Articoli di riviste: "Microbial modulation"

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Ash, Caroline. "Microbial modulation of diabetes". Science 359, n. 6380 (8 marzo 2018): 1114.3–1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6380.1114-c.

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Brown, J. Mark, e Stanley L. Hazen. "Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease". Nature Reviews Microbiology 16, n. 3 (8 gennaio 2018): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.149.

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Khan, Muhammad Tanweer, Max Nieuwdorp e Fredrik Bäckhed. "Microbial Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity". Cell Metabolism 20, n. 5 (novembre 2014): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.006.

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Goel, Ajay Kumar, N. Dilbaghi, Dev Vrat Kamboj e Lokendra Singh. "Probiotics: Microbial Therapy for Health Modulation". Defence Science Journal 56, n. 4 (1 luglio 2006): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1917.

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Sparvoli, Luiz G., Ramon V. Cortez, Silvia Daher, Marina Padilha, Sue Y. Sun, Mary U. Nakamura e Carla R. Taddei. "Women's multisite microbial modulation during pregnancy". Microbial Pathogenesis 147 (ottobre 2020): 104230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104230.

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Skye, Sarah M., e Stanley L. Hazen. "Microbial Modulation of a Uremic Toxin". Cell Host & Microbe 20, n. 6 (dicembre 2016): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.005.

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Chilimoniuk, Zuzanna, Dominik Dudziński, Aleksandra Borkowska, Aleksandra Chałupnik, Piotr Więsyk, Beata Chilimoniuk, Łukasz Gawłowicz, Filip Grzegorzak e Katarzyna Stasiak. "Correlation between gut microbiota dysbiosis and colorectal cancer: review". Quality in Sport 22 (18 settembre 2024): 54326. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.22.54326.

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Introduction and Purpose: The human gut microbiota, comprising a diverse consortium of approximately 100 trillion microorganisms, is integral to maintaining health and modulating disease processes. Its development begins at birth, influenced by maternal microbiota and environmental factors. Dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance in the gut microbial composition, has been implicated in a range of gastrointestinal pathologies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This review endeavors to elucidate the relationship between gut microbiota and CRC, examining the impact of specific bacterial taxa on the pathogenesis CRC. Description of the State of Knowledge: Gut microbiota encompasses a multitude of microbial species, with their composition differing along the gastrointestinal tract. Healthy gut microbiota perform essential functions such as pathogen protection, metabolic processes, and immune system modulation. Factors like diet and genetics significantly influence microbial composition. Dysbiosis contributes to CRC through inflammation, genotoxin production, and immune modulation. Specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis, are associated with CRC. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis include bacterial adherence, invasion of epithelial cells, and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Summary:Understanding the gut microbiota's role in CRC highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced microbiome for cancer prevention. Dietary interventions promoting beneficial bacteria and reducing harmful species could mitigate CRC risk. Further research should prioritize the identification of microbial biomarkers for early CRC detection and the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the gut microbiota. These efforts will enhance CRC prevention and treatment modalities.

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Vamanu, Emanuel. "Complementary Functional Strategy for Modulation of Human Gut Microbiota". Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, n. 35 (24 gennaio 2019): 4144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666181001154242.

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Two pathologies commonly associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis are type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Since diet and medication are two important causes of microbiome fingerprint modifications, new complementary and alternative methods can include wild edible mushrooms, which serve as functional products, given their properties in modulating the microbial pattern at the colon level. A disturbance in microbial balance translates into the occurrence of degenerative dysfunctions that are also associated with other pathologies, such as obesity, colon cancer. The metagenomic study has enabled the identification of some competitive microbiological and biochemical biomarkers which allow the development of innovative strategies in controling microbial disbalance from human gut. Thus, the aim of this review was to present the significant findings related to human microbiome modulation via the prebiotic effects of wild edible mushrooms as a complementary strategy to modern treatment. Certain mushroom species have been approached and their effects on the microbiota fingerprint of two major target groups are highlighted.

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Cayuela, Miguel Freitas, Chantal. "Microbial Modulation of Host Intestinal Glycosylation Patterns". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 12, n. 2 (gennaio 2000): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/089106000750060422.

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Spisni, Enzo, Giovannamaria Petrocelli, Veronica Imbesi, Renato Spigarelli, Demetrio Azzinnari, Marco Donati Sarti, Massimo Campieri e Maria Chiara Valerii. "Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 11 (10 giugno 2020): 4152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114152.

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Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, most of them commonly used in the human diet. In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. However, there are still few clinical studies aimed to understand their role in the modulation of the intestinal pathophysiology. Many EOs and some of their molecules have demonstrated their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial, fungi and virus replication and in modulating the inflammatory and oxidative processes that take place in experimental colitis. In addition to this, their antitumor activity against colorectal cancer models makes them extremely interesting compounds for the modulation of the pathophysiology of the large bowel. The characterization of these EOs is made difficult by their complexity and by the different compositions present in the same oil having different geographical origins. This review tries to shift the focus from the EOs to their individual compounds, to expand their possible applications in modulating colon pathophysiology.

