Tesi: "Mental and physilogical effects"

1

Whiting, Seth William. "Effects of Mental Imagery on Gambling Behavior". OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/715.

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The influence of a mental imagery task was examined to determine if imagining completing the gambling act could satiate the participant on gambling-related reinforcers and subsequently reduce gambling behavior. Thirty participants underwent a mental imagery task consisting of either imagining gambling on a slot machine or placing quarters in to a laundry machine. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in trials played on the slot machine for those who completed the gambling imagery task when compared to those in the laundry imagery group. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

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2

Bologna, Estefany. "Effects of abortion on college women's mental health". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/822.

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Since the legalization of abortion, some research studies have argued that abortion has a neutral effect when considering other coexistent factors (e.g. Adler et al., 1990; Major et al., 2000; Steinberg & Russo, 2008). Other studies have concluded that abortion has a negative influence on women's psyche (e.g. Congleton & Calhoun, 1993; Cougle, Reardon, & Coleman, 2005; Hamana et al., 2010). College populations have been generally excluded from abortion research, even though, in 2007, 57% of women obtaining abortions were between the ages of 20 and 30 years (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). This study intended to measure the influence of induced abortion on the current mental health status of college women and describe the characteristics of women obtaining abortions. An online survey was administered to female college students (N= 46). The participants were divided into two pregnancy outcome groups: (1) women who reported a history of fetal deliveries, and (2) women who reported a history of abortion. Each group was asked if abortion or fetal delivery contributed to their current mental health status. Independent variables included the participants' pregnancy outcome (abortion vs. delivery) and establishing if abortion/fetal delivery contributed to current mental health (yes/no answer). The dependent variables included current psychological distress symptoms as measured by the nine primary symptom dimensions of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The data were analyzed using a two-way mixed-design MANOVA. Evidence indicated that psychological symptoms were not dependent on respondents' perception of whether or not current mental health was affected by pregnancy outcome. This study does not support public policies or practice based on the belief that abortion emotionally harms women. Further research should concentrate in strategies to prevent unwanted pregnancy in order to reduce the need for abortion.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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3

Feder, Caryn Ann 1964. "The effects of threats to self-esteem on depression". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558087.

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4

Bentivegna, Giuseppa. "The effects of inadequate mental health resources on the operation of the mental disorder provisions". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/MQ49313.pdf.

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5

Krippner, Kevin M. "Effects of an intake interview on client anxiety and depression". Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/535904.

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The basic purpose of the study was to examine the effects of intake interviews an the anxiety and depression of clients. It was hypothesized that intake interviews would reduce symptomology, as it has been shown that even brief interactions with clinicians can be beneficial. Gender of both client and counselor were also examined for main effects and/or interactions. No difference in symptomology based on gender of client or counselor was anticipated.Two hundred ninety-nine adult out-patients of a university training practicum clinic were administered anxiety and depression inventories either before or after intake interviews. Intake interviews were performed by doctoral or masters level students assigned to fellowship duties at the clinic.The intake interview consisted of two parts. The First part was the gathering of relevant demographic information and questions which solicited information about the problems clients were experiencing which prompted the need For counseling. The second part of the intake consisted of a testing battery composed of the Beck Depression Inventory (SDI), Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale CTSCS). Only the BDI and State component of the STAI were used in the study.Each of the parts in the intake took approximately 45 minutes to complete. Intakes were scheduled in two-hour time blocks which allowed sufficient time For completion of the entire intake. The experimental manipulation was accomplished by having counselors alternate the order of the interview and assessment battery.The design of the study was a 2 x 2 x 2 (order of interview/assessment battery, client gender, counselor gender). Analysis of the data was performed using a Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) procedure.There were no significant results for any of the BDI score analyses, and only one significant result For the STAI score analyses. The intake interview was not found to affect the anxiety or depression of clients, failing to support the main hypothesis of the study. Depression and anxiety were also not affected by client gender. However, anxiety was significantly lower for clients of Female vs. male counselors. Depression was not affected. No interactions were found to be significant.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

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6

Quinn, Megan, H. Owens e Elaine Loudermilk. "Effects of Physical and Sexual Abuse on Mental Health". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6804.

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7

Baroni, Jessica. "The Psychological Effects of Restraints on Mental Health Workers". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1539123849184469.

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8

Wilkison, Bart D. "Effects of mental model quality on collaborative system performance". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22661.

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9

Bell, James Frederick. "Effects of Mild to Moderate Stress on Mental Rotation". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1616.

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Mental rotation (MR) is the ability to mentally shift one's visual perspective of any object by changing the orientation of a mental image of that object. Research into the effects of stress on MR could be used to help improve understanding of a variety of visual-spatial tasks performed in hyper-vigilance situations. However, until the present study, there has been no research on the effects of stress on MR. The Yerkes-Dodson Law predicts performance will be improved when an individual is exposed to mild to moderate stress. The purpose of this study was to answer three research questions. The questions examined whether stress affects MR performance; if MR performance is improved by stress, impaired, or unchanged; and, if the effect of stress is related to the degree of MR task difficulty. Twenty healthy adult participants, aged 18 to 65, were recruited from the Savannah, Georgia area. The participants were divided into 2 groups of 10: stress and no-stress groups. The stress group was exposed to a math task under time pressure. The no-stress group was given a simple counting task to do at their own pace. Heart rate during testing was measured for both groups. "L-shaped" objects of varying angular orientation were presented on a computer screen immediately following the counting tasks. Participants choose whether the pair of objects were different mirror images of the other, or the same object, only rotated differently. A 2 x2 mixed repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant differences in heart rate between groups following exposure to the counting tasks. A 2-sample t test showed no significant differences between groups for MR performance. Social change implications include more efficient use of employee training in mild- to moderately- stressful jobs that require MR skills.

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10

Metz, Cara L. "The effects of mental health and physical health on job satisfaction in the mental health field". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337715058.

