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Parker, G., D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, I. Hickie, H. Brodaty, P. Boyce, P. Mitchell e K. Wilhelm. "Sub-typing depression, III. Development of a clinical algorithm for melancholia and comparison with other diagnostic measures". Psychological Medicine 25, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170003508x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SYNOPSISWe describe the development of a clinical algorithm to differentiate melancholic from non-melancholic depression, using refined sets of ‘endogeneity’ symptoms together with clinician-rated CORE scores assessing psychomotor disturbance. Assignment by the empirically developed algorithm is contrasted with assignment by DSM-III-R and with several other melancholia subtyping indices. Both the numbers of ‘melancholies’ assigned by the several systems and their capacity to distinguish ‘melancholics’ on clinical, demographic and a biological index test (the DST) varied across the systems with the algorithm being as ‘successful’ as several systems that include inter-episode and treatment response variables. Analyses provide information on the criteria set developed for DSM-IV definition of ‘melancholia’.
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PARKER, G., K. ROY, D. HADZI-PAVLOVIC, K. WILHELM e P. MITCHELL. "The differential impact of age on the phenomenology of melancholia". Psychological Medicine 31, n. 7 (ottobre 2001): 1231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004603.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. We pursue an observation that age may influence the clinical features of melancholia and, in particular, psychomotor disturbance.Methods. Two large clinical databases were amalgamated allowing the clinical features of 124 depressed subjects meeting DSM-III-R and clinical criteria for melancholia to be contrasted with 218 subjects diagnosed as having a non-melancholic depression by both criteria sets. Psychomotor disturbance was assessed by the CORE measure and by seven classical endogeneity symptoms of melancholia which, when summed, created a ENDOG score.Results. There was no impact of age on ENDOG scores in either the melancholics or non-melancholics. In the melancholics, increasing age was associated with increasing CORE scores and with agitation scale scores in particular. In a set of discriminant function analyses seeking to identify the comparative utility of a set of predictors of melancholic (versus non-melancholic) groups, age was significant, and while CORE and ENDOG scores were individual predictors, their combined entry established that the CORE score alone made the ENDOG score redundant, and that the addition of age then made little impact.Conclusions. Melancholia appears to have a later age of onset than non-melancholic depression, while its phenotypic expression appears to change with age, with psychomotor disturbance being more distinct in older subjects. Such an effect may have a number of clinical implications, including possible differential effects of varying antidepressant treatments.
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Sobczyk, Agata. "Deuil et mélancolie de Narcisse : Le joli buisson de jeunesse de Jean Froissart (1373)". Studia Litteraria 17, n. 1 (2 giugno 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843933st.22.005.15305.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Żałoba i melancholia Narcyza: Le joli buisson de jeunesse Jeana Froissarta (1373) Narcyz ukazuje się jako figura przepojona melancholią zarówno w Metamorfozach Owidiusza, jak i w poezji XVI i XVII wieku. W średniowieczu można dostrzec związek tej postaci z melancholią w różnych jej przedstawieniach. Ale Narcyz, który wydaje się najbardziej melancholijny, to ten, którego Jean Froissart przedstawia w Joli buisson de jeunesse, głęboko modyfikując mit Owidiusza. Badacze uważają, że reprezentuje on tu archetyp kochanka. Autorka artykułu sugeruje jednak, że Froissart wykracza poza sferę miłości i temat miłości dworskiej – nie chodzi już o niedostępność obiektu miłości czy też o jego utratę, ale o jakąkolwiek stratę nieodłącznie związaną z upływem czasu. W tym skojarzeniu narcyzmu z żałobą objawia się nostalgia, która wydaje się charakterystyczna dla twórczości Froissarta, ponieważ jest obecna w różnych formach zarówno w jego Kronikach, jak i w jego dziełach lirycznych. Mourning and Melancholia of Narcissus: Jean Froissart’s Le joli buisson de jeunesse (1373). Narcissus appears as imbued with melancholy both in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and in the poetry of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the Middle Ages, the association between this figure and melancholy can be perceived in its various uses. But the Narcissus who seems the most melancholic is the one that Jean Froissart includes in Joli buisson de jeunesse, profoundly modifying the Ovidian myth. The researchers consider this one to represent the archetype of the lover. However, the author of the paper suggests that Froissart goes beyond the domain of love and the theme of courtly love: it is no longer the question of the inaccessibility of the object, nor exclusively of the loss of the object, but of any loss inherent in the passage of time. The association of narcissism with mourning entails the nostalgia that seems specific to Froissart’s work since it is found, in different forms, both in his Chronicles and in his lyrical work.
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Rasmussen, Keith G., Susanna R. Stevens, Simon Kung e Amit Mohan. "Melancholic symptoms as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and outcomes with and without electroconvulsive therapy on an in-patient mood disorders unit". Acta Neuropsychiatrica 22, n. 1 (febbraio 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00425.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rasmussen KG, Stevens SR, Kung S, Mohan A. Melancholic symptoms as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and outcomes with and without electroconvulsive therapy on an in-patient mood disorders unit.Background:We investigated whether 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HamD24)-based melancholia ratings correlated with treatment outcome, with special focus on whether electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used in depressed patients treated on an in-patient mood disorders unit.Methods:We analysed the data on ECT- versus non-ECT-treated patients' outcomes relative to melancholia subscale scores. Two HamD24-based melancholia rating scale scores were computed for 201 depressed in-patients at admission and discharge. Baseline melancholia ratings were analysed to see if they correlated with improvement in total HamD24 scores. We also tested to see if the melancholia subscales followed unimodal or bimodal distributions.Results:Melancholic symptoms as assessed by one of the HamD24-based subscales directly correlated with overall improvement. Although ECT treatment was associated with greater improvement than was noted in non-ECT-treated patients, severity of melancholia ratings did not affect this relationship. Finally, both melancholia subscale scores followed approximately unimodal distributions.Conclusions:HamD24-based methods to assess severity of melancholic symptoms have limited clinical utility on an in-patient mood disorders unit in general, and for predicting ECT response in particular. Furthermore, these methods do not seem to identify bimodal populations of depressed patients (i.e. melancholic vs. non-melancholic).