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Martina, A., G. E. Felis, M. Corradi, C. Maffeis, S. Torriani e K. Venema. "Effects of functional pasta ingredients on different gut microbiota as revealed by TIM-2 in vitro model of the proximal colon". Beneficial Microbes 10, n. 3 (19 aprile 2019): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0088.

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Diet-related modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolic activity represents an intriguing research context, particularly in the case of disorders related to imbalances in gut microbial communities. We here explored the effects of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30), β-glucans, and innovative whole-grain pastas, with or without these functional ingredients, on gut microbiota from three groups of children, presenting different susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, by using the well-controlled TNO in vitro model of the proximal colon (TIM-2). Short- and branched-chain fatty acids production and microbiota composition were assessed by means of gas chromatography and 16S rRNA gene profiling, respectively. In most cases, in vitro dietary interventions caused microbiota-dependent modulations as a result of intergroup variability, but also specific changes in microbial groups were shared between the three microbiotas, highlighting specific diet-microbial taxa connections.

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Ugwu, Okechukwu Paul-Chima, Esther Ugo Alum, Michael Ben Okon e Emmanuel I. Obeagu. "Mechanisms of microbiota modulation: Implications for health, disease, and therapeutic interventions". Medicine 103, n. 19 (10 maggio 2024): e38088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000038088.

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Microbiota modulation, the intentional change in the structure and function of the microbial community, is an emerging trajectory that holds the promise to mitigate an infinite number of health issues. The present review illustrates the underlying principles of microbiota modulation and the various applications of this fundamental process to human health, healthcare management, and pharmacologic interventions. Different strategies, directing on dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, treatment with antibiotics, bacteriophages, microbiome engineering, and modulation of the immune system, are described in detail. This therapeutic implication is reflected in clinical applications to gastrointestinal disorders and immune-mediated diseases for microbiota-modulating agents. In addition to this, the review outlines the challenges of translating researched outcomes into clinical practice to consider safety and provides insights into future research directions of this rapidly developing area.

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Lichota, Anna, Krzysztof Gwozdzinski e Eligia M. Szewczyk. "Microbial Modulation of Coagulation Disorders in Venous Thromboembolism". Journal of Inflammation Research Volume 13 (luglio 2020): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jir.s258839.

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Chandra, Vidhi, e Florencia McAllister. "Therapeutic potential of microbial modulation in pancreatic cancer". Gut 70, n. 8 (27 aprile 2021): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319807.

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Wu, Feilun, Yuanchi Ha, Andrea Weiss, Meidi Wang, Jeffrey Letourneau, Shangying Wang, Nan Luo et al. "Modulation of microbial community dynamics by spatial partitioning". Nature Chemical Biology 18, n. 4 (10 febbraio 2022): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41589-021-00961-w.

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Rahman, Masmudur M., e Grant McFadden. "Modulation of NF-κB signalling by microbial pathogens". Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, n. 4 (8 marzo 2011): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2539.

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Ruiz-Perez, B., D. R. Chung, A. H. Sharpe, H. Yagita, W. M. Kalka-Moll, M. H. Sayegh, D. L. Kasper e A. O. Tzianabos. "Modulation of surgical fibrosis by microbial zwitterionic polysaccharides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, n. 46 (7 novembre 2005): 16753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505688102.

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Rahman, Masmudur M., e Grant McFadden. "Modulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Microbial Pathogens". PLoS Pathogens 2, n. 2 (24 febbraio 2006): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020004.

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Wang, Fuyuan, e Sabita Roy. "Gut Homeostasis, Microbial Dysbiosis, and Opioids". Toxicologic Pathology 45, n. 1 (28 novembre 2016): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316679898.

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Gut homeostasis plays an important role in maintaining animal and human health. The disruption of gut homeostasis has been shown to be associated with multiple diseases. The mutually beneficial relationship between the gut microbiota and the host has been demonstrated to maintain homeostasis of the mucosal immunity and preserve the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. Currently, rapid progress in the understanding of the host–microbial interaction has redefined toxicological pathology of opioids and their pharmacokinetics. However, it is unclear how opioids modulate the gut microbiome and metabolome. Our study, showing opioid modulation of gut homeostasis in mice, suggests that medical interventions to ameliorate the consequences of drug use/abuse will provide potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for opioid-modulated intestinal infections. The study of morphine’s modulation of the gut microbiome and metabolome will shed light on the toxicological pathology of opioids and its role in the susceptibility to infectious diseases.

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Kousik, Maparu. "Modulation of Microbiota and its Impact on Depression". Archives of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, n. 1 (25 luglio 2024): 089–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.apps.1001061.

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Gut microbial flora is the largest micro-ecosystem in the human body, it is symbiotically associated with the host; and maintains normal physiological processes in a dynamic equilibrium state. A plethora of evidence supports that gut microbial flora influences the neurotransmitters of the central nervous system. This gut flora influences cognitive function, anxiety, depression; and mood disorders as they are capable of synthesizing neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Therefore intake of probiotics influences gut microbiome; and depression. The versatility and number of gut microbial flora varies individually, so the content of common gut microbes may affect the neurotransmitters, manipulating the gut microbiota with probiotics offers a novel approach to treat brain disorders such as depression via GUT-BRAIN AXIS. The present review outlines the aspect of such alterations and how modulation of gut microbiota influences depression.