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11

Graver, Christopher James. "The neurobiological effects of stress in social phobia /". view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3147822.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-126). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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12

Sevak, Rajkumar Joytishchandra. "Effects of streptozotocin and food restriction on dopamine clearance and on the behavioral effects of dopaminergic drugs : a dissertation /". San Antonio : UTHSC, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251825011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=70986&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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13

Emerson, Christopher P. "Exercise and its effects on depression in young adults". Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009emersonc.pdf.

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14

Reihl, Kristina Marie. "The Effects of Mental Illness on Trust Between Military Veterans". NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/97.

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Service members have reported the perception that seeking treatment for, and/or having a mental illness will cause a loss of trust between a service member and his/her leaders and peers (Nash, Silva, and Litz, 2009; Hoge et al, 2004). This study aimed to determine if the presence of a mental illness affects the trust between service members and determine whether other variables moderated this relationship. Using social media and Mechanical Turk an internet participant-recruiting site operated by Amazon, data were collected from 220 military Veterans. Participants were assessed using a research developed Demographics Questionnaire, the Combat Exposure Scale, The Unit Cohesion Scale, and the Trust in Teams Scale. Participants were randomized into three groups. Each of the three groups read a different scenario depicting a service member. Results of this study do not support the existence of a measureable loss in trust with disclosure of a mental illness. A significant increase in predictability and global trust scores was observed when participants read the scenario different scenarios. The results, specifically that trust did not change as a function of a unit member displaying symptoms of mental illness and that treatment for a mental illness, improved trust scores on the facets of global trust and predictability, provide the basis for future research into this area.

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15

Sipe, Michelle. "The Effects of Stigma Toward Mental Illness on Family Physicians". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/603680.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Many individuals utilize primary care as their main source of mental health care, as in many areas of the US access to specialized psychiatric care does not meet the demand. Prior research has showed that many healthcare practitioners, including those working in generalist fields, carry stigmatized views about individuals with mental illness. Such stigmatized views can result in misattribution of symptoms to mental illness and a decline in proper diagnosis and treatment. Our study aims to examine if stigmatized views about mental illness relate to family medicine physicians’ comfort levels with treating mental illness, patterns of referral to psychiatrists, or amount of continuing medical education on psychiatric issues. Our hypothesis is that family medicine physicians who carry less stigmatized views will be more comfortable and up to date with psychiatric care practices and less likely to refer mental health issues to specialized mental health services. Methods: We administered an email survey to family medicine physicians via the Arizona Academy of Family Physicians monthly electronic newsletter. The survey contained demographic questions, a short (5‐question) validated stigma questionnaire (Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire or AMIQ), and questions regarding self‐stated comfort level with mental illness, amount of recent mental‐health CME, and likelihood of referral for various mental illnesses. Results: AMIQ stigma ratings and referral rates for anxiety were significantly related (p=.012), as were AMIQ stigma ratings and amount of mental health CME (p=.001). Other trends were discovered, but were not significant. Impact: These results further demonstrate the need for increased emphasis on psychosocial and psychiatric issues, particularly stigma reduction, in family medicine residency training and CME. If family medicine physicians with high levels of stigma are less likely to treat mentally ill patients or seek further education regarding psychiatric issues, it could disrupt their patients’ quality, cost, and continuity of care.

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16

Long, Megan N. "The Effects of Sugar on Mental Health in Marijuana Smokers". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/39.

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This research study examined the effects of high levels of sugar intake on mental health in marijuana smokers. Because the literature demonstrates a similarity between refined sugar and other commonly addictive drugs, those who ingest a higher percentage of dietary sugar will score more poorly on the DASS21, meaning that with higher levels of sugar ingestion, a greater deficit in mental health functioning will be measurable. Of 16 participants, nine were female and seven were male, and the participants ranged from a normal weight to obese. The results did support the hypothesis of sugar dependence. This has implications for future studies on the impact of sugar on mental health. The results to this study may provide insight into potential for greater understanding of eating disorders associated with sugar dependence, thereby potentially leading to the development of more effective treatment options.

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17

Jessel, John. "Mental mechanisms, contextual effects and the processing of word-attributes". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10018657/.

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It is known that the presence of information related to, but not necessary for the completion of a speeded experimental task can affect performance. Previous studies involving such 'contextual' effects with information in verbal and nonverbal form have produced mixed results which have been attributed to differing underlying processing mechanisms. The present work examines the extent to which some possible mechanisms could, in common, account for within- and crossmodality contextual effects. 'Priming' information relating to typographic case was presented over time intervals varying up to 480 msec before, and up to 480 msec after, a target to which a speeded category-decision was indicated by a left- or right-hand key-press. Within-attribute' case-priming was effected using a letter string printed either in upper- or lower-case (e.g., `dghej', or 'YFLRB') paired with a similar target for case-decision. Within-attribute name-priming upon name-decision was similarly achieved using the case-denoting words `upper' and 'lower'. 'Cross-attribute' priming was possible through name information priming case-decisions (e.g., `upper-YFLRB'), or, case information priming name-decisions (e.g., 'YFLRB-upper'). The combined effects of case- and name-priming upon case-decision were also investigated using case-denoting words printed in either one or other of the two typographic cases (e.g., `upper-yflrb', or `UPPER-yflrb'). Relatively short decision latencies accompanied by relatively low error rates occurred when targets were preceded by congruent within-attribute primes. Incongruent priming led to slower responses with higher error rates. Similar effects were obtained with name-priming of case-decisions although, in comparison to within-attribute priming, these occurred after longer prime pre-exposures. Case-priming effects upon name-decisions were obtained for simultaneous as well as pre-exposed primes, however, congruent as well as incongruent case-priming led to relatively slow decision latencies and higher error rates. Combined congruent case and name information speeded case-decisions in comparison to congruent case information alone. However the converse did not occur; increase in case-decision latency with incongruent case and name information combined was no greater than with incongruent case information alone. It has been argued that the results are consistent with models which propose that input is initially subject to encoding where 'activation' may spread automatically among interconnected verbal or nonverbal representations. In particular, this could partly account for speeded responses obtained with congruent primes. Relatively shorter decision latencies can also be attributed to subsequent decision processes and the generation of responses. The results also suggest that relatively longer latencies could arise from competing incompatible responses having to be suppressed. It has been further argued that relative speed of processing different stimulus attributes and the form of experimental task can be major determinants in the detection of contextual effects.

