Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Microbiologly"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Microbiologly"

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Prates Junior, Paulo, Marliane de Cássia Soares da Silva, Rita de Cássia Cerqueira Melo, Lorena Azevedo de Lima, Kaliane Sírio Araújo, Isabelle Gonçalves de Oliveira Prado, Cleonice Aparecida Salgado e José Guilherme Prado Martin. "A MICROBIOLOGIA NO CONTEXTO DA AGROECOLOGIA". REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA 9, n. 2 (20 agosto 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24317/2358-0399.2018v9i2.7576.

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Resumo: A extensão universitária tem por objetivo instituir práticas cidadãs de pesquisa e ensino. Nesse contexto, o Núcleo de Estudos em Microbiologia Agrícola (NEMA), da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), tem desenvolvido atividades de extensão junto à comunidade de Viçosa e região, para o intercâmbio de experiências em pesquisa, ensino e extensão relacionadas à Microbiologia Agrícola. O presente artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados do projeto de extensão universitária desenvolvido pelo NEMA junto à Escola Família Agrícola (EFA) Puris, que adota a Pedagogia da Alternância e tem a Agroecologia como eixo norteador, visando à articulação de atividades práticas e teóricas, em tempos e espaços que se alternam entre a escola e a comunidade na qual os educandos estão inseridos. As três intervenções realizadas até o presente momento abordaram os seguintes temas: demonstração dos micro-organismos no ambiente e o papel das micorrizas; produção, comercialização e consumo de cogumelos; compostagem e produção de alimentos fermentados. No total, as atividades envolveram cerca de 65 educandos do Ensino Médio, 5 monitores da EFA e 24 acadêmicos, dentre os quais professores, técnicos, graduandos e pós-graduandos da UFV. Essas intervenções têm proporcionado um estímulo à curiosidade, antes pouco ofertada, sobre o mundo microbiano e suas aplicações, além de instigar o interesse pelo conhecimento científico e proporcionar novos desafios de ensino e extensão para os acadêmicos envolvidos. Palavras-chave: Agricultura familiar, Microbiologia agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa The microbiology in the context of the agroecology: extension activity in the Puris Agricultural Family School Abstract: The university extension aims to establish citizen practices in research and teaching. In this context, the “Núcleo de Estudos em Microbiologia Agrícola (NEMA)”, from Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV(Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil), has developed extension activities in Viçosa and region for the exchange of experiences in research, teaching and extension related to Agricultural Microbiology. This paper presents the first results of the university extension project developed by NEMA at the Puris Agricultural Family School (EFA), which adopts the Pedagogy of Alternation for articulating practical and theoretical activities, in times and spaces concatenated between the school and the community in which students are inserted. The three interventions carried out until here were related to the demonstration of microorganisms in the environment and the role of mycorrhizae, the production, marketing and consumption of mushrooms, and the composting and production of fermented foods. In total, about 65 high school students, 5 EFA’s monitors and 24 academics and staffs from UFV were involved in the activities. These interventions have provided a stimulus to the curiosity, barely offered before, about the microbial world and their applications. Also, it has instigated the interest for the scientific knowledge and enabled new teaching and extension challenges for the academics involved. Keywords: Family Farming, Agricultural Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University La microbiología en el contexto de la agroecología: extensión universitaria en la Escuela de la Familia Agrícola Puris Resumen: La extensión universitaria se caracteriza como un proceso de construcción de relaciones entre la sociedad y la Universidad, con el objetivo de establecer prácticas ciudadanas de investigación y enseñanza. En este contexto, el “Núcleo de Estudos em Microbiologia Agrícola (NEMA)”, de la Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV (Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil), ha desarrollado actividades de extensión junto a la comunidad de Viçosa y región para el intercambio de experiencias de investigación, enseñanza y extensión relacionadas al área de Microbiología Agrícola. El presente artículo presenta los primeros resultados del proyecto de extensión universitaria desarrollado por el NEMA junto a la Escuela de la Familia Agrícola (EFA) Puris, que adopta la Pedagogía de la Alternancia, buscando la articulación de actividades prácticas y teóricas, en tiempos y espacios que se alternan entre la escuela y la comunidad en la cual los estudiantes están insertados. Las tres intervenciones realizadas hasta el momento abordaron los siguientes temas: demostración de los microorganismos en el medio ambiente y el papel de las micorrizas; producción, comercialización y consumo de champiñones; compostaje y producción de alimentos fermentados. En total, las actividades involucraran alrededor de 65 estudiantes, 5 monitores de la EFA y 24 alumnos de la UFV. Estas intervenciones han proporcionado un estímulo a la curiosidad, antes poco ofrecida, sobre el mundo microbiano y sus aplicaciones, además de instigar el interés por el conocimiento científico. Palabras-clave: Escola familia Agrícola, Microbiología agrícola, Universidad Federal de Viçosa
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Leite, Belize Rodrigues, e Patricia Valente. "A microbiologia e a extensão universitária". Revista Brasileira de Extensão Universitária 11, n. 1 (20 marzo 2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36661/2358-0399.2020v11i1.11123.