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Gong, Dawei, Xinjuan Yu, Lili Wang, Lingling Kong, Xiaojie Gong e Quanjiang Dong. "Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Induces Remission in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease via Modulation of the Gut Microbiota". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8102589.

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Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been proven to be effective and safe in treating pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). EEN induces pediatric CD remission possibly through three pathways: (1) direct anti-inflammatory effects, (2) improved epithelial barrier function, and (3) modulation of the gut microbiota. Recent studies have demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota plays a major role in EEN-induced remission. Variations of microbial components, which directly influence the diversity and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota, are closely associated with the immunological conditions of the gut and the susceptibility to diseases. The reduction of proinflammatory microbial components and harmful microbial metabolites after EEN treatment greatly decreases the inflammatory injuries of the gut.

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Fortunato, Isabela Monique, Quélita Cristina Pereira, Fabricio de Sousa Oliveira, Marisa Claudia Alvarez, Tanila Wood dos Santos e Marcelo Lima Ribeiro. "Metabolic Insights into Caffeine’s Anti-Adipogenic Effects: An Exploration through Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Obesity". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 3 (2 febbraio 2024): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031803.

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Obesity, a chronic condition marked by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, not only affects individual well-being but also significantly inflates healthcare costs. The physiological excess of fat manifests as triglyceride (TG) deposition within adipose tissue, with white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion via adipocyte hyperplasia being a key adipogenesis mechanism. As efforts intensify to address this global health crisis, understanding the complex interplay of contributing factors becomes critical for effective public health interventions and improved patient outcomes. In this context, gut microbiota-derived metabolites play an important role in orchestrating obesity modulation. Microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), secondary bile acids (BA), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and trimethylamine (TMA) are the main intestinal metabolites in dyslipidemic states. Emerging evidence highlights the microbiota’s substantial role in influencing host metabolism and subsequent health outcomes, presenting new avenues for therapeutic strategies, including polyphenol-based manipulations of these microbial populations. Among various agents, caffeine emerges as a potent modulator of metabolic pathways, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and obesity-mitigating properties. Notably, caffeine’s anti-adipogenic potential, attributed to the downregulation of key adipogenesis regulators, has been established. Recent findings further indicate that caffeine’s influence on obesity may be mediated through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolic byproducts. Therefore, the present review summarizes the anti-adipogenic effect of caffeine in modulating obesity through the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites.

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Cardarelli, Mariateresa, Youssef Rouphael, Marios C. Kyriacou, Giuseppe Colla e Catello Pane. "Augmenting the Sustainability of Vegetable Cropping Systems by Configuring Rootstock-Dependent Rhizomicrobiomes that Support Plant Protection". Agronomy 10, n. 8 (13 agosto 2020): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081185.

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Herbaceous grafting is a propagation method largely used in solanaceous and cucurbit crops for enhancing their agronomic performances especially under (a)biotic stress conditions. Besides these grafting-mediated benefits, recent advances about microbial networking in the soil/root interface, indicated further grafting potentialities to act as soil environment conditioner by modulating microbial communities in the rhizosphere. By selecting a suitable rootstock, grafting can modify the way of interacting root system with the soil environment regulating the plant ecological functions able to moderate soilborne pathogen populations and to decrease the risk of diseases. Genetic resistance(s) to soilborne pathogen(s), root-mediate recruiting of microbial antagonists and exudation of antifungal molecules in the rhizosphere are some defense mechanisms that grafted plants may upgrade, making the cultivation less prone to the use of synthetic fungicides and therefore more sustainable. In the current review, new perspectives offered by the available literature concerning the potential benefits of grafting, in enhancing soilborne disease resistance through modulation of indigenous suppressive microbial communities are presented and discussed.

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Al, Kait F., John A. Chmiel, Gerrit A. Stuivenberg, Gregor Reid e Jeremy P. Burton. "Long-Duration Space Travel Support Must Consider Wider Influences to Conserve Microbiota Composition and Function". Life 12, n. 8 (30 luglio 2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081163.

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The microbiota is important for immune modulation, nutrient acquisition, vitamin production, and other aspects for long-term human health. Isolated model organisms can lose microbial diversity over time and humans are likely the same. Decreasing microbial diversity and the subsequent loss of function may accelerate disease progression on Earth, and to an even greater degree in space. For this reason, maintaining a healthy microbiome during spaceflight has recently garnered consideration. Diet, lifestyle, and consumption of beneficial microbes can shape the microbiota, but the replenishment we attain from environmental exposure to microbes is important too. Probiotics, prebiotics, fermented foods, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and other methods of microbiota modulation currently available may be of benefit for shorter trips, but may not be viable options to overcome the unique challenges faced in long-term space travel. Novel fermented food products with particular impact on gut health, immune modulation, and other space-targeted health outcomes are worthy of exploration. Further consideration of potential microbial replenishment to humans, including from environmental sources to maintain a healthy microbiome, may also be required.