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Seiler, Thomas. "Ting, minne og identitet hos Inghill Johansen II". Studia Scandinavica, n. 7(27) (15 dicembre 2023): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/ss.2023.27.04.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the second part of my article on Inghill Johansen’s short prose, the focus is on the conception of body memory. Past and present are merged in the body, and hence the narrator’s melancholy, if we follow Sigmund Freud’s conception of melancholy in his famous “Mourning and Melancholia” from 1917. According to Freud, a melancholiac is a person who identifies with the object he or she has lost. Furthermore, as Johansen’s narrator compares her life and writing with a black hole, she can be interpreted as a melancholiac who uses the black hole metaphor to formulate a poetology. The last part of this article tries to explain Johansen’s enigmatic texts as part of her poetological strategy.
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Snochowska-Gonzalez, Claudia. "Od melancholii do rozpaczy. O prozie Andrzeja Stasiuka". Studia Litteraria et Historica, n. 2 (30 giugno 2014): 298–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/slh.2013.013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From melancholy to despair. About Andrzej Stasiuk’s prose worksIn Moja Europa, Jadąc do Babadag and Fado Andrzej Stasiuk describes his travelling to the countries of the East-Central Europe: its diminished, forgotten part, lying on the margins of History and Progress. It is a land of melancholy, of the eternal emptiness and lack. To praise it means to give an ironic response to the enthusiasm of a “return to the West”, to the attempts to meet East-European stigma and to the West’s fear of East-European ferocity. What is the source of this melancholy? Stasiuk refers to Cioran, his philosophy of history, his resignation and his belief in the bankruptcy of the European civilization. We know, however, that in the case of Cioran melancholy covers the memory of philosopher’s commitment to Romanian fascism; his subsequent melancholy replaces responsibility. What are the wounds and silenced victims hiding in Stasiuk’s melancholic landscape? What kind of responsibility does he not want to accept? In his next book, Dziennik pisany później, Stasiuk comes back to the same countries, this time not trying to escape the hell of questions about the East-European ethnic carnage. The author of the article analyses his turning point, using the terminology developed in Peter Hallward’s Absolutely Post-colonial to describe the dynamics between two tendencies: singular and specific. Od melancholii do rozpaczy. O prozie Andrzeja StasiukaW Mojej Europie, Jadąc do Babadag i Fado Andrzej Stasiuk podróżuje po krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. To Europa pomniejsza, zapomniana, na marginesie Historii i Postępu. Jest to kraina melancholii, pustki i wiecznego braku. Opiewanie jej staje się ironiczną odpowiedzią na entuzjazm „powrotu do Zachodu”, na próby sprostania wschodnioeuropejskiemu piętnu i na zachodnie przerażenie wschodnioeuropejską dzikością. Skąd się jednak bierze spowijająca ją melancholia? Stasiuk powołuje się na Ciorana, na jego filozofię historii, rezygnację i przekonanie o bankructwie cywilizacji europejskiej. Wiemy jednak, że w przypadku Ciorana melancholia przykrywa pamięć o przemilczanym romansie filozofa z faszyzmem, który miał się stać radykalnym wyrwaniem się ku nowemu światu i nowej historii. Jakie rany i przemilczane ofiary kryją się w melancholijnym krajobrazie u Stasiuka? Jakiej odpowiedzialności nie chce przyjąć? W kolejnej książce, Dzienniku pisanym później, Stasiuk wraca w te same miejsca, by tym razem nie umknąć przed pytaniami o wschodnioeuropejskie piekło etnicznej jatki. Autorka przedstawia ten zwrot, korzystając z terminologii Petera Hallwarda i opisanej przez niego dynamiki między tendencjami singular i specific.
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Quinn, Candice, Anthony Harris e Andrew Kemp. "The Interdependence of Subtype and Severity: Contributions of Clinical and Neuropsychological Features to Melancholia and Non-melancholia in an Outpatient Sample". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, n. 2 (3 febbraio 2012): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001858.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMajor depressive disorder is often considered to be a homogenous disorder that changes in terms of severity; however, the presence of distinct subtypes and a variety of presenting symptoms suggests much heterogeneity. Aiming to better understand the relationship between heterogeneity and diagnosis we used an exploratory approach to identify subtypes of depression on the basis of clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance. Cluster analysis identified two groups of patients distinguished by level of cognitive dysfunction with the more severe cluster being associated with melancholic depression. While the relationship between cluster and subtype was significant, only 58% of melancholic patients were assigned to cluster 1 (the more severe cluster) and 66% of non-melancholic patients assigned to cluster 2. Subtypes also displayed a distinctive profile of impairment such that melancholic patients (n = 65) displayed more variability in attention while non-melancholic patients (n = 59) displayed memory recall impairment. While melancholia and non-melancholia are associated with a more severe and less severe form of depression respectively, findings indicate that differences between melancholia and non-melancholia are more than simple variation on severity. In summary, findings provide support for the heterogeneity of depression. (JINS, 2012, 18, 361–369)
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Parker, Gordon. "Pseudo-melancholia". Australasian Psychiatry 28, n. 3 (11 marzo 2020): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220908167.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective: An incorrect false positive diagnosis of melancholia can lead to inappropriate treatment and illness prolongation. This paper therefore seeks to introduce the concept of ‘pseudo-melancholia’ to capture such instances and provide clinical examples of contributing at-risk scenarios. Methods: The author draws on clinical experience to provide exemplars of circumstances most risking a false positive diagnosis of melancholia. Results: Pseudo-melancholia can result from invalid measures of melancholia and from several functional and organic conditions presenting with suggested melancholic features. Conclusions: Recognising high-risk pseudo-melancholia scenarios has the potential to advance a change in diagnostic formulation, provide a more diagnosis-specific intervention and so avert a secondary diagnosis of ‘treatment resistant depression’.