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Abstract (sommario):
Conhecimentos sobre Microbiologia promovem o cuidado pessoal, para com a saúde e o meio ambiente. Isso contribui, em uma perspectiva mais ampla, para a formação de seres mais conscientes de sua realidade. A extensão configura-se como uma das finalidades da Universidade, por meio da qual institui práticas cidadãs de pesquisa e ensino direcionadas à comunidade em geral. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil das ações de extensão universitária que abordam temas da Microbiologia, baseando-se na produção científica nacional das últimas duas décadas. Tais ações de extensão foram encontradas em 109 publicações deste período. Predominaram ações na área da Microbiologia Clínica (40/109), destacando-se temas como Educação e Promoção da saúde (32/109 e 22/109, respectivamente). Entre as doenças abordadas nestas ações, as Viroses (13/109) foram preponderantes frente às Parasitoses (3/109) e as Micoses (2/109). O ensino também tem sido o foco das ações de extensão em Microbiologia, uma vez que a maior parte delas desenvolveu ou aprimorou Práticas educativas (29/109), atendendo majoritariamente ao público escolar (42%). As universidades públicas participam massivamente destas ações, representando 91% das iniciativas. As informações geradas retornaram aos participantes em 74% das ações analisadas, demonstrando a importância da extensão para veicular conhecimentos científicos em diferentes públicos. Este estudo pode contribuir para que as ações voltadas à Microbiologia cresçam, se fortaleçam e aumentem ainda mais a sua significância social. Palavras-chave: Ensino de microbiologia; Educação; Saúde; Ambiente The microbiology and the university extension Abstract: Knowledge about Microbiology promotes personal and health care, in addition to the care for the environment. This knowledge contributes, in a broader perspective, to the formation of beings more aware of their reality. One of the purposes of the University, the extension is the set of research and teaching practices directed to the community in general. This study aimed to analyze the profile of university extension actions involving Microbiology themes, based on the national scientific production of the last two decades. These extension actions were found in 109 publications of this period. Actions in the ​​Clinical Microbiology area predominated (40/109), highlighting topics such as Education and Health Promotion (32/109 and 22/109, respectively). Among the diseases addressed in these actions, Viruses (13/109) were preponderant against Parasitic infections (3/109) and Mycoses (2/109). Teaching has also been the focus of extension actions in Microbiology, since most of them have developed or improved educational practices (29/109), supporting mainly the students (42%). Public universities participate massively in these actions, representing 91% of initiatives. The information generated returned to the participants in 74% of the actions analyzed, demonstrating the importance of extension to convey scientific knowledge in different audiences. This study may contribute to the actions aimed at Microbiology to grow, strengthen, and further increase their social significance. Keywords: Microbiology teaching; Education; Health; Environment
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Chittick, Paul, Sobia Azhar, Kalyani Movva, Paula Keller, Judith A. Boura e Jeffrey Band. "Early Onset versus Late Onset Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter Infections: An Analysis of Risk Factors and Microbiology". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, n. 9 (settembre 2013): 980–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671726.

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The risks and microbiology for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are less well described than those for traditional central catheters, particularly as they pertain to duration of catheterization. We compared patients with early- and late-onset PICC bloodstream infections at our institution and found significant differences in microbiologic etiologies.
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Sadiku, Matthew N. O., Tolulope J. Ashaolu e Sarhan M. Musa. "Food Microbiology". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (30 giugno 2019): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23951.

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Kahraman, Hüseyin, e Canan Cennet Karaderi. "Swarming and Swimming Movement of Bacteria in Different Organic Wastes". Trends Journal of Sciences Research 4, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/microbiology.0401.03.

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Anejo-Okopi, Joseph, Ocheme Julius Okojokwu, Nenkimwa Adamu, Juliet Ogbonna, Joshua Adetunji e Gabriel Odugbo Ikwulono. "Epstein - Barr Virus Capsid Antigen (EBV-VCA) IgM antibodies among HIV infected individuals in Jos, Nigeria." Trends Journal of Sciences Research 4, n. 3 (1 marzo 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/microbiology.0403.02.

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Guo, Xiao-Ying, Min Yan, Dong-Yi Huang, Ya-Ting Huang, Zhi-Feng Li, Jian-Xin Ma e Wei Wu. "A supplementary analysis of a large scale 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon dataset of hand, foot and mouth patients and healthy individuals". Archives of Microbiology Research 1, n. 1 (16 ottobre 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46439/microbiology.1.001.

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Emelyanova, Elena. "Microbial sensor devices for electrochemical assessment of the metabolism of fusaric acid in microbial cells". Archives of Microbiology Research 1, n. 1 (13 dicembre 2023): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46439/microbiology.1.002.

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A reactor microbial sensor device and a membrane microbial sensor device are low-cost and convenient analytical tools, which are useful for assessment of constitutiveness and inducibility of enzyme systems for transport and initial metabolism of substrate in microbial cells. By means of these devices, it was shown for fusaric acid (5-butilpicolinic acid) and Bacillus subtilis cells that an inducible protein-transporter system without enzyme system of initial metabolism of fusaric acid exists in cells of Bacillus subtilis.
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Gates, Jonathan D., James A. Warth e Katherine McGowan. "Nocardia asteroides–Infected Aneurysm of the Aorta: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Vascular 14, n. 3 (1 maggio 2006): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2006.00025.

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Infected aneurysms of the aorta were first described as a result of septic emboli or contiguous spread from bacterial endocarditis and are usually caused by Staphylococcus or Salmonella species. We report a case of Nocardia-associated infected aneurysm of the native suprarenal aorta in an immunocompromised host. Surgical management consisted of placement of an interposition cryopreserved aortic homograft. Nocardia asteroides was identified on a microbiology specimen of the aorta and both microbiology and pathology specimens of the splenic tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first carefully documented, unique case of a Nocardia-infected aneurysm treated with homograft interposition. In addition, pathologic and microbiologic data are included from the postmortem examination 10 months later.
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Augustin, Jean-Christophe, e Vincent Carlier. "French Laboratory Proficiency Testing Program for Food Microbiology". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, n. 4 (1 luglio 2002): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.4.952.