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May, Karolline S., e Laura J. den Hartigh. "Modulation of Adipocyte Metabolism by Microbial Short-Chain Fatty Acids". Nutrients 13, n. 10 (19 ottobre 2021): 3666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103666.

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Obesity and its complications—including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers—constitute a rising global epidemic that has imposed a substantial burden on health and healthcare systems over the years. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a link between obesity and the gut microbiota. Gut dysbiosis, characterized as microbial imbalance, has been consistently associated with obesity in both humans and animal models, and can be reversed with weight loss. Emerging evidence has shown that microbial-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—including acetate, propionate, and butyrate—provide benefits to the host by impacting organs beyond the gut, including adipose tissue. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the specific mechanisms that link gut-microbial-derived SCFAs with adipose tissue metabolism, such as adipogenesis, lipolysis, and inflammation. In addition, we explore indirect mechanisms by which SCFAs can modulate adipose tissue metabolism, such as via perturbation of gut hormones, as well as signaling to the brain and the liver. Understanding how the modulation of gut microbial metabolites such as SCFAs can impact adipose tissue function could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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Erriu, Matteo, Cornelio Blus, Serge Szmukler-Moncler, Silvano Buogo, Raffaello Levi, Giulio Barbato, Daniele Madonnaripa, Gloria Denotti, Vincenzo Piras e Germano Orrù. "Microbial biofilm modulation by ultrasound: Current concepts and controversies". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 21, n. 1 (gennaio 2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.05.011.

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Weinberg, Eugene D. "Modulation of intramacrophage iron metabolism during microbial cell invasion". Microbes and Infection 2, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00281-1.

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Carmody, Rachel N., e Aaron L. Baggish. "Working out the bugs: microbial modulation of athletic performance". Nature Metabolism 1, n. 7 (26 giugno 2019): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0092-1.

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Vázquez-Castellanos, Jorge F., Anaïs Biclot, Gino Vrancken, Geert RB Huys e Jeroen Raes. "Design of synthetic microbial consortia for gut microbiota modulation". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 49 (dicembre 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.07.005.

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Parida, Sheetal, e Dipali Sharma. "Microbial Alterations and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer: Connections and Mechanistic Insights". Cells 9, n. 5 (28 aprile 2020): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051091.

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Breast cancer-related mortality remains high worldwide, despite tremendous advances in diagnostics and therapeutics; hence, the quest for better strategies for disease management, as well as the identification of modifiable risk factors, continues. With recent leaps in genomic technologies, microbiota have emerged as major players in most cancers, including breast cancer. Interestingly, microbial alterations have been observed with some of the established risk factors of breast cancer, such as obesity, aging and periodontal disease. Higher levels of estrogen, a risk factor for breast cancer that cross-talks with other risk factors such as alcohol intake, obesity, parity, breastfeeding, early menarche and late menopause, are also modulated by microbial dysbiosis. In this review, we discuss the association between known breast cancer risk factors and altered microbiota. An important question related to microbial dysbiosis and cancer is the underlying mechanisms by which alterations in microbiota can support cancer progression. To this end, we review the involvement of microbial metabolites as effector molecules, the modulation of the metabolism of xenobiotics, the induction of systemic immune modulation, and altered responses to therapy owing to microbial dysbiosis. Given the association of breast cancer risk factors with microbial dysbiosis and the multitude of mechanisms altered by dysbiotic microbiota, an impaired microbiome is, in itself, an important risk factor.

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Shahid, Abbas, Maria Fatima, Muhammad Saleem Iqbal Khan, Usman Ali, Shah Zaib Fareed e Muhammad Ali Qureshi. "From Microbes to Immunity: A Comprehensive Review of Microbiome Modulation". Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 3, n. 2 (24 dicembre 2023): 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.238.

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The host environment and the native microbial population, or microbiota, make up the microbiome, which is changing how medical professionals see pathogens in connection to human disease and health. The discovery that the majority of bacteria in human bodies perform ecosystem-critical tasks that benefit the entire microbial host system is perhaps the most fundamental development. The microbiome is the broad term for the diverse and abundant population of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal system. This ecosystem contains billions of microbial cells, the majority of which are essential to the preservation of human health. Nutrient consumption, immunology, digestion, and metabolism have all been related to the microbiome. Scientific research has recently established a correlation between alterations in the microbiome and the development of cancer, obesity, inflammatory pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular complications. Epithelial-intestinal microbiome modifications have a substantial impact on the development of diseases and human health. Numerous factors contribute to these changes, such as underlying medical issues and lifestyle decisions. Depending on where in the body it occurs, dysbiosis increases an organism's susceptibility to various threats. Due to the inherent diversity of the human microbiota, these bacteria carry out specific metabolic tasks and play unique roles in each anatomical location. It follows that knowledge of the microbial makeup and activities of the human microbiome in connection to health and disease is essential.

