polarized nonlinear microscopy method that exploits sub-diffraction resolution information. Fourier analysis of the polarization modulated nonlinear signal is performed on over-sampled, drift-corrected images (50nm pixel size). The information gained by polarization-induced modulation signals provides a higher level of spatial selectivity that is directly related to the local optical response of the investigated system, at a scale below the diffraction limit. The gain in spatial scale is due to the additional spatial sensitivity brought by polarization. This approach is applied to polarized second harmonic generation imaging in plasmonic nanostructures (150nm size) of multi-branched shapes, in which the vectorial nature of the local field confinement can be retrieved with a resolution of 40 nm. We also demonstrate the possibility to image spatial heterogeneities within crystalline ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles of 70nm to 500nm size, emphasizing in particular the existence of a centrosymmetric shell in small size structures. These nanostructures will be used as starting models for coherent optical probes in biological media (cells, tissue slices or in vivo) with two objectives. First, the nonlinear nature of their emission will make them stable and tunable nanosources, able to report their localization with high accuracy in 3D, potentially sensing local environment changes, and actively inducing perturbations such as controlled temperature increase at the nanoscale. Second, the coherent nature of their emission will make them useful as local nanoprobes for wavefront and polarization correction through scattering media
Rifaai, Yasser. "Rhéologie des matrices hybrides composées de ciment et d’ajouts cimentaires activés". Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1069.
Testo completoWith the increase of the environmental concerns related to the production of Portland cement, the search for alternatives to achieve sustainable and rational construction is becoming a necessity. Indeed, the production of cement is responsible for the increase in global warming potential (GWP), which questions its widespread use from an environmental point of view. In this perspective, this study aims at reducing the environmental impact of building materials, in particular self-consolidating concrete (SCC). Geopolymers are one of the interesting alternatives that can reduce the environmental impact of construction. However, the incorporation of these materials in the construction markets faces difficulties as long as the understanding of their setting and hardening mechanisms is still a hot topic.The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of alkaline activator on the setting mechanisms and rheological behaviour of geopolymers based on fly ash, alkali-activated glass powders, and hybrid matrices composed of cement and geopolymers. This study aims to assess the rheological properties and viscoelastic characteristics of these matrices and evaluate the feasibility of incorporating them to design SCC. Coupling the rheological properties with other measures, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and microstructure, makes it possible to define different mechanisms governing the fresh state of the investigated matrices. The obtained results allowed to identify the optimal concentrations of the alkaline activator to achieve the required rheological properties and mechanical performance. In addition, the methodology used in this study allowed to correlate the rheological properties to the geopolymerization process. This allowed better understanding of the fresh state of these materials. Finally, the incorporation of the optimized pastes into the matrix of SCC was also evaluated. Self-consolidating concrete based on hybrid matrix has shown promising rheological and mechanical performances, as well as a lower global warming potential than conventional SCC proportioned with cementitious materials. These results proved that the use of hybrid SCC offers an interesting solution from an environmental point of view, while achieving the required rheological and mechanical performances
Jodin, Marie-Camille. "De la prise en compte des hétérogénéités morphologiques et structurales vers l'interprétation de la réactivité globale d'un hydroxyde d'aluminium". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007649.
Testo completoBenkhaled, Leïla. "Corrélation entre morphologie et comportement électro-optique des matériaux composites cristaux liquides/polymères". Lille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL10126.
Testo completoPailloux, Frédéric. "Etude, à l'échelle atomique, des interfaces et des défauts cristallins dans les films minces supraconducteurs d'YBaCuO". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2293.
Testo completoLaversin, Hélène. "Traceurs et formes chimiques du fer dans les particules émises dans l'atmosphère depuis un site sidérurgique : étude spectroscopique et caractérisation de composés de référence et de particules collectées dans l'environnement". Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0163.