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Amsterdam, Jay D. "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy in severe and melancholic depression". Journal of Psychopharmacology 12, n. 4_suppl (luglio 1998): S99—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881198012003061.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Depression with melancholic features appears to be a discrete affective syndrome characterised by profound psychomotor, cognitive and mood disturbances that are qualitatively different from other forms of depression. Some investigators have hypothesised that melancholia may have a neurological basis with psychomotor disturbances associated with selective alterations in dopamine neurotransmission and disturbances in basal ganglia function. A number of studies have examined the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of melancholia. Although relatively few prospective trials have focused on melancholic depression, several retrospective meta-analyses and trials in populations that are likely to include a high proportion of melancholic patients have provided a wealth of data. While some early studies suggested that SSRIs might be less effective in the treatment of melancholia, the results of these may have been biased and confounded by several side-effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which might contribute to their apparent efficacy It appears, however, that the SSRIs may vary among themselves in their apparent efficacy in melancholia. In this regard, sertraline may be more efficacious than other SSRIs and similar to TCAs in the treatment of patients with melancholia. Several studies have suggested that the presence of melancholic features may predict a good response to sertraline, and it has been hypothesised that this may be the result of the relatively potent dopaminergic activity of sertraline, compared with other SSRIs.
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Toth, Roland, e Tobias Dienlin. "Bittersweet Symphony: Nostalgia and Melancholia in Music Reception". Music & Science 6 (gennaio 2023): 205920432311556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20592043231155640.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Listening to music can cause experiences of nostalgia and melancholia. Although both concepts are theoretically related, to date they have not been analyzed together regarding their emotional and cognitive profiles. In this study, we identify their theoretical underpinnings and determine how they can be measured empirically. We analyze how listening to music causes nostalgia and melancholia, and whether both experiences are related to different behavioral intentions. To this end, we conducted an online experiment with 359 participants who listened to music they considered either nostalgic, melancholic, or neutral. Afterward, participants answered 122 questionnaire items related to nostalgia and melancholia. Using Structural Equation Modeling, and more specifically Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes Modeling, we first developed two new scales: the Formative Nostalgia Scale and the Formative Melancholia Scale. Both scales consist of five items each. Results showed that listening to music indeed increased nostalgia and melancholia. Although considerably different, the concepts are related. Listening to nostalgic music increases melancholia, whereas listening to melancholic music does not increase nostalgia. Also, both experiences are related to different behavioral intentions. Whereas experiencing nostalgia was associated with a stronger intention to share the music and to listen to it again, experiencing melancholia revealed the exact opposite relation.
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Betz, Emily. "A Sixteenth-Century Clergyman and Physician: Timothy Bright's Dual Approach to Melancholia". Studies in Church History 58 (giugno 2022): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2022.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article explores the nexus of healing between clergy and physicians in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century medicine by focusing on the disease of melancholia, and in particular on the earliest extant English monograph on that subject, A Treatise of Melancholie (1586), by Timothy Bright. Melancholia was a disease especially apt to be treated by both medical practitioners and the clergy as it was widely defined as both corporal and spiritual in origin. What makes Bright's treatise particularly noteworthy is the vocation of the author: Bright was both doctor and cleric, and his work straddled both occupations as he defined, diagnosed and attempted to cure melancholy in his reader. By examining what Bright wrote about the various aspects of the disease, this article provides further insight into the clashes, conciliations and cooperation between early modern medical practitioners.
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Davidson, Jonathan, e Craig D. Turnbull. "Diagnostic Significance of Vegetative Symptoms in Depression". British Journal of Psychiatry 148, n. 4 (aprile 1986): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.4.442.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The diagnostic importance of vegetative symptoms for melancholia was examined through DSM-III, the Newcastle Scale, and Extracted Criteria for melancholia. Statistically significant differences were diagnostically unimpressive in the case of DSM-III and the Newcastle criteria. With the Extracted Criteria, initial insomnia, early waking, anorexia, weight loss, loss of libido, and worsened mood in the morning were all significantly more common in melancholia than in non-melancholic depression, while increased appetite was more common in non-melancholia. Only diurnal variation of mood (worse in the morning) showed predictive value for melancholia; whereas the other traditional vegetative symptoms (disturbed sleep, weight, and libido) did not. Increased appetite and diurnal variation of mood (worse in the evening) were predictive for non-melancholia.
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Maes, M., M. Claes, M. Vandewoude, C. Schotte, M. Martin, P. Blockx e P. Cosyns. "Adrenocorticotropin hormone, β-endorphin and cortisol responses to oCRF in melancholic patients". Psychological Medicine 22, n. 2 (maggio 1992): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700030269.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SYNOPSISSeveral authors have reported attenuated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) responses to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) administration in melancholic patients as compared with healthy controls. In order to explore the integrity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis in melancholics, we examined the following parameters in 98 subjects: the ACTH; β-endorphin; and cortisol responses to ovine CRF (oCRF) (100 μg/i.v.); and the postdexamethasone cortisol values. We found significant lower CRF-induced ACTH responses in melancholic patients as opposed to healthy controls and minor depressives, while major depressives occupied an intermediate position. The psychopathological correlates of the blunted CRF-induced ACTH responses were feelings of worthlessness, self-reproach, or excessive guilt. The CRF-stimulated β-endorphin and cortisol response did not differ between the study samples. Higher baseline plasma cortisol was associated with attenuated CRF-induced ACTH responses, but these effects were not pertinent to melancholia. There were no relationships between the disordered oCRF test results, and postdexamethasone cortisol values, age, body size, sex and severity of illness. The diagnostic power of the oCRF and the dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia is enhanced when both test results are combined.