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van der Giessen, Janine, Dana Binyamin, Anna Belogolovski, Sigal Frishman, Kinneret Tenenbaum-Gavish, Eran Hadar, Yoram Louzoun et al. "Modulation of cytokine patterns and microbiome during pregnancy in IBD". Gut 69, n. 3 (5 giugno 2019): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318263.

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ObjectivePregnancy may affect the disease course of IBD. Both pregnancy and IBD are associated with altered immunology and intestinal microbiology. However, to what extent immunological and microbial profiles are affected by pregnancy in patients with IBD remains unclear.DesignFaecal and serum samples were collected from 46 IBD patients (31 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 15 UC) and 179 healthy controls during first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, and prepregnancy and postpartum for patients with IBD. Peripheral blood cytokine profiles were determined by ELISA, and microbiome analysis was performed by sequencing the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene.ResultsProinflammatory serum cytokine levels in patients with IBD decrease significantly on conception. Reduced interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-5 levels but increased IL-8 and interferon (IFN)γ levels compared with healthy controls were seen throughout pregnancy, but cytokine patterns remained stable during gestation. Microbial diversity in pregnant patients with IBD was reduced compared with that in healthy women, and significant differences existed between patients with UC and CD in early pregnancy. However, these microbial differences were no longer present during middle and late pregnancy. Dynamic modelling showed considerable interaction between cytokine and microbial composition.ConclusionSerum proinflammatory cytokine levels markedly improve on conception in pregnant patients with IBD, and intestinal microbiome diversity of patients with IBD normalises during middle and late pregnancy. We thus conclude that pregnancy is safe and even potentially beneficial for patients with IBD.

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Daval, Claire, Thierry Tran, François Verdier, Antoine Martin, Hervé Alexandre, Cosette Grandvalet e Raphaëlle Tourdot-Maréchal. "Identification of Key Parameters Inducing Microbial Modulation during Backslopped Kombucha Fermentation". Foods 13, n. 8 (12 aprile 2024): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13081181.

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The aim of this study was to assess the impact of production parameters on the reproducibility of kombucha fermentation over several production cycles based on backslopping. Six conditions with varying oxygen accessibility (specific interface surface) and initial acidity (through the inoculation rate) of the cultures were carried out and compared to an original kombucha consortium and a synthetic consortium assembled from yeasts and bacteria isolated from the original culture. Output parameters monitored were microbial populations, biofilm weight, key physico-chemical parameters and metabolites. Results highlighted the existence of phases in microbial dynamics as backslopping cycles progressed. The transitions between phases occurred faster for the synthetic consortium compared to the original kombucha. This led to microbial dynamics and fermentative kinetics that were reproducible over several cycles but that could also deviate and shift abruptly to different behaviors. These changes were mainly induced by an increase in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae population, associated with an intensification of sucrose hydrolysis, sugar consumption and an increase in ethanol content, without any significant acceleration in the rate of acidification. The study suggests that the reproducibility of kombucha fermentations relies on high biodiversity to slow down the modulations of microbial dynamics induced by the sustained rhythm of backslopping cycles.

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Heiss, Christina N., e Louise E. Olofsson. "Gut Microbiota-Dependent Modulation of Energy Metabolism". Journal of Innate Immunity 10, n. 3 (8 novembre 2017): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481519.

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The gut microbiota has emerged as an environmental factor that modulates the host's energy balance. It increases the host's ability to harvest energy from the digested food, and produces metabolites and microbial products such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. These metabolites and microbial products act as signaling molecules that modulate appetite, gut motility, energy uptake and storage, and energy expenditure. Several findings suggest that the gut microbiota can affect the development of obesity. Germ-free mice are leaner than conventionally raised mice and they are protected against diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, obese humans and rodents have an altered gut microbiota composition with less phylogeneic diversity compared to lean controls, and transplantation of the gut microbiota from obese subjects to germ-free mice can transfer the obese phenotype. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for the gut microbiota in obesity and suggest that the gut microbiota could be targeted to improve metabolic diseases like obesity. This review focuses on the role of the gut microbiota in energy balance regulation and its potential role in obesity.

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Gao, Kan, Chun-long Mu, Aitak Farzi e Wei-yun Zhu. "Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain". Advances in Nutrition 11, n. 3 (11 dicembre 2019): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz127.

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ABSTRACT The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bilateral communication network between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. The essential amino acid tryptophan contributes to the normal growth and health of both animals and humans and, importantly, exerts modulatory functions at multiple levels of the GBA. Tryptophan is the sole precursor of serotonin, which is a key monoamine neurotransmitter participating in the modulation of central neurotransmission and enteric physiological function. In addition, tryptophan can be metabolized into kynurenine, tryptamine, and indole, thereby modulating neuroendocrine and intestinal immune responses. The gut microbial influence on tryptophan metabolism emerges as an important driving force in modulating tryptophan metabolism. Here, we focus on the potential role of tryptophan metabolism in the modulation of brain function by the gut microbiota. We start by outlining existing knowledge on tryptophan metabolism, including serotonin synthesis and degradation pathways of the host, and summarize recent advances in demonstrating the influence of the gut microbiota on tryptophan metabolism. The latest evidence revealing those mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates tryptophan metabolism, with subsequent effects on brain function, is reviewed. Finally, the potential modulation of intestinal tryptophan metabolism as a therapeutic option for brain and GI functional disorders is also discussed.

