Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Melchior family"

(1) Background: Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia caused by a defect in the DYM gene (OMIM number 607461). Pathogenic variants in the gene have been reported to cause Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC; OMIM 223800) dysplasia and Smith-McCort (SMC; OMIM 607326) dysplasia. (2) Methods: In the present study, large consanguineous families with five affected individuals with osteochondrodysplasia phenotypes were recruited. The family members were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for homozygosity mapping using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Subsequent to linkage analysis, the coding exons and exon intron border of the DYM gene were amplified. The amplified products were then sent for Sanger sequencing. The structural effect of the pathogenic variant was analyzed by different bioinformatics tools. (3) Results: Homozygosity mapping revealed a 9 Mb homozygous region on chromosome 18q21.1 harboring DYM shared by all available affected individuals. Sanger sequencing of the coding exons and exon intron borders of the DYM gene revealed a novel homozygous nonsense variant [DYM (NM_017653.6):c.1205T>A, p.(Leu402Ter)] in affected individuals. All the available unaffected individuals were either heterozygous or wild type for the identified variant. The identified mutation results in loss of protein stability and weekend interactions with other proteins making them pathogenic (4) Conclusions: This is the second nonsense mutation reported in a Pakistani population causing DMC. The study presented would be helpful in prenatal screening, genetic counseling, and carrier testing of other members in the Pakistani community.

The question of vengeance appears in a particularly striking fashion in one of Gisèle Pineau’s many novels, Chair Piment, published in 2002. At the centre of the story is Mina, a young Guadeloupan woman living in exile in Paris and haunted by the ghost of her sister Rosalia who was killed in a fire 20 years earlier. Waiting in the wings is Suzon, whom the reader slowly discovers is harbouring a vengeful passion that will push her to exert a “supernatural retaliation”on the entire family of Mina’s father Melchior for his having abandoned her years earlier. Drawing from sociocriticism and the poetics of genre, this analysis will look at the language and discourse used in this somewhat fantastic treatment of the theme of vengeance. Amid this passionate melodrama lurk questions that provoke a discourse that is at times didactic, suggesting, as in fairy tales, that there is a right and a wrong path to follow. It is not vengeance that will cure the evils of the past but the magic of the spoken word.

<p>The indigenous Mayan populations of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico have practiced the ancient traditions of family farming, especially home gardens, to ensure their food security. With the objective of improving traditional practice with modern science, data were collected on the structural complexity and functional diversity of 20 home gardens selected at random in each of the following five communities: X-Maben, X-Pichil, X-Yatil, San José II, and Melchor Ocampo. In addition, group discussions were organized to elucidate the management strategy practiced by the indigenous people. The results show that home gardens are managed mainly by women. The main purpose of growing and maintaining home gardens is to guarantee the production of nutritious food year round. Finally, the home gardens also serve secondary purposes, such as the provision of products and services for traditional medicine. This study suggests that home gardens should be promoted and invested in to improve inclusive development strategies for contexts with similar socio-cultural and biophysical circumstances.</p>

Los Fernández de Carreras, familia portuguesa establecida en Córdoba durante la Edad Moderna, son ejemplo de prosperidad comercial que se convierte en ascenso social. Con alto grado de especialización en los negocios textiles, sus conocimientos de las rutas económicas les hicieron extremadamente útiles para las élites locales andaluzas, siendo su integración mercantil muy exitosa. La carrera eclesiástica fue una parte integral de su auge en la ciudad. De cualquier modo, el cruce de los registros inquisitoriales y fuentes locales muestra que los primeros círculos de los Fernández de Carreras y sus mejores compañeros de negocios tenían una fuerte raigambre en la comunidad de cristianos nuevos cordobeses, supervivientes a los sangrientos años del inquisidor Lucero. Haciendo desaparecer las acusaciones y rumores sobre su pasado judeoconverso, miembros de la familia como el jurado Pedro Fernández Carreras o su hijo, el arcediano Melchor Fernández Carreras, lograron construir una sólida reputación para sus sucesores. AbstractA Lusitanian family that arose in Cordova during the Modern Age, the Fernández de Carreras’s lineage, is an example of commercial prosperity becoming upwardly mobile. With a high level of specialization in textile trade and networking skills that made them extremely useful for the Andalusian elite, their integration on the Cordovan economic circuit was very successful. Their ecclesiastical career was also essential to their rise. However, the crossing between inquisitorial registers and a range of local sources shows that Carreras’s first social background and best business partners and marriage strategies were heavily rooted in the cordovan new Christian community that survived the bloody years of Lucero’s Inquisition of Cordova. By eliminating all the accusations and rumours about being conversos, members of the family such as juror Pedro Fernández Carreras or his son, Archdeacon Melchor Fernández Carreras, were able to acquire a solid reputation for their successors.