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Parker, G., D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, M. P. Austin, P. Mitchell, K. Wilhelm, I. Hickie, P. Boyce e K. Eyers. "Sub-typing depression, I. Is psychomotor disturbance necessary and sufficient to the definition of melancholia?" Psychological Medicine 25, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035066.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SYNOPSISMelancholia is most commonly distinguished from non-melancholic depression by the presence of psychomotor disturbance (PMD) and a set of ‘endogeneity’ symptoms. We examine the capacity of an operationalized clinician-rated measure of PMD (the CORE system) to predict diagnostic assignment to ‘melancholic/endogenous’ classes by the DSM-III-R and Newcastle systems. Examining a pre-established CORE cut-off score (≥ 8) against independent diagnostic assignment, PMD was present in 51% of those assigned as melancholic by DSM-III-R, and 85% of those assigned as endogenous by the Newcastle system, quantifying the extent to which it is ‘necessary’ to the two definitions of ‘melancholia’. Additionally, multivariate analyses established that the addition of a refined set of historically suggested endogeneity symptoms added only slightly to overall discrimination of melancholic and non-melancholic depressives. While only few endogeneity symptoms independent of psychomotor disturbance were suggested, their specific relevance varied against system definition of melancholia (appetite/weight loss and terminal insomnia being identified for DSM-III-R; anhedonia for Newcastle; and diurnal variation in mood and energy for both systems). Results allow consideration of the relative importance of two domains (psychomotor disturbance and ‘endogeneity’ symptoms) to clinical definition of melancholia, and have the potential to assist both classification and pursuit of neurobiological determinants. We interpret findings as suggesting a ‘core and mantle’ model for conceptualizing the clinical features of melancholia, with psychomotor disturbance as the core and with independent endogeneity symptoms as only a thin mantle.
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Marczuk, Barbara. "Morbus melancholicus : aperçu préliminaire (Pseudo-Aristote, Marsile Ficin, André Du Laurens)". Studia Litteraria 17, n. 1 (2 giugno 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843933st.22.002.15302.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Morbus melancholicus: uwagi wstępne (Pseudo-Arystoteles, Marsilio Ficino, AndréDu Laurens) Od czasów Hipokratesa aż do XVIII wieku lekarze uważali melancholię za przewlekłą chorobę spowodowaną nadmiarem czarnej żółci (atra bilis), mitycznego „humoru”, którego istnienie obaliła medycyna naukowa. Artykuł opisuje etiologię, nozografię i terapię tej choroby przedstawione w traktacie André Du Laurensa Second discours auquel est traicté des maladies melancoliques et des moyens de les guerir (1597), a także koncepcje Marsilia Ficina wyrażone w De vita triplici (1489). Odwołując się do idei zawartych w Problemie XXX, przypisywanym Arystotelesowi, florencki filozof rozwija ideę związku między melancholijną predyspozycj ąhumoralną a geniuszem twórczym. Ficino proponuje zamianę szkodliwej siły melaina chole w twórczą energię – melancholia generosa. „Kapłani Muz” mogą uciec przed złym wpływem swojego patrona Saturna poprzez aktywność intelektualną i artystyczną. Morbus melancholicus: A Preliminary Overview (Pseudo-Aristotle, Marsilio Ficino, AndréDu Laurens). Since Hippocrates until the 18th century, physicians considered melancholy a chronic disease caused by the overabundance of black bile (atra bilis), mythical ‘humour’ whose existence is refuted by scientific medicine. The article describes the aetiology, nosography, and therapy of this disease, presented in André Du Laurens’ treatise Second discours auquel est traictédes maladies melancoliques et des moyens de les guerir (1597), as well as the conceptions of Marsilio Ficino expressed in De vita triplici (1489). Referring to the ideas contained in Problem XXX attributed to Aristotle, the Florentine philosopher develops the idea of the relationship between the melancholic humoral predisposition and the creative genius. Ficino proposes the conversion of the harmful force of melaina chole into creative energy: melancholia generosa. The ‘priests of the Muses’ can escape the evil influence of their patron Saturn through intellectual and artistic activity.
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PARKER, G., J. ROUSSOS, K. EYERS, K. WILHELM, P. MITCHELL e D. HADZI-PAVLOVIC. "How distinct is ‘distinct quality’ of mood?" Psychological Medicine 27, n. 2 (marzo 1997): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004527.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. The DSM-IV criteria for melancholia include the clinical feature ‘distinct quality’, defined as a mood state differing from that experienced in bereavement. Both propositions – its specificity to melancholia and its definition – remain problematical.Methods. We examine both propositions by analysing an adjective checklist completed by melancholic and non-melancholic depressed subjects, as well as by a bereaved sample. The checklist was refined by a principal components analysis to four scales – one assessing a general ‘mood’ severity or dysphoric dimension, and the other three assessing dimensions of ‘fatigue’, ‘numbness’ and ‘guilt’.Results. If the concept of ‘distinct quality’ has validity, we would require specificity of the refined qualitative constructs to melancholic depression. The ‘numbness’ component met that requirement, but only to a degree. While bereaved subjects did differ from those with melancholic depression on a number of our refined qualitative mood domains, such differences appeared more related to lower levels of depression in the bereaved sample.Conclusions. We argue for deleting the ‘distinct quality’ criterion from diagnostic checklists of melancholia until its definition has been improved, its utility demonstrated and its specificity to any depressive subtype established as having clinical significance.