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18

Lorah, Ashley M. "Effects of Aerobic and Mental Exercises on College Students' Stress". Ashland University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=auhonors1462299956.

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19

Fujibayashi, Mami. "THE EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ON MENTAL ILLNESSES". Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120423.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第15457号
人博第487号
新制||人||120(附属図書館)
21||人博||487(吉田南総合図書館)
27935
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)教授森谷敏夫, 教授津田謹輔, 准教授林達也
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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20

PIAZZONI, CARLOTTA. "Neighbourhood Effects on Physical and Mental Health: Evidence from Italy". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/374064.

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Negli ultimi 25 anni, la letteratura ha cercato di capire come rispondere alla domanda, comunque posta, sull'effetto indipendente che i contesti circostanti, insieme ai contesti sociali, hanno sulla salute individuale. Non esiste uno studio che sia stato dedicato alla analisi del legame tra vicinato e salute per tutto il territorio italiano. Il presente studio vuole quindi dimostrare l'esistenza, in Italia, della associazione tra contesti di vita quotidiana e salute individuale. Questo lavoro è una esplorazione preliminare del fenomeno poiché non sono ancora disponibili informazioni per l'Italia. L'indagine ITA.LI ha raccolto i dati di 8.778 soggetti appartenenti a 4.900 famiglie residenti in 278 comuni. La salute individuale fisica e mentale, misurata attraverso la SF-12, è l'aspetto che viene considerato in questo studio. In sostanza, vengono analizzate due variabili dipendenti: una è il Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS) e l'altra è il Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS). Per lo studio del contesto si fa riferimento sia a misure soggettive (coesione sociale e disordine di vicinato) sia a misure oggettive, sia compositive (dati censuari) che contestuali (condizioni meteorologiche). Inoltre, insieme alle caratteristiche individuali, viene considerata la deprivazione a livello familiare. L'analisi multilivello viene implementata considerando una struttura a tre livelli dove gli individui sono nidificati in famiglie, che sono nidificate in quartieri. Vengono stimati quattro modelli: primo un modello null, secondo un modello random-intercepts, terzo un modello random-slopes e infine un modello contestuale cross-level. I risultati suggeriscono l'esistenza di un effetto di vicinato in Italia, in particolare sulle condizioni di salute mentale. Le caratteristiche compositive come la disoccupazione e la proporzione di case affittate influiscono sulla salute fisica individuale, mentre la caratteristica contestuale influisce sulla salute mentale. La percezione soggettiva della coesione sociale è importante solo per la salute mentale, mentre il disturbo di vicinato è legato sia alla salute mentale che fisica. Risultati diversi si riscontrano tra regioni e macroaree.
In the last 25 years, the literature has been figuring out how to answer the question, however outlined, on the independent effect that surrounding contexts, together with social contexts, have on individual health. There is no study that has been devoted to studying the link between places and health for the whole Italian territory. The present research wants to demonstrate the existence of the association between daily-living contexts and individual health in Italy. This work is a preliminary exploration of the phenomenon since no information is available for Italy yet. ITA.LI survey collected data from 8,778 subjects belonging to 4,900 families living in 278 municipalities. Individual physical and mental health, measured through the SF-12, is the outcome considered in this study. Essentially, two dependent variables are analysed: one is the Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS), and the other one is the Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS). In studying the context, reference is made to both subjective measures (social cohesion and neighborhood disorder) and objective measures, both compositional (census data) and contextual (meteorological conditions). Moreover, together with individual characteristics, household-level deprivation is considered. Multilevel analysis is implemented considering a three-level structure in which individuals are nested in families, which are nested in neighbourhoods. Four models are estimated: first a null model, second a random-intercepts model, third a random-slopes model, and finally a cross-level contextual model. Evidence suggests the existence of neighbourhood effects in Italy, especially on mental health conditions. Compositional characteristics such as unemployment and the proportion of rented houses affect individual physical health, while contextual characteristics affect mental health. The subjective perception of social cohesion is essential only to mental health, while neighborhood disorder is related to both mental and physical health. Different results are found between regions and macro-areas.

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21

Schwartz-Mitchell, Jennifer L. "The effects of supported employment level on the psychosocial experiences of integrated workers with mental retardation". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1442.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 133 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-111).

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22

Morgan, Justin. "HYSTERESIS EFFECTS IN DRIVING". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3236.

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This dissertation presents two studies examining the interaction between workload history and driver mental workload. The first experiment focuses on testing for the presence of a hysteresis effect in the driving task. The second experiment examines the proposition that cueing impending periods of higher task demand can reduce the impact of any such potential hysteresis effects. Thirty-two licensed drivers served as participants and all served in both studies. Using the directions provided by a Heads-Up-Display navigation system, participants followed a pre-set route in the simulated environment. At specified points within the drive, the navigation system would purposefully fail which required drivers to relay a ten digit alphanumeric error code to a remote operator in order to reset the system. Results indicated that this increase in task demand from the navigation system's failure leads to a significant increase in perceived mental workload as compared to pre-failure periods. This increase in driver mental workload was not significantly reduced by the time the drive ended, indicating the presence of a hysteresis effect. In the second experiment, the navigation system provided a completely reliable visual warning before failure. Results indicate that cueing had neither an effect on perceived mental workload, nor any ameliorating effect on the hysteretic type effect seen in mental workload recovery. The conclusion of these findings being that the overall safety and efficiency of the surface transportation system would likely improve by designs which accommodate the periods immediately following a reduction in stress. Whether from leaving high demand areas such as work zones or in the period immediately after using a in-car information device such as a GPS or a cell phone, these post-high workload periods are associated with increased variability in driver inputs and levels of mental workload.
Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD

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23

Drake, Rachel Mari’. "Effects of severe and persistent mental illness on maximal aerobic capacity". Thesis, Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3950.