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Abstract The proficiency testing program in food microbiology (Réseau d' Analyses et d'Echanges en Microbiologie des Aliments; RAEMA), created in 1988, currently includes 440 participating laboratories. The program establishes proficiency in detection of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as quantitation of aerobic microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Twice a year, 5 test samples are sent to participants to assess their precision and trueness for enumeration and detection of microorganisms. Results show an increasing involvement of food microbiology laboratories in quality assurance programs and use of standard and validated analytical methods. However, the percentage of laboratories obtaining questionable and unsatisfactory microbiological results remains relatively onstant.
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Tesi sul tema "Microbiologly"

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Lombard, Bertrand. "Les essais inter-laboratoires en microbiologie des aliments Inter-laboratory studies in food microbiology". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001258.

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La validité des contrôles microbiologiques, réalisés dans l'objectif d'assurer la sécurité sanitaire des aliments, nécessite notamment l'obtention de résultats d'analyse fiables. La fiabilité des résultats implique l'utilisation de méthodes validées, mises en œuvre par un laboratoire compétent. Les essais inter-laboratoires permettent de s'assurer, du moins en partie, du respect de ces deux conditions. Cependant, en raison de limites expérimentales, ces essais ne sont pas aussi largement pratiqués dans le domaine de la microbiologie des aliments qu'ils ne le sont dans d'autres domaines analytiques. Dans un premier temps, une revue des documents de référence permet d'établir un état des lieux. Cette revue concerne les trois objectifs que l'on peut assigner à des essais interlaboratoires, à savoir l'évaluation de méthodes d'analyse, celle des laboratoires, et la caractérisation de matériaux de référence. Les documents de portée générale, puis ceux spécifiques de l'analyse des aliments, sont pris en compte, et leur degré d'applicabilité à l'analyse microbiologique des aliments est envisagé. Les référentiels et pratiques propres au domaine d'intérêt traité sont finalement présentés, et les déviations par rapport aux documents généraux analysées. Sur cette base, sont présentées les conditions de mise en œuvre de deux types d'essais interlaboratoires, soit la validation de méthodes dans le cadre d'un projet européen du 4ème Programme Cadre de Recherche & Développement d'une part, et l'évaluation de laboratoires par le biais d'essais d'aptitude pour les Laboratoires Nationaux de Référence sur le lait d'autre part. Les difficultés relatives au protocole expérimental, et liées aux spécificités de la microbiologie, sont mises en exergue. Les modes d'exploitation des résultats, en fonction des objectifs et de la nature, qualitative ou quantitative, de la détermination, sont expliqués. En ce qui concerne la caractérisation de la performance des méthodes d'analyse, l'utilisation de statistiques robustes pour estimer la fidélité des méthodes quantitatives est discutée, ainsi que la façon de caractériser la fidélité comme la justesse des méthodes qualitatives. Sur ces aspects, des perspectives d'amélioration sont envisagées. L'intérêt de l'organisation des essais inter-laboratoires en microbiologie des aliments est ensuite abordé. Celui-ci réside dans l'utilisation que l'on peut faire de ces essais comme éléments incontournables de validation d'une méthode d'analyse et d'évaluation d'un laboratoire afin, d'une part, de crédibiliser ou d'améliorer les méthodes d'analyse normalisées au niveau international, et d'autre part d'estimer l'incertitude de mesure attachée aux résultats d'analyse. Quant aux limites de ces essais, essentiellement d'ordre expérimental, elles tiennent surtout à la nature vivante de l'analyte, et concernent des questions de représentativité.
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Keltjens, Herman Michiel Antonius Marie. "Microbiology and preventive treatment of root surface caries Microbiologie en preventieve behandeling van tandwortelcariës /". Helden-Panningen : De Gouden Leeuv Drukkerij B.V, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19650028.html.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen, 1988.
Text in English with a summary in Dutch. "Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van geneeskunde en tandheelkunde." Includes bibliographical references.
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Badia, Palacín Josefa. "Clonación y caracterización del operon de la ramnosa de Escherichia coli". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672820.

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La L-fucosa y la L-ramnosa son dos azúcares naturales que E.coli es capaz de utilizar como fuente de carbono y energía. La diferencia estructrural entre la ramnosa (6- deoxi - manosa) y la fucosa (6-deoxi-galactosa) está unicamente en la posición del radical hidroxilo del c2 y c4. La L-fucosa se metaboliza a través de la acción secuencial de una serie de enzimas inducibles: la fucosa permeasa, la fucosa isomerasa, la fuculosa quinasa y la fuculosa-1-fosfato aldolasa. Por su parte, la ramnosa se metaboliza por una vía análoga a la descrita para la glucosa por acción secuencial de una serie de enzimas inducibles: la ramnosa permeasa, ramnosa isomerasa y la ramnulosa quinasa) y la ramnulosa-1-fosfato aldolasa. Las vías convergen en un punto, de modo que lo descrito para fucosa es válido para glucosa. Se ha de destacar que, si bien existe una gran analogía entre las reacciones implicadas en el catabolismo de la fucosa y de la ramnosa, los enzimas que participan son altamente específicos para cada vía, así como su inducción. También la localización cromosómica de los genes en ambos sistemas es totalmente diferente. Por tanto, a pesar de la gran similitud estructural entre la fucosa y la ramnosa, así como entre sus vías de degradación, los sistemas “fue” y “rha” se comportan de forma diferente por lo que respecta a los cuatro primeros enzimas de la vía metabólica, de manera que ambos dos sistemas parecen tener una organización genética diferente.
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Bridson, Eric Youlden. "Quantal microbiology". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312059.