Testo completoAirborne particles were collected at dunkerque under several influences, in urban, coastal or industrial area. A physico-chemical characterization of airborne particles has been undertaken, particularly focused on particles emitted by different units of an iron and steel workslocated in Dunkerque industrial park. A multi-technical approach was considered, based on scanning electronic microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-rays diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Specific characteristics for iron-containing particles emitted by each unit of the iron and steel works have been investigated in order to evidence tracers of its activity. In parallel, iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, which correspond to chemical forms generally found in the environment, werre also characterized using the same techniques. These compounds are considered as references for the study of the atmospheric particles
Lafrad, Fatima. "Dissolution et fonctionnalisation de la cellulose dans les mélanges co-solvant/fluides sous et supercritiques". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10029.
Testo completoThis thesis presents a detailed study of the dissolution and the functionalization of cellulose in the co-solvent/sub and supercritical fluids. Many fluids have been used, including supercritical mixtures of acetone/CO2 and ethanol/CO2, urea/CO2 subcritical water, 1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU)/CO2 mixture and methanol/DBU/CO2 mixture. Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the intermolecular interactions in the supercritical mixture of acetone/CO2 and ethanol/CO2, over a wide range of molar fractions and temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations coupled with infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed to understand the hydrogen bonds interactions in sub and supercritical water, over a wide temperature range. In-situ kinetics studies using FT infrared spectroscopy, has been performed to optimize the dissolution of cellulose in various sub and supercritical solvents. We didn’t found any spectral signature of the dissolution of cellulose in the acetone/CO2 and the ethanol/CO2 mixtures. However, cellulose has been transformed to cellulose carbamate in the urea/supercritical CO2 mixture. The SEM photograph of cellulose treated in the switchable ionic liquids prepared from DBU/subcritical CO2 or DBU/methanol/subcritical CO2 showed a change in the cellulose morphology. Several spectroscopic techniques were used in this study (infrared transmission or ATR, CP / MAS solid NMR, SEM). The quantum calculations on models of configurations formed by CO2, DBU and cellobiose (to mimic the cellulose) were carried out and allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism for the reaction of the cellulose in the DBU/CO2 mixture
Kemiche, Malik. "Ingénierie de dispersion dans les cristaux photoniques pour la réalisation de micro-lasers compacts impulsionnels". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC022.
Testo completoWith the development of cloud computing and video streaming, the amount of data transmitted across the Internet has skyrocketed during the last decade. It now represents between 6 % and 10 % of the global energy consumption, and is expected to keep rising with the emergence of Internet of Things applications. However, the limits of the current infrastructure are already becoming apparent. Integrated photonics has brought new concepts to overcome the limitation of electronics such as all-optical signal processing or optical interconnects. In particular, silicon photonics has enabled the realisation of photonic integrated circuits able to perform these complex tasks on a chip and compete with their electronic counterparts. Moreover, integrated designs benefit from better robustness, stability and compactness as well as a reduced energy consumption. Integrated light sources have been developed to drive these photonic integrated circuits. Integrated mode-locked lasers are especially interesting since they provide both a regular pulse train and a stable mode comb. These lasers rely on the combination of a multimode laser and a saturable absorber to phase-lock the modes of the cavity. Despite some progress towards their integration on a chip, their size is still in the millimetre to the centimetre range. Since the quality of the generated pulse train is related to the effective length of the cavity, which is the product of the group index of the guided mode and the actual length of the cavity, their miniaturisation remains a challenge.In this PhD work, a novel design based on the use of slow-light (high ng) in photonic crystals to achieve further miniaturisation of integrated mode-locked lasers is studied. Indeed, slow light allows us to keep the effective length of the cavity high in a compact design with group indices one order of magnitude higher than in standard cavities. In order to reach mode-locking, a wide regular mode comb must be present in the cavity spectrum. Nonetheless, the strong dispersion of slow light modes in photonic crystals limits the spectral width of the regular mode comb. Using dispersion engineering, the bandwidth of the mode comb can be drastically improved. Photonic crystal cavities exploiting dispersion-engineered slow light in active III-V materials on silica were designed using numerical simulations, then fabricated and characterised to demonstrate the validity of this approach and study its potential limitations. We show that in spite of the effect of fabrication-induced disorder, regular mode combs can be generated in cavities as long as 45,5 µm with a group index around 30. These cavities may allow for an 8-fold size reduction of mode-locked lasers compared to standard waveguide designs. In the future, a saturable absorber such as graphene could be introduced onto the cavities in order to achieve mode-locking
Bonnal, Thomas. "Développements de modèles optiques et de méthodes non supervisées de résolution des problèmes bilinéaires : application à l’imagerie vibrationnelle". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1063.