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Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) is a good indicator of overall health and is commonly measured in the general population, but often goes overlooked in individuals with SMI. Previous studies involving exercise and SMI focus mainly on self-perception and mood. Only one study has measured the VO2max in this select population while promoting exercise and dietary changes. Purpose: To assess the maximum aerobic capacity, weight, and body fat percentage (BF%) in individuals with SMI. Methods: Weight, BF%, and VO2max were measured prior to wellness intervention (pre) and following wellness intervention (post). Forty-nine individuals (27=male, 22=female) with a mean age of 43±13.20 years of age and a diagnosis meeting the criteria for severe and persistent mental illness (SMI) were assessed. SMI classification among the subjects as follows: schizophrenia (n=11), bipolar disorder (n=17), schizoaffective disorder (n=14), major depressive disorder (n=7). Results: No significant difference was observed between baseline and endpoint measurements of BF% in all diagnoses except MDD. Males with MDD benefited from a wellness intervention with a significantly lower BF% (p(.036);p<0.05). A wellness intervention did not increase in the VO2max in individuals with SMI (p(.0358);p<0.05). Individuals with SMI continually rated in the very poor to poor section for VO2max. Conclusion: Individuals with SMI tend to have low aerobic capacity and high body fat percentage. Individuals in the current study did not benefit from a wellness intervention in terms of BF% and VO2max except males with MDD. Males with MDD significantly lowered their BF% following a wellness intervention.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Wichita State University, College of Education, Dept. of Human Performance Studies.

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24

Baxter, Kathy K. "The effects of sound on the formation of a mental model". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28546.

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25

Watkins, Simon. "Disclosure of voice hearing and mental health problems : experiences and effects". Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16483.

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Research suggests that people who experience mental health problems and people who hear voices are likely to experience stigmatising attitudes and discrimination. This portfolio considers the experiences and impact of disclosing these stigmatised experiences, both to immediate family, friends, and partners, and to people in wider society. The portfolio has three parts. Part one is a systematic literature review which considers the impact/effect of disclosing mental health problems by reviewing the literature base. Twelve articles which aimed to answer the research question were quality assessed, then compared and contrasted in order to provide conclusions and offer recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Part two is an empirical study which enquires into the personal experiences of people who hear voices using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Six participants were interviewed about their experiences of talking about hearing voices with family, friends, and other people they considered close to them. Themes were developed from the interviews and conclusions were drawn about future research and clinical implications. Part three of this portfolio contains the appendices, consisting of supporting documents from the literature review and empirical study, along with both epistemological and reflective statements.

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26

Glumm, Monica Marie. "Effects of Increases in Mental Workload on Avoidance of Ground Hazards". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36367.

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New sensor and display technologies are expected to enhance the performance of soldiers by providing them more information about the battlefield. However, there is concern that greater quantities of information and increases in mental workload might cause distraction, reduce attention to dangers in the immediate environment, and threaten soldier survival. The purpose of this laboratory investigation was to quantify the effects of increases in mental workload on one of the soldier's most basic tasks --- avoiding ground hazards while walking. The participants were 12 U.S. Army infantry soldiers. The study was conducted on a treadmill that was modified to provide the participants a view of impending ground hazards up to 5 meters forward of their walking position. The study was a 2X3 fixed factor design with two levels of terrain difficulty (No Hazards and Hazards) and three levels of mental workload (No Load, Moderate load, and High load), all as within-subject effects. Mental workload was increased from the "No Load" to a "Moderate" level by requiring the participants to perform a mental arithmetic task while walking. Mental workload was increased from the "Moderate" to the "High" level of load by increasing the difficulty of arithmetic problems. The dependent variables included time and error in the performance of the mental arithmetic task, the mean and standard deviation in step length and step rate, the number of ground hazards contacted, and subjective ratings of workload. The participants" scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) and subtests of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) related to arithmetic skills were also obtained. The results of the investigation indicated that when the participants were required to avoid hazards, step length decreased and step rate increased, as was expected. Both measures of gait increased in variability. Subjective ratings of physical demand and effort obtained across the three levels of mental workload increased significantly, along with perceptions of workload associated with a perceived decline in performance. Subjective ratings obtained across the two levels of terrain difficulty indicated that ratings of mental demand and effort increased with each increase in level of mental workload. When the participants were confronted with the more difficult arithmetic problems at the "High" level of mental workload, time and error in performing the mental arithmetic task increased as did ratings of temporal demand, frustration, and workload attributable to a perceived decline in performance; however, subjective ratings of physical demand decreased. Interactions found between terrain difficulty and mental workload indicated that differences in ratings of performance and overall workload scores between the two levels of terrain difficulty decreased significantly between the "No Load" and the "Moderate" level of mental workload, and converged at the "High" level of mental load. Although relationships were found between perceived workload, gait, and performance of the mental arithmetic and hazard avoidance tasks, the analysis did not reveal a significant effect of mental workload on the number of hazards contacted. Some participants tended to contact more hazards at the "High" level of mental workload than at the "No Load" or the "Moderate" levels, as expected. However, other participants tended to contact more hazards at the "Moderate" level of mental load than at either of the two extremes. Still other participants tended to contact more hazards at the "No Load" level of mental workload than at the "Moderate" or the "High" levels. Correlations were found between subjective ratings of workload, mental arithmetic performance, and scores on the AFQT and subtests of the ASVAB related to arithmetic skills, but no relationships were found between test scores and performance of the hazard avoidance task. However, when test scores were used as covariates in the analysis of mental arithmetic performance, the findings revealed that the number of correct responses to the arithmetic problems decreased when the participants were required to avoid hazards. The results of the study may support the belief that the allocation of limited resources will vary based on past experience and other individual differences, and that the amount of resources allocated to a task may be influenced by the difficulty of the task, criteria for performance, and the motivation of the individual.
Master of Science

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27

Freeman, James D. (James David Douglas). "The Effects of Mental Imagery Training on a Baseball Throwing Task". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500604/.