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Osman, Shaiesta. "Oral microbiology". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48128254.html.

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Vera, Garcia Rodrigo Elizardo. "Microbiología del caracol Helix aspersa Müller. Aplicaciones biotecnológicas para su mejoramiento sanitario con impacto en su comercialización". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399849.

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La Helicicultura se define como la cría a ciclo biológico completo de caracoles. El caracol terrestre Helix aspersa Müller es el más utilizados en distintas regiones europeas como alimento, que destaca por su alta prolificidad y capacidad de adaptación al ambiente. La cría de caracoles es una actividad ganadera, y no está exenta de la manifestación de procesos patológicos de origen microbiológico que ocasionan pérdidas productivas. Actualmente, la Helicicultura tiene por objetivo la comercialización de un caracol de calidad, sometido a rigurosos controles sanitarios y zootécnicos para garantizar su inocuidad y seguridad como alimento. Los objetivos de esta Tesis doctoral son lograr optimizar y/o generar metodologías que faciliten la correcta administración de la cepa probiótica Lactobacillus plantarum Ca7, aislada desde caracoles, y que contribuyan a mejorar el estado sanitario de granjas destinadas a cría y engorde del caracol terrestre Helix aspersa Müller. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, la contaminación presente en una nave destinada a la reproducción de caracoles, está relacionada con los microorganismos existentes en la microbiota intestinal de los animales, principalmente los de la familia Enterobacteriaceae, y que la microbiota se modifica si consume pienso contaminado. Los estudios sobre L. plantarum Ca7 indicaron que modificaciones en el medio de cultivo MRS, parámetros de incubación, y aquellos involucrados en el proceso de liofilización, permiten mejorar la producción de la biomasa, incrementar la concentración de la cepa liofilizada, y establecer las óptimas condiciones de almacenamiento de los cultivos liofilizados. Para el uso de un sistema en agitación que incorpora un cultivo de L. plantarum Ca7 para administrar a los caracoles a través del agua de riego, es preferible partir de cultivos no liofilizados y mezclarlos con agua de pozo para asegurar la sobrevivencia de la cepa y la inocuidad del preparado durante la hidratación de los caracoles. En relación al uso del sobrenadante de la cepa, se observó que posee propiedades inhibitorias sobre el desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos y sobre la formación de biopelículas de Staphylococcus aureus, además si esta fracción es liofilizada, aumentan sus propiedades inhibitorias, destacando el efecto sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Este sobrenadante es posible incorporarlo al pienso de forma liofilizada sin que pierda sus propiedades inhibitorias. En laboratorio, tras la administración a caracoles de distinta edad de pienso enriquecido con L. plantarum Ca7, los resultados indicaron que este alimento modifica la microbiota, previene la mortalidad de los caracoles, y mejora la calidad microbiológica del pienso. En base a estos resultados podemos indicar que la administración a caracoles de L. plantarum Ca7 y el uso de su sobrenadante para el control de microorganismos contaminantes presentes en la Helicicultura, serían capaces de ayudar a mejorar sanitariamente esta actividad ganadera, a través de la prevención de patologías de origen microbiano, modificación de la microbiota intestinal, y mejora de la calidad microbiológica del pienso. Efectos que conllevan a una mejora productiva durante la crianza del caracol, y entregan un valor agregado al producto final, con consecuente impacto en su comercialización.
The Heliciculture is defined as the full life cycle breeding of snails. The land snail Helix aspersa Müller is the most used in different European regions as food, and it stand up for its high prolificacy and adaptability to the environment capacity. The breeding of snails is a livestock activity, and is not exempt from the manifestation of pathological processes of microbiological origin, that cause production losses. Currently, the Heliciculture aims at the marketing of quality snail, subjected to strict health and zootechnical controls to ensure the safety of this food. The objectives of this thesis are to optimize and/or create methodologies that facilitate the correct administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Ca7 strain, which contributes to improve the health status of farms, intended for breeding and fattening land snail Helix aspersa Müller. The obtained results indicated that, the contamination present on a farm dedicated to snail reproduction, is associated with the microorganism in the intestinal microbiota of animals, mainly the Enterobacteriaceae Family, and the microbiota change because of contaminated feed consumption. The L. plantarum Ca7 studies, indicated that changes in the MRS culture medium, incubation parameters, and those involved in the lyophilization process, allow the improvement of the biomass production, increase of the lyophilized strain concentration, and the establishment of optimal storage conditions of freeze-dried cultures. For the use of an agitation system incorporating a culture of L. plantarum Ca7 to manage snails through irrigation water, it’s better to start whit no-lyophilized cultures, mixed with well water to ensure the survival of the strain and the safety of the preparation during the snails hydration. Concerning the use of the strain supernatant, observation showed that it possesses inhibitory properties on growth of pathogenic microorganisms and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, also if this fraction is lyophilized, that increases its inhibitory properties, highlighting the effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is possible to incorporate this one to the feed in its lyophilized form without losing its inhibitory properties. In the laboratory, after the administration of the enriched with L. plantarum Ca7 feed to different age snails, the results indicated that this food alters the microbiota, prevents mortality of snails, and improves the microbiological quality of the feed. Based on these results, we can indicate that the administration of the L. plantarum Ca7 strain to snails, and its supernatant for contaminant microorganism control, present in the Heliciculture, would be able to help improve the sanitary livestock through the prevention of diseases of microbial origin, modification of the intestinal microbiota, and ameliorate the microbiological quality of the feed. Which leads to a productive improvement during snail breeding, and delivers added value to the final product, with consequent impact on marketing.
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Marí, Marí Teresa. "Changes in soil biodiversity and activity along management and climatic gradients". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457976.