AbstractWe present a family of non-local variational regularization methods for solving tomographic problems, where the solutions are functions with range in a closed subset of the Euclidean space, for example if the solution only attains values in an embedded sub-manifold. Recently, in [R. Ciak, M. Melching and O. Scherzer, Regularization with metric double integrals of functions with values in a set of vectors, J. Math. Imaging Vision 61 2019, 6, 824–848], such regularization methods have been investigated analytically and their efficiency has been tested for basic imaging tasks such as denoising and inpainting. In this paper we investigate solving complex vector tomography problems with non-local variational methods both analytically and numerically.

Albrecht Dürer’s name first appeared in Jacob Wimpfeling’s book on German history, printed in 1505, in which the Alsatian author praised the then famous artist. In his book on the work of Martin Schongauer, printed in Nuremberg in 1515, the humanist Christoph Scheurl mentioned that Dürer’s father was born in Cula, near the town of Várad in Hungary. He was therefore the first, albeit with an incorrect town name, to make this biographical information public. Joachim Camerarius also mentioned in the preface to his book on the artist’s symmetry, published posthumously in 1532, that Dürer’s paternal lineage was from Pannonia. The only surviving manuscript is the calligrapher Johann Neudorfer’s biography of Dürer, in which the artist’s father’s biography is in agreement with his family records. This knowledge also reached the Hungarian humanist János zsámboky (Sambucus), who compiled a Latin and Greek epigram in praise of Dürer, mentioning the Pannonian origins of the artist’s ancestors. This information was published in Adam Melchior’s book on the life of German scholars, published in 1615, in the section about Dürer. The artist’s own notes were published by Joachim von Sandrart in 1675.From then on, this publication became the basis for biographies of Dürer. The present essay will now look at the reception of these family records in Hungary, with its pitfalls, especially the village of Ajtós and the Dürer name, as well as the related open-door coat of arms and the portrait of the artist’s father.

BackgroundGastrointestinal tract (GIT) is affected in approximately 90% of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients from the earliest disease stages. Microbiota has recently emerged as an important environmental factor in SSc pathogenesis.Objectivesto test differences in the taxa composition of the fecal microbiota of very early SSc (VEDOSS) and established SSc patients.MethodsTwenty-nine SSc patients classified according to the ACR/EULAR 2013 criteria (27 female, mean±SD disease duration 13.1±9.2 years) and 21 VEDOSS patients (19 female, mean±SD disease duration 6.4±5.2 years) were consecutively enrolled. For each patient, demographic, clinical and laboratoristic data were recorded and stool samples were collected. GI involvement and quality of life were investigated with UCLA-Gastrointestinal Tract Questionnaire (GIT)2.0 and Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF36). Microbiota was assessed through 16S rRNA Next Generation Gene-Sequencing analysis.ResultsWe found a different fecal microbiota profile between SSc and VEDOSS. In particular, classes ofBacilliandChoriobacteria, orders ofDesulfovibrionalesandLactobacillales,the family ofEggerthellaceae, the generaEnterococcus, Lactobacillus,Streptococcus,SutterellaandUncultured-Rhodospirillaleswere statistically significant increased in SSc, while the class ofClostridia, the family ofOscillospiraceaeand the orderUCG-002were statistically significant increased in VEDOSS (Figure 1).Figure 1.Boxplot showing the results of taxa-level differential abundance analysis between SSC and VEDOSS patients in fecal samples. Plot titles report the shrinked Log2 fold change (according to the DESeq2 function lfcShrink). All results have a p-value < 0.05.VEDOSS patients had significantly higher SF-36-physical component score than SSc, a trend for higher SF-36-mental component summary (MCS), while no difference in the UCLA-GIT2.0 score (Table 1).Table 1.SF 36 and UCLA GIT 2.0 score in VEDOSS and SSc patientsVEDOSS (M ± DS)SSc (M ± DS)p-valueSF-36-physical component summary47,8 ± 8,340,7 ± 8,3<0,01SF-36-mental component summary46,3 ± 9,240,4 ±11,60,06UCLA-GIT 2.00,3 ± 0,30,4 ± 0,4NSIn SSc patients, we observed a significant positive association between the genusUncultured-Rhodospirillatesand MCS, and between both generaLactobacillusandUncultured-Rhodospirillatesand UCLA-GIT 2.0 score. In VEDOSS we found a significant positive correlation between bothBacilliclass andLactobacillusgenus and MCS.ConclusionOur data show, for the first time, a different microbiota composition in SSc and VEDOSS patients. In particular, we observed an increased abundance of genusLactobacillusin SSc patients. However, no significant differences in the UCLA GIT score between the two groups were observed, confirming that GI symptoms also affect VEDOSS patients. Both these findings could suggest that the increasedLactobacillusvalues in SSc patients should raise the suspicion of more severe GIT involvement. This may account for the poor result of a lactobacillus-based probiotic treatment, usually observed in literature. It is necessary to confirm these data on larger groups of patients in the two phases of the disease.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsEdda Russo: None declared, Giulio Ghezzi: None declared, Simone Baldi: None declared, Bianca Saveria Fioretto: None declared, Eloisa Romano: None declared, Khadija El Aoufy: None declared, Matteo Ramazzotti: None declared, Irene Rosa: None declared, Gemma Lepri: None declared, Leandro Di Gloria: None declared, Cosimo Bruni Speakers bureau: Eli-Lilly, Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Grant/research support from: Gruppo Italiano Lotta alla Sclerodermia (GILS), European Scleroderma Trials and Research Group (EUSTAR), Foundation for research in Rheumatology (FOREUM), Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC). Educational grants from AbbVie., Daniela Melchiorre: None declared, Serena Guiducci: None declared, Mirko Manetti: None declared, Marco Matucci-Cerinic: None declared, Amedeo Amedei: None declared, Silvia Bellando Randone: None declared.