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Barcan, Alexandru Stefan, Rares Andrei Barcan e Emanuel Vamanu. "Therapeutic Potential of Fungal Polysaccharides in Gut Microbiota Regulation: Implications for Diabetes, Neurodegeneration, and Oncology". Journal of Fungi 10, n. 6 (31 maggio 2024): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10060394.

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This review evaluates the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides derived from mushroom species that have medicinal and edible properties. The fungal polysaccharides were recently studied, focusing on their modulation of the gut microbiota and their impact on various diseases. The study covers both clinical and preclinical studies, detailing the results and highlighting the significant influence of these polysaccharides on gut microbiota modulation. It discusses the potential health benefits derived from incorporating these polysaccharides into the diet for managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the interaction between fungal polysaccharides and the gut microbiota, underscoring their role in modulating the gut microbial community. It presents a systematic analysis of the findings, demonstrating the substantial impact of fungal polysaccharides on gut microbiota composition and function, which may contribute to their therapeutic effects in various chronic conditions. We conclude that the modulation of the gut microbiota by these polysaccharides may play a crucial role in mediating their therapeutic effects, offering a promising avenue for further research and potential applications in disease prevention and treatment.

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Mancini, Andrea, Francesca Campagna, Piero Amodio e Kieran M. Tuohy. "Gut : liver : brain axis: the microbial challenge in the hepatic encephalopathy". Food & Function 9, n. 3 (2018): 1373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01528c.

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Rodríguez-Rabassa, Mary, Pablo López, Ronald Rodríguez-Santiago, Antonio Cases, Marcos Felici, Raphael Sánchez, Yasuhiro Yamamura e Vanessa Rivera-Amill. "Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n. 11 (7 novembre 2018): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112479.

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Tobacco use has been implicated as an immunomodulator in the oral cavity and contributes to the development of oral cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial diversity and host responses compared to healthy nonsmoking controls. Saliva samples were collected from eighteen smokers and sixteen nonsmoking individuals by passive drool. The 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the salivary microbiome by using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Cytokine and chemokine expression analyses were performed to evaluate the host response. Significant differences in cytokine and chemokine expression levels of MDC, IL-10, IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, and leptin were observed between smokers and nonsmokers. Taxonomic analyses revealed differences between the two groups, and some bacterial genera associated with the smokers group had correlations with hormones and cytokines identified as statistically different between smokers and nonsmokers. These factors have been associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the oral cavity. The data obtained may aid in the identification of the interactions between the salivary microbiome, host inflammatory responses, and metabolism in smokers.

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Gajda, Iwona, Jiseon You, Buddhi Arjuna Mendis, John Greenman e Ioannis A. Ieropoulos. "Electrosynthesis, modulation, and self-driven electroseparation in microbial fuel cells". iScience 24, n. 8 (agosto 2021): 102805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102805.

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40

Chung, Siu-Wah. "Genetic immune modulation of Ran GTPase against different microbial pathogens". Frontiers in Bioscience 9, n. 1-3 (2004): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1488.

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Clark, Sarah E., e Jeffrey N. Weiser. "Microbial Modulation of Host Immunity with the Small Molecule Phosphorylcholine". Infection and Immunity 81, n. 2 (10 dicembre 2012): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01168-12.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACTAll microorganisms dependent on persistence in a host for survival rely on either hiding from or modulating host responses to infection. The small molecule phosphorylcholine, or choline phosphate (ChoP), is used for both of these purposes by a wide array of bacterial and parasitic microbes. While the mechanisms underlying ChoP acquisition and expression are diverse, a unifying theme is the use of ChoP to reduce the immune response to infection, creating an advantage for ChoP-expressing microorganisms. In this minireview, we discuss several benefits of ChoP expression during infection as well as how the immune system fights back against ChoP-expressing pathogens.

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Balakrishnan, Baskar, e Veena Taneja. "Microbial modulation of the gut microbiome for treating autoimmune diseases". Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, n. 10 (3 settembre 2018): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2018.1517044.

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43

Davis, Daniel J., Elizabeth C. Bryda, Catherine H. Gillespie e Aaron C. Ericsson. "Microbial modulation of behavior and stress responses in zebrafish larvae". Behavioural Brain Research 311 (settembre 2016): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.040.