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Els anomenats “rangelands” són àrees sense cultivar, àmpliament pasturades per animals domèstics i salvatges, actualment amenaçats pels canvis climàtic i en l’ús del sòl. Els microorganismes del sòl tenen un paper clau tant en la descomposició com en diversos processos de l’ecosistema, fet pel qual composició i funció de la comunitat microbiana han estat utilitzats durant molt temps com a índexs de fertilitat del sòl. Els rangelands europeus i africans comparteixen un origen antropogènic comú, però el clima i la gestió del sòl els afecten d’una manera diferent. És per això que aquesta tesi pretén analitzar la comunitat microbiana d’ambdós tipus d’ecosistemes, per tal d’observar els efectes d’algunes de les amenaces comunes des d’una perspectiva més global. Mentre que la sobrepastura va demostrar tenir l’efecte més perjudicial sobre la funció microbiana en sòls kenyans, es va trobar un efecte més fort del clima sobre els prats europeus. Els fongs i els bacteris van covariar al llarg de gradients altitudinals i climàtics, però la comunitat bacteriana va mostrar una recuperació més ràpida després de les pertorbacions biològiques i físico-químiques del sòl. Aquest conjunt d’estudis afegeix nous coneixements sobre l’estructura i funció dels rangelands africans i europeus, i convida a explorar noves línies de recerca que incloguin tant bacteris com fongs alhora d’estudiar la comunitat microbiana del sòl.
Los llamados "rangelands" son áreas sin cultivar, ampliamente pastoreadas por animales domésticos y salvajes, actualmente amenazados por los cambios climático y de uso del suelo. Los microorganismos del suelo tienen un papel clave tanto en la descomposición como en diversos procesos del ecosistema, por lo que composición y función de la comunidad microbiana han sido utilizados durante mucho tiempo como índices de fertilidad del suelo. Los rangelands europeos y africanos comparten un origen antropogénico común, pero el clima y la gestión del suelo les afectan de una manera diferente. Es por ello que esta tesis pretende analizar la comunidad microbiana de ambos tipos de ecosistemas, a fin de observar los efectos de algunas de las amenazas comunes desde una perspectiva más global. Mientras que el sobrepastoreo demostró tener el efecto más perjudicial sobre la función microbiana en suelos kenianos, se encontró un efecto más fuerte del clima sobre los prados europeos. Los hongos y las bacterias covariaron a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales y climáticos, pero la comunidad bacteriana mostró una recuperación más rápida después de las perturbaciones biológicas y físico-químicas del suelo. Este conjunto de estudios añade nuevos conocimientos sobre la estructura y función de los rangelands africanos y europeos, e invita a explorar nuevas líneas de investigación que incluyan tanto bacterias como hongos en el estudio de la comunidad microbiana del suelo.
Rangelands are uncultivated areas extensively grazed by wild and domestic animals, currently threatened by land use and climatic changes. Soil microorganisms play a key role in decomposition and several ecosystem processes and the composition and function of the microbial community have been long used as indices of soil fertility. African and European rangelands share a common anthropogenic origin, but climate and management affect them in a different way. That is why this thesis aimed to analyze the microbial community of both in order to observe the effects of some common threats from a more global perspective. While overgrazing proved to have the most detrimental effect on the soil microbial function in Kenyan soils, a stronger effect of climate was found to affect European grasslands. Fungi and bacteria co-varied along altitudinal and climatic gradients, but the bacterial community showed a fast recovery after biological and soil physico-chemical disturbances. This group of studies adds new knowledge on the structure and function of the African and European rangelands, and invite to explore new lines of research including both fungal and bacterial consortia when studying the soil microbial community.
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Huedo, Moreno Pol. "Fatty acid-mediated quorum sensing systems in stenotrophomonas maltophilia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285570.