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This study was designed to determine if long term training of mental imagery skills is more beneficial to an athlete than immediate imagery rehearsal practiced only prior to an event. Subjects were thirty male high school baseball athletes who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (1) long term imagery training and practice; (2) immediate imagery practice only; and (3) control. An accuracy relay-throwing test was performed with pre-test, mid-test, and post-test performance trials. Results of the study revealed no statistically significant differences over the three test periods for any of the treatment conditions. Thus, long term imagery combined with immediate imagery practice, immediate imagery practice and control groups performed equally well on the baseball throwing task.

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Bloesch, Emily Keller. "The Differential Effects of Mental Fatigue and Alcohol on Selective Attention". TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/14/.

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29

Dimaggio, Eveleen Irene, e Nicole Renee Hughes. "The effects of pet ownership and attachment on caregivers' mental health". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2846.

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The purpose of this project was to examine whether or not caregivers who own pets experience less loneliness, depression, anxiety and stress as compared to caregivers who do not own pets. Quantitative data was obtained through a sample survey of 150 random caregivers served by Inland Caregiver Resource Center (ICRC). Qualitative data was obtained through five open-ended questions included in the survey. The study found a significant increase in loneliness among caregivers who own pets.

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30

Eckert, Zachary Robert. "The Effects of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations on Social-Behavioral-Functioning and Mental Status: Perceptions among Mental Health Social Workers". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/671.

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Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) are a generally distressing phenomena that can have a negative impact on the quality of life of the experiencer. Furthermore, individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders often display deficits in social/cognitive domains. Despite this, little is known about how AVHs directly affect social functioning and mental status. Because of this dearth of information, exploratory research is needed to generate potential avenues for future experimental research. Qualitative themes about how AVHs influence behavior were derived from interviews with mental health social workers. Eight primary domains were identified: Behavior, social ability, observable traits, voice plasticity, life difficulty, beneficial auditory hallucinations, coping strategies, and stigmas. Implications of this research could guide future direction for experimental research as well as contribute to assessment and treatment procedures of psychotic individuals.

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31

Hanley, Neil T. "Biased estimates in depressive realism : effects of mood, motivation, valence, response frequency and outcome density". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100616.

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Several past studies have identified that dysphoric undergraduates (those with depressed mood) sometimes give estimates of their control over outcomes closer to the actual contingency than estimates made by the nondepressed. This "depressive realism" phenomenon is typically found in tasks with zero control and frequent outcomes. The present paper investigates this phenomenon with a more powerful design for comparing estimates. Experiment 1 manipulated motivation for accuracy to compare the prevalent self-serving motivational bias explanation to an information processing bias perspective. Depressive realism was found under the typical conditions, but under conditions of higher motivation for accuracy, all participants overestimated their control on the key task. Response patterns appeared to influence estimates via the proportion of exposure to different trial events. Experiment 2 confirmed an influence of response frequency on estimate bias. In Experiment 3 the depressive realism pattern was found for positively valent outcomes, but the reverse pattern occurred for negatively valent outcomes. Both those with and without depressed mood showed biased processing on some tasks. The implications for contingency processing in depressives and the general population are addressed.

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32

Cruz, Miriam E. "What's in a Name? Effects of the "Mentally Ill" Label on Autonomy". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1099.

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Abstract (sommario):

Over the past years, mental health has attracted increased attention throughout the world, in the form of initiatives, programs, support groups, etc. all with goals to increase awareness and support of mental health. The stark discrepancy between the vision driving this mental health movement and our reality comes from a basic misunderstanding. While there are both legislative and cultural efforts in place to reform our mental health system, the two must work hand in hand in order to affect substantial change. Rather than producing a collaborative effort, our legislators and society tend to ignore each other, resulting in isolated attempts at reform that are doomed to failure without the support of the other side. This thesis examines the obstacles that mentally ill individuals face in the U.S. today after receiving formal “mentally ill” diagnoses. In our current system, these individuals face limited options, all of which include a number of steep costs. This thesis proposes a shift toward a more collaborative approach in order to transform the costs and fear of diagnosis into benefits and desire for diagnosis. However, an approach such as the one suggested can only be successful after a fundamental shift in the perception of mental illness occurs. Whether or not such a shift is possible – and if so, how? – is a question too large to explore in the confines of this thesis, but one that the reader should consider.

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33

Bennett, Joanna. "Community psychiatric nurse practice in assessing side effects of antipsychotic drugs". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309696.

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34

Labban, Margaret. "The effects of perinatal hypoxia on hippocampal neurogenesis /". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101594.

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Schizophrenia (SCZ) is believed to be a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from genetic and environmental factors. Obstetric complications, particularly fetal hypoxia, seem to be a risk factor for SCZ. The hippocampus is highly sensitive to ischemic episodes, and there is substantial evidence for hippocampal malfunction in SCZ. Thus, utilizing a rat model of global anoxia (15 min and 21 min) during Cesarean-section birth (C-section), hippocampal proliferation was examined in the dentate gyrus and CAI region at postnatal day 21 and day 60. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was used as a marker of cell proliferation. Rats were sacrificed 2 hours after BrdU injection to quantify cell proliferation, or 4 weeks after BrdU injection to quantify survival of newly proliferating cells and to identify if these cells express a neuronal phenotype. Only rats that had undergone 15 minutes of hypoxia during C-section birth compared to C-sectioned controls, showed a significant increase in cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus on postnatal day 21. Thus perinatal hypoxia can have lasting effects on the hippocampus that depend on the duration of the hypoxic insult.

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35

Zhang, Endong, e 张恩东. "Beneficial effects of lycium barbarum in rat depression model". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46477111.

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36

Pandolfo, Lori Rice. "Effects of wellness education and physical fitness on depression and anxiety among college students". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), access this title online, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.088-0128.