Introduction: Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen (DMC) syndrome was described in 1962 as an autosomal recessive type of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia associated with mental retardation. Dymeclin (DYM) gene on chromosome 18q12.1 that encodes for DYM protein which is expressed in cartilage, bone, and brain is mutated in DMC. Case Report: A 6 year -old male child presented with bilateral gradually progressive genu varum deformity of 4 years’ duration. There was no significant past medical and family history. A plain radiograph of his knee, pelvis, and spine shows some classical signs of skeletal dysplasia. A plain radiograph of the pelvis with both hips shows a classical semilunar, irregular lacy appearance around the iliac crest which is a pathognomonic radiological sign of this syndrome. Conclusion: The radiographic lacy appearance of iliac crests and generalized platyspondyly with double-humped end plates are pathognomonic of DMC. Keywords: Genu varum, Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia.

Abstract Despite intensive diplomatic efforts, achieving peace between the Palestinian and Israeli populations remains out of reach. This study investigates a recent campaign for religious peacebuilding, focusing on the political theology of Rabbi Menachem Froman and his fellow religious peacemakers, family members, and disciples. Froman's position is twofold: First, religion is necessary for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; and second, Israeli settlements should not be considered an obstacle to peace, but rather “the fingers of Israel's outstretched hand for peace.” We argue that “the Froman peace campaign” advances pluralism in both Judeo-Islamic theology and politics. It constructs a synthetic theological view incorporating principles and rituals of both religions. Politically, it promotes a plan for two states in one united confederation. By comparing the peace campaign of Rabbi Froman with that of Rabbi Michael Melchior, another well-known peacemaker, this article contributes to a growing literature on the role of theology in religious peacebuilding