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Els sistemes de comunicació bacteriana -coneguts com quorum sensing (QS)- a través de molècules senyalitzadores del tipus àcid gras han despertat molt d’interès en els darrers anys ja que s’ha vist que molts bacteris patògens els utilitzen per regular funcions relacionades amb la virulència. Es coneix que Stenotrophomonas maltophilia presenta el sistema de QS DSF (Diffusible Signal Factor) el qual és controlat pels gens que conformen el clúster rpf (Regulation of Pathogenecity Factors). No obstant, no està clar els mecanismes pels quals S. maltophilia sintetitza i sensa les molècules senyal així com quines funcions estan regulades per aquest sistema. En aquest treball hem demostrat que existeixen dues poblacions de S. maltophilia les quals es diferencien en base al clúster rpf (rpf-1 o rpf-2) que presenten. Cada variant difereix bàsicament en els gens que codifiquen per la sintasa RpfF i el sensor RpfC. A més, hem observat que existeix una associació entre ambdós components, generant-se la parella RpfF-1/RpfC-1 per les soques rpf-1 i RpfF-2/RpfC-2 per les soques rpf-2. Addicionalment, hem demostrat que només aquelles soques que presenten la variant rpf-1 produeixen nivells detectables de DSF i aquest regula motilitat bacteriana, formació de biofilm i virulència. Per altra banda, les soques de la variant rpf-2 necessiten més còpies de la sintasa RpfF-2 o l’absència del repressor RpfC-2 per produir DSF. En aquest cas, el sistema de QS DSF sembla només regular pocs fenotips relacionats amb virulència en situacions molt específiques. També hem mostrat que existeix un feedback positiu en la síntesi de DSF i que ambdós grups de soques actuen de manera sinèrgica en la producció de DSF i la virulència de tota la població. Addicionalment, hem observat que, mentre la variant RpfC-1 és un sensor promiscu el qual permet l’alliberació de la sintasa RpfF-1 tant punt detecta no només DSF sinó també àcids grassos de cadena mitja, el sensor RpfC-2 és molt més específic, alliberant RpfF-2 només quan detecta DSF. A més a més, aquí també mostrem com el sistema de QS cis-DA (cis-decenoic) descrit recentment a Pseudomonas aeruginosa és també present a S. maltophilia i regula un alt nombre de factors de virulència. En aquesta línia, hem sigut capaços de caracteritzar preliminarment dos components importants en la biosíntesi de l’àcid gras cis-DA: les enoil coA hidratases (ECH) Smlt0266 i Smlt0267. Hem observat que, mentre la mutació de la hipotètica sintasa Smlt0266 només condueix a l’increment de la formació de biofilm, la mutació en el gen que codifica per la ECH alternativa Smlt0267 implica una reducció dràstica en la formació de biofilm, la motilitat bacteriana, la producció d’exopolisacàrids, la resistència a antibiòtics i la virulència. Resultats similars s’han obtingut per els mutants dels gens ortòlegs a P. aeruginosa, la qual cosa recolza la importància d’aquestes dues ECHs, a més a més del sistema DSF, en la regulació de la virulència i aporta noves dianes interessants pel desenvolupament de teràpies antimicrobianes contra aquest potencial patogen humà
Fatty-acid mediated Quorum Sensing (QS) systems have aroused considerably interest in the last years since it has been reported that many important bacterial pathogens use these communication systems to regulate virulence-related functions. It is known that Stenotrophomonas maltophilia presents the DSF (Diffusible Signal Factor) QS system, which is controlled by components that are encoded in the rpf cluster (Regulation of Pathogenicity Factors). However, the mechanisms by which S. maltophilia synthesize and sense as well as the biological functions that are under control of DSF-QS remain unclear. Here, we have first demonstrated that two populations of S. maltophilia can be distinguished depending on the rpf cluster (rpf-1 or rpf-2) they harbour. Each variant cluster differs basically in the genes that encode for the synthase RpfF and the sensor RpfC. Moreover, we have observed that there exist a full association between both components, existing the pair RpfF-1/RpfC-1 for the rpf-1 variant and RpfF-2/RpfC-2 for the rpf-2 variant. In addition, we have demonstrated that only strains harbouring the rpf-1 variant produce detectable levels of DSF and it seems to regulate bacterial motility, biofilm development and virulence. On the other hand, strains harbouring the rpf-2 variant need extra copies of rpfF-2 or the absence of rpfC-2 to achieve detectable levels of DSF. In this case, DSF-QS seems to control only some virulence-related phenotypes in very specific environments (e.g., zebrafish infection). We also have shown that DSF is produced in a positive feedback-manner in S. maltophilia, and also, that both rpf-variant groups act synergistically in the DSF production and virulence ability of the whole population. In addition, we have observed that while RpfC-1 is a promiscuous sensor that liberates free active-RpfF-1 -with the subsequent DSF synthesis- upon detection not only DSF, but also saturated medium-length fatty acids, the sensor RpfC-2 only allows activation of RpfF-2 upon detection of DSF-itself, indicating that this sensor component is much more specific. Here, we further report that the cis-DA (cis-decenoic acid) QS system recently described in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is also present in S. maltophilia, and it regulates various virulence factors. In this line, we have preliminary characterized two important components in the biosynthesis of cis-DA, the enoyl-CoA hydratases (ECH) Smlt0266 and Smlt0267. We have observed that while the mutation in the putative synthase smlt0266 lead to alteration basically in biofilm formation, the mutation of the alternative ECH smlt0267 results in a drastic effect in many virulence-related behaviours such as biofilm formation, bacterial motility, exopolysaccharide production, antibiotic resistance and virulence. Similar results have been obtained for the mutants in the orthologous P. aeruginosa genes ∆dspI and ∆dspII. These results further support the significance of these two ECH, in addition to DSF-QS system, in virulence regulation of S. maltophilia and provide new interesting targets for developing new antimicrobial therapies against this potential human pathogen.
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Aljohny, Bassam Ouda. "Studies on silicon microbiology". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548645.

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White, Lorraine. "The microbiology of death". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10361/.

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The main aim of this research was an attempt to clarify whether the protagonists of bacterial bone destruction were of a bodily origin as opposed to environmental contamination by soil bacteria and furthermore to demonstrate a time frame for such attack. It is hypothesised that bacteria from the gut commensal flora are responsible for micro-focal destruction (MFD) of bone postmortem that leaves distinctive tunnels. Microorganisms live with a person throughout their life and somewhat ironically after death persist to exploit this now nonoperational substrate. They continue to thrive and without a working immune system are capable of crossing mucosal barriers and invading both soft and hard body tissues. Experimental protocol using pigs as human analogues were combined with archaeological sections of both humans and animals. The experimental research was almost absolute in the conclusion that only the fetal material was free of MFD one year post-mortem; these were entirely skeletonised and open to contamination by soil bacteria. All of the other pigs had suffered some form of attack, including those that had not skeletonised and were not therefore subjected to soil bacteria. The archaeological material tended to support the hypothesis that endogenous gut bacteria were the cause of MFD as both fetal material and animal bones were much less likely to be affected. It is suggested that soil bacteria are not normally accountable for MFD although their involvement cannot be ruled out entirely and they may be involved at a later stage. It is therefore likely that endogenous gut bacteria having access to a dead body immediately are most often the cause of MFD and that this occurs well within the early postmortem period. This has negative implications for biomolecular studies and positive implications for in-situ preservation.
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Libri sul tema "Microbiologly"

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J, Montville Thomas, a cura di. Food microbiology. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1987.