Testo completoComplementary information, to that provided by elemental analysis and diffraction techniques, is needed to characterize inorganic materials. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy enables to characterize covalent bonds and the environment of functional groups in materials. Thus, it is a technique of interest to study hydrated materials, amorphous materials or any materials, which may experience ageing phenomena. By combining this technique with a micrometric motorized stage, cartographies of chemical compounds can be obtained on several square millimeters: this is the infrared microscopy technique. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the use of reflected light, in particular through the study of specular reflection and of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). After a first part focused on the different acquisition set-ups, a second part covers the unsupervised methodologies of resolution employed to obtain chemical maps. They result in one map for each component present in the analyzed area. Dimensions reduction techniques and multivariate statistics techniques are implemented to estimate the number of components and their infrared spectra; minimization problems under constraints are solved to retrieve chemical information. When specular reflection is used to acquire spectra, no contact is made with the sample, thus no damage of the analyzed area occurs during the acquisition. A priori, it is a great technique to study the evolution of a material. However, this technique suffers from the complexity of interpretation of the resulting spectra. With the objective to democratize the use of specular reflection to obtain chemical maps, models based on geometrical optics and including diffraction, correction of interferograms and classical homogenization techniques have been developed. This work resulted in an optical model linking the angle of incidence, the polarization state and the dielectric optical constants of the material with the reflected light, which is measured. A model material, constituted of three distinct phases, detectable in the infrared range, has specially been fabricated to validate this optical model. This model set the stage for the use of elliptically polarized light in the determining of the complex refractive indices of materials in the infrared range. Thanks to this development, infrared spectroscopes, equipped with a classical set-up to control the angle of incidence, can now be used in addition to ellipsometry techniques
Kara-Terki, Chafik. "Une méthode de mise au point des circuits intégrés". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066113.
Testo completoZavala, Sanchez Luz Adela. "Supported metal disulfide (TMS) catalysts for ultra-deep HDS : coupling of IR spectoscopy and microscopy for a deeper insight into active sites". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC258.
Testo completoThis work was focused on obtaining an atomic scale characterization of the (Co)MoS2 and (Ni)WS2 slabs of hydrotreating catalysts supported on alumina and to determine the impact of citric acid (CA) addition. In this study, advanced techniques were implemented such as low temperature CO adsorption followed by IR spectroscopy (IR/CO), DFT calculations and high resolution electron microscopy observations in transmission mode and by STEM HAADF.On the non-promoted W and Mo catalysts, CO adsorption makes it possible to discriminate between the sites of the M- and S- edges of the TMS slabs. The determination of the molar extinction coefficients of the adsorbed CO bands allows the morphology of the slabs to be deduced. HR STEM HAADF confirms that the addition of CA modifies the morphology of the TMS slabs from a truncated triangle to a hexagonal shape.On the promoted NiW and CoMo catalysts, electron microscopy shows that the addition of CA decreases the size of the TMS slabs and also leads to the creation of very small clusters (<1 nm). The analysis of isolated particles by HR STEM HAADF allows identifying the nature of the atoms on the edge of the TMS slabs. Thus microscopy and IR/CO show that within the same sulfide slabs, can coexist edges that are fully promoted and partially promoted
Gauthier, David. "Imagerie nanométrique ultra-rapide par diffraction cohérente de rayonnement extrême-UV produit par génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734344.
Testo completoGrandidier, Jonathan. "Guide plasmonique polymère-métal : composants passifs et actifs pour la photonique intégrée". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441225.
Testo completoBenaissa, Djamila. "Approche théorique et expérimentale du comportement électro-optique des systèmes polymères/cristaux liquides". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10126.