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las estrategias de ascenso social de la élite mercantil en el Perú virreinal durante el siglo XVII a partir del estudio del caso de Melchor Malo de Molina y su familia. Durante este periodo, la élite virreinal, compuesta por las familias de encomenderos, atravesó un proceso de cambio social debido al ingreso considerable de personas dedicadas al comercio. Esta generación de mercaderes llegó a Lima a finales del siglo XVI y, en pocos años, logró convertirse en acaudalados personajes de la región y en respetadas familias dentro de dicha sociedad. Tal es el caso de Melchor Malo de Molina, quien arribó al Perú en 1589 como un modesto mercader y, unas décadas después, se convirtió en una importante figura política en la sociedad limeña y estableció una de las familias más prestigiosas del reino. A partir de la revisión sistemática de documentos notariales, se propone que el éxito del ascenso social de esta familia se debió a tres factores: un proceso de acumulación de dinero proveniente de la importación de mercaderías europeas, la hábil elaboración de vínculos matrimoniales con diferentes grupos de la élite local y un correcto proceso de construcción de imagen pública acorde con el estatus que se buscaba alcanzar. A partir de este caso se reflexionará sobre las implicancias de pertenecer a la élite limeña durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the strategies of upward social mobility within the Peruvian merchant elite during the seventeenth century in the case of the Spanish merchant Melchor Malo de Molina and his family. During this period, the local elite, composed of families of encomenderos, was experiencing a process of social change due to the entry of families of merchants. This generation of merchants arrived in the vicerroyalty late in the sixteenth century and in a few decades managed to become in important families in the territory. This is the case of Melchor Malo de Molina, whom arrived in the vicerroyalty in 1589 as a small merchant and thirty years later was an importan political figure in the capital, Lima. Using notarial documents, we argue that the success of this family it was due to three factors. A process of wealth accumulation thanks to the importation of European commodities, an skillful construction of marriage ties with several groups of the local elite and a proper process of elaboration of a public image conformable to the prestige he was trying to achieve. From this case we can ponder about the implications of belonging to the Peruvian local elite in the seventeenth century.
Tesis