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44

Blais, Mylene, Luca Lo Verso, Alexandre Thibodeau, Josée Harel, Philippe Fravalo e Martin Lessard. "Modulation of piglet’s immune system development with fecal microbial transplantation". Journal of Immunology 204, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2020): 92.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.22.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) as a novel strategy to modulate the postnatal development of porcine immune system and the establishment of the intestinal microbiota in newborn piglets. Ten litters were used for the experiment. At birth, four piglets were identified in each litter and randomly assigned to the control (CTRL) and the FMT groups. At 3,4,8,9, and 10 days of age, piglets in the FMT group were orally administered with FMT material suspended in 10% bovine colostrum solution. The FMT was prepared with an equal mixture of fecal material harvested from healthy suckling and fully weaned piglets. Control group was inoculated with the vehicle solution. Animals were then euthanized at d 22 to identify the leukocyte subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and blood by flow cytometry and to characterize the microbiota from ileum, caecum and colon by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results showed that FMT reduced the overall number of T lymphocytes (CD3+) both in blood and MLN (P<0.05). Blood percentages of Th lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+CD8α−) were also reduced in piglets receiving FMT (P<0.05), as well as γδ T lymphocyte (CD3+γδ+) and monocyte/macrophage (SWC3+CD14+) concentrations in the MLN (P<0.05). On the other hand, FMT increased the blood percentage of NK cells (CD3−CD4−CD8α+CD16+) (P<0.01). Results obtained from the microflora analysis confirmed that FMT administration affected piglet’s colon microbiota. In conclusion, although it had a mild impact on hindgut microflora, we observed that FMT has the potential to modulate the immune system development in newborn piglets. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the long-lasting effects of FMT on animal health.

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Durrani, Muhammad Arshad, Faisal Ayub, Muhammad Mujahid, Muhammad Umair Khan, Hafiz Samiullah, Muhammad Abbad Ullah Shujait e Imran Altaf. "The Microbial Role in Allergy: A Comprehensive Review". Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, n. 1 (28 marzo 2024): 1652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.660.

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Background: The rise in allergic diseases in Western industrial nations has been paralleled by an increased understanding of the intricate relationship between microbial exposure and immune system responses. The hygiene hypothesis suggests a link between reduced exposure to infectious agents and an increase in allergies, emphasizing the need for a deeper investigation into the roles of various microbes in allergic reactions. Objective: This review aims to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying allergic reactions, specifically focusing on the roles of parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It seeks to explore the potential of microbial exposure as both a protective and pathogenic factor in the development of allergies, with an eye towards informing future therapeutic strategies. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Sciences, focusing on studies published up to March 2024. The review synthesized findings on the impact of microbial exposure on allergic diseases, examining the roles of specific microbes, their interaction with the immune system, and the implications for allergic responses. Results: The review highlights the dual nature of microbial exposure in allergies, with some microbes offering protection against allergic diseases through the modulation of immune responses, while others exacerbate allergic conditions. Notably, probiotics and certain parasitic infections demonstrate potential in modulating the immune system to prevent or reduce allergic responses. Conversely, specific bacterial, fungal, and viral exposures are linked to the exacerbation of allergic diseases. Conclusion: Understanding the complex relationship between microbial exposure and allergic diseases is crucial for developing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies. This review underscores the potential of targeted microbial management in modulating immune responses to allergens, suggesting a promising avenue for reducing the global burden of allergic diseases.

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Fazzone, Brian, Erik M. Anderson, Jared M. Rozowsky, Xuanxuan Yu, Kerri A. O’Malley, Scott Robinson, Salvatore T. Scali, Guoshuai Cai e Scott A. Berceli. "Short-Term Dietary Restriction Potentiates an Anti-Inflammatory Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T-Cell Response". Nutrients 16, n. 8 (22 aprile 2024): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16081245.

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Short-term protein-calorie dietary restriction (StDR) is a promising preoperative strategy for modulating postoperative inflammation. We have previously shown marked gut microbial activity during StDR, but relationships between StDR, the gut microbiome, and systemic immunity remain poorly understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAITs) are enriched on mucosal surfaces and in circulation, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, are sensitive to gut microbial changes, and may mediate systemic responses to StDR. Herein, we characterized the MAIT transcriptomic response to StDR using single-cell RNA sequencing of human PBMCs and evaluated gut microbial species-level changes through sequencing of stool samples. Healthy volunteers underwent 4 days of DR during which blood and stool samples were collected before, during, and after DR. MAITs composed 2.4% of PBMCs. More MAIT genes were differentially downregulated during DR, particularly genes associated with MAIT activation (CD69), regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling (IL1, IL6, IL10, TNFα), and T-cell co-stimulation (CD40/CD40L, CD28), whereas genes associated with anti-inflammatory IL10 signaling were upregulated. Stool analysis showed a decreased abundance of multiple MAIT-stimulating Bacteroides species during DR. The analyses suggest that StDR potentiates an anti-inflammatory MAIT immunophenotype through modulation of TCR-dependent signaling, potentially secondary to gut microbial species-level changes.

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Hamilton, M. Kristina, Elena S. Wall, Catherine D. Robinson, Karen Guillemin e Judith S. Eisen. "Enteric nervous system modulation of luminal pH modifies the microbial environment to promote intestinal health". PLOS Pathogens 18, n. 2 (10 febbraio 2022): e1009989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009989.