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37

Powell, Lauren. "Human-dog interactions and mental well-being: acute physiological responses and chronic effects". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21676.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dog ownership is common worldwide; two in five Australian households own a dog. It has been suggested that dog ownership improves mental well-being although corroborating evidence is limited. This thesis investigated the effects of human–dog interactions (H–DI) on biological and self-reported markers of mental well-being across three studies: Study One investigated the anticipated health benefits and challenges of ownership among 3465 prospective dog adopters through an online questionnaire; Study Two examined the acute physiological responses to H–DI in a sample of 29 dog owners using a four-condition random order cross-over trial: dog-walking; walking without the dog; affiliative H–DI; and resting quietly. Salivary oxytocin and heart rate variability (HRV) samples were collected before and after each condition. Study Three explored the chronic effects of dog acquisition on mental well-being in a sample of 71 adults using an eight-month controlled study. 17 individuals acquired a dog, 29 were interested in dog ownership but delayed acquisition until after the study and 25 had no intentions to acquire a dog. All participants completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Kessler10 at baseline, three-months and eight-months. Study One showed prospective dog owners anticipated mental health benefits from ownership, including increased happiness, decreased stress and loneliness. In Study Two, acute H–DI did not significantly affect oxytocin concentrations or HRV. Study Three produced mixed evidence regarding the effects of dog acquisition on mental well-being. Overall, the relationship between dog ownership and mental well-being is complex. Dog ownership may produce long-term improvements in well-being although I did not find evidence of an acute effect of H–DI on physiological functioning. This thesis provides valuable insights to inform future research on the potential of dog ownership to improve health in the community.

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38

Newton, Sunni Haag. "The effects of caffeine on cognitive fatigue". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31799.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Dr. Phillip L. Ackerman; Committee Member: Dr. Paul Corballis; Committee Member: Dr. Ruth Kanfer. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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39

Hervey, Ashley Marie. "Effects of severe mental illness on bone mineral density and body composition". Thesis, Wichita State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3309.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bone density and body composition among the average population has been extensively researched; little research has been reported on the effects of Severe Mental Illness (SMI). Recent studies have suggested that individuals with SMI are at greater risk of osteoporosis, but the study groups have been primarily patients that required chronic institutionalized care. Purpose: To assess bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in individuals with SMI. Methods: BMD of the forearm and femoral neck and body composition was measured by a DXA unit (Hologic QDR 4500). 28 individuals (15 male; 13 female) with Severe Mental Illness (bipolar (N=13), schizophrenia (N=4), schizoaffective (N=4), major depression/depression (N=2), and other (N=5)) volunteered for this study. Results: Total group (N=28) body fat percentage (35.5±9.4) and BMI (31.7±6.24) is significantly greater (<0.05) than the national and state averages. Forearm BMD results showed t-score values of 0.0±1.1 and femoral neck t-scores of -0.4±0.8. By groups, results showed bipolar (N=14) to have the highest body fat % (39.1±8.1 vs. 30.7±9.4 %, p<0.05) and greatest risk of CVD (DXA forearm t-score and femoral neck were normal). The schizophrenia group (N=5), (body fat % = 26.38±8.0; forearm t-score -0.6±1.43; femoral neck t-score -1.0±1.08), schizoaffective group (N=4), (body fat % = 27.33±3.8; forearm t-score -0.4+1.56; femoral neck t-score -0.4+0.51), major depression/depression group (N=2), body fat % = 32.8±8.13; forearm t-score 0.8±0.42 femoral neck t-score -0.4±0.42), and other (N=5), (body fat % = 34.7±8.33; forearm t-score -0.7±0.91; femoral neck t-score -0.9±0.70) were within normal range. Conclusion: People with SMI that are stabilized on a medication regime and integrated into the community do not appear to be at a greater risk of low BMD. Body composition findings agree with recent studies indicating that a higher incidence of obesity exists in individuals with SMI. Supported by WSU U-Link Award.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--Wichita State University, College of Education, Dept. of Human Performance Studies.

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40

Hellmann, Jens Hinrich [Verfasser]. "Verbalization and Communication Effects on Mental Representations and Judgments / Jens Hinrich Hellmann". Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035209284/34.

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41

Cowherd, Robert Eugene. "The Effects of Food Insecurity on Mental Wellbeing in Monteverde Costa Rica". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4302.

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The rapid expansion of ecotourism in the Monteverde zone of Costa Rica has increased the incidence in food insecurity in the area. Changes in food preferences and availability have led to a more homogenized diet that is increasingly delocalized and reliant on processed foods. Additionally, there has been a rapid economic shift away from agricultural and dairy farming to an economy more reliant on tourism. This NSF supported study builds upon data from a longitudinal investigation (#BNS 0753017) examining the nutritional effects of this rapid economic transition. Using a mixed methods approach, a culturally appropriate scale of stress was developed and used in conjunction with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale, and the Hopkins Symptom Check List to explore the relationship between food insecurity and mental health among residents of the Monteverde zone. Quantitative results show that food insecurity correlated positively with stress, depression and anxiety, and was found to be a significant predictor of stress and depression

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42

Smith, David. "The psychophysiological and performance effects of learning motor skills through mental practice". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327714.

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43

Paine, Nicola Jane. "The effects of inflammation on the vascular responses to acute mental stress". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3786/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Evidence exists for the role of acute mental stress as a trigger for myocardial infarction. Despite the fact that the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, inflammation and the vascular responses to stress are two mechanisms which have been implicated. After a critical analysis of the methods used to measure the vascular responses to acute mental stress (Chapter 2), this thesis examined the effects of acute inflammation on resting cardiac and mood measures (Chapter 3), and on the vascular responses to stress in a healthy population (Chapters 4 - 6). Two different protocols (vaccination and eccentric exercise) induced inflammation. Inflammation did not alter resting cardiac function or mood (Chapter 3). Despite no alteration in resting vascular function, acute inflammation did attenuate stress-induced vasodilation (Chapter 4 and 6). The effects of inflammation on stress-induced vasodilation were more prominent at the site of inflammation, indicating a localised impact of inflammation on stress-induced vasodilation. These findings suggest a possible interaction between inflammation and the vascular responses to mental stress, which could be a mechanism for the triggering of a myocardial infarction through mental stress. Further work is needed to identify the exact mechanisms through which this attenuation occurs, with a view to enhancing the vascular responses to stress in chronically inflamed populations.