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Guo, C. C., M. P. Hyett, V. T. Nguyen, G. B. Parker e M. J. Breakspear. "Distinct neurobiological signatures of brain connectivity in depression subtypes during natural viewing of emotionally salient films". Psychological Medicine 46, n. 7 (18 febbraio 2016): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000179.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
BackgroundEstablishing an evidence-based diagnostic system informed by the biological (dys)function of the nervous system is a major priority in psychiatry. This objective, however, is often challenged by difficulties in identifying homogeneous clinical populations. Melancholia, a biological and endogenous subtype for major depressive disorder, presents a canonical test case in the search of biological nosology.MethodWe employed a unique combination of naturalistic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms – resting state and free viewing of emotionally salient films – to search for neurobiological signatures of depression subtypes. fMRI data were acquired from 57 participants; 17 patients with melancholia, 17 patients with (non-melancholic) major depression and 23 matched healthy controls.ResultsPatients with melancholia showed a prominent loss of functional connectivity in hub regions [including ventral medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and superior temporal gyrus] during natural viewing, and in the posterior cingulate cortex while at rest. Of note, the default mode network showed diminished reactivity to external stimuli in melancholia, which correlated with the severity of anhedonia. Intriguingly, the subgenual ACC, a potential target for treating depression with deep brain stimulation (DBS), showed divergent changes between the two depression subtypes, with increased connectivity in the non-melancholic and decreased connectivity in the melancholic subsets.ConclusionThese findings reveal neurobiological changes specific to depression subtypes during ecologically valid behavioural conditions, underscoring the critical need to respect differing neurobiological processes underpinning depressive subtypes.
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Wolfson, Elliot R. "Melancholic Redemption and the Hopelessness of Hope". Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 30, n. 1 (31 marzo 2022): 130–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1477285x-12341330.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Since late antiquity, a connection was made between Jews and the psychological state of despondency based, in part, on the link between melancholy and Saturn, and the further association of the Hebrew name of that planet, Shabbetai, and the Sabbath. The melancholic predisposition has had important anthropological, cosmological, and theological repercussions. In this essay, I focus on various perspectives on melancholia in thinkers as diverse as Kafka, Levinas, Blanchot, Rosenzweig, Benjamin, Bloch, Scholem, and Derrida. A common thread that links these thinkers is the hopelessness of hope imparted by the messianic belief in a future that must be perpetually deferred.
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Parker, G., K. Fletcher, M. Hyett, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, M. Barrett e H. Synnott. "Measuring melancholia: the utility of a prototypic symptom approach". Psychological Medicine 39, n. 6 (16 settembre 2008): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004339.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
BackgroundMelancholia has long resisted classification, with many of its suggested markers lacking specificity. The imprecision of depressive symptoms, in addition to self-report biases, has limited the capacity of existing measures to delineate melancholic depression as a distinct subtype. Our aim was to develop a self-report measure differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression, weighting differentiation by prototypic symptoms and determining its comparative classification success with a severity-based strategy.MethodConsecutively recruited depressed out-patients (n=228) rated 32 symptoms by prototypic or ‘characteristic’ relevance (using the Q-sort strategy) and severity [using the Severity-based Depression Rating System (SDRS) strategy]. Clinician diagnosis of melancholic/non-melancholic depression was the criterion measure, but two other formal measures of melancholia (Newcastle and DSM-IV criteria) were also tested.ResultsThe prevalence of ‘melancholia’ ranged from 20.9% to 54.2% across the subtyping measures. The Q-sort measure had the highest overall correct classification rate in differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression (81.6%), with such decisions supported by validation analyses.ConclusionsIn differentiating a melancholic subtype or syndrome, prototypic symptoms should be considered as a potential alternative to severity-based ratings.
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Berrios, G. E. "Melancholia and Depression During the 19th Century: a Conceptual History". British Journal of Psychiatry 153, n. 3 (settembre 1988): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.3.298.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The meaning of ‘melancholia’ in classical antiquity is opaque and has little in common with 20th-century psychiatric usage (Drabkin, 1955; Heiberg, 1927). At that time, melancholia and mania were not polar opposites (i.e. one was not defined as having opposite features to the other). Melancholia was defined in terms of overt behavioural features such as decreased motility, and morosity (Roccatagliata, 1973; Simon, 1978). Hence, in medical usage, ‘melancholia’ referred to a subtype of mania and named, in general, states of reduced behavioural output. These included disorders that might “exhibit depressed, agitated, hallucinatory, paranoid and even demented states … the ancient diagnosis of melancholy has no correct analogue in modern psychiatric practice …” (Siegel, 1973, p. 274).
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Krzyżanowska, Magdalena. "In Search of a Cure for Melancholia: The Attitude of a Listener in the Short Story “Wśród lasu" [Among the Forest] by Adam Asnyk". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 44, n. 1 (1 maggio 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2020.44.1.93-104.
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<p>In my article I interpret the short story “Among the Forest” by Adam Asnyk. I discuss the issue of the relationship between auditory perception and melancholic experiences. To this end, while analyzing the text, I refer to concepts regarding the nature of melancholia and adopt the methodological apparatus of sound studies. As it turns out, the listener's attitude is crucial for overcoming melancholia. According to the poet, attentive listening to the surroundings and the words of other people allows to reach the meaning of life inscribed in nature and as a consequence may help find a cure for melancholia.</p>
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Runions, Erin. "Refusal to Mourn". Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 1, n. 1 (28 aprile 2005): 9–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v1i1.9.
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In her recent book Precarious Life, Judith Butler points out that not more than ten days after 9/11, on 20 September 2001, George W. Bush urged the American people to put aside their grief; she suggests that such a refusal to mourn leads to a kind of national melancholia. Using psychoanalytic theory on melancholia, this article diagnoses causes and effects of such national melancholia. Further, it considers how a refusal to mourn in prophetic and apocalyptic texts and their interpretations operates within mainstream US American politics like the encrypted loss of the melancholic, thus creating the narcissism, guilt, and aggression that sustain the pervasive disavowal of loss in the contemporary moment. This article explore the ways in which the texts of Ezekiel, Micah, Revelation, and their interpreters exhibit the guilt and aggression of melancholia, in describing Israel as an unfaithful and wicked woman whose pain should not be mourned. These melancholic patterns are inherited by both by contemporary apocalyptic discourses and by the discourse of what Robert Bellah calls ‘American civil religion’, in which the US is the new Christian Israel; thus they help to position the public to accept and perpetuate the violence of war, and not to mourn it.
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Tsokhim, Sasha-Tsering. "Wenn die Lebensfreude austrocknet". Deutsche Heilpraktiker-Zeitschrift 14, n. 06 (giugno 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0996-1607.
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SummaryHumoralmedizinisch betrachtet wird Melancholia durch ein Übermaß der kalten und trockenen schwarzen Galle verursacht. Schwarze Galle ist dem Element Erde zugeordnet. Liegt ein pathologischer Melancholera-Überschuss vor, kommt es zu psychischen und physischen Beschwerden, so auch im vorliegenden Fall. In der - meist langwierigen - Therapie von Melancholia sind die Pfeiler: Wärme und Feuchte für den Organismus, Reizreduktion und ausreichend Bewegung.
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Sorensen, Eli. "Postcolonial Melancholia". Paragraph 30, n. 2 (luglio 2007): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/prg.2007.0025.
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The article attempts to identify some of the boundaries and limits of postcolonial studies, with a specific focus on its relationship to the literary. Leading critics have argued that the contemporary field of postcolonial studies has become melancholic, as a consequence of its institutionalization in recent years, and the article suggests reading these signs of melancholia as an expression of the failed attempt to identify with the dimension of the literary in the postcolonial text.
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Grunebaum, Michael F., Hanga C. Galfalvy, Maria A. Oquendo, Ainsley K. Burke e J. John Mann. "Melancholia and the probability and lethality of suicide attempts". British Journal of Psychiatry 184, n. 6 (giugno 2004): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.6.534.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryWe compared suicide attempts associated with melancholic v. non-melancholic major depression in 377 patients. Controlling for depression severity and other covariates, melancholia at baseline assessment was associated with more serious past suicide attempts and with the probability of suicide attempt during follow-up.
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Bracken, Christopher. "Manic History". Critical Times 6, n. 2 (1 agosto 2023): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-10437067.
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Abstract On May 27, 2021, the Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation reported the discovery of 215 unmarked graves on the site of the former Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia. Their first response was mourning for the loss of young lives; their second response was melancholia for the loss of the children's names. David Eng and David Kazanjian advocate a “counterintuitive” interpretation of melancholia as “creative,” redefining it as the work of mourning that sustains “a continued and open relation to the past.” Jeff Barnaby's 2013 film about residential school resistance, Rhymes for Young Ghouls, affirms melancholia as a creative relation to the past for Indigenous people while drawing attention to another agency that allows settler society to actively lose the past. Freud remarks that the “most remarkable” quality of melancholia is the way it turns into mania, which ensues when “the ego coincides with the ego ideal.” What if some losses do not make us melancholic but manic? Is it possible to make history by losing history? Settler mania incites Indigenous melancholia by displacing responsibility for children's deaths from church and state to parents who are themselves school survivors.
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Hickie, Ian, Catherine Hickie, Andrew Lloyd, Derrick Silove e Denis Wakefield. "Impaired In Vivo Immune Responses in Patients with Melancholia". British Journal of Psychiatry 162, n. 5 (maggio 1993): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.5.651.
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Previous attempts to establish a relationship between impaired cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and major mood disorders have been limited by a failure to explore the relevance of depressive subcategories or to assess CMI by in vivo methods. In this case-control study CMI was assessed in 57 patients with major depression (31 with melancholic, 26 with non-melancholic disorders), and in age- and sex-matched controls by both in vitro and in vivo immunological techniques. Compared with control subjects and patients with non-melancholic depression, patients with melancholia demonstrated reduced in vivo CMI as assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin responses. Although increasing age, severity of depression, hospital admission for treatment, and reported weight loss are correlates of melancholia, none of these factors alone, or in combination, accounted for the differences in DTH responses observed between the two depressive subtypes. These data suggest that impaired CMI in vivo may be limited to those with melancholic disorders. At this stage the factors which account for this effect are unclear.
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Chatterjee, Tirna. "Impossible Emotions: The Ethics of Mourning and Melancholia". Zoon Politikon 12 (2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543408xzop.21.004.14427.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper looks at mourning and melancholia, and their ethical implications through the work of Sigmund Freud and mostly Jacques Derrida. The attempt here is to read through Derrida’s auto thanatological oeuvre through questions of fidelity, interminability, impossibility and ethics. In our perpetual struggle as scholars dealing with questions of meaning, existence, loss, life and death this paper tries to navigate the discursive traditions of looking at mourning and melancholia and what their radical potential is or can be where the mourning; melancholic; haunted; living subjects bear an impossible task unto the dead.
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Rubino, I. Alex, Cristiana Cimino, Anna Saya e Nicola Ciani. "Melancholia: A Defense Mechanism Test Study". Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, n. 1 (agosto 1994): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.487.
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The defensive organization of Melancholia was explored with a tachistoscopic percept-genetic technique, the Defense Mechanism Test. A sample of 20 women inpatients with a DSM-III—R diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode or Major Depression, Melancholic Type was contrasted with a matched group of depressed outpatients and a matched group of nonclinical subjects. Signs of introaggression on the hero, statue-repression, and stereotypy significantly characterized melancholic patients. The latter were discriminated from depressed outpatients as showing more signs of stereotypy and of discontinuity. Mask-disguise defenses were typically endorsed by Bipolar melancholic patients and significantly differentiated them from Unipolar melancholic patients. One type of stereotypy (regarding wrong age attributes of the central figure) successfully predicted a poor response to antidepressive therapy. Relevant modifications of the current Defense Mechanism Test coding criteria for stereotypy are proposed.
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AUSTIN, M. P., P. MITCHELL, K. WILHELM, G. PARKER, I. HICKIE, H. BRODATY, J. CHAN, K. EYERS, M. MILIC e D. HADZI-PAVLOVIC. "Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia?" Psychological Medicine 29, n. 1 (gennaio 1999): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007788.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Although depressed patients demonstrate impaired performance on a range of neuropsychological tests, there is little research that examines either frontal cognitive deficits or possible differences in test performance between melancholic and non-melancholic subtypes.Methods. Depressed subjects were administered a broad neuropsychological battery. In an overall analysis, 77 depressed subjects were compared with 28 controls. In a second set of analyses, the depressed sample was divided into melancholic and non-melancholic subsets according to DSM-III-R, the CORE system and the Newcastle scale. These depressed subsets were contrasted to controls and with each other using ANCOVA controlling for age, IQ, simple reaction time and Hamilton Depression scores where appropriate.Results. The total depressed sample was impaired on most mnemonic tasks, simple reaction time and Trails B. Similar findings applied to DSM-III-R melancholic and non-melancholic subjects. When defined by the CORE and Newcastle (narrower definitions of melancholia), melancholic patients were additionally impaired on WCST (perseverative response) and (for Newcastle) digit symbol substitution. In contrast, the cognitive performance of the CORE and Newcastle-defined non-melancholic patients was largely unimpaired.Conclusions. Using narrower definitions of melancholia, i.e. CORE and (in particular) Newcastle, melancholic patients were impaired on mnemonic tasks and tasks of selective attention, and set-shifting while non-melancholic subjects were largely unimpaired in their cognitive performance. These differences may be due to impairment of specific neuroanatomical regions in narrowly defined melancholic patients, in particular the anterior cingulate.
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Xiong, Meijia. "Drer's Melancholia I: The Relationship between Geometry and the Masterpiece". Communications in Humanities Research 3, n. 1 (17 maggio 2023): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/3/20220343.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between Melancholia 1 and geometry during the Renaissance. Compared with the clear distinction between science and art today, there was no very clear boundary between science and art in the Renaissance, which made the research object of this paper have research value. The scope of investigation of this article is the work of Drer as well as other Renaissance artworks. Drer is a pioneer of the Renaissance, he is not only a representative figure of the Northern Renaissance, but also absorbed the knowledge of the Italian Renaissance, so the article chooses his famous prints for research. The main methodology is interpreting two main objects (the melancholy angle and the light from behind) in Drers Melancholia I which helps to understand the idea expressed by him, and analyzing the geometric principles used by Drer in printmaking. The main idea of Melancholia I is to express the grief that human beings cannot exhibit ideal beauty. The meaning of the melancholy angle and the beam of light is why the author makes such a prediction. The girl represents the artist, thus expressing his ideas. Speaking of the relationships, geometry provides the theory and helps with the painting. It can be seen from the layout. Drer's statement is important evidence because they reveal Drer's use of geometric theory in Melancholia I.
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Abrams, Richard, e Michael Alan Taylor. "Cognitive dysfunction in melancholia". Psychological Medicine 17, n. 2 (maggio 1987): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700024909.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SynopsisSixty-seven patients with melancholia and 42 normal controls were tested with a battery of neuropsychological tasks selected to assess regional cortical functioning in both hemispheres. Compared with controls, melancholics exhibited a pattern of bifrontal and right parietal impairment, which was independent of age, sex, handedness and drug administration. These findings confirm and extend prior studies and contrast with those we and others have reported in patients with schizophrenia.
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Micali, Stefano. "L'alterazione del tempo nella malinconia. Un indagine fenomenologica". PARADIGMI, n. 3 (novembre 2009): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-003012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
- An important trend of psychiatric research views psychopathological symptoms as temporal disturbances. This essay is based on the assumption that melancholia/ depression primarily signifies an alteration of experience of time, essentially linked to an alteration of the ways in which the subjects experience their own body and how they relate to other people. The phenomenological approach allows us to understand how the melancholic person suffers a blocked future, how he/she is irrevocably marked by a past that never passes and how the present is experienced as an eternal recurrence of one and the same state.Key words: Phenomenology, Psychiatry, Melancholia, Depression, Time, Diachrony.Parole chiave: Fenomenologia, Psichiatria, Malinconia, Depressione, Tempo, Diacronia.
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Parker, Gordon, Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic, Kay Wilhelm, Ian Hickie, Henry Brodaty, Philip Boyce, Philip Mitchell e Kerrie Eyers. "Defining Melancholia: Properties of a Refined Sign-Based Measure". British Journal of Psychiatry 164, n. 3 (marzo 1994): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.3.316.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We hypothesised that psychomotor disturbance is specific to the melancholic subtype of depression and capable of defining melancholia more precisely than symptom-based criteria sets. We studied 413 depressed patients, and examined the utility of a refined, operationally driven set of clinician-rated signs, principally against a set of historically accepted symptoms of endogeneity. We specified items defining psychomotor disturbance generally as well as those weighted either to agitation or to retardation. We demonstrated the system's capacity to differentiate ‘melancholic’ and ‘non-melancholic’ depression (and the comparable success of DSM–III–R and Newcastle criteria systems) by reference to several patient, illness and treatment response variables, to an independent measure of psychomotor disturbance (reaction time) and to a biological marker (the dexamethasone suppression test).
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Shaul, Dylan. "Adorno on Kierkegaard on Love for the Dead". Idealistic Studies 49, n. 2 (2019): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies2019820102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article employs Freud’s distinction between mourning and melancholia to clarify Adorno’s reading of Kierkegaard. Adorno finds in Kierkegaard’s view of love for the dead both the consummate reified fetish of our instrumentalizing exchange society, and the only unmutilated relation left to us in our otherwise thoroughly damaged lives. Adorno’s negative dialectics emerges as the melancholy science resulting from a disfigured mourning’s present impossibility, upholding a material moral motive rooted in the unmournability of historical catastrophe. Yet this very melancholia also proves to be the last unlikely refuge of hope—in a Kierkegaardian sense—for a future redemption.
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Parker, Gordon. "Diagnosing melancholic depression: some personal observations". Australasian Psychiatry 25, n. 1 (20 luglio 2016): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216657696.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives: The objective of this study was to offer some personal observations as to how melancholia can be diagnosed and differentiated from the non-melancholic depressive conditions. Methods: Personal clinical and research-based observations are presented following a critique of common current strategies. Results: The paper offers views on the most differentiating clinical features, argues for adding illness course variables to symptoms and provides details of the Sydney Melancholic Prototypic Index, a measure with a high overall classification rate in differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression. Conclusions: Greater precision in differentiating melancholic from non-melancholic depression is advanced by weighting signs and symptoms of psychomotor disturbance, as well as including illness correlates and family history in the diagnostic process.
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Gastó, C., J. Vallejo, JM Menchón, R. Catalán, A. Otero, M. Jesus Martínez de Osaba e F. Ribera. "Platelet serotonin-binding and dexamethasone suppression test in melancholia and dysthymia". European Psychiatry 9, n. 6 (1994): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800002285.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryPlatelet serotonin-binding (Bmax), using tritiated-seroionin as the ligand, was determined in 75 patients suffering from major depression with melancholia and in 26 patients diagnosed from dysthymic disorder. Twenty-five normal subjects were used as a control group. The melancholic group had significantly lower Bmax values (mean: 6.7 ± 6.1 pmol/108 platelets) than either dysthymic (9.3 ± 3.9 pmol/108 platelets) or control (9.2 ± 4.8 pmol/108 platelets) groups, while there were no significant differences between the two latter groups. There was also a significant difference on postdexamethasone Cortisol between melancholic (6.3 ± 7.1 μg/dL) and dysthymic (1.4 ± 1.4 μg/dL) groups, with a higher rate of nonsuppressors in melancholic groups. Although both tests were abnormal in the melancholic group, no relationship was found between platelet serotonin-binding and the dexaniethasone suppression test.
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Gündoğdu, Burcu. "Violence and melancholia: The story of melancholic “Butterfly” generation". International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2, n. 2 (1 aprile 2016): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279049.
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Junik-Łuniewska, Kamila. "Writing (in) melancholy. Loss and remembrance in the works of two contemporary Hindi writers". Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne, n. 9 (24 aprile 2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jk.2018.9.05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper aims at analysing the question of melancholy and memory in contemporary Hindi literature. The author selected works by two Hindi writers (T. Grover and U. Vajpeyi), who represent similar approach towards literature and use similar means of expression. The two main motifs characteristic for their writing – love (pyār) and loss (a-bhāv) – are closely related to the creative process: the loved one is the lost object, the one subjugated to melancholy, who can be remembered through writing. In the light of A. Świeściak’s idea of “melancholic subject” and S. Bahun’s concept of “performing melancholia”, the author discusses ways in which both the writers construct their literary world, inhabit it with loved/absent objects (beloved, father), and mourn their loss. The subject in their writing is both fictional and biographical, so the loss relates to literary as well as real events, becomes multidimensional. In Grover’s Blue, the subject’s separation with the beloved leads her to realise the loss of her father in childhood, and thus unveils the mourning and melancholy (symbolically represented by blue/Blue). U. Vajpeyi’s poems create a space for meeting his lost love, for weeping and remembrance, for exchanging letters (and writing). The results of the present study show that melancholy – as a consequence of loss, mourning, and remembering - becomes a creative force, inducing the author (narrator, subject) to write.
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Rees, Robert. "Melancholia". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 46, n. 2 (1 luglio 2013): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/dialjmormthou.46.2.0094.
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Fink, Max, e Michael A. Taylor. "Melancholia". British Journal of Psychiatry 194, n. 5 (maggio 2009): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.194.5.463.
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Parker, Gordon. "Melancholia". American Journal of Psychiatry 162, n. 6 (giugno 2005): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1066.
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Carta, Stefano. "Melancholia". Journal of Analytical Psychology 60, n. 5 (26 ottobre 2015): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12182.
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Parker, Gordon, e Amelia Paterson. "Melancholia". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 27, n. 1 (gennaio 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000024.
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Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan, e Philip Boyce. "Melancholia". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 25, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e32834dc147.
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Stewart, Alistair. "Melancholia". British Journal of Psychiatry 199, n. 1 (luglio 2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.199.1.48.
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Martino, Diego J., Alejandro G. Szmulewicz, Marina P. Valerio e Gordon Parker. "Melancholia". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 207, n. 9 (settembre 2019): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001090.
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McCall, W. Vaughn. "Melancholia". Journal of ECT 22, n. 4 (dicembre 2006): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yct.0b013e31802d0582.
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Paykel, E. S. "Melancholia". Journal of Psychopharmacology 1, n. 2 (marzo 1987): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026988118700100202.
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McGuire, Susan. "Melancholia". Psychological Perspectives 65, n. 3-4 (2 ottobre 2022): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332925.2022.2153519.
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