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Wistreich, George A. Microbiology. 5a ed. New York: Macmillan, 1988.

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Dusenbery, David B. Life at small scale: The behavior of microbes. New York: Scientific American Library, 1996.

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P, Harley John, e Klein Donald A, a cura di. Microbiology. 2a ed. Dubuque: W. Brown, 1993.

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P, Harley John, e Klein Donald A. 1935-, a cura di. Microbiology. 5a ed. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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P, Harley John, e Klein Donald A. 1935-, a cura di. Microbiology. 3a ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1996.

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P, Harley John, e Klein Donald A. 1935-, a cura di. Microbiology. 4a ed. Boston, Mass: WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999.

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Prescott, Lansing M. Microbiology. Dubuque, IA: Wm.C. Brown, 1990.

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Prescott, Lansing M. Microbiology. 2a ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1993.

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Prescott, Lansing M. Microbiology. 4a ed. London: McGraw-Hill, 1999.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Microbiologly"

1

Skinner, Stuart J., e Stephen E. Sanche. "Microbiology of Infective Endocarditis and Microbiologic Diagnosis". In Endocarditis, 37–46. London: Springer London, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-453-3_4.

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Skinner, Stuart, Beverly Wudel e Stephen E. Sanche. "Microbiology of Infective Endocarditis and Microbiologic Diagnosis". In Endocarditis, 49–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27784-4_4.

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Allen, Herbert B. "Microbiology". In The Etiology of Atopic Dermatitis, 15–24. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6545-3_2.

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Chard, Tim, e Richard Lilford. "Microbiology". In Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 151–61. London: Springer London, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3327-8_6.

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Chard, Tim, e Richard Lilford. "Microbiology". In MRCOG Part I, 94–100. London: Springer London, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3335-3_6.

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Chard, Tim, e Richard Lilford. "Microbiology". In Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 154–65. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3340-7_6.

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Chard, Tim, e Richard Lilford. "Microbiology". In Basic Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 153–64. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3372-8_6.

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Chard, Tim, e Richard Lilford. "Microbiology". In MRCOG Part I, 98–106. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3884-6_6.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "microbiology". In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 113. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_855.

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Mokbel, K. M. "Microbiology". In MCQs in Applied Basic Sciences, 98–107. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2998-5_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Microbiologly"

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Serrano-Aroca, Ángel, Belén Frígols, Miguel Martí, Sofía Ingresa-Capaccioni e Victoria Moreno-Manzano. "Prácticas de laboratorio interdisciplinares de alto nivel científico con alumnos de diferentes grados universitarios guiados por WebQuest AICLE". In IN-RED 2019: V Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2019.2019.10365.

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Cada vez resulta más importante la colaboración entre expertos de diferentes áreas científicas multidisciplinares. En este trabajo, se han realizado prácticas de laboratorio agrupando alumnos de cuatro grados universitarios del área de biomedicina: Biotecnología, Ciencias del Mar, Veterinaria, Odontología y un grado impartido en inglés: Dentistry. Las asignaturas, que participaron en el estudio fueron: Biorreactores, Cultivos Celulares, Microbiología Marina, Microbiología Veterinaria, Microbiología de Odontología y Microbiology de Dentistry. Se abordó el tema de las síntesis química y por impresión 3D de biomateriales, su caracterización antimicrobiana por tres métodos complementarios (difusión en agar, contacto y formación de biofilm en biorreactor) y repoblación por cultivo con células madre adultas. Se diseñó una WebQuest con las instrucciones, laboratorio virtual y guías de prácticas en formato digital. Con motivo de llevar a cabo un Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenido y de Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE), la WebQuest fue diseñada en inglés y los participantes realizaron una exposición en inglés al finalizar la experiencia. Las prácticas fueron realizadas en los laboratorios de la Universidad Católica de Valencia y en el Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Este procedimiento fue evaluado mediante un cuestionario de 14 preguntas, y mediante dos rúbricas para las memorias y exposiciones.
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Tan, Emir. "NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MICROBIOLOGY". In 13th SGEM GeoConference NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bf6/s24.008.

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Bennet, Douglas, e Heike Hoffmann. "Oilfield Microbiology: Molecular Microbiology Techniques Used During a Biocide Evaluation". In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. Offshore Technology Conference, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/28411-ms.

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Shepherd, A. G., B. P. Lomans e N. Tsesmetzis. "Microbiology in Unconventional Operations: A Journey from Surveillance Integrity to Operational Excellence". In Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217331-ms.

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Abstract This work describes how microbiology surveillance can be used to drive improvements in unconventional assets. Various microbiology enumeration tools are compared in different case histories for well workovers, surface facilities and production sites. When correctly deployed, new tools and strategies for microbiology management can be powerful resources to further risk assess operations and improve understanding of operating envelopes for safe and reliable production.
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Carr, Mandy A., Danny W. Bawcom, Mark F. Miller, C. Boyd Ramsey e Leslie D. Thompson. "Microbiology of Pig Carcasses". In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-161.

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Sancho, David, Raquel Acero Cacho, Maria José Lavilla, Miriam Corral, Andrés Carrillo-López e Antonio Rezusta. "Optimizing the Supply Chain of Intensive Care Unit Blood Culture Samples to Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Using Lean Six Sigma". In 10th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-n04tqg.