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44

Dickenson, Jenna A. "Effects of mental illness portrayed in cinema on viewer's formation of stigma". Thesis, Spalding University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10146102.

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The posttest only experimental design study was conducted to examine if exposure to neutral or negative portrayals of mental illness in media influences viewers’ attitudes on mental illness. Participants were 22 self-selected students from a private, co-educational university in an urban area of the east south-central region of the United States. Two groups watched one of two movies that were pre-determined to be reflective of American culture and mental illness (i.e., Lars and the Real Girl and Drive). Data was collected by administering Community Attitudes Toward Mental Illness (CAMI) and a demographic questionnaire. An independent t-test was used to determine if CAMI subscales varied because of the movie presented. Participants who watched the movie portraying mental illness in a negative context were predicted to have higher social restrictiveness and authoritarianism subscale scores, and those who watched the movie portraying mental illness in a neutral context were predicted to have higher benevolence and CMHI subscale scores. However, there was not a significant difference on any subscales scores at p = .05 between the movies presented to each group. Implications are discussed.

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45

Lent, Michael A. "Effects of Text Message Reporting and Reinforcement on Mental Health Homework Compliance". Thesis, Hofstra University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10250696.

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Abstract (sommario):

Text messaging may offer a useful tool for shaping psychotherapy homework compliance. Patients may send text messages to report compliance and psychotherapists may respond with text messaged verbal praise. In this analog study, the effects of text message reporting and reinforcement on homework compliance behavior were examined. Ninety-four college students, who agreed to attend two lectures about stress management, were asked to complete a daily, five-minute online relaxation exercise between lectures. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. In one group, they were not asked to report on completion of the exercise. In the second group, they were asked to report their daily completion of the exercise via text message. They did not receive responses. In the third group, they were asked to send text message reports and they also received text message responses containing praise. Compliance was measured through objective monitoring of online relaxation exercise use. It was expected that receiving text messaged praise would lead to greater homework compliance. It was also anticipated that simply being asked to send text message reports would improve compliance. As predicted, homework compliance was significantly greater in the group that received text messaged praise. However, significant differences were not found between the other two groups. Rapport did not differ between the groups and there was no relationship found between rapport and compliance. Based upon these results, it was concluded that text message reporting with reinforcement may be helpful in improving psychotherapy homework compliance.

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46

Zenga, Debbie. "Perceived Effects of Microaggression on Peer Support Workers in Mental Health Recovery". Thesis, Alliant International University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10815486.

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This study explored the perceived effects of microaggressions on Peer Support Specialists (PSS). Although some research exists on the perceived effects of microaggression on individuals with lived experience of mental illness, known culturally as a marginalized group (Sue, 2010); none exists on PSS. The mental health movement began in the early 1900’s, which later evolved into mental health recovery and psychiatric rehabilitation. This movement brought forth the development of psychopharmacology, supportive services, and mental health programs. During the early phases of mental health recovery and treatment, individuals with lived experience of mental illness were utilized as peers and eventually as peer support specialists, or liaisons. Peer support specialists (PSS) provide an invaluable resource to individuals struggling with mental illness, as the literature supports. Despite strides towards societal acceptance, individuals with mental illness, continue to experience discrimination, stigma and microaggressions. Research on historical trauma, although beyond the scope of this research will be reviewed to provide an understanding of how microaggressions are passed on and additionally a narrative review of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25), aimed to contribute to the understanding of the history of trauma, engagement, and recovery. This research qualitatively explored the experience of sixteen participants who are PSS and in active recovery of mental illness. Semi structured focus group interviews revealed five major themes: Category 1–Microinvalidation: (1.1) Invalidation; (1.2) Second Class Citizen; Category 2–Resilience: (2.1) Advocacy; (2.2) Belonginess; (2.3) Perseverance.

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Balasca, Coralia. "Countervailing Effects? Remittance Sending and the Physical and Mental Health of Migrants". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1575466424352253.

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48

Gutiérrez, Damisela Linares [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt e Marc [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittmann. "Effects of meditation-induced mental states and individual differences on subjective time". Freiburg : Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1235325695/34.

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49

Chan, Courtney. "Healing from Racism with Compassion Meditation: Effects of Coping on Mental Health". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1613.

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This study examines whether Compassion Meditation (CM) can help ethnic minority college students heal from race-related stress. The present study hypothesized that through participation in a CM intervention, the augmentation of adaptive coping strategies (i.e., self-compassion) and the reduction of maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., internalization, defined as self-blame, and detachment, defined as social isolation) would reduce depression and PTSD. Participants (N = 9) participated in an 8-session weekly CM intervention and completed three questionnaires at the beginning, middle, and end of the intervention. Results demonstrated that increasing self-compassion predicted decreases in depression, and that reducing coping via detachment predicted decreases in PTSD. In addition, all nine participants met the clinical cutoff for major depression at pre-intervention, but only five remained above the cutoff point by post-intervention. Implications for future CM interventions, research, and prevention strategies are discussed.

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50

Marek, Ewelina. "Essays on mental accounting effects of personal carbon allowances : implications for transportation". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2083.