Testo completoA study of materials based on polymers and liquid crystals of type PDLC (for Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals), elaborated by the method of phase separation induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV), was carried out for mixtures containing the nematic liquid crystal E7 and the monomer tripropyleneglycoldiacrylate (TPGDA). These materials possess interesting electro-optical features in particular for privacy windows with controlled transparency.An analysis by infrared spectroscopy of the elaborated polymer networks allowed to deduce that a quasi-total conversion of the reactive acrylic functions of the monomer was obtained for a mixture containing 70 % of liquid crystal and 30 % of monomer. These materials were, then, studied by various techniques of characterization, such as differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy, who allowed to obtain informations on the thermophysical, morphological, and spectroscopical properties of these systems.An attempt was made to rationalize the electro-optical response of PDLC films by using a simple model, based on a hierarchy of order parameters. Using the theoretical description from two theoretical approximations (RGA and ADA), this model gave a proper description of the electro-optical behaviour of these complex systems. The study led on the confrontation of this model to experimental results, allowing to obtain some interesting results which are useful in understanding and improvement of the electro-optical response of PDLC films
Maximilien, Jacqueline. "Studies of the impact of core-shell polystyrene nanoparticles on cell membranes and biomimetic models". Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2180.
Testo completoThis project’s aim was to study polymeric nanoparticle-membrane interactions using both live cells and biomimetic models with the idea to validate such nanoparticles for use in bio-applications. Core-shell polymeric nanoparticles below 100 nm, as this small size is capable of penetrating plasma membranes, were synthesised. Nanoparticles (NPs) with the same chemical composition but with hydrodynamic diameters of ~250 nm, were also prepared in an effort to highlight any effect of NP size on cell internalisation. In this thesis, an innovative method is presented for the synthesis of water-compatible, iniferter-bound polystyrene core shell NPs (~30 nm) using a one-pot synthetic method. A plethora of functionalities could be added to the nanoparticles via shell grafting from the surface of the polystyrene core in the presence of additional monomers via controlled living radical polymerisation. Shell thickness could be tuned as a function of monomer’s concentration and polymerisation time. The nanoparticles were fully characterised by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, microelemental analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Further, the interactions of polystyrene core NPs possessing neutral and anionic shells were investigated using neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), human primary fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. Cytotoxicity studies performed using propidium iodide and lactate dehydrogenase indicated no evidence of cytotoxicity in either cell line. However, cell proliferation monitored by electric cell substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) protocols indicated that anionic nanoparticles induced a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation in keratinocytes. The cellular internalisation of NPs was confirmed by confocal microscopy and no co-localisation was found with early endosomes, lysosomes or actin. Additionally, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) data support the theory that an energy-dependent mechanism is employed for neutral NP internalisation but less so for negatively charged NPs. Biomimetic membrane models were used to investigate specific nanoparticle-lipid interactions under controlled conditions. Employing giant vesicles coupled with fluorescent spectroscopy techniques revealed that core-shell nanoparticles interact deep in the hydrophobic region of bilayers only when the membrane is in the fluid phase. Their mode of entering artificial cells (i.e giant vesicles) appears to cause the formation of pores. Anionic nanoparticles interact with the choline moiety of phosphatidylcholine and confer a rigidifying effect on phosphocholine containing bilayers. Therefore we conclude that the polymeric nanoparticles that we synthesized are versatile tools for cell interaction and imaging studies. These nanomaterials could eventually be applied to drug delivery studies by incorporation of the drug in for instance a thermoresponsive polymeric shell. Furthermore, it is clear that NPs coated with anionic and neutral polymeric shells present a lower toxicity profile than previously reported cationic nanoparticles. Both nanoparticles increase the order lipid bilayer vesicles composed of POPC (the most common glycerophospholipid) in animal and plants. Anionic nanoparticles in particular exhibit a rigidifying effect on POPC lipid bilayers and their mode of entry into cells may be due to the formation of pores which was determined to not induce cell death