Tesi sul tema "Medical illustration"

Representing the human body ??? science as social meaning adopts and develops systemic functional social semiotics to analyse the popular science texts, The Human Body, Superhuman, Human Instinct, Brain Story, The Secret Life of Twins and How to Build a Human. These are predominantly produced through the resources of the Wellcome Trust and/or the BBC/TLC (The Learning Channel), and feature celebrity doctors (Robert Winston) or scientists (Susan Greenfield) as presenters. Adopting a modified and expanded systemic functional semiotics derived from Kress and van Leeuwen (1996, 2001), it is argued that these texts share a logic that displaces social/historical time (including broader historical and social struggles) by constructing the apparent timelessness of middle-class families, by metaphor and abstraction. Central to the temporalities of these programmes is the notion of ???going back??? to the familial in which conscious (patriarchal) time is seen as ???male??? and the unconscious timeless is seen as ???female???. Second, the penetrative digital modes of the programmes imagine different, if conventional, genders, emphasising the interior and inertial female. The popular medical science discourses highlighted in the analysis constitute an unconscious set of taken-for-granted socio-political contexts in which medical and bioscientific knowledge is paraded and celebrated. Narrative resolution of the contradictions inherent in the contextual refrain of contemporary global capitalism is largely achieved through time by the semiotic realisation of ???going back??? to evolutionary, genetic, and (hence to) essential time and to abstracted spatial metaphors. The production origins (British, multi-national) of the factual science documentary prefigure or pre-structure the genre???s conservative colonising discourse around gender, ???race??? and evolution that are developed as social, political or even military metaphors.

Exegesis (MA--Art and Design) -- AUT University, 2007.<br>Primary supervisor: Laurent Antonczak. Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (67 leaves : col. ill. ; 30 cm. + DVD) in City Campus Collection (T 743.49 CAR)

Together with a research group from Mälardalen University’s department of Health, Care and Social Welfare, a prototype for an iPad app was created that aims to solves some of the current issues in healthcare for toddlers. The prototype would then be used by the research group to test with toddlers and examine whether the toddlers’ knowledge of basic medical treatments was increased. Due to varying linguistic backgrounds and abilities, the iPad had to be completely free of words, communicating only through sounds, images and animation. In this study, a research question was developed: What design aspects of illustrations and animations make them identifiable and ensure basic usability in an interactive iPad app that does not contain any written or spoken words for children between the ages 3 and 5? In order to find the answers to this question, an expert review was conducted, relevant design principles were studied to learn more about usability guidelines and animation for children, a prototype was created and iterative participatory tests were conducted with children of the same age as the target audience. These methods showed that there is a lack of usability guidelines when it comes to designing usability for a young audience. However, the usage of an expert review method prior to creating an app proved to be an effective way to see different design strategies in action and evaluate them. The participatory tests indicated that the usage of two different gestures is challenging for young children, and that instructions for these two gestures have to be different from one another.

Este projeto visa espelhar o trabalho realizado no âmbito da ilustração médica, num estágio de dez meses, por um mestrando de Ilustração Científica e uma entidade especialista nessa mesma área. Os principais resultados centram-se no desenvolvimento de ilustrações e animações tridimensionais para incorporar um projeto multimédia interativo com fins educacionais. “Homo electricus – A Eletricidade na Vida Humana”, atividade do Museu da Eletricidade, tem como objetivo explicar a jovens estudantes os fenómenos químico-elétricos que se processam no interior do corpo humano de forma interativa e dinâmica. A integração na equipa do Círculo Médico permitiu conhecer os seus procedimentos e perceber quais as suas necessidades profissionais. Ao longo do tempo o mestrando sofreu uma evolução técnica que o habilitou grandemente para trabalhar na área da animação digital e do software específico “3D Studio Max”; ABSTRACT: This project aims to explain the work done within the medical illustration, a ten-month internship for a Master's of Scientific Illustration and a entety specialist in the same area. The main results focus on the development of three-dimensional illustrations and animations to incorporate an interactive multimedia project for educational purposes. “Homo electricus – A Eletricidade na Vida Humana”, activity of the Museum of Electricity, aims to explain to young students electrical-chemical phenomenon that take place inside the human body in an interactive and dynamic mode. The integration in team of Círculo Médico allowed to know their medical procedures and understand their profissional needs. Over time the apprentice technique has evolved greatly enabled him to work in the field of digital animation and specific software"3D Studio Max"

La presente tesis doctoral se centra, básicamente, en el estudio sobre la figura y obra artística del notabilísimo ilustrador medico Dr. Rafael Alemany, sin duda alguna una de las grandes figuras de la ilustración científica, desgraciadamente poco conocidas en nuestro país. El tema es de suma importancia para la comunidad universitaria, tanto por hacer justicia a la memoria del Dr. Rafael Alemany, como por estudiar la calidad y técnica de sus dibujos e ilustraciones, cuyo verdadero valor fue dignamente apreciado en los Estados Unidos, en donde se le acogió mediante una ley especial y con el nombramiento de doctor y profesor de la Universidad de Filadelfia. Dicha investigación es a la vez de gran interés en el campo de las Bellas Artes como en el de la Medicina, ya que este tipo de ilustraciones presenta una de las facetas más interesantes en que arte y ciencia se unen para aclarar ideas y conceptos que a veces con el lenguaje verbal resultan difíciles y poco didácticas.

Nos últimos anos, temos nos deparado com a difusão maciça e a popularização crescente de descrições biológicas para aspectos outrora pensados como mentais, sociais, ou relacionais. Visível em diversas arenas leigas e científicas, esta tendência freqüentemente elege o cérebro como o órgão privilegiado da sua atenção. A cada semana é divulgada uma nova localização cerebral correlacionada os mais variados aspectos comportamentais e ou de personalidade. Acompanhando este movimento, é notável o esforço intelectual e financeiro despendido nos últimos anos no campo da saúde mental, no sentido de fazer avançar pesquisas cujo foco central é a descoberta das bases neurobiológicas dos transtornos mentais. Esta tendência apontaria na direção de uma fusão entre a psiquiatria e a neurologia em uma disciplina única, de teor fisicalista, chamada por alguns de cerebrologia. Dentre os acontecimentos que serviram de alicerce para a legitimação e a popularização desta tendência, o desenvolvimento nas últimas décadas de novas técnicas e tecnologias de visualização médica, como a tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET scan) e a ressonância magnética funcional (fMRI), foi fundamental. Elas permitiram a construção de imagens das mais diversas categorias nosográficas construídas no campo psiquiátrico, veiculando tacitamente uma série de pressupostos e promessas. Malgrado o imaginário cultural sustentado por estas tecnologias e todo o esforço despendido nas últimas décadas no sentido de se tentar localizar os marcadores biológicos dos transtornos psiquiátricos, não há, até o presente momento, nenhum resultado conclusivo que autorize o diagnóstico por imagem de nosografias como a esquizofrenia, a depressão, e muito menos o jogo patológico. Apesar de todo o alarde midiático e dos montantes milionários direcionados para pesquisas nesta área, os resultados concretos obtidos até agora não estão livres das mais ferozes controvérsias. Entretanto, ainda que estejamos muito longe da construção de mapas precisos para as perturbações mentais é espantoso o poder de convencimento que as neuro-imagens comportam na atualidade. Os scans são exibidos como verdades visuais, ou fatos acerca das pessoas e do mundo, numa proporção muito superior aos dados que apresentam. Alguns críticos chamam este aspecto de neurorealismo, ou de retórica da auto-evidência. A intenção deste trabalho é problematizar o poder persuasivo que as neuro-imagens detém na contemporaneidade, especialmente quando utilizadas com a finalidade diagnóstica no campo da saúde mental. Se estas imagens transmitem uma ideia de neutralidade, transparência imediata e auto-evidência, este trabalho almeja inseri-las num contexto sócio-histórico, a partir do qual puderam adquirir sentido, familiaridade e valor de verdade. O ponto de partida é o de que elas estão localizadas no cruzamento de dois movimentos históricos distintos: o das ilustrações médicas, em sua relação com a produção de conhecimento objetivo; e o das pesquisas acerca da localização no córtex cerebral de comportamentos complexos e traços de personalidade. Além de estabelecer algumas condições históricas de possibilidade para a emergência de um neo-localizacionismo cerebral, mediado pelas novas tecnologias de imageamento, pretende-se enfatizar algumas descontinuidades com projetos anteriores e marcar a influência do contexto cultural da atualidade para o sucesso e poder persuasivo deste tipo de tecnologia.<br>Lately, we have seen the popularization and massive difusion of biological descriptions to aspects that we used to consider as social or mentaly based. Notable in scientific and lay environments, this tendency frequently chooses the brain as the privileged organ of its attention. Every week, a new cerebral locality, related to behavioral and personality traces, is publicized. Along with this movement, it is remarkable the intellectual and financial efforts undertaken in the last years in the domaine of mental health, to advance the researchs that aim to discover the neurobiological basis of the mental disorders. This tendency points to the fusion between psychiatry and neurology in only one discipline, phisicalistically based, sometimes called brainology. One of the most important events that served as a base to the legitimation and the popularization of this trend was the development, in the last decades, of the new medical imaging techniques and technologies, like the Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) and the Functional Magnetical Ressonance Imaging (fMRI). These technologies allowed the image construction of almost every nosografic category made up in the psychiatric domaine, transmitting implicitly many assumptions and promises. Notwithstanding the cultural imaginary sustaned by these technologies and the efforts undertaken to localize the biological markers of psychiatric disorders, there isnt, until the present time, any conclusive result that entitle the imaging diagnostic of nosographies like schizophrenia, depression, and the pathogical gambling. In spite of the mediatic attention and the milionaires amounts destined to researchs in this field, the concret results obtained until now arent free from tough controversies. However, even considering we are very far from the construction of accurate maps for the mental disfunctions, its incredible the power of conviction that neuroimages have nowadays. The scans are exhibited as visuable truths, or facts concerning the people and the world, in a proportion much superior to the data they present. Some critics call such an aspect neurorealism, or rhetoric of auto-evidence. The aim of this work is to question the persuasive power acquired by the neuroimages nowadays, especially when addopted to diagnostic aims in the field of mental health. If these images pass the idea of neutrality, immediate transparence and auto-evidence, this work intends to include them in a social-historical context, through wich they have obtained meaning, familiarity, and the status of truth. The point of depart is their localization in the crossing of two different historical movements: that of the medical illustrations, in its relation to the production of objective knowledge; and that of the researches about the localization, in the brain cortex, of complex behaviours and personality traits. Besides the establishment of some historical conditions of possibylity to the emergence of a cerebral neo-localizationism, this work pretends to stress some diferences in relation to preceding localizationist projects, and to emphasize the influence of the contemporary cultural context to the success e persuasive power of this kind of technologie.

Le continuel développement des outils statistiques permet aujourd’hui la modélisation de nombreux phénomènes, toujours plus complexes. En combinant l’approche offerte par des modèles statistiques spécifiques, dit "multiniveaux", et leurs applications à différentes problématiques médicales, cette thèse s’inscrit à la croisée de divers domaines : celui des statistiques, de par la méthodologie sur laquelle reposent les résultats ; mais aussi, celui de l’économie de la santé et de la santé publique en général, au travers des applications présentées.La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse aux aspects théoriques, et plus particulièrement à l’évolution des méthodologies, du modèle de régression linéaire simple aux modèles multiniveaux pour des liens non nécessairement linéaires. Le déroulé historique de la modélisation mais également les hypothèses, le principe, la stratégie d'analyse et enfin les limites y sont abordés.La seconde partie s’articule autour de deux applications multiniveaux distinctes. La première concerne les déterminants de l'observance et des interruptions de traitement, chez les personnes infectées par le virus du VIH/Sida suivant un traitement par antirétroviraux, dans le contexte du Cameroun. La seconde, quant à elle, s'intéresse au recours aux soins dentaires chez les personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus et vivant en domicile ordinaire. Ces deux applications sont comparables dans leurs méthodologies puisqu’il s’agit de déterminer les comportements étudiés par des variables individuelles habituellement retenues, mais aussi des variables de "contexte" (caractéristiques de l’offre de soins).La troisième partie est consacrée aux applications sur le panel de médecins généralistes et traite deux études autonomes. La première expose les réticences des médecins, et le rôle de leurs aprioris, face aux Recommandations de Bonnes Pratiques (RBP). Elle nous permet de déboucher sur quelques pistes pour améliorer l’usage des RBP en médecine de ville. La seconde analyse la similarité – ou parfois la dissimilarité – entre le cycle d’activité des médecins généralistes et la saisonnalité des épidémies, dans le but d’identifier les facteurs favorisant l’ajustement des médecins généralistes aux variations saisonnières des besoins des patients. Cette étude pourrait permettre, notamment, d’anticiper et de mieux gérer des situations de crise sanitaire, avec l’appui effectif de la médecine de ville<br>The continual development of statistical tools allows the modelling of numerous phenomena, including the complex ones. Using a set of statistical techniques and applications, based on the so-called “multilevel” modelling, this thesis deals with different aspects related to the statistical methodology and applications as per health economics and public health.The first part reconsiders the evolution of methodology, starting from the simple linear regression techniques to the more complex multilevel modelling as applied to both the linear and non-linear relations. It addresses issues related to the historical development, the hypotheses, the strategy of analysis, and the scope of applications. The second part presents two distinct multilevel studies. The first concerns the determinants of observance and interruptions of treatment for persons infected by the HIV/AIDS and treated with antiretroviral in Cameroon. The second one focuses on the use of dental services for the elderly. The two studies are methodologically comparable in that, besides integrating the usually retained individual variables, the analyses examine health seeking behaviours, particularly, the utilisation of health care services, while accounting for contextual determinants such as the characteristics of health supply (clinic, department or region).The third part is dedicated to the applications on GPs' panel and contains two different studies. The first one explains the GPs’ behaviours and the role of their aprioris vis-à-vis Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG), and suggests solutions to overcome their negative attitudes. The second study analyses the similarity – sometimes the differences – between the cycle of GPs’ activity and the seasonality of epidemics with the aim of better understanding determinants favouring the adjustment of the GP in the seasonal variations of the patients needs. This study helps anticipate and manage situations of sanitary crisis, with the effective support of general practitioners

Les techniques d'acquisition des signaux médicaux sont en constante évolution et fournissent une quantité croissante de données hétérogènes qui doivent être analysées par le médecin. Dans ce contexte, des méthodes automatiques de traitement des signaux médicaux sont régulièrement proposées pour aider l'expert dans l'analyse qualitative et quantitative en facilitant leur interprétation. Ces méthodes doivent tenir compte de la physique de l'acquisition, de l'a priori que nous avons sur ces signaux et de la quantité de données à analyser pour une interprétation plus précise et plus fiable. Dans cette thèse, l'analyse des tissus biologique par spectroscopie RMN et la recherche des activités fonctionnelles cérébrales et leurs connectivités par IRMf sont explorées pour la recherche de nouveaux bio-marqueurs. Chaque information médicale sera caractérisée par un ensemble d'objets que nous cherchons à extraire, à aligner, et à coder. Le regroupement de ces objets par la mesure de leur similitude permettra leur classification et l'identification de bio-marqueurs. C'est ce schéma global d'indexation et de recherche par le contenu d'objets pour la détection des bio-marqueurs que nous proposons. Pour cela, nous nous sommes intéressés dans cette thèse à modéliser et intégrer les connaissances a priori que nous avons sur ces signaux biologiques permettant ainsi de proposer des méthodes appropriées à chaque étape d'indexation et à chaque type de signal<br>The medical signal acquisition techniques are constantly evolving in recent years and providing an increasing amount of data which should be then analyzed. In this context, automatic signal processing methods are regularly proposed to assist the expert in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these images in order to facilitate their interpretation. These methods should take into account the physics of signal acquisition, the a priori we have on the signal formation and the amount of data to analyze for a more accurate and reliable interpretation. In this thesis, we focus on the two-dimensional 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence HSQC spectra obtained by High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning HR-MAS NMR for biological tissue analysis and the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI images for functional brain activities analysis. Each processed medical information will be characterized by a set of objects that we seek to extract, align, and code. The clustering of these objects by measuring their similarity will allow their classification and then the identification of biomarkers. It is this global content-based object indexing and retrieval scheme that we propose. We are interested in this thesis to properly model and integrate the a priori knowledge we have on these biological signal allowing us to propose there after appropriate methods to each indexing step and each type of signal

碩士<br>中原大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>98<br>Illustration for medical visualization can achieve the hand-drawn effects or enhance some geometric features such as muscle texture. Illustrative visualization as text illustration provides realistic or enhanced 3D images to achieve better teaching effects than medical volume visualization for residents or students with less clinic experiences. Our methods provide illustration method for the musculoskeletal surgery. Because the relations between operated and neighboring structures, and dissected muscles and skins can be demonstrated, the simulations can be an effective tool for teaching residents and students and rehearsing surgery for surgeons.

The field of medical illustration is experiencing fundamental changes which demand that new knowledge bases be incorporated into existing academic curricula. Students admitted into medical illustration programs come with diverse backgrounds, skills, knowledge, and experiences. This necessitates a comprehensive list of competencies for medical illustrators. However, no such list currently exists. The purpose of this study was to (1) identify all of the tasks (competencies) required of a professional medical illustrator; (2) analyze the necessary level of achievement assigned to each competency by practicing, professional medical illustrators; and (3) organize competencies into curricular themes for the development of a competency-based academic curriculum. A Medical Illustration Competency-Based Process Model (MICBPM) was developed as a methodological tool to establish a competency-based curriculum and was followed to address the research objectives. A panel of experts identified the competencies; a survey was designed consisting of 89 competencies. The survey was sent to 678 medical illustrators from the Association of Medical Illustrators' (AMI) 2002-2003 membership database who had addresses in the United States. Respondents were asked to rate these competencies on their perceived level of achievement necessary. One hundred-forty-two surveys were returned representing a 20.9% response rate. Frequency distributions for demographic characteristics were calculated. ANOVAs were used to investigate differences among average scores for competencies within demographic groups. Demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, time in the field, school affiliation and levels of freelance were analyzed. Factor Analysis determined 21 dimensions of highly correlated competencies. Findings indicated that demographic characteristics did not generally influence the perceived level of achievement needed for medical illustration competencies. Factors were organized into curricular themes; three broad subject headings. This study has provided a structure for a list of important competencies, provided by medical illustrators themselves. Educational administrators will have information with which to restructure their curricula. Governing bodies for medical illustration program accreditation can use the competencies developed in this study.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>98<br>Marching cubes algorithm is widely used in volume isosurface reconstruction. However, Marching cubes algorithm can not reconstruct multiple types of tissues and change local isosurface at the same time. In this paper, we propose a cube structure to record classification of marching cubes and triangles of cube, then we can build to add or delete vertex and triangle in cube independent. Because only local cubes be changed, therefore isosurface can be reconstructed immediately. In the mean- while, vertexes of triangle can show the different colors in different types，so multiple types of tissues can reconstruct isosurface.

This thesis investigates the changes and challenges technology has created in the field of technical illustration. Technical illustration includes the fields of technical drawing as well as scientific and medical illustration. Previously, technical illustrators learned and used traditional illustration methods, without the aid of computers. However, technology has rapidly entered the field and has changed the education, work environment, skills, and role of the technical illustrator. I note both the benefits and disadvantages that current technical illustrators are facing in their work. I explore both sides of the digital media and traditional art debate while focusing on the technical illustrator's role, tools and methods used in the illustration process, education, idea-generation, and the future of technical illustration. By emphasizing the issues associated with the incorporation of digital media into traditional methods, I hope to bring awareness to the transformation of technical illustration and the future of this discipline.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>English<br>Arts and Humanities<br>English; Technical Communications Track

碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>生物醫學資訊研究所<br>101<br>The electronic health record can integrate patient data in the informatics way, reduce medical expense, decrease medical record storage space. The EHR became more and more popular in the world. But, the medical illustrations in electronic form are still unsatisfied. This study use the new generation tablet PC with customized application as a drawing tool. The object of this article is to evaluate the system using in surgical domain. The study developed a clinical drawing application on Apple iPad2. The results of simulated scenarios showed similar quality comparing with traditional method. After four weeks, the questionnaire according to technology acceptance model showed 87.5% positive result in usefulness, ease of use, and user satisfaction. The study concluded that the new generation tablet PC with customized clinical drawing application can improve the illustration in surgical domain.

Modern medical students are exposed to a variety of anatomical and physiology textbooks and atlases as part of their medical training. Although little has been written on how these students interact with medical illustrations during learning, several scholars allude to the importance of combining visual and textual information in the learning process. Medical illustrators have the ability to proficiently organise visual and textual elements in such a fashion to communicate a certain message. However, medical illustrators should be aware of students’ needs when designing visual material for learning purposes. The gap that this study aimed to address is one often experienced in South Africa, where illustrators know very little about the user, in this case medical students’ use of illustrations as a learning tool. The importance of this study derives from the development of user-centred knowledge to improve the quality of work produced by medical illustrators. The aim of the study was to explore how design elements and principles influence the use, comprehension and preference of medical illustrations as part of the learning experience. Two other aspects selected for this study are the relevance of labelling techniques in medical illustration as well as the quality of the reproduction of images, especially for learning purposes. This study was conducted through exploratory qualitative research in order to develop a deeper understanding of the way medical illustrations are used during learning. Constructivism was selected as the epistemological approach for this study as it focuses on new knowledge constructed by students from previous experiences. Data was collected by means of semi-structured in-depth interviews and open-ended questions. Six second year and six fifth year medical students of the School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Pretoria were purposively selected and interviewed. The discussion guide used for interviews consisted of 15 sets of medical illustrations with three or four images per set. Each illustration contained a different application of the same design characteristic, but similar in content or nature of information. The largest part of the interview was an adaptation of the repertory grid method to compare and analyse rich data. Data were transcribed verbatim and organised following the principles of grounded theory. Data sheets were listed, compared and analysed through the application of open and axial coding to determine the relationship between students’ learning styles, and the attributes of the design characteristics selected for this study. This study shows that design elements in medical illustrations influences second- and fifth-year medical students’ comprehension and learning of anatomy when illustrations are used as teaching material. Deeper understanding regarding their learning styles, drawing abilities and preference for drawing styles were gained. Furthermore, second- and fifth-year medical students’ preferences for media, labelling methods, as well as the quality of the reproduction of the illustrations for learning purposes were illustrated. This information is imperative when designing illustrations for learning and teaching purposes. This study accentuates the importance of collaboration with medical illustrators in South Africa and abroad, as well as with physicians and educators.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Visual Arts<br>unrestricted

碩士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>醫務管理研究所<br>92<br>Abstract On March 1, 1995, the universal health care system was initially implemented in Taiwan. Considering continuous inflation of medical costs, the Diagnostic Related Group/Prospective Payment System (DRG/PPS) was proposed to replace Fee For Service (FFS). The DRG is a disease classification system that consists of many parameters, including disease diagnosis, surgery, disease complications and co-complications, condition of patient at discharge, gender and age. The system is based on the completion and accuracy of disease classification, disease coding and medical records. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the quality of medical records on medical payments. Research design used a case-control study. The population came from a hospital case data set collected from January to December 2003. Case group was selected based on medical payments that deviated from the reasonable and customary scale. Gender and DRG parameters were used to match the case group and control group. A conditional logistic regression model was employed to calculate the odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. Research results indicated: (1) An odd ratio between case group and control group was 55. The case group was affected by the quality of medical record used by the DRG classification. This indicates that the quality of medical records had a significant effect on the DRG classification. (2) An odd ratio of 10.88 between case group and control group based on the quality of medical record affecting disease coding. This shows that the quality of medical record significantly affected disease coding. (3) The misclassification of DRG in the case group contributed to the loss of NT 4,477,602. The results of this study led to a recommendation that health agencies work with hospital management officials to correctly record data in medical records. Furthermore, establishing a system of evaluation and quality control would improve the completeness and accuracy of medical records. Therefore, this study concludes that ongoing and continuous monitoring of patient records is needed to implement an effective health care payment policy.

Leki stanowią bardzo ważną rolę w życiu człowieka, a ich poprawne użycie zależy od właściwego zrozumienia tekstów, które im towarzyszą. Do tekstów tych zaliczane są: ulotka dla pacjenta, Charakterystyka Produktu Leczniczego oraz informacje znajdujące się na opakowaniu zewnętrzym. Wśród tych dokumentów na szczególną uwagę zasługuje ulotka dla pacjenta, bowiem zgodnie z Dyrektywą 2001/83/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 6 listopada 2001 r. w sprawie wspólnotowego kodeksu odnoszącego się do produktów leczniczych stosowanych u ludzi: Ulotka dołączana do opakowania produktu leczniczego musi być sporządzona i zaprojektowana w formie jasnej i zrozumiałej, umożliwiając właściwe postępowanie osobom stosującym dany produkt leczniczy, w miarę potrzeby z pomocą osób wykonujących zawód związany z ochroną zdrowia. Ulotka dołączana do opakowania produktu leczniczego musi być czytelna w języku urzędowym lub językach Państwa Członkowskiego, w którym produkt leczniczy jest wprowadzany do obrotu. (Art 63, p. 2). W świetle powyższej dyrektywy, jak również na podstawie własnych obserwacji oraz biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie omawianego tekstu, za cel niniejszej rozprawy obrano analizę czytelności oraz zrozumiałości języka zawartego w ulotce do leków. Zważywszy na uniwersalny charakter problematyki oraz zainteresowania autorki rozprawy, badania zostały przeprowadzone na materiale włoskim oraz polskim. Praca doktorska podzielona została na trzy części. W pierwszej części dokonano opisu przedmiotu badań, w oparciu o istniejące definicje ulotki dla pacjenta oraz odnoszące się do niej podstawy prawne, uwzględniając podjętą w nich kwestię czytelności. W następnej kolejności zwrócono uwagę na typologie tekstów oraz akty językowe. W tym obszarze przeprowadzono próbę przypisania poszczególnych części ulotki do klasyfikacji zaproponowanych m.in. przez Werlicha i Zmarzer. Dalszą część pierwszego rozdziału poświęcono podziałowi ulotek wchodzących w corpus niniejszej pracy na podstawie dominującego w nich stylu - komunikacyjnego bądź notarialnego - według klasyfikacji opisanej przez Daniele Puato (2013). W kolejnej części zajęto się tekstami specjalistycznymi. Temat został wprowadzony poprzez przedstawienie definicji oraz cech wyróżniających tego rodzaju teksty na poziomie morfosyntaktycznym i leksykalnym. Na podstawie omówionych elementów sklasyfikowano ulotki jako teksty specjalistyczne wpisujące się do grupy tekstów medycznych. Ta część rozprawy została zakończona opisem korpusu, w skład którego wchodzi 100 ulotek medycznych, pochodzących z opakowań włoskich i polskich lekarstw. Drugi rozdział pracy poświęcono zagadnieniu czytelności. Problematyka została wprowadzona poprzez wyznaczenie różnicy między tym co czytelne a tym co zrozumiałe. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań w niniejszej pracy, pojęcie czytelności odnosi się do wartości ilościowych, natomiast zrozumiałość do cech jakościowych. Wobec tego, w drugiej części rozprawy, dokonano analizy czytelności przy pomocy indeksów czytelności. Poprzez wykorzystanie niniejszych metod analitycznych możliwe było przeprowadzenie analizy poziomu czytelności wszystkich ulotek wchodzących w skład korpusu. Zważywszy na unikalny charakter indeksów oraz ich ograniczone zastosowanie do kilku języków, do przeprowadzenia analizy tekstów ulotek w języku włoskim posłużono się indeksem Gulpease, podczas gdy dla języka polskiego wykorzystano indeks określony przez Walerego Pisarka. Ponadto, dla analizy czytelności obu języków zastosowano indeks zaproponowany przez Roberta Gunninga (tzw. indeks mgły). W trzeciej części pracy uwagę skierowano na kwestię zrozumiałości. Problematyka została ujęta w oparciu o czynniki językowe, które mogą utrudnić lub wspomóc zrozumienie tekstu. W perspektywie czynników utrudniających zrozumienie skupiono się na terminach specjalistycznych specyficznych, do których zaliczono akronimy i eponimy oraz na terminach obocznych (tecnicismi collaterali). W analizie terminów pierwszej grupy badanie rozpoczęto od wyznaczenia definicji poszczególnych elementów, poprzez analizę ich obecności, odpowiednio w tekstach ulotek włoskich i polskich oraz określenie rodzajów ich realizacji. W odniesieniu do terminów obocznych - rozpoczęto od definicji oraz analizy terminów na poziomie morfosyntaktycznym by przejść następnie do terminów leksykalnych. Analiza tych ostatnich została oparta o listę terminów ustanowioną przez Serianniego i wzbogaconą o propozycje Di Pasquale oraz Puato. Lista terminów włoskich została uzupełniona przykładami pochodzącymi z korpusu oraz dla każdego zaproponowano polski odpowiednik. Następnie podjęto dyskusję dotyczącą zjawiska terminów obocznych w języku polskim. W drugiej części trzeciego rozdziału skupiono się natomiast na technikach wspomagających zrozumienie tekstu. Zwrócono uwagę na pojawiające się w tekstach ulotek objaśnienia, definicje, przykłady, odniesienia do języka codziennego, synonimy oraz rozwinięcia akronimów. Analiza została przeprowadzona dla ulotek w obu badanych językach i każdy z elementów został opatrzony odpowiednimi przykładami. W zakończeniu pracy przedstawiono wnioski zawierające analizę podjętych tematów oraz wskazano możliwe kierunki dalszych badań.<br>Medicines play an important role in our lives and their proper use often depends on the correct understanding of texts attached to them. Those texts include: a package leaflet, the Summary of Product Characteristics and the information displayed on the exterior of packaging. Among those texts, we should draw our attention especially to a package leaflet because, according to the DIRECTIVE 2001/83/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use The package leaflet must be written in clear and understandable terms for the users and be clearly legible in the official language or languages of the Member State where the medicinal product is placed on the market. The first subparagraph shall not prevent the package leaflet being printed in several languages, provided that the same information is given in all the languages used. In the light of the above directive, and also on the basis of my observations as well as the importance of the meaning of these texts, the main purpose of the thesis is the analysis of readability and comprehensibility of the language included in package leaflets. Due to the universal character of the issue and my interest in the topic, research has been conducted on both Italian and Polish texts. The PhD thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part of the thesis the subject of research has been described based on the existing definition of a package leaflet and its legal basis regarding the readability issue. In the next part, my attention has been brought to typology of texts and language acts. An attempt to assign particular parts of package leaflets to Werlich's and Zmarzer's classification has been made. The next part of the first chapter is devoted to the division of package leaflets included in my thesis based on their dominant style - communicative or notarial - according to the classification described by Daniele Puato (2013). Furthermore, the characteristics of the specialist texts were presented based on the definition of this type of texts together with their lexical and morphosyntactic features. On the basis of the analysis, the package leaflets have been classified as medical texts belonging to the group of specialized texts. This part of the thesis was concluded with the description of the corpus consisting of 100 Italian and Polish package leaflets. The second chapter of the thesis is devoted to the readability aspect. In the introduction, the difference between the readable and the understandable was established. On the basis of the research conducted in this thesis, the concept of readability refers to quantitative features whilst the concept of comprehensibility refers to qualitative features. Taking this under consideration, in the second part of the chapter, the analysis of readability was made with the help of readability index. Thanks to the use of analytical methods, it was possible to analyze the level of readability of all package leaflets included in the corpus. Considering that the character of indexes is unique and their use is restricted to a number of languages, the Gulpease index was used in the analysis of Italian leaflets while the index by Walery Pisarek was used in the analysis of Polish leaflets. Moreover, the index proposed by Robert Gunning (so-called FOG) was used to analyze the level of readability in both languages. In the third chapter, the comprehensibility aspect was analyzed. The issue was based on linguistic factors which can hinder or support the comprehension. When discussing the factors hindering the understanding, I focused on specific specjalist terms including acronyms and eponyms as well as collateral terms (tecnicismi collaterali). The former was introduced by determining the definitions of certain elements through the analysis of their presence in Italian and Polish leaflets and specifying their types of realization. The latter was introduced by presenting the definitions and analysis of the terms on the morphosyntactic level and then lexical terms were analysed on the basis of the list of terms established by Serianni, later improved by Di Pasquale and Puato. The list of terms was complemented by the examples included in the corpus and for each term Polish equivalents were proposed. Moreover, the discussion on the occurrence of collateral terms in Polish language was presented. In the next part of the third chapter, I focused on different techniques supporting the understanding of those texts such as: explanations, definitions, examples, references to everyday language, synonyms and full forms of acronyms. The analysis was conducted on both Italian and Polish leaflets and each element was accompanied with examples. In the conclusion of my thesis, all the findings were presented together with the analysis of discussed topics. Moreover, the direction of possible further research was indicated.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of using animated computer 3-D figures illustration (ACTDFI) in the learning of polyhedron in geometry. By random sampling, intact group of four grade 9 classes in four different schools from a cluster of four educational district schools of Limpopo province in South Africa were selected. The study involved quasi-experimental and inquiry research approaches, the quasi-experimental approach involved pre and posttest design while the inquiry research approach involve classroom observation. There were three experimental groups and a control group with a total of 174 study participants. ACTDFI was used as an intervention for two weeks in the three experimental groups while in the control group, chalk-talk traditional teaching approach was used. Pre-test and post-test was used to collect quantitative data while classroom observation was used to collect qualitative data. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of using animated computer 3-D figures illustration (ACTDFI) in the learning of polyhedron in geometry. By random sampling, intact group of four grade 9 classes in four different schools from a cluster of four educational district schools of Limpopo province in South Africa were selected. The study involved quasi-experimental and inquiry research approaches, the quasi-experimental approach involved pre and posttest design while the inquiry research approach involve classroom observation. There were three experimental groups and a control group with a total of 174 study participants. ACTDFI was used as an intervention for two weeks in the three experimental groups while in the control group, chalk-talk traditional teaching approach was used. Pre-test and post-test was used to collect quantitative data while classroom observation was used to collect qualitative data. The findings from the quantitative Classroom observations were carried out to collect relevant data on how the study participants were taught stationary points in differential calculus, especially with the use of the constructivist pedagogical approach. A suitable observation checklist was developed for this purpose (Appendix 6 refers). Classroom observation checklist is a list of factors to be considered while observing a class. It gives a structure and framework for the observation. suggested that the use of ACTDFI might have improved academic achievement in learning of polyhedron during the intervention, while the qualitative data analysis indicated that the use of ACTDFI in the experimental groups might have facilitated the learning of the concepts of polyhedron. It is therefore recommended that further research is necessary on the application of ACTDFI in the teaching of 3-dimensional shapes at the primary schools<br>Mathematics Education<br>M. Sc. (Mathematics Education)