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The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls many aspects of intestinal homeostasis, including parameters that shape the habitat of microbial residents. Previously we showed that zebrafish lacking an ENS, due to deficiency of the sox10 gene, develop intestinal inflammation and bacterial dysbiosis, with an expansion of proinflammatory Vibrio strains. To understand the primary defects resulting in dysbiosis in sox10 mutants, we investigated how the ENS shapes the intestinal environment in the absence of microbiota and associated inflammatory responses. We found that intestinal transit, intestinal permeability, and luminal pH regulation are all aberrant in sox10 mutants, independent of microbially induced inflammation. Treatment with the proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, corrected the more acidic luminal pH of sox10 mutants to wild type levels. Omeprazole treatment also prevented overabundance of Vibrio and ameliorated inflammation in sox10 mutant intestines. Treatment with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, caused wild type luminal pH to become more acidic, and increased both Vibrio abundance and intestinal inflammation. We conclude that a primary function of the ENS is to regulate luminal pH, which plays a critical role in shaping the resident microbial community and regulating intestinal inflammation.

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Zhai, Lixiang, Jiayan Wu, Yan Y. Lam, Hiu Yee Kwan, Zhao-Xiang Bian e Hoi Leong Xavier Wong. "Gut-Microbial Metabolites, Probiotics and Their Roles in Type 2 Diabetes". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 23 (27 novembre 2021): 12846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312846.

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Abstract (sommario):

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder defined by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired insulin secretion. Understanding the mechanism of insulin action is of great importance to the continuing development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2D. Disturbances of gut microbiota have been widely found in T2D patients and contribute to the development of IR. In the present article, we reviewed the pathological role of gut microbial metabolites including gaseous products, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) products, aromatic amino acids (AAAs) products, bile acids (BA) products, choline products and bacterial toxins in regulating insulin sensitivity in T2D. Following that, we summarized probiotics-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T2D with a focus on modulating gut microbiota in both animal and human studies. These results indicate that gut-microbial metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of T2D and supplementation of probiotics could be beneficial to alleviate IR in T2D via modulation of gut microbiota.

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Gradilla-Hernández, Misael Sebastián, Alejandro García-González, Anne Gschaedler, Enrique J. Herrera-López, Marisela González-Avila, Ricardo García-Gamboa, Carlos Yebra Montes e Rita Q. Fuentes-Aguilar. "Applying Differential Neural Networks to Characterize Microbial Interactions in an Ex Vivo Gastrointestinal Gut Simulator". Processes 8, n. 5 (16 maggio 2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050593.

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Abstract (sommario):

The structure of mixed microbial cultures—such as the human gut microbiota—is influenced by a complex interplay of interactions among its community members. The objective of this study was to propose a strategy to characterize microbial interactions between particular members of the community occurring in a simulator of the human gastrointestinal tract used as the experimental system. Four runs were carried out separately in the simulator: two of them were fed with a normal diet (control system), and two more had the same diet supplemented with agave fructans (fructan-supplemented system). The growth kinetics of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., and Clostridium spp. were assessed in the different colon sections of the simulator for a nine-day period. The time series of microbial concentrations were used to estimate specific growth rates and pair-wise interaction coefficients as considered by the generalized Lotka-Volterra (gLV) model. A differential neural network (DNN) composed of a time-adaptive set of differential equations was applied for the nonparametric identification of the mixed microbial culture, and an optimization technique was used to determine the interaction parameters, considering the DNN identification results and the structure of the gLV model. The assessment of the fructan-supplemented system showed that microbial interactions changed significantly after prebiotics administration, demonstrating their modulating effect on microbial interactions. The strategy proposed here was applied satisfactorily to gain quantitative and qualitative knowledge of a broad spectrum of microbial interactions in the gut community, as described by the gLV model. In the future, it may be utilized to study microbial interactions within mixed cultures using other experimental approaches and other mathematical models (e.g., metabolic models), which will yield crucial information for optimizing mixed microbial cultures to perform certain processes—such as environmental bioremediation or modulation of gut microbiota—and to predict their dynamics.

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HILBI, H., A. ZYCHLINSKY e P. J. SANSONETTI. "Macrophage apoptosis in microbial infections". Parasitology 115, n. 7 (dicembre 1997): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097001790.

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Upon infection with a pathogen, eukaryotic cells can undergo programmed cell death as an ultimate response. Therefore, modulation of apoptosis is often a prerequisite to establish a host-pathogen relationship. Some pathogens kill macrophages by inducing apoptosis and thus overcome the microbicidal arsenal of the phagocyte. Apoptotic macrophages, on the other hand, can elicit an inflammation by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Shigella flexneri, the aetiological agent of bacillary dysentery, induces apoptosis in macrophages which, in agony, specifically release mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β). This cytokine attracts neutrophils (PMN) to the site of infection resulting in the massive colonic inflammation characteristic of bacillary dysentery. Shigellosis represents a paradigm of a proinflammatory apoptosis in a bacterial infection. The molecular link between apoptosis and inflammation is interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE) which is activated during macrophage apoptosis and binds to IpaB, a secreted Shigella protein.

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