Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Maximal incremental exercise"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Maximal incremental exercise":
1
Danek, Natalia, Kamil Michalik, Rafał Hebisz e Marek Zatoń. "Influence of Warm-Up Prior to Incremental Exercise Test on Aerobic Performance in Physically Active Men". Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0014.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractIntroduction. The aim of the study was to verify the influence of warm-up before a ramp incremental exercise test with linearly increasing loads on the maximal values of physiological variables which determine performance.Material and methods. Thirteen healthy and physically active male students (age = 23.3 ± 1.5 years, body height = 179.1 ± 8.6 cm and body mass = 79.5 ± 9.1 kg) completed a cross-over comparison of two incremental exercise test interventions – an incremental exercise test with a 15-minute warm-up at an intensity of 60% of the maximal oxygen uptake obtained in the first incremental exercise test and the same test without warm-up.Results. The peak values of physiological variables were statistically significantly higher for the incremental exercise test with warm-up, the differences between tests being 2.66% for peak power output (p = 0.039, t = 2.312, ES = 0.24), 7.75% for peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.000, t = 5.225, ES = 0.56), 7.72% for peak minute ventilation (p = 0.005, t = 3.346, ES = 0.53) and 1.62% for peak heart rate (p = 0.019, t = 2.690, ES = 0.60).Conclusions. Warm-up before a ramp incremental exercise test resulted in higher values of maximal oxygen uptake, maximal minute ventilation, maximal heart rate and peak power output.
2
Doucende, Grégory, Maxime Chamoux, Thomas Defer, Clément Rissetto, Laurent Mourot e Johan Cassirame. "Specific Incremental Test for Aerobic Fitness in Trail Running: IncremenTrail". Sports 10, n. 11 (9 novembre 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10110174.
Abstract (sommario):
Trail running (TR) is performed in a natural environment, including various ranges of slopes where maximal oxygen consumption is a major contributor to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of tests performed in uphill conditions named the “IncremenTrail” (IncT), based on the incremental ascending speed (AS) to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory parameters. IncT protocol included a constant gradient slope set at 25% during the whole test; the starting speed was 500 m·h−1 (25% slope and 2.06 km·h−1) and increased by 100 m·h−1 every minute (0.41 km·h−1). Twenty trail runner specialists performed the IncT and a supramaximal exercise bout to exhaustion with intensity set at 105% of maximal AS (Tlim). Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were continuously recorded during the exercises. The blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were collected at the end of the exercises. During the IncT test, 16 athletes (80%) reached a plateau of maximal oxygen uptake (65.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1), 19 athletes (95%) reached RER values over 1.10 (1.12 ± 0.02) and all the athletes achieved blood lactate concentration over 8.0 mmol·L−1 (17.1 ± 3.5 mmol·L−1) and a maximal heart rate ≥90% of the theoretical maximum (185 ± 11 bpm). Maximal values were not significantly different between IncT and Tlim. In addition, ventilatory thresholds could be determined for all runners with an associated AS. IncT provided a suitable protocol to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory limitations and allowed us to obtain specific intensities based on the ascending speed useful for training purposes in specific conditions.
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Vieira, Stella S., Brunno Lemes, Paulo de T. C. de Carvalho, Rafael N. de Lima, Danilo S. Bocalini, José A. S. Junior, Gisela Arsa, Cezar A. Casarin, Erinaldo L. Andrade e Andrey J. Serra. "Does Stroke Volume Increase During an Incremental Exercise? A Systematic Review". Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 10, n. 1 (27 aprile 2016): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010057.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction: Cardiac output increases during incremental-load exercise to meet metabolic skeletal muscle demand. This response requires a fast adjustment in heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is well known to increase linearly with exercise load; however, data for stroke volume during incremental-load exercise are unclear. Our objectives were to (a) review studies that have investigated stroke volume on incremental load exercise and (b) summarize the findings for stroke volume, primarily at maximal-exercise load. Methods: A comprehensive review of the Cochrane Library’s, Embase, Medline, SportDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Sci-ence databases was carried out for the years 1985 to the present. The search was performed between February and June 2014 to find studies evaluating changes in stroke volume during incremental-load exercise. Controlled and uncontrolled trials were evaluated for a quality score. Results: The stroke volume data in maximal-exercise load are inconsistent. There is evidence to hypothesis that stroke volume increases during maximal-exercise load, but other lines of evidence indicate that stroke volume reaches a plateau under these circumstances, or even decreases. Conclusion: The stroke volume are unclear, include contradictory evidence. Additional studies with standardized reporting for subjects (e.g., age, gender, physical fitness, and body position), exercise test protocols, and left ventricular function are required to clarify the characteristics of stroke volume during incremental maximal-exercise load.
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Formiga, Magno F., Isabel Vital, Gisel Urdaneta, Kira Balestrini, Lawrence P. Cahalin e Michael A. Campos. "The BODE index and inspiratory muscle performance in COPD: Clinical findings and implications". SAGE Open Medicine 6 (gennaio 2018): 205031211881901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312118819015.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance is a novel testing method that provides a unique examination of one’s inspiratory muscle strength, work and endurance. Little is known about the relationship between inspiratory muscle performance and mortality risk in obstructive lung disease. We examined the relationship between the Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance measures and the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: In all, 70 males with mild-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean ± standard deviation of 70.2 ± 5.9 years) underwent measurements of body-mass index, spirometry, dyspnea and a 6-min walk test from which the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score was calculated. The Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance provided measures of maximal inspiratory pressure, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure and inspiratory duration. Results: All Test of Incremental Respiratory Endurance parameters inversely correlated with the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score: maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.355, p = 0.00), sustained maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.426, p = 0.00) and ID (r = −0.278, p = 0.02), with sustained maximal inspiratory pressure displaying the highest correlation. Independent significant correlations were also observed between the sustained maximal inspiratory pressure and all Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score components, except for body-mass index. Finally, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure was significantly different among the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise index quartiles. Discussion: The significant association between the Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise score and inspiratory muscle performance, in particular sustained maximal inspiratory pressure, suggests that these measures may have a potential prognostic value in the evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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McKeever, K. H., K. W. Hinchcliff, D. F. Gerken e R. A. Sams. "Effects of cocaine on incremental treadmill exercise in horses". Journal of Applied Physiology 75, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1993): 2727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2727.
Abstract (sommario):
Four mature horses were used to test the effects of two doses (50 and 200 mg) of intravenously administered cocaine on hemodynamics and selected indexes of performance [maximal heart rate (HRmax), treadmill velocity at HRmax, treadmill velocity needed to produce a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l, maximal mixed venous blood lactate concentration, maximal treadmill work intensity, and test duration] measured during an incremental treadmill test. Both doses of cocaine increased HRmax approximately 7% (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was 30 mmHg greater (P < 0.05) during the 4- to 7-m/s steps of the exercise test in the 200-mg trial. Neither dose of cocaine had an effect on the responses to exertion of right atrial pressure, right ventricular pressure, or maximal change in right ventricular pressure over time. Maximal mixed venous blood lactate concentration increased 41% (P < 0.05) with the 50-mg dose and 75% (P < 0.05) with the 200-mg dose during exercise. Administration of cocaine resulted in decreases (P < 0.05) in the treadmill velocity needed to produce a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l from 6.9 +/- 0.5 and 6.8 +/- 0.9 m/s during the control trials to 4.4 +/- 0.1 m/s during the 200-mg cocaine trial. Cocaine did not alter maximal treadmill work intensity (P > 0.05); however, time to exhaustion increased by approximately 92 s (15%; P < 0.05) during the 200-mg trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ferguson, Carrie, Lindsey A. Wylde, Alan P. Benson, Daniel T. Cannon e Harry B. Rossiter. "No reserve in isokinetic cycling power at intolerance during ramp incremental exercise in endurance-trained men". Journal of Applied Physiology 120, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2015.
Abstract (sommario):
During whole body exercise in health, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) is typically attained at or immediately before the limit of tolerance (LoT). At the V̇o2max and LoT of incremental exercise, a fundamental, but unresolved, question is whether maximal evocable power can be increased above the task requirement, i.e., whether there is a “power reserve” at the LoT. Using an instantaneous switch from cadence-independent (hyperbolic) to isokinetic cycle ergometry, we determined maximal evocable power at the limit of ramp-incremental exercise. We hypothesized that in endurance-trained men at LoT, maximal (4 s) isokinetic power would not differ from the power required by the task. Baseline isokinetic power at 80 rpm (Piso; measured at the pedals) and summed integrated EMG from five leg muscles (ΣiEMG) were measured in 12 endurance-trained men (V̇o2max = 4.2 ± 1.0 l/min). Participants then completed a ramp incremental exercise test (20-25 W/min), with instantaneous measurement of Piso and ΣiEMG at the LoT. Piso decreased from 788 ± 103 W at baseline to 391 ± 72 W at LoT, which was not different from the required ramp-incremental flywheel power (352 ± 58 W; P > 0.05). At LoT, the relative reduction in Piso was greater than the relative reduction in the isokinetic ΣiEMG (50 ± 9 vs. 63 ± 10% of baseline; P < 0.05). During maximal ramp incremental exercise in endurance-trained men, maximum voluntary power is not different from the power required by the task and is consequent to both central and peripheral limitations in evocable power. The absence of a power reserve suggests both the perceptual and physiological limits of maximum voluntary power production are not widely dissociated at LoT in this population.
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Inglis, E. Calaine, Danilo Iannetta e Juan M. Murias. "Oxygen Extraction Reserve Immediately After Ramp Incremental Maximal Exercise". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, n. 5S (maggio 2017): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519222.69501.c4.
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White, J. S., W. C. Byrnes, W. Kroll, B. Erviti e P. S. Freedson. "EMG AND LACTATE BREAKPOINTS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREMENTAL MAXIMAL EXERCISE". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, n. 2 (aprile 1985): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198504000-00163.
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Fatemi, Rouholah, e Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh. "Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic Exercise". Journal of Human Kinetics 25, n. 1 (30 settembre 2010): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0032-3.
Abstract (sommario):
Assessment of Air Way Resistance Indexes and Exercise-Induced Asthma after a Single Session of Submaximal Incremental Aerobic ExerciseThe present study aimed at assessing air way resistance indexes that include FEV1 (Force expiration Volume in one second), FVC (Forced vital capacity) and FEV1/FVC and exercise-induced asthma (EIA) after one session of sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise. Fifty healthy male subjects (age 19-26) from the faculty of Physical Education, University of Shahid Chamran served as the participants of the study. They were randomly assigned to either exercise or control groups. Body height, body mass and pulmonary factors were measured in the pre-test conditions. The study protocol included a sub maximal incremental Astrand - Rhyming test on an ergocycle. After performing this test by the exercise group, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC, were measured again for both groups and compared with pre test evaluations. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics (dependent and independent t test). Results showed that there was a significant difference in FEV1 between the two groups after the exercise protocol (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in FVC between the two groups after exercise, and a significant difference was registered in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC between pre-test and post-test results in the group that performed the aerobic test protocol (p ≤ 0.05). Our results indicate that one sub maximal incremental aerobic exercise session causes a significant change in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, and causes exercise-induced asthma.
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Deruelle, Fabien, Cédric Nourry, Patrick Mucci, Frédéric Bart, Jean-Marie Grosbois, Ghislaine Lensel e Claudine Fabre. "Incremental Exercise Tests in Master Athletes and Untrained Older Adults". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13, n. 3 (luglio 2005): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.13.3.254.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aimed to analyze the impact of step-duration protocols, 1-min vs. 3-min, on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise, whatever the aerobic-fitness level of sedentary (65.5 ± 2.3 years,n= 8) or highly fit (63.1 ± 3.2 years,n= 19) participants. Heart rate and VO2at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal exercise were not significantly different between the two protocols. In master athletes, the 3-min protocol elicited significantly lower ventilation at VT2and maximal exercise (p< .01). In the latter, breathlessness was also lower at maximal exercise (p< .05) than in sedentary participants. In trained or sedentary older adults, VT1, VT2, and VO2maxwere not influenced by stage duration. According to the lower breathlessness and ventilation, however, the 3-min step protocol could be more appropriate in master athletes. In untrained participants, because the cardiorespiratory responses were similar with the two incremental exercise tests, either of them could be used.
Tesi sul tema "Maximal incremental exercise":
1
Rieger, Brian W. "Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Constant-Load Exercise on an Inclined Stepper and Treadmill". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36647.
Abstract (sommario):
This study evaluated oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and lactate [HLa] responses between the treadmill (TM) and the CardiosquatTM 1650 LETM inclined stepper by StairMasterTM (SM) during constant-load exercise. The slow component of VO2 (SC) was a central variable assessed during exercise. Twenty-two healthy college-aged (18-30) subjects completed an incremental TM and SM exercise test to establish a workload equivalent to 70% VO2peak. Following each incremental test, a 20-minute constant-load exercise bout was performed . Incremental and instant-load exercise bouts were separated by at least 48 hours. The order of the tests were randomized. VO2, HR, and [HLa] were evaluated at 5, 10, 15, and 20-minutes of exercise. Expired gases were analyzed using a Med Graphics CPX/D metabolic cart.
Blood samples were analyzed immediately for lactate concentration with an automated lactate analyzer (Yellow Springs Instrument Model 1500 Sport ). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed on the rate of change between the treadmill and stepper for VO2, HR, and [HLa]. No significant differences were found for any of the response variables (P>0.05). These results suggest at that the same relative workload, the SM does not elicit a more pronounced SC than the TM.
Based on these findings, the SM appears to be an appropriate modality of exercise for various clinical populations.Master of Science
2
Galán, Carracedo Jonatan. "Thermoregulation in male endurance runners: Role of skin temperature during an incremental maximal exercise test". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668756.
Abstract (sommario):
Durant l’exercici aeròbic, la temperatura cutània (Tsk) juga un rol fonamental en la regulació de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental és el major determinant de la Tsk, la qual és el resultat de l’equilibri entre la producció metabòlica de calor i la dissipació de calor cap a l’entorn. Durant l’exercici, la resposta de la Tsk pot estar influenciada pel consum d’oxigen (VO2peak) i per la flexibilitat metabòlica, ambdós potents predictors del rendiment aeròbic. La capacitat elevada de termoregulació cutània i la tassa de FATox són característiques en atletes altament entrenats, mentre que una capacitat oxidativa disminuïda, menors valors de Tsk i major concentració de [La-] són característics d’individus amb una baixa capacitat aeròbica, en una mateixa d’exercici sub-màxim absolut. L’objectiu d’aquest projecte va ser el d’analitzar i comparar la dinàmica de la Tsk en diferents poblacions amb diferents respostes metabòliques durant una proba d esforç incremental màxima sobre una cinta de córrer. Per aquest propòsit es desenvoluparen dos estudis. El primer estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i les variables cardio-respiratòries en homes corredors de fons amb una alta condició física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) i amb una condició física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durant un test incremental amb períodes de 2 minuts fins l’ esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. El segon estudi analitzà i va comparar la correlació entre la Tsk i la flexibilitat metabòlica mesurant la concentració de [La-] juntament amb la tassa de FATox i CHOox en corredors de competició altament entrenats (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredors moderadament actius (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) i jugadors de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durant un test màxim incremental amb períodes de 3 minuts fins l’esgotament, seguit d’un període de recuperació de 5 minuts. Els resultats del primer estudi mostraren que el grup MF presentava menor VO2peak, velocitat màxima (speedpeak), ventilació (VE) i major índex de massa corporal (BMI) i % de massa grassa que el grup HF (tots p < 0.001). La Tsk va ser significativament major en el punt de partida, als 60% i 70% de la càrrega màxima (tots p < 0.05). Els resultats del segon estudi mostraren que el grup MA presentava menor VO2peak, speedpeak, i major BMI i % massa grassa (all p < 0.05) que els grups HT y SP. Existien correlacions entre Tsk amb les tasses de FATox i CHOox i la concentració de [La-] en tots els punts de dades de tots els grups (tots p < 0.001). Aquests resultats indiquen que el major VO2peak i la major tassa de FATox i menor concentració de [La-] estaven associades amb un augment de Tsk durant un exercici incremental màxim entre individus amb una ampla diferència de la seva capacitat aeròbica. Aquestes diferències haurien de tenir-se en consideració a les estratègies nutricionals i d’entrenament per millorar els esports aeròbics i d’equip.Durante el ejercicio aeróbico, la temperatura cutánea (Tsk) juega un rol fundamental en la regulación de la temperatura corporal. La temperatura ambiental es el mayor determinante de la Tsk, la cual es el resultado del equilibrio entre la producción metabólica de calor y la disipación de calor hacia el ambiente. Durante el ejercicio, la respuesta de la Tsk puede estar influenciada por el consumo de oxígeno (VO2peak) y por la flexibilidad metabólica, ambos potentes predictores del rendimiento aeróbico. La capacidad elevada de termorregulación cutánea y la tasa de FATox son características en atletas altamente entrenados, mientras que una capacidad oxidativa disminuida, menores valores Tsk y mayor concentración de [La-] son característicos de individuos con una baja capacidad aeróbica, en una misma intensidad de ejercicio sub-máximo absoluto. EL objetivo de este proyecto fue el de analizar y comparar la dinámica de la Tsk en diferentes poblaciones con diferentes respuestas metabólicas durante una prueba de esfuerzo incremental máxima sobre una cinta de correr. Para este propósito se desarrollaron dos estudios. El primer estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y las variables cardio-respiratorias en varones corredores de fondo con una alta condición física (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) y con una condición física moderada (MF) (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) durante un test incremental con periodos de 2 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. El segundo estudio analizó y comparó la correlación entre la Tsk y la flexibilidad metabólica midiendo la concentración de [La-] junto con la tasa de FATox y CHOox corredores de competición altamente entrenados (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min), corredores moderadamente activos (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) y jugadores de futbol (SP) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) durante un test máximo incremental con periodos de 3 minutos hasta el agotamiento, seguido de un periodo de recuperación de 5 minutos. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron que el grupo MF presentaba menor VO2peak, velocidad máxima (speedpeak), ventilación (VE) y mayor índice de masa corporal (BMI) y % de masa grasa que el grupo HF (todos p < 0.001). La Tsk fue significativamente mayor en el punto de partida, a los 60% y 70% de la carga máxima (todos p < 0.05). Los resultados del segundo estudio mostraron que el grupo MA presentaba menor VO2peak, speedpeak, y mayor BMI y % masa grasa (all p < 0.05) que los grupos HT y SP. Existían correlaciones entre Tsk con las tasas de FATox y CHOox y la concentración de [La-] en todos los puntos de datos de todos los grupos (todos p < 0.001). Estos resultados indican que el mayor VO2peak y mayor tasa de FATox y menor concentración de [La-] estaban asociadas con un aumento de Tsk durante un ejercicio incremental máximo entre individuos con una amplia diferencia de su capacidad aeróbica. Estas diferencias deberían tenerse en cuenta en las estrategias nutricionales y de entrenamiento para mejorar los deportes aeróbicos y de equipo.
During endurance exercise, Tsk plays a fundamental role in body temperature regulation. Environmental temperature is the biggest determinant of Tsk, which is the result of the balance between metabolic heat production and heat dissipation to the environment. During exercise, Tsk response might be influenced by oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the metabolic flexibility, both powerful predictors of aerobic performance. Increased skin thermoregulatory capacity and FATox rates are characteristics of highly trained athletes, while decreased oxidative capacity and Tsk rates and higher [La-] concentrations are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic capacity, at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities. The purpose of this project was to analyze and compare the dynamic of Tsk in different populations with different metabolic responses during an incremental maximal stress treadmill test. For this purpose, we performed two studies. The first study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and cardiorespiratory variables in high fit (HF) (n= 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 ml/kg/min) and moderately fit MF (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 ml/kg/min) male endurance runners during an incremental test with stages of 2 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. The second study analyzed and compared the correlation between Tsk and metabolic flexibility by measuring [La-] concentrations along with FATox and CHOox rates in high trained (HT) (n= 22; VO2peak = 58.57 ± 2.33 ml/kg/min) competitive endurance runners, moderately active (MA) (n= 20; VO2peak = 49.07 ± 4.67 ml/kg/min) runners and professional soccer (PS) (n= 23; VO2peak = 53.34 ± 3.67 ml/kg/min) players during an incremental maximal test with stages of 3 mins until exhaustion, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. Results of the first study revealed that the MF group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, Ventilation (VE) and higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass % than the HF group (all p < 0.001). Tsk was significantly higher at baseline, and at 60% and 70% of peak workload (all p < 0.05). Results of the second study revealed that MA group exhibited lower VO2peak, speedpeak, and higher BMI and fat mass % (all p < 0.05) than both HT and SP groups. There were correlations between Tsk with FATox and CHOox rates and [La-] concentrations for all data points of all groups (all p < 0.001). These findings indicate that higher VO2peak and FATox rates and lower [La-] concentrations were associated with increased Tsk