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This paper targets the application of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) framework to microbiological diagnosis processes performed in a clinical microbiology laboratory of a tertiary level Spanish hospital.The increase in clinical samples and diagnostic requests during the COVID-19 pandemic led many microbiology laboratories to optimize their processes. Blood culture samples are one of the most critical cultures because a blood infection may endanger the individual's life. Not only the speed and quality of the diagnosis is important, but also the efficiency in the sample’s supply chain to the laboratory and its preservation conditions. To this end, the supply circuits of blood culture samples to the microbiology laboratory play a major role in the process, being the samples from intensive care units (ICUs) among the most critical. The work presents the analysis and optimization of the ordering and supply process of blood culture samples from an intensive care unit to a microbiology laboratory using LSS methodology and tools. The process starts with the blood culture’s order generation from the intensive care unit specialist and ends with the final reception of the blood culture sample in the pre-analytical area of the microbiology laboratory. The project is structured considering DMAIC problem-solving methodology. Main lean tools used for the supply process analysis and optimization were Gemba Walk, Value Stream Analysis (VSA) and mistake proofing. After project results validation with ICU and microbiology specialists, the next steps are the pilot implementation of the process improvement measures and their impact evaluation on the key performance indicators. The development of a lean concept, eliminating the waste and increasing the added-value of the blood culture samples ordering and supply process, improves the efficiency of the blood culture diagnosis process reducing the lead-time and impacting directly on the patient.
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Hills, Mindy, Vaikko Allen e James Lenhart. "Investigating the Microbiology of Bioretention". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480632.034.

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McLaren, Dythea, Marie Chitakis, Hannah Burns e Nitin Kapur. "Airway microbiology in tracheostomised children". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa986.

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Fernandes, Larissa, e Eduardo Filgueiras Damasceno. "A Proposal Tool for Immersive MicroBiology Teaching Tool". In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio de Realidade Virtual e Aumentada. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/svr_estendido.2021.17651.

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There were several ways to teaching microbiology, but when it is hands-on into laboratory practice, biosafety must take priority. To mitigate this limitation, some approaches use virtual reality technology to simulate the environment. However, all are shows as multimedia-based, didactic simulators and function as an extension of the textbook. This short paper addresses a proposal to develop a virtual reality environment for teaching microbiology that can be used as a tool to explore the microbiological environment for the study of viruses and bacteria harmful to humans. Finally, this work aims to develop a prototype tool to facilitate the teaching of microbiology, contemplating both the pedagogical requirements of the educational software and the technical requirements needed to build an immersive virtual reality environment. Added to this proposal is the requirement to present a low-cost tool for both editing and visualization.
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Blanchet, D., A. Grabowski e J.-P. Vandecasteele. "Microbiology of Oil Degradation in Reservoirs". In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71449-ms.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Microbiologly"

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Bergkessel, Megan, Amy Cameron, Sarah Coulthurst, Manu De Rycker, Helge Dorfmueller, Erin Hardee, Lewis Houghton et al. Images of Microbiology. University of Dundee, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001214.

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Here you will find a series of images taken by scientists based at the University of Dundee that highlight the microbes they work with. The images in the collection are part of a physical exhibition located at the Dundee Science Centre.
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Spormann, Alfred. The Hopkins Microbiology Course. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1544817.

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Dolen, Virginia, Kenneth Bahk, Karen C. Carroll, Keith Klugman e Nathan A. Ledeboer. Changing Diagnostic Paradigms for Microbiology. Chair Melissa B. Miller. American Society for Microbiology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.17-18oct.2016.

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Marsh, Anne S. FAQ: Microbiology of Built Environments. American Society for Microbiology, settembre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.sept.2015.

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Carlson, Jake. Agronomy / Soil Microbiology - Purdue University. Purdue University Libraries, settembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314994.

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Robertson-Albertyn, Senga, e Nicola Stanley-Wall. Images of Microbiology Activity Book. University of Dundee, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001215.

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Here you will find a series of activities based around images taken by scientists based at the University of Dundee that highlight the microbes they work with. The images in the collection are part of a physical exhibition located at the Dundee Science Centre.
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Castaño Orozco, María Eugenia. Guía de laboratorio. Microbiología básica. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/greylit.2274.

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Sergeev, Alexander, Nikolay Litusov, Ekaterina Voroshilina, Alexey Kozlov, Yulia Grigoryeva, Danila Zornikov, Vasily Petrov et al. Electronic educational resource Microbiology, virology and immunology. SIB-Expertise, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0769.29012024.

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"The electronic educational resource has been prepared as information support for the independent work of students, residents and graduate students mastering the main educational programs of higher professional education of the enlarged group of specialties Healthcare, developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education and Professional Standards and providing for the formation of knowledge in microbiology and virology and immunology. The electronic educational resource provides information on the morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology of microorganisms, the basics of infectology and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Each section is accompanied by control questions and practice tests. The manual contains extensive illustrative material that contributes to the assimilation of the issues under study. The electronic educational resource will help in the work of students, residents and graduate students both directly in practical classes and in preparation for classes, tests and exams."
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9

Stanley-Wall, Nicola, e Joana Carneiro. "Hidden Life on Your Hands": Teacher's Guide. University of Dundee, ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001265.

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Abstract (sommario):
The “Hidden Life on your Hands” video is the result of a public engagement activity with schoolchildren aged 11 and 12, and introduces children to basic concepts of microbiology, highlighting the diversity of microbial life present on our hands normally invisible to the naked eye. This was created by the Stanley-Wall laboratory based in the Division of Molecular Microbiology at the University of Dundee.
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10

McCready, R. G. L., V. Sanmugasunderam e W. D. Gould. Workshop on basic microbiology for the mineral industry. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305055.

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