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Toute procrastination à lutter contre le changement climatique aura pour conséquence une augmentation croissante des coûts à l'avenir (voir par exemple Stern, 2006). Le manque de changement dans le comportement des individus, indépendamment de l'investissement dans les technologies de réduction des émissions, pourrait entraîner des coûts exorbitants. Ces derniers sont déjà aujourd'hui très élevés en raison du faible nombre d’options disponibles pour réduire les émissions (Abrell, 2007; Bottrill, 2006; Proost, 2008; SDC, 2005). Par conséquent, des efforts sont nécessaires pour introduire des mesures politiques efficaces le plus rapidement possible. Bien que cette question concerne de nombreux secteurs de l’économie, cette thèse se concentre sur le secteur des transports car il s’agit de l'un des plus grands émetteurs de CO2 (CE, 2012). C’est également un secteur, qui se caractérise par des coûts de dépollution élevés. Cela signifie que tout progrès vers une technologie moins carbonée sera coûteuse et prendra du temps (Kesicki, 2012).Ostrom et al. (2012) signalent qu’une solution peut être trouvée en établissant et en appliquant des limites sur les ressources communes. De nombreuses études ont été entreprises à ce sujet (voir par exemple Dudley, 1993; Hackett et al., 1994; Kramer et al, 1986;. Randall, 1975, 1978;. Walker et al, 1991, 1992). Cependant, ce dernier n'a pas encore été épuisé. Au contraire, de nouveaux instruments de politique soulèvent de nouvelles discussions et suscitent le besoin pour de nouvelles recherches. Les « Personal Carbon Allowances » (PCA), aussi dénommés en français par le terme « permis d’émission », sont un de ces instruments. Le PCA est un instrument de politique publique de plafonnement et d’échange (« cap-and-trade ») dans lequel les droits d’émissions de carbone sont attribués à des individus. D'un point de vue néoclassique, les permis d'émission constituent un instrument de politique efficace et efficient dans la lutte contre la pollution (Weitzman, 1974; Montgomery, 1972). Ils entraînent une augmentation des prix qui couvre le montant exact des émissions produites par un individu. Toutefois, des éléments socio-psychologiques compliquent le problème. Cette thèse tente d’apporter un éclaircissement sur la manière dont l'économie comportementale pourrait être utilisée pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement du transport personnel. Elle fait des propositions concernant la mise en place des PCA et comment ces derniers pourraient influencer les choix personnels de déplacement. Plusieurs conclusions et recommandations en matière d’économie comportementale sont formulées dans quatre articles. Aux fins de cette thèse, trois des quatre articles sont basés sur des expériences. Dans les expériences de laboratoire, les sujets ont géré leurs quotas sous la dénomination française de « permis d'émissions » (et non de PCA) dans la mesure où l'étude a été menée en France. Une des conclusions mise en évidence par les expériences est que l'étiquetage a une influence positive sur les participants. L'effet de l'étiquetage pourrait être introduit dans le système PCA de différentes manières. Par exemple, les quotas de carbone personnels accordés à l’ensemble des activités pourraient être étendus sous forme de quotas pour les transports en commun. Les transports en commun pourraient être étiquetés dans le budget. Il s’agirait d’une alternative moins polluante que les transports privés., Les expériences montrent que les sujets, qui disposent d’un certain nombre de PCA à dépenser exclusivement pour les transports publics sont incités à privilégier ce mode de transport. Une autre leçon qui peut être tirée de cette thèse est l’importance du retour d’informations et d’expérience. Les individus peuvent non seulement s’appuyer sur leurs expériences personnelles passées pour faire des choix (y compris des choix de transport) mais aussi vouloir étendre leurs connaissances grâce au retour d'expérience
The excessive anthropogenic activities related to burning of fossil fuels emit around 80 percent of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere per year, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014). Among the GHG emissions, the anthropogenic CO2 emissions belong to the most dangerous ones. About 40 percent of these CO2 emissions have remained in the atmosphere (880 ± 35 GtCO2) since 1750, contributing to the global warming effect (IPCC, 2014). Since the 1950s, humanity is clearly responsible for more than half of the observed increases in temperatures (IPCC, 2014). The world energy consumption in 2011 tripled when comparing to 1965 and it has increased more rapidly than the world population (BP and UN, 2012). The above problem concerns a number of sectors, but only one of them has become the main subject of this dissertation. More precisely, this dissertation focuses on the transportation sector, which belongs to one of the greatest contributors of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere ((EC, 2012). Researchers warn that if the personal transportation demand continues to augment, which is likely due to the steady increase in population and greater accessibility to transport modes, the levels of congestion could become intolerable and even more costly to mitigate (Stern, 2006; EEA, 2010; Ostrom et al., 2012). Lack of changes in individual’s behavior, irrespectively of investment in abatement technologies, could lead to excessive costs, which already today are estimated to be high due to a very few low-carbon alternatives available (Abrell, 2007; Bottrill, 2006; Proost, 2008; SDC, 2005). The essays presented in this dissertation shed some light on how insights from the behavioral economics could be used to tackle the environmental pollution from personal transportation. At the core, lies the implementation of a market-based policy instrument (i.e., personal carbon allowances) in hypothetical commuting choices. The personal carbon allowances, abbreviated as PCA, constitute “a right to pollute” the atmosphere during personal activities, such as commuting and traveling (Roberts and Thumim, 2006; Howell, 2008; 2012; Parag et al., 2011). This dissertation provides suggestions on how a PCA design could influence personal choices of commuting. On the basis of four essays, a number of conclusions were drawn, and policy recommendations were formulated. For the purposes of this dissertation, PCA was defined to be any ‘cap-and-trade’ public policy instrument in which carbon emission rights are allocated to individuals. Three out of four essays encompassed laboratory experiments. The experimental subjects managed their allowances under a term emission permits (les permis d'émission, in French) because the study was conducted in France. One of the conclusions that should be highlighted is that the labeling effect had a positive influence on the experimental subjects and that it would be beneficial to consider it in the PCA scheme. For example, the personal carbon allowances that are granted for all activities could be extended by allowances that would be valid for public transportation only. The public transportation should be labeled in the budget because it is a less polluting alternative to private transportation. Having a certain number of allowances for public transportation at their disposal, subjects may be more willing to use this transport mode in replacement of commuting by private transportation. Another lesson that can be drawn from this dissertation is that the provision of feedback matters. Moreover, individuals may not only rely on their personal past experiences but also may want to extend their knowledge by the feedback on activities of their peers or neighbours

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Tesi sul tema "Mental and physilogical effects"

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