Die Kasseler Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister hat ihren Schwerpunkt in der niederländischen, flämischen und deutschen Malerei des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Dazu zählt eine der größten und bedeutendsten Sammlungen von Rembrandt. Die wichtigsten und umfangreichsten Erwerbungen fanden bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts unter den Landgrafen von Hessen-Kassel statt. Die Firnisse zahlreicher Gemälde, darunter Hauptwerke der Galerie, sind dick, stark gegilbt und verschiedentlich borkenartig craqueliert. Diese Firnisse sind vielschichtig. Mehrheitlich stammen ihre Firnisschichten von historischen Restaurierungen. Vielfach erscheint eine Firnisabnahme als wünschenswert, in einigen Fällen erweist sie sich aber als riskant und außergewöhnlich schwierig oder aus konservatorischen Gründen als unmöglich. Die Arbeit ist in drei Hauptteile gegliedert. Im ersten Teil wird die Restaurierungsgeschichte der Kasseler Galerie von den 1750er bis zu den 1960er Jahren anhand von schriftlichen Quellen dargestellt. Bedeutende historische Persönlichkeiten der Restaurierung, Maltechnik und Kunsttechnologie waren in Kassel praktisch (Alois Hauser d. Ä. und d. J.) oder als Gutachter (Kurt Wehlte und Max Doerner) tätig. Die restauratorischen Maßnahmen und verwendeten Materialien waren vielfältig. Es fanden ganzflächige und partielle Abnahmen, Dünnungen und Trennungen von Firnissen statt. Firnisse wurden in verschiedener Weise regeneriert, Gemälde wurden neu gefirnisst oder aber überfirnisst. Vielfach kommt ein sensibler Umgang mit den Kunstwerken und ihren Erhaltungszuständen zum Ausdruck. Im zweiten Teil werden die Grundlagen und Methoden der Objektuntersuchung vorgestellt. Deformationen, Rissbildungen und Schichtenstörungen an Gemälden werden auf der Grundlage ausgewählter Literatur der Lack- und Anstrichwissenschaften, der Materialwissenschaften und Bruchmechanik neu betrachtet. Wesentliche Aspekte sind die innere Spannung von Schichten, der Einfluss von Löse- und Quellungsprozessen auf ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie mehrschichtige Systeme und die Interaktion der einzelnen Schichten. Für die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung der Gemäldeoberflächen und Querschliffe werden verschiedene Grundlagen geschaffen. Eine für diese Arbeit konzipierte grafische Strukturanalyse ermöglicht die Darstellung und Auswertung der Schichtenkonstellationen sowie der Rissbildungen und Deformationen der Bildoberflächen. Es wird ein Löseversuch am Querschliff entwickelt, mit dem sich Tendenzen des heutigen Löseverhaltens mehrschichtiger Firnisse darstellen und von Lösemitteln beeinflusste Schadensprozesse rekonstruieren lassen. Die koaxiale oder Hellfeld-Beleuchtung wird als ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der lichtmikroskopischen Untersuchung von Gemäldeoberflächen und Querschliffen etabliert. Zudem werden die Möglichkeiten einer Bestimmung von originalen Firnisschichten durch eine mikroskopische Untersuchung aufgezeigt. Die erstmalige Bestandaufnahme der Sammlung, die heute ca. 1600 Werke zählt, ergibt, dass 74 Gemälde eine erhebliche Firnisgilbung und gleichzeitig auffällige Firnisdeformationen aufweisen. Der dritte und umfangreichste Teil stellt die Untersuchung von vier Gemälden als Fallstudien dar. Die ausgewählten Werke sind Bartholomeus Frans Douven, Susanna und die beiden Alten, 1722, Rembrandt, Die Heilige Familie mit dem Vorhang, 1646, Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678), Das Bohnenfest (Der König trinkt) und Melchior de Hondecoeter (1636-1695), Die weiße Henne mit Küchlein. Auf der Grundlage des maltechnischen Aufbaus und der individuellen Restaurierungsgeschichte der Gemälde werden die Schichten und Schichtenfolgen sowie die Schäden und Veränderungen der Firnisse dargestellt. Zudem wird die Wirkung von Lösemitteln bei früheren Restaurierungen rekonstruiert. Die Fallstudien geben Einblick in die Möglichkeiten, Risiken und Grenzen einer Abnahme, Dünnung oder Trennung von Firnissen mit Lösemitteln. In einer Fallstudie wird zudem eine mechanische Firnisdünnung untersucht. In drei Fallstudien werden partielle Zwischenfirnisse festgestellt, in einem Fall kann ein originaler Firnis bestimmt werden. Die mehrschichtigen Firnisse weisen vielfältige Schichtenstörungen auf, die Folge von historischen Restaurierungen sind. Auffällige borkenartige Deformationen stehen in Zusammenhang mit Vertiefungen entlang ehemaliger Firnisrisse. Im Querschliff und insbesondere im Bereich des Craquelés erkennt man das partielle Anlösen und Auflösen der Schichtgrenzen sowie die Migration von Firnis und Farbe. Die zum Teil gravierende Lösemittelempfindlichkeit der Malschicht resultiert vor allem aus den partiellen Zwischenfirnissen. Ein zusätzliches Schadensrisiko stellt das ungleiche Löseverhalten des Firnisses dar. Der Firnis wird vorrangig entlang des aktuellen und ehemaligen Craquelés ausgeschwemmt, so dass das Lösemittel dort länger direkt auf die Malschicht einwirkt. Die Ursachen dafür liegen wiederum in den Deformationen und Schichtenstörungen des Firnisses. Die mechanische Dünnung durch Abschleifen mit Firnispulver bietet eine aus konservatorischer Sicht unbedenkliche Alternative. Es werden die Möglichkeiten, aber auch die engen Grenzen ihrer Anwendung aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Kunsttechnologie, zur Restaurierungsgeschichte, zu Methoden und Techniken der Untersuchung und Dokumentation und schließlich zur Konzeption von praktischen Restaurierungen.
The main focus of the Old Masters Picture Gallery Kassel is on Dutch, Flemish and German paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries, including one of the largest and most significant Rembrandt collections. The most important and extensive acquisitions were made under the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel until the mid-18th century. The varnishes of numerous paintings, among them the key works of the gallery, are thick, strongly yellowed and occasionally feature bark-like craquelures. These varnishes are multi-layered, with most layers stemming from historical conservation treatments. Quite often, varnish removal appears desirable, but in some cases it proves to be risky and extraordinarily difficult, or even impossible for conservation reasons. The paper is structured in three main sections. The first section describes the conservation history of the Old Masters Picture Gallery Kassel from the 1750s to the 1960s based on written sources. Prominent historical personalities dedicated to conservation, painting techniques and art technology were practitioners in Kassel (Alois Hauser the Elder and the Younger) or functioned as experts (Kurt Wehlte and Max Doerner). A wide variety of conservation measures and materials were applied. Complete and partial removals, thinnings and separations of varnish were conducted. Varnishes were regenerated in different ways, paintings were re-varnished or over-varnished. In many instances one can find a sensitive treatment of the artworks and their visibly aged conditions. The second section elaborates the basics and methods of object examination. Deformations, cracking and layer disruptions on paintings are reappraised based on selected literature dealing with organic coating sciences, material sciences and fracture mechanics. Crucial aspects include the internal stress of layers, the impact of dissolution and swelling processes on their mechanical qualities, as well as multi-layered systems and the interaction between individual layers. Different foundations are created for the light-microscopic examination of painting surfaces and cross-sections. A graphical structure analysis conceived for this work allows depicting and evaluating constellations of layers as well as cracking and deformations on the painting surfaces. A solubility test on the cross-section is developed, presenting tendencies of today’s solvent behaviour of multi-layered varnishes and reconstructing damage processes influenced by solvents. The coaxial or bright field illumination is established as a crucial component of the light-microscopic examination of painting surfaces and cross-sections. Furthermore, the possibilities of determining original varnish layers through light-microscopic examination are demonstrated. The first stocktaking of the collection that today comprises ca. 1.600 works comes to the result that 74 paintings reveal considerable varnish yellowing along with conspicuous varnish deformations. The third and longest section presents the examination of four paintings as case studies. The selected works are Bartholomeus Frans Douven, Susanna and the Elders, 1722, Rembrandt, The Holy Family with a Curtain, 1646, Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678), The Bean Festival (The King Drinks), and Melchior de Hondecoeter (1636-1695), The White Hen with Chicken. Based on the structure of the paintings and their individual conservation histories, the layers and layer sequences as well as damage and changes to the varnishes are described. Furthermore, the effect of solvents during earlier conservation treatments is reconstructed. The case studies give an insight into the possibilities, risks and limitations of removing, thinning and separating varnishes with solvents. In one case study, mechanical varnish thinning is also examined. In the case studies, partial intermediate varnishes are ascertained, and in one, an original varnish layer can be determined. The multi-layered varnishes reveal a range of layer defects resulting from historical conservation treatments. Conspicuous bark-like deformations are linked to depressions along former varnish cracks. In the cross-section and especially in the area of the craquelures, the partial solvating and dissolution of layer boundaries as well as the migration of varnish and paint are established. The extreme solvent sensitivity of the paint layer detected in some cases mainly results from the partial intermediate varnishes. The varying solubility of the varnish poses a further damage risk. The varnish is predominantly washed out along the current and former craquelures, so that the solvent directly affects the paint layer for a longer period of time. The reasons for this, in turn, lie in the deformations and layer defects of the varnish. Mechanical thinning by means of sanding with varnish powder offers a harmless alternative from a conservation point of view. The potentials but also strong limitations of its application are shown. This paper makes a contribution to art technology, to the history of conservation, to methods and techniques of examining and documenting, and finally to the conception of practical conservation treatments.

This book reveals that devout women made vital contributions to the spread and practice of the Reformed faith in the Dutch Republic in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The six women at the heart of this study—Cornelia Teellinck, Susanna Teellinck, Anna Maria van Schurman, Sara Nevius, Cornelia Leydekker, and Henrica van Hoolwerff—were influential members of networks known for supporting a religious revival known as the Further Reformation. These women earned the support and appreciation of their religious leaders, friends, and relatives by seizing the tools offered by domestic religious study and worship, and forming alliances with prominent ministers including Willem Teellinck, Gijsbertus Voetius, Wilhelmus à Brakel, and Melchior Leydekker as well as with other well-connected, well-educated women. They deployed their talents to bolster the Dutch Reformed Church from 1572, the first year its members could publicly organize, to the death of this book’s last surviving subject Cornelia Leydekker in 1725. In return for their adoption of religious teachings that constricted them in many ways, they gained the authority to minister to their family members, their female friends, and a broader audience of men and women during domestic worship as well as through their written works. These “dissenting daughters” vehemently defended their faith—against Spanish and French Catholics, as well as their neighbors, politicians, and ministers within the Dutch Republic whom they judged to be lax and overly tolerant of sinful behavior, finding ways to flourish among the strictest orthodox believers within the Dutch Reformed Church.

El virrey según Fernández de Moratín, es el que con este título gobierna en nombre y con autoridad del rey. El arzobispo es el principal de los obispos o el obispo de la iglesia metropolitana. Y el obispo es el prelado superior de una diócesis a cuyo cargo está la dirección espiritual y el gobierno eclesiástico. El árbol genealógico de los Liñán se origina desde los tiempos del rey de Aragón Pedro el Justiciero, también llamado el Cruel [1334-1369], que declaró a la familia por ejecutoria caballeros hidalgos que despachó en 1355. En el siglo XVI, Gonzalo de Liñán casó con María Martínez. Su hijo Cristobal de Liñán y Martínez, obtuvo real ejecutoria en la Cancillería de Granada en el 15 de octubre 1580 y esposó a Leonor de Rojas, siendo padres de Pedro de Liñán y de Rojas desposado con doña María Fernández, padres de Pedro de Liñán y Fernández, quien contrajo nupcias con Rosa Cisneros. Hijo de estos fue Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros.