Tesi sul tema "Mécanismes corticaux"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-35 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Mécanismes corticaux".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
Gourévitch, Boris. "Etude des mécanismes corticaux auditifs par l'analyse de l'enveloppe temporelle". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S025.
Testo completoRaux, Mathieu. "Mécanismes corticaux de la compensation de charge inspiratoire chez l'homme éveillé : approche électrophysiologique". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066404.
Testo completoThis thesis demonstrates that inspiratory resistive breathing facilitates the diaphragm response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (corticospinal pathway) in spite of a decreased automatic drive to breathe (bulbospinal pathway). It also demonstrates , using respiratory premotor potentials identification, that pre motor cortical areas are involved in the compensation of mechanical inspiratory loads. In contrast, stimulating ventilation with carbon dioxide does not give rise to premotor potentials, that also lack during quiet breathing. Thus assessing premotor potentials in patiens placed under mechanical ventilation could provide a useful monitoring tool. In conclusion, we show, seemingly for the first time, that the premotor cerebral cortex participates to the compensation of inspiratory loading. This could have clinical implications in situations that are hallmarked by such a mechanical dysfunction (e. G. Patient-ventilator asynchrony, asthma, etc. )
Lacroix, Alexandre. "Les neurones pyramidaux corticaux dans le couplage neurovasculaire et neurométabolique : mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066200/document.
Testo completoThe tight coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, known as neurovascular coupling (NVC), is essential for brain functions. It is also the physiological basis of cerebral imaging, widely used to map neuronal activity in health and disease. Despite this importance, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. A better understanding of NVC will not only permit an accurate interpretation of cerebral imaging but also a better diagnosis of neurological diseases. In the cerebral cortex, numerous messengers are involved in NVC. Prostanoids, released during NMDA receptors activation, play a key role in NVC. However, the cellular and molecular origins, as well as the nature and the targets of this lipid messengers remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by the rate limiting cyclo-oxygenases 1 or 2 (COX-1 or COX-2) and specific terminal enzymes, are the main cortical vasodilatory prostanoid. This work shows that NMDA-induced vasodilations are COX-2 dependent and require the activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors of PGE2 and IP receptors of PGI2. Furthermore, pyramidal cells are the main cell type equipped for the biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGI2 derived from COX-2 activity. In summary, these observations demonstrate that pyramidal cells play a key role in NVC by releasing PGE2 produced via COX-2 and acting on the vasodilatory EP2 and EP4 receptors
Viou, Lucie. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la migration des interneurones corticaux : contribution de la protéine PAK3". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066784.
Testo completoIt is estimated that 2-3% of the population suffers from mental retardation (MR), i. E. Cognitive defects associated with a functional abnormality of cortical circuits. These deficits may also result from subtle defects in the organization of cortical circuits. During embryonic development, the inhibitory cortical interneurons migrate long distances before positioning in the cortex where they regulate the cortical activity. In humans, mutations in PAK3 corresponding to a loss of function of the protein are associated with MR. Now, PAK3 is a member of the family "p21- Activated Kinase" Group I whose expression is regulated in cortical interneurons as they migrate to the cortex. We therefore analyzed the migratory properties of cortical interneurons in the cortex expressing mutant forms of the protein PAK3. We have shown that mutations in PAK3 alter the morphology and dynamic properties of those neurons in the cortex. Their trajectories in the embryonic cortex are disrupted. MR mutations affect the capability of cortical interneurons to stabilize their migration extension in a particular direction while a constitutively active mutant of PAK3 induces an abnormal stabilization of migratory processes in a radial orientation. In humans, structural and/or functional defects of primary cilia are often associated with MR. Parallel to the PAK3 study, we have looked for the function of primary cilia in cortical interneurons migration, especially in the positioning of these cells in the cortex. We have shown that the primary cilium transmitted signals that promote exit away from tangential migration flows and reorientation towards the cortical plate of migrating cortical interneurons
Masse-Alarie, Hugo. "Neurostimulation périphérique et entraînement moteur en lombalgie chronique : Influence sur les mécanismes corticaux et le contrôle postural". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28665/28665.pdf.
Testo completoMassé-Alarie, Hugo. "Neurostimulation périphérique et entraînement moteur en lombalgie chronique : influence sur les mécanismes corticaux et le contrôle postural". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23163.
Testo completoSpieser, Laure. "Ré-agir vite et bien à une perturbation de mouvement : étude des mécanismes corticaux par couplage EEG-TMS chez l'homme". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20685/document.
Testo completoIn everyday life, our actions can be perturbed by rapid variations of environmentalexternal forces. In order to achieve our goals, we have to react “well and fast” to thesemovement perturbations. This reaction implies both cognitive and sensorimotor processes. Wewere interested in the cortical mechanisms (mainly involving the primary motor cortex, M1)underlying the interaction between cognitive and sensorimotor functions that allows theadaptation of the reaction to the perturbation according to the intention. We tried to relate themechanisms implicated during the preparation with those implicated during the realization ofthe reaction. With combined EEG-TMS (with EMG recording), we used a stimulation-recordingapproach, allowing simultaneous observation of cortical and corticospinal mechanisms, bothbefore and after the stimulation. This approach helps to obtain to a better understanding of therelationship between cerebral activity and behavior.In the first experiment, we used a central motor perturbation, i.e. subjects were asked toresist or to assist a movement evoked directly at the cortical level using TMS. We showed thatcognitive processes can directly influence cortical and corticospinal excitability before anyinvolvement of the sensorimotor processes related to the movement execution. When subjectsprepared to resist the TMS-evoked movement, the anticipatory increased activity of theintracortical inhibitory networks of M1 decreased the cortical excitability, leading to adecreased corticospinal excitability and thus to a reduced TMS-evoked movement.In the following experiments (2, 3 and 4), we were interested in cortical andcorticospinal mechanisms engaged during the preparation and the reaction to a peripheralmovement perturbation. We asked subjects either to resist or to not-react (to “let-go”) to apassive wrist extension, and we studied the mechanisms underlying the modulation of the longlatency stretch reflex (LLSR, starting about 50 ms after the perturbation) according to theintention. Concerning the corticospinal excitability, the results showed that, during thepreparation of a reaction to a peripheral perturbation, the anticipatory tuning of thecorticospinal excitability takes into account sensorimotor integrative phenomenons induced bythe afferent input due to the perturbation in such a way that the reaction, triggered by theafferent inputs, is adapted to the subject’s intention (experiment 2). At the cortical level, achange of M1 intracortical network activity (before the perturbation) precedes the modulationof the primary sensorimotor cortex activity that is linked to the LLSR generation (after theperturbation). This strongly suggests that anticipatory processes preset the primarysensorimotor cortex in order to adapt its early response to the perturbation according to thesubject’s intention (experiment 3). Finally, temporary inactivation of SMA proper (induced byTMS) showed that this non-primary motor area is also implicated in the modulation of thestretch reflex according to the intention (experiment 4).In conclusion, when we expect a motor perturbation, intention-specific preparatoryprocesses are engaged in SMA proper and the primary sensorimotor cortex that are differentfrom those involved in the realization of a movement without external force variations. Thesepreparatory processes allow the early motor reaction, generated by the primary sensorimotorcortex (triggered by the afferent input induced by the perturbation) to be adapted to thesubject’s intention
Bou, Sader Nehme Sarah. "Cortical mechanisms of comorbidity between pain sensitization and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a mouse model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0488.
Testo completoAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic pain are two complex conditions of multifactorial origins. Clinical and preclinical studies support an association between these two syndromes. However, the mechanisms underlying their comorbidity are not well understood. Previous findings from our team demonstrated a hyperactivity of the neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and a deregulation of the ACC-posterior insula (PI) pathway in ADHD-like conditions. Growing evidence also suggests a role for neuroinflammation in this concomitance. Our hypothesis thus suggests that neuroinflammation triggers an enhanced neuronal activity in the ACC that sensitizes pathways involved in ADHD symptoms and pain perception. Therefore, this Ph.D. work aims to elucidate the inflammatory mechanisms that may underlie ADHD and its associated pain sensitization, with an interest in the role of the purinergic P2X4 receptor.To address this question, we generated an ADHD-like mouse model through the unilateral intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at P5. Two-month-old wild-type male and female mice were sacrificed, their brains were extracted, and their ACC and PI were dissected. Fixed tissues were used to study microglial and astrocytic morphology while fresh tissues were utilized for transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic investigations. Moreover, mice with a total knock-out of the P2X4 receptor were tested for thermal and mechanical pain sensitization, in addition to hyperactivity. Fixed tissues of the ACC were used to study changes in microglial morphology while fresh tissues of the ACC and PI were utilized for transcriptomic analyses.Regarding the identification of inflammatory mechanisms in our ADHD-like mouse model, our results report (i) changes in microglial and astrocytic morphology, associated with cellular reactivity, in the ACC of 6-OHDA mice, (ii) the presence of a pro-inflammatory environment in the ACC and PI of 6-OHDA mice, (iii) modifications in protein expression and kinase (serine-threonine and tyrosine) activity in the ACC and PI of 6-OHDA mice, and correlated with impairments in axon guidance, apoptosis, cytoskeleton dynamics, signaling cascades, neurotrophins, and neurotransmitter systems, and (iv) alterations in protein interactions and, therefore, neuronal-astrocytic communication in the ACC of 6-OHDA mice. Finally, data integration identified four processes impaired in the ACC and PI of 6-OHDA males and females: apoptosis, axon guidance, synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation), and growth of neuronal components. Interestingly, alterations in these processes were not only linked to ADHD and chronic pain conditions but also associated with Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling cascades. Our findings also indicate a role for the P2X4 receptor in the worsening of ADHD hyperactivity symptom and the induction of morphological changes in microglial cells that correlate with cellular reactivity. However, it exerts a protective effect by limiting the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, possibly from non-microglial cells.In conclusion, our work provides interesting insights into the inflammatory mechanisms that may underpin the comorbidity between ADHD and pain sensitization. A mild and sustained pro-inflammatory environment in the ACC and PI drives changes in synaptic-related (long-term potentiation, axon guidance, outgrowth of neuronal components) and apoptotic processes. These impairments alter cell-cell connectivity and neuronal activity, thus participating in ADHD and chronic pain pathogenesis
Broix, Loïc. "Compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques des malformations du développement cortical associées à des mutations dans les gènes KIF2A et NEDD4L". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB103/document.
Testo completoMalformations of cortical development (MCD) result from alterations in different stages of corticogenesis such as proliferation, migration and neuronal differentiation, and are generally associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and severe intellectual disabilities. The genetics causes of MCD remain largely unknown, we have thus performed the whole-exome sequencing of many patients with MCD and reported the identification of multiple pathogenic missense mutations in KIF2A and NEDD4L genes. Within the frame of my thesis project, we propose to focus on the cellular and neurodevelopmental consequences resulting from KIF2A and NEDD4L mutations shown to be involved in MCD. KIF2A is a member of the kinesin-13 family, which rather than regulating cargos transport along microtubules (MT), regulates MT dynamics by depolymerizing MTs. The in utero electroporation approach allowed us to highlight the crucial role of KIF2A in the regulation neurogenesis, neuronal migration and the neuronal positioning in the cortex. Particularly, our data show that the expression of the KIF2A mutants involved in MDC lead to an increase in the number of cells in proliferative state which is a consequence of a prolonged time spent in the cell cycle. Our first cellular data and during development show that the expression of pathogenic KIF2A mutations induce alterations in the mitotic spindle integrity, in the mitotic progression and also an abnormal localization of KIF2A in the primary cilium. NEDD4L encodes a member of the NEDD4 family of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases known to regulate the turnover and function of a number of proteins involved in fundamental cellular pathways and processes. Firstly, cellular and expression data showed sensitivity of MCD-associated mutants to proteasome degradation. Moreover, the in utero electroporation approach showed that PNH-related mutants and excess wild-type NEDD4L affect neurogenesis, neuronal positioning and terminal translocation. Further investigations, including rapamycin-based experiments, found differential deregulation of pathways involved. Excess wild-type NEDD4L leads to disruption of Dab1 and mTORC1 pathways, while MCD-related mutations are associated with deregulation of mTORC1 and AKT activities. Altogether, these results reinforce the importance of MT-related proteins in cortical development describing the crucial role of KIF2A kinesin in mechanisms such as neuronal migration dynamics and neuronal progenitor’s cell cycle regulation. On the other hand, we also provide new data to better understand the critical role of NEDD4L in the regulation of mTOR pathways and their contributions in cortical development
Renouard, Leslie. "Mécanismes responsables de l'activation corticale pendant le sommeil paradoxal". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10278/document.
Testo completoTo move forward on the PS function, it is necessary to study its impact on the cortical functioning. We so compared the cortical genic expression by using DNA microarrays in three groups of rats with different PS amounts: control, deprived of PS and in PS hypersomnia. 71 and 83 transcripts have an expression level modified by our protocol in the neocortex and the hippocampal formation, respectively. These molecular results were confirmed by quantitative PCR. In the hippocampal formation the genes involved in synaptic plasticity (Fos, Arc, Cox2, Homer1) have an expression level increased after PS hypersomnia. In the contrary, in the neocortex the expression level of these genes increases after PS deprivation. At the systemic level, limbic areas (the dentate gyrus, anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex and claustrum) contain a number of FOS immunoreactive neurons, an indirect marker of neuronal activation, increased after PS hypersomnia. On the other hand, the number of FOS immunoreactive neurons in the sensory-motor cortices is decreased after PS hypersomnia compare to PS deprivation. The ejection of retrograde tracers in the dentate gyrus, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortex in PS hypersomniac rats showed that active neurons project to the supramammillary nucleus and claustrum. We then observed that the number of FOS and ARC immunoreactive neurons in the dentate gyrus, claustrum and limbic structures is strongly decreased during PS hypersomnia in rats bearing a supramammillary nucleus lesion. Furthermore, the supramammillary nucleus lesion leads to a decrease of the theta power recorded by electroencephalogram during PS in hypersomnia. It thus seems that the supramammillary nucleus projections are responsible for the limbic cortical regions activation during PS
Zaidi, Donia. "Étude des mécanismes pathogéniques dépendants des microtubules dans les progéniteurs neuronaux conduisant aux malformations corticales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS159.pdf.
Testo completoIn mammals, cortical development is a finely regulated process that leads to the formation of a functional cortex. Apical radial glial cells (RG) are key progenitor cells du ring cortical development, capable of self-renewal or neuronal generation, with a soma restricted to the ventricular zone (VZ) in rodents. Their nucleus migrates according to the phases of the cell cycle by a process called interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). RG have a bipolar shape, with a long basal process supporting neuronal migration and a short apical process facing the ventricle where a primary cilium (PC), anchored to a modified centrosome (‘basal body’), emerges and detects molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid. Genetic mutations can alter the function of RG, affecting cortical development and leading to cortical malformations. These malformations are associated in patients with epilepsy, intellectual disabilities and also neuropsychiatric disorders. It is therefore important to determine how the molecular and cellular processes involving RG can be disrupted by genetic mutations. Thus, my thesis work focused on the study of mutations affecting two different genes in the context of two rare cortical malformations. First, the gene encoding for the motor protein dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) was found mutated in patients with a complex cortical malformation associated with microcephaly (small brain) and dysgyria (gyri defects). We generated a Knock-In (KI) mouse model for this gene, reproducing a missense mutation found in a patient. During my thesis, I studied RG at mid-corticogenesis of this KI model and, by comparing it with a mouse model mutant for the same gene but leading to peripheral neuropathies, we showed RG alterations specific to the KI model. We found abnormalities in INM, cell cycle and neuronal migration. Also, defects of key organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus were identified in progenitors and are specific in the cortical malformation KI model. Secondly, subcortical heterotopia (SH) is a cortical malformation characterized by the abnormal presence of neurons in the white matter. Mutations in the gene coding for EML1 (Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 1) were identified in certain SH patients. When Eml1 is mutated in mice, numerous RG are found in basal positions of the cortical wall outside the VZ, suggesting that they detach apically. Within the apical process, abnormal PC formation and basal bodies were described. By studying a new mutant mouse model where Eml1 is inactivated, my work focused on subcellular and cellular alterations of RG to understand the pathogenic mechanisms leading to their detachment and thus to SH formation. In interphase RG, focusing on mechanisms upstream of PC formation, I analyzed centrosomes and determined that their structure is affected in patient and mouse mutant cells, and these defects are rescued by stabilizing microtubules. Recruitment of key centrosomal proteins is altered early in development, and the centrosomal protein Cep170 was found to be a specific interacting partner of EML1, this interaction being lost when EML1 carries a patient mutation. Because centrosomes and cilia are intimately linked to the cell cycle, I proceeded to analyze the RG cell cycle and identified alterations in cell cycle kinetics during early and mid-development. Single-cell RNA sequencing at two key developmental stages identified deregulations in cell cycle gene expression. Abnormal RG detachment appears greater in early compared to mid-development, suggesting that centrosomal and cell cycle alterations at this stage may be upstream of abnormal RG detachment. My thesis work thus brings new elements essential to the understanding of the altered mechanisms in neural progenitors related to rare cortical malformations
Lefort, Mathieu. "Apprentissage spatial de corrélations multimodales par des mécanismes d'inspiration corticale". Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756687.
Testo completoLefort, Mathieu. "Apprentissage spatial de corrélations multimodales par des mécanismes d'inspiration corticale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0106.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on unifying multiple modal data flows that may be provided by sensors of an agent. This unification, inspired by psychological experiments like the ventriloquist effect, is based on detecting correlations which are defined as temporally recurrent spatial patterns that appear in the input flows. Learning of the input flow correlations space consists on sampling this space and generalizing theselearned samples. This thesis proposed some functional paradigms for multimodal data processing, leading to the connectionist, generic, modular and cortically inspired architecture SOMMA (Self-Organizing Maps for Multimodal Association). In this model, each modal stimulus is processed in a cortical map. Interconnectionof these maps provides an unifying multimodal data processing. Sampling and generalization of correlations are based on the constrained self-organization of each map. The model is characterised by a gradual emergence of these functional properties : monomodal properties lead to the emergence of multimodal ones and learning of correlations in each map precedes self-organization of these maps.Furthermore, the use of a connectionist architecture and of on-line and unsupervised learning provides plasticity and robustness properties to the data processing in SOMMA. Classical artificial intelligence models usually miss such properties
Ménard, Olivier. "Mécanismes d'inspiration corticale pour l'apprentissage et la représentation d'asservissements sensori-moteurs en robotique". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118053.
Testo completode l'employer dans le domaine de la robotique, en utilisant des
algorithmes s'inspirant de la biologie corticale. Nous espérons, en
agissant ainsi, reproduire au mieux les qualités de robustesse,
d'uniformité de structure et d'adaptabilité dont le cortex est
pourvu. Nous avons basé notre modèle, au niveau computationnel, sur le
principe des automates cellulaires étendus, ce qui nous amène à
programmer des unités au sein de cartes, qui représentent chacune
l'équivalent, en biologie, d'une carte corticale. Nous orientons
l'évolution de ces unités afin d'obtenir des effets émergents, au
niveau des cartes, qui les amènent à former une boucle
perceptivo-motrice.
Par ailleurs, nous considérons que percevoir, c'est se préparer à
agir. Cela nous conduit à devoir concilier notre conception holistique
de la perception avec le fait que les multiples modalités de la
perception sont chacune représentées par une carte séparée dans notre
modèle, comme dans le cortex. Le c{\oe}ur de cette thèse est ainsi
consacré à la réalisation d'une liaison entre modalités, qui doit
\^{e}tre limitée afin de préserver la faisabilité computationnelle de
notre modèle, ce qui nous amène à contraindre fortement l'organisation
et l'apprentissage dans nos modules modaux. Tout en employant des
calculs locaux, nous nous sommes attachés à ce que chaque unité, dans
chaque carte de notre modèle, réalise un compromis entre les
influences propres à la modalité à laquelle elle appartient et les
influences des autres cartes permettant de maintenir la cohérence
multimodale de notre modèle.
Caux-Dedeystère, Alexandre. "Modulation tâche-dépendante des mécanismes inhibiteurs et désinhibiteurs du cortex moteur primaire chez l’homme". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S015/document.
Testo completoMovements are evoked by muscles contractions whose spatial organization is mediated by both spinal and cortical components. It is important to investigate the underlying circuitry of movements to extend our knowledge on how voluntary movement are controlled and to better understand the pathophysiology of movements disorders. The spinal alpha motoneurons innervating distal muscles are controlled at least in parts by corticomotoneuronal neurons located in the motor cortical areas. Among them, the primary motor cortex is considered as a key structure, performing a complex integration of multi-regional influences leading to appropriate motor behaviors. Axons from corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells of the primary motor cortex reach the spinal cord via descending motor pathway. CM neurons are influenced by local or distant, inhibitory and excitatory components which determine the balance of excitability. The aim of this thesis was to explore changes of some of the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of motor cortex as a function of the task being performed. We assessed the time course of Long-interval Intracortical Inhibition (LICI), Late Cortical Disinhibition (LCD) and Long interval Intracortical Facilitation (LICF), which are mechanisms that potentially act to modulate the output of CM controlling the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle. We compared three conditions : index finger abduction (a simple but not natural task), precision grip between index and thumb ( amore natural and complex task), and rest. We also evaluated the effect of task on interaction between LICI and Short Interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI). Finally, we assessed the time course of LICI in patients suffering from writer’s cramp. For this purpose, we used surface electromyography to record motor potentials evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.We showed a task-dependent change in late inhibitory and disinhibitory components. Compared with abduction task, the LICI induced during precision grip was shorter, suggesting an early disinhibition in more complex task. The disinhibition was followed by a period of facilitation only during the active tasks, i.e. facilitation was not observed when all muscles were at restat rest. However, long interval intracortical facilitation can be observed in a muscle at rest not engaged in an active task if a neighboring muscle is activated. It is therefore likely that mechanisms underlying facilitation are associated with voluntary contraction albeit with lack of topographic specificity. Interaction between LICI and SICI was not modified between tasks, suggesting that it was not involved in task-dependent changes of cortical excitability. Lastly, disinhibition was shown to be delayed in dystonic patients when the FDI was actively engaged in a precision grip but not in index abduction, compared with control subjects. An explanation might be that mechanisms underlying disinhibition are impaired in thumb-index precision grip (a task similar to that inducing unwanted contractions in writer’s cramp). Task-specidic disruption of LICI and late cortical disinhibition may therefore be at least in part responsible for pathophysiology of dystonia. It is likely that during complex task, the efficacy of LICI, and more generally of motor cortex inhibitory mechanisms, is modified to allow adaptation of CM neurons activity to the functional requirements of the motor task being performed
Tassin, Valériane. "Nouveaux mécanismes d'action du récepteur mGlu7a dans le thalamus : de la synapse au comportement". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13509/document.
Testo completoBrain functionning is gouverned by two master forces : excitation, mainly supported by glutamatergic transmission, and inhibition, mainly supported by GABAergic transmission. The mutual and balanced influence of these two forces is instrumental to establish and maintain a physiological neuronal activity, particulary in neuronal networks involving several interconnected brain area and neuron types. The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 7, mGlu7, modulates both glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, but its precise localization andsynaptic role are still widly unknown. Recently, a genetic mouse model has highlighted mGlu7a receptor's involvement into the functionning of a particular network supporting somatosensory perception during arousal and loss of consciousness during sleep, as well as absence epileptic seizures : the thalamo-cortical network. This thesis aims at understanding physiological functions mediated by the mGlu7a receptor in the thalamo-cortical circuit. I have dissected localization and electrophysiologicalprocesses triggered by the receptor in thalamic synapses. The mGlu7a receptor was proved as essential to control oscillatory rythmes in the thalamus, associated with both sleep-related waves (spindles) and absence epileptic seizures.This receptor was supposed to function only during high neuronal activities. In addition, our study highlights a constitutive activity of mGlu7a receptor in excitatory and inhibitory synapses. It thus exerts a permanent brake on Ca2+ presynaptic entry, which is crucial for neuronal developpement, synaptic transmission, excitability and plasticity. I found that this mechanism modulates glutamate and GABA release, but also short term plasticity in thestudied network. Moreover, mGlu7a receptor slows down the inhibitory tonus in the thalamus and thalamic excitability.Surprisingly for a glutamate receptor, these data suggest that the physiological action of mGlu7a receptor is highly involved in the control of the excitability of inhibitory thalamic and cortical neurons. By decreasing synchronous activities of the network, its action leads in fine to the maintenance of a conscious, awake state of a subject, that is necessary for sensorial informations processing, learning and memory
Etievant, Adeline. "Stimulation du cortex préfrontal : Mécanismes neurobiologiques de son effet antidépresseur". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00865594.
Testo completoWatroba, Laurent. "Plasticité de la carte corticale visuelle primaire calleuse du chat adulte : étude fonctionnelle et mécanismes sous-jacents". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066374.
Testo completoMarrari, Yannick. "Etude du mécanisme et de la régulation de la rotation corticale dans l'oeuf de xénope". Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE4037.
Testo completoThe cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs establishes the dorso-anterior organising center of the embryo. This translocation of the cortex relative to the cytoplasm starts when an array of aligned microtubules forms under the vegetal cortex, the plus ends of microtubules pointing in the direction of cortical displacement. The cortical rotation mechanism involves the two families of microtubule-dependant molecular motors, Kinesin Related Proteins and cytoplasmic dynein. The involvement of KRPs in cortical rotation mechanism was shown by the injection of a KRP inhibitory antibody which locally blocked cortical rotation, desorganised the subcortical array of microtubules and perturbed microtubule movement. The persistance of microtubule movement in the presence of the anti-KRP antibody in vivo, and the arrest of microtubule movement, reactivated by perfusion of ATP and interphase Xenopus egg extracts, provoked by simultaneous perfusion of anti-KRP and anti-dynein antibodies on isolated cortices led us to propose that dynein was also involved in the cortical rotation mechanism. Early injection of dynamitin, an inhibitor of dynein dependant transport, perturbed the organisation of sub-cortical microtubules while late injection did not arrest cortical translocation. These results indicate that dynein transports microtubules towards the cortex and maintains the microtubule array during an early period of the cortical rotation. Later, dynein activity becomes uneccessary, indicating that KRPs probably drive the cortical rotation. These findings led us to propose an integrated model for the mechanism of cortical rotation, in which dynein and KRPs have complementary actions
Zerimech, Sarah. "Dépression Corticale Envahissante : nouveau mécanisme d'initiation par hyperactivité des neurones GABAergiques, et stratégie pharmacologique pour la réduire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR4032.
Testo completoCortical Spreading Depression is a wave of neuronal depolarization that spread slowly across cerebral cortex. It generates a rapid phase of neuronal hyperactivity, followed by a slower phase of electrical silence of cortical cells. It is possible to experimentally induce CSD on several animal models, in vivo or on neocortical slices, by focal application of Glutamate, Acetylcholine or highly concentrated KCl solution, or by electrical stimulation.CSD is widely studied as the pathophysiological mechanism of migraine with aura, but also ischemia. Studies of experimental CSD have shown involvement of numerous biological substances in the wave generation and propagation, including Potassium, Calcium, Glutamate, and other neurotransmitters. The pharmacological approach allows to identify actors of this electrical phenomenon: voltage gated channel, ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA & AMPRA-kainate), astrocytes and Na-K pumps.Familial Hemiplegic Migraine is a monogenic form of migraine with aura; the migraine attack is associated with variable motor disorders. Genetic mutations have been described leading to molecular dysfunctions. Nowadays three main forms of this pathology caused by three mutated genes, have been described and studied. FHM type 1 (Cav2.1 gain of function) and FH% type 2 (NaK ATPase pump loss of function) mouse models studies confirmed the important involvement of Glutamate and Potassium in CSD initiation.Type 3 of FHM is caused by Nav1.1 mutations, a voltage gated sodium channel that is widely expressed in GABAergic neurons in which they are essential for excitability. Our team showed on transfected neurons in culture that he mutation is a gain of function, leading to an increased neuronal excitability. However, the link between the mutation, cortical hyperexcitability and CSD facilitation or FHM phenotype, remains unknown.Our work hypothesis and the base of my research project, is that the increasing Nav1.1 channel or GABAergic neurons’ activity, triggers a cortical hyperexcitability and CSD. To confirm this hypothesis, my work required a ex vivo experimental approach, on acute neocortical slices of wild-type and transgenic mice, associated with extracellular electrophysiology, IOS imaging, pharmacology and/or optogenetics. Nav1.1 channel activation by a selective activator (spider toxin), or GABAergic neurons stimulation by optogenetics, can trigger CSD, validating our initial hypothesis and identify a new model of CSD.My work allow us to highlight and characterised a new model of CSD by GABAergic neuron hyperexcitability leading to an initial build up of extracellular potassium, that depolarizes and activates more and more excitatory neurons. This leads to a sustained potassium release until a critical threshold of CSD triggering.In a second time, my thesis work explored a pharmacologic modulation of network excitability, to find new elements that could decrease the CSD susceptibility. To do so, with the same experimental approach, I used a cholinergic agonist, Carbachol, known for modulation the network activity. The results showed that even if Carbachol increases network excitability, it inhibits CSD induction, likely through the muscarinic pathway.In conclusion, during my thesis I identified a new mechanism of CSD induction, and a une inhibitory pathway of CSD by cholinergic modulation
Penisson, Maxime. "Mécanismes de LIS1 dans les progéniteurs neuraux contribuant aux malformations de développement du cortex". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS415.
Testo completoHuman cortical malformations are associated with progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration abnormalities. Basal radial glia (bRGs), a type of progenitor cells, are limited in lissencephalic species (e.g. the mouse) but abundant in gyrencephalic brains. The LIS1 gene coding for a dynein regulator, is mutated in human lissencephaly, associated also in some cases with microcephaly. LIS1 was shown to be important during cell division and neuronal migration. Here, we generated bRG-like cells in the mouse embryonic brain, investigating the role of Lis1 in their formation. This was achieved by in utero electroporation of a hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 at mouse embryonic day (E) 14.5. We first confirmed that TBC1D3 overexpression in WT brain generates numerous Pax6+ bRG-like cells that are basally localized. Second, we assessed the formation of these cells in heterozygote Lis1 mutant brains. Our novel results show that Lis1 depletion in the forebrain from E9.5 prevented subsequent TBC1D3-induced bRG-like cell amplification. Lis1 depletion changed mitotic spindle orientations at the ventricular surface, increased the proportion of abventricular mitoses, and altered N-Cadherin expression, altering TBC1D3 function. We conclude that perturbation of Lis1/LIS1 dosage is likely to be detrimental for appropriate progenitor number and position, contributing to lissencephaly pathogenesis
Barek, Stéphane. "Etude des effets de la stimulation corticale sur les mécanismes des contrôles descendants chez le rat par enregistrements macro physiologiques". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077115.
Testo completoAbout to clarify the pathway of antalgic cortical stimulation, this work discussed the effects of transcranial stimulation on the jaw opening reflex (JOR) and somatosensory tooth pulp evoked potentials (TPEP). Mainfindings showed: - a relation between the components of the JOR and the TPEP. - JOR excitatory and inhibitory effects directly depending from the neurons involved in this reflex and from the pre-synaptic controls of the periodontal afferent inputs. -a synaptic neuroplasticity phenomenon at the level of JOR inter neurons;- a anti nociceptive like effect on the cortical evoked potentials after the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. This work underline the presence of neuroplasticity phenomenons, at the different levels of neuronal circuit involved in the JOR, in rat. Results showed that similar phenomenon could be present at the brain nervous central System level after repeated stimulations of the sensorymotor cortex to which the stimulation duration is the most important paradigm. This could be similar to the anti nociceptive effects observed in man after transcranial stimulations and underlies the hypothesis of a induced neuroplasticity after transcranial stimulation
Dupont, Erwan. "Caractérisation de la plasticité corticale induite par une privation sensorielle chez le rat et étude des mécanismes par des approches électrophysiologique et moléculaire". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-143-144.pdf.
Testo completoSpinner, Lara. "Un mécanisme ancestral de détermination du plan de division chez les plantes terrestres : rôle du TON1 et FASS dans la régulation de cytosquelette cortical". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112019.
Testo completoThe tonneau1 and fass mutants display considerable morphologic alterations associated with abnomalities in microtubules organisation at the plant cell’s cortex. These are the only mutants that are unable to form the preprophase band (PPB), a ring of microtubules that appears at G2/M transition and forecasts the future division site. TON1 proteins interact with a new family of 31 proteins named TIM, among which some, as the TIM1 protein, are MAPs (Microtubulus associated proteins). TON1 localization on cortical arrays seems to depend on TIM1. The FASS gene encodes a protein that shares similarities with a regulatory subunit of phosphatase PP2A complex. We showed that FASS localizes at the PPB, interacts with TON1 in vivo, and is targeted to the cytoskeleton via its interaction with TON1 and TIM1. FASS also interacts with RCN1, a scaffolding subunits of PP2A complex in A. Thaliana. RCN1 is targeted to the cytoskeleton through its interaction with FASS. Our working model is that the PP2A complex targeted to the cytoskeleton controls the phosphorylation status of MAPs and regulated microtubules organisation. The study of TON1 homolog in P. Patens reveals that TON1 function in the organisation of cortical microtubules arrays is conserved and reveals that PpTON1 is implicated in gravi-perception, a function not described in A. Thaliana. Ours results help to clarify cortical cytoskeleton regulation events and highlight their conservation among land plants and suggest that despites the evolutive divergence, functions that are implicated in microtubules organisation, similar to those usually associated with animal’s centrosome are conserved
Lesburgueres, Edith. "Implication fonctionnelle de l’interface hippocampo-corticale dans le processus de consolidation systémique de la mémoire associative non spatiale chez le rat : contribution du mécanisme d’étiquetage neuronal". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13982/document.
Testo completoAbstract :
Muller, Marc-Antoine. "Mécanismes neurobiologiques et comportementaux impliqués dans l'expression de la peur récente et ancienne à un contexte chez le rat". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881141.
Testo completoGruel, Roxane. "Etude des mécanismes sous-tendant la récupération fonctionnelle post-AVC associée à la transplantation différée de cellules hADSC exprimant le neuropeptide PACAP. Cortical interhemispheric connections reshaping supports post-stroke functional recovery mediated by PACAP-expressing hADSC graft". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR098.
Testo completoDespite more than two decades of intense research, stroke remains a leading cause of death and long-term disabilities worldwide. To date, the only available treatments for ischemic stroke are reperfusion intervention,carried out in a narrow therapeutic window,and then rehabilitation.While these interventions significantly improve patient outcomes, the number of eligible stroke victims to reperfusion and the functional improvement induced by rehabilitation exercises are limited. In this context of restricted therapeutic alternatives, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit a significant therapeutic potential in experimental models of ischemic stroke, notably when purified from adipose tissue.In human, MSC also improve functional recovery even if the effect is less pronounced. Thus, we proposed to increase their therapeutic potential using the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) known for its protective, neurotrophic and immunomodulatory properties inexperimental stroke models. In the present study, we developed and evaluated the therapeutic potential of human MSC purified from adipose tissue (hADSC) and genetically modified to express PACAP, using recombinant baculovirus, named hADSC-PACAP. In a mice model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion,delayed transplantation of hADSC and hADSC-PACAP promotes rapid functional recovery that correlates with efficient redirection of microglial inflammatory response toward a protective M2 like phenotype prone to support self-repair mechanism. In connection with these effects, we found an increase of neuroblasts survival and a nearly rewiring of cortical interhemispheric connections. In parallel with an overall reduction of interhemispheric connections toward the contralesional cortex, caused by hADSC-PACAP transplantation, a selective increase of projections coming from the peri-lesional area and going to the contralesional barrel cortex is observed. Thus, despite the absence of significant differences between hADSC and hADSC-PACAP, hADSC-PACAP through modulation of the inflammatory response toward aM2c/M2d phenotype improved post-ischemic functional recovery by setting up a conducive environment to favor self-repair and neuroplasticity mechanisms.Based on these results, the transplantation of these cells seems to promote the establishment or strengthening of neuronal connections between specific brain areas to the detriment of other regions
Hashemi, Meysam. "Modélisation mathématique et simulation numérique de populations neuronales thalamo-corticales dans le contexte de l'anesthésie générale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0014.
Testo completoAlthough general anaesthesia is an indispensable tool in today’s medical surgery, its precise underlying mechanisms are still unknown. During the propofol-induced sedation, the anaesthetic actions on the microscopic single neuron scale lead to specific changes in macroscopic-scale observables such as electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. For low concentration of propofol these characteristic changes comprised increased activity in the delta (0.5-4 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) frequency bands over the frontal head region, but increased delta and decreased alpha power activity over the occipital region. In this thesis, we employ thalamo-cortical neural population models, and based on the experimental data, the propofol effects on the synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic receptors located in the cortex and thalamus are modelized to understand the mechanisms underlying the observed certain changes in EEG-spectral power. It is shown that the models reproduce well the characteristic spectral features observed experimentally. A key finding of this work is that the origin of delta rhythm is fundamentally different from the alpha rhythm. Our results indicate that dependent on the mean potential values of the system resting states, an increase or decrease in the thalamo-cortical gain functions results in an increase or decrease in the alpha power, respectively. In contrast, the evolution of the delta power is rather independent of the system resting states; the enhancement of spectral power in the delta band results from the increased synaptic or extra-synaptic GABAergic inhibition for both increasing and decreasing nonlinear gain functions. Furthermore, we aim to identify the parameters of a thalamo-cortical model by fitting the model power spectrum to the EEG recordings. To this end, we address the task of parameter estimation in the models that are described by a set of stochastic ordinary or delay differential equations. Two case studies dealing with noisy pseudo-experimental data are first carried out to compare the performance of different optimization methods. The results of this elaboration show that the method used in this study is able to accurately estimate the independent model parameters while it allows us to avoid the computational costs of the numerical integrations. Taken together, the findings of this thesis provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the specific changes in EEG patterns that are observed during propofol-induced sedation
Hashemi, Meysam. "Modélisation mathématique et simulation numérique de populations neuronales thalamo-corticales dans le contexte de l'anesthésie générale". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0014/document.
Testo completoAlthough general anaesthesia is an indispensable tool in today’s medical surgery, its precise underlying mechanisms are still unknown. During the propofol-induced sedation, the anaesthetic actions on the microscopic single neuron scale lead to specific changes in macroscopic-scale observables such as electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. For low concentration of propofol these characteristic changes comprised increased activity in the delta (0.5-4 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) frequency bands over the frontal head region, but increased delta and decreased alpha power activity over the occipital region. In this thesis, we employ thalamo-cortical neural population models, and based on the experimental data, the propofol effects on the synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAergic receptors located in the cortex and thalamus are modelized to understand the mechanisms underlying the observed certain changes in EEG-spectral power. It is shown that the models reproduce well the characteristic spectral features observed experimentally. A key finding of this work is that the origin of delta rhythm is fundamentally different from the alpha rhythm. Our results indicate that dependent on the mean potential values of the system resting states, an increase or decrease in the thalamo-cortical gain functions results in an increase or decrease in the alpha power, respectively. In contrast, the evolution of the delta power is rather independent of the system resting states; the enhancement of spectral power in the delta band results from the increased synaptic or extra-synaptic GABAergic inhibition for both increasing and decreasing nonlinear gain functions. Furthermore, we aim to identify the parameters of a thalamo-cortical model by fitting the model power spectrum to the EEG recordings. To this end, we address the task of parameter estimation in the models that are described by a set of stochastic ordinary or delay differential equations. Two case studies dealing with noisy pseudo-experimental data are first carried out to compare the performance of different optimization methods. The results of this elaboration show that the method used in this study is able to accurately estimate the independent model parameters while it allows us to avoid the computational costs of the numerical integrations. Taken together, the findings of this thesis provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the specific changes in EEG patterns that are observed during propofol-induced sedation
Fortier-Gauthier, Ulysse. "Il était une fois une cible et un distracteur : électrophysiologie des mécanismes corticaux de l'attention visuelle en perception et en mémoire". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13737.
Testo completoBaho, Elie. "Mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans le développement des synapses GABAergiques périsomatiques et dans la plasticité corticale : rôle de l’activité neuronale et de proBDNF/p75NTR". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13603.
Testo completoCortical GABAergic basket cells (BC) innervate hundreds of postsynaptic targets with synapses clustered around the soma and proximal dendrites. They are important for gamma oscillation generation, which in turn regulate many cognitive functions, and for the regulation of developmental cortical plasticity. Although the function of BC within cortical networks is being explored, the mechanisms that control the development of their extensive arborisation and synaptic contacts have not been entirely resolved. By using the Drosophila allatostatin G-protein-coupled receptors (AlstR), we show that reducing excitation, and thus neurotransmitter release, in mouse cortical single BC in slice cultures decreases the number of innervated cells without changing the pattern of perisomatic innervation, both at the peak and after the proliferation phase of perisomatic synapse formation. Conversely, suppressing neurotransmitter release in single BCs by using the tetanus toxin light-chain can have completely opposite effects depending on the developmental stage. Basket cells expressing TeNT-Lc during the peak of the proliferation were characterized by denser axonal arbors and an increased number of smaller, homogenous boutons around the innervated somatas compared with control cells. However, after the peak of the synapse proliferation, TeNT-Lc transfected BCs formed perisomatic innervation with fewer terminal axon branches and fewer irregular-sized boutons around innervated somatas. Our results reveal a remarkably specific and age-dependent role of neural activity and neurotransmission levels in the establishment of the synaptic territory of cortical GABAergic cells. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be a strong modulator of activity-dependent-maturation of GABAergic synapses. Through the activation and signaling of their receptor Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), mBDNF binding strongly modulates the proliferation of GABAergic perisomatic synapses formed by BCs. Whether the low-affinity neurotrophin-receptor p75NTR also play a role in the development of basket cell synaptic territory is unknown. Here, we show that single-cell deletion of p75NTR in BCs in cortical organotypic cultures from p75NTRlox mice induce the formation of exuberant perisomatic innervations by the mutant basket cells, in a cell-autonomous fashion. BDNF is synthesized as a precursor, proBDNF, which is cleaved by enzymes, including tPA-activated plasmin, to produce mature (m)BDNF. mBDNF and proBDNF bind with high-affinity to TrkB and p75NTR, respectively. Our results show that treating organotypic cultures with cleavage-resistant proBDNF (mut-proBDNF) strongly reduces the synaptic territory of BCs. Treating cultures with the tPA-inactivating peptide PPACK or with tPA impairs and promotes the maturation of BC synaptic innervations, respectively. We further show that the exuberant innervations formed by p75NTR-/- basket cells are not affected by mut-proBDNF treatment. All together, these results suggest that proBDNF-mediated p75NTR activation negatively regulates the synaptic territory of BCs. We next examined if mut-proBDNF affects perisomatic innervation formed by BCs in vivo, in the adult mouse. We found that perisomatic GABAergic boutons are significantly decreased in the cortex infused with mut-proBDNF as compared to non-infused or saline-treated hemispheres. Further, ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is restored by this treatment in adult mice. Finally, we found that proBDNF-mediated activation of p75NTR is necessary to induce OD plasticity in the adult mice, by using mice that lack p75NTR specifically in BCs. All together, these results demonstrate a critical role of p75NTR activation in regulating and maintaining GABAeric circuit connectivity from early postnatal development to adulthood. Further, we suggest that controlled activation of p75NTR could be a useful tool to restore plasticity in adult cortex.
Martins, Ruben. "Changes in cortical and sub-cortical patterns of activity associated with aging during the performance of a lexical set-shifting task". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12081.
Testo completoAs the one’s brain is structurally altered by the passage of time, cognition does not have to suffer the same faith, at least not to the same extent. Indeed, age-related compensatory mechanisms allow for some cognitive preservation. The elderly can therefore use new compensatory neuronal networks (neural compensation) or flexible pathways that are less susceptible to disruption (neural reserve) in order to maintain high levels of performance (cognitive reserve) during cognitive tasks. However, how these mechanisms affect cortical and striatal activity during set-shifting as well as during semantic and phonological processing has not been extensively explored. The purpose of this thesis was therefore to investigate how aging affects patterns of neural activity related to executive processes on the one hand and the use of lexical rules on the other. To this end we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during the performance of a lexical analogue of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test. This task has been shown to strongly depend on fronto-striatal activity during set-shifting as well as on regions associated with semantic and phonological processing during semantic and phonological decisions, respectively. Two groups participated in our fMRI protocol: young individuals (18 to 35 years old) and older individuals (55 to 75 years old). Both younger and older individuals revealed significant fronto-striatal loop activity associated with planning and execution of set-shifts. However, while the younger group showed the involvement of a “cognitive loop” (including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus and the thalamus) when instructed that a set-shift would be required on following trial, and the involvement of a “motor loop” (including the posterior prefrontal cortex and the putamen) when the set-shift had to be performed, the older participants showed significant activation of both loops during the execution of the set-shift (matching periods) only. Young adults tended to present increased activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, the ventral temporal lobe and the caudate nucleus during semantic decisions and in the posterior Broca’s area, the temporoparietal junction and the motor cortical regions during phonological decisions, older individuals showed increased activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortical regions during both semantic and phonological decisions. Furthermore, when semantic and phonological decisions were contrasted with each other, younger individuals showed significant brain activity differences in several regions while older individuals did not. In conclusion, our first study showed an age-related delayed cerebral activation phenomenon during set-shifting (previously observed only in few memory and language tasks). Based on those findings, we conceptualised the Temporal Hypothesis of Compensation (third manuscript) which is the existence of a compensatory mechanism characterised by age-related delayed cerebral activation allowing for cognitive performance to be preserved at the expense of speed processing. Regarding language processing (second study), semantic and phonological routes seem to merge into a single pathway in the elderly; these findings represent most probably neural reserve/compensation mechanisms on which the elderly rely to maintain an adequate level of performance.
Khalfallah, Yousra. "Implication de l'expression et localisation de TDP-43 dans le mécanisme des granules de stress dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21800.
Testo completoChen, Jing. "Comparative study of nephrotoxicity of potassium dichromate and chromium chloride using isolated rat renal cortical slices in vitro". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17834.
Testo completoPapaluca, Arturo. "Asymmetric cell division intersects with cell geometry : a method to extrapolate and quantify geometrical parameters of sensory organ precursors". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12060.
Testo completoAsymmetric cell division (ACD) consists in a cellular division during which specific cell fate determinants are distributed preferentially in one daughter cell, which then differentiate from its sibling. Hence, ACD is important to generate cell diversity and is used to regulate stem cells homeostasis. For proper asymmetric distribution of cell fate determinants, the positioning of the mitotic spindle has to be tightly controlled. Frequently, this induces a cell size asymmetry, since the spindle is then not centered during mitosis, leading to an asymmetric positioning of the cleavage furrow. Although small small GTPases have been shown to act directly on the spindle, the exact mechanism controlling spindle positioning during ACD is not understood. Recent studies suggest that an independent, yet uncharacterized pathway is involved in spindle positioning, which is likely to involve an asymmetric regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Indeed, actin enables spindle anchoring to the cortex. Hence we hypothesize that asymmetric actin contractions during cytokinesis might displace the mitotic spindle and the cleavage furrow, leading to cell size asymmetry. Interestingly, from our preliminary results we observed that cortical blebbing, which is a read-out of cortical tension/contraction, preferentially occurs on the anterior side of the dividing sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells at telophase. Our preliminary data support the idea that Rho small GTPases might be implicated in regulation of the mitotic spindle hence controlling asymmetric cell division of SOP cells. The experimental settings developed for this thesis, for studying regulation of the mitotic spindle orientation and positioning will serve as proof of concept of how geneticist and biochemist experts could design ways to control such process by different means in cancerous cells. The preliminary results from this project open novel insights on how the Rho small GTPases might be implicated in controlling asymmetric cell division hence their dynamics in vivo of such process during SOP development. Furthermore, the assays and the theoretical model developed in this study can be used as background that could serve to design improved quantitative experimental methods for cell biology synchronizing sub-networks of ACD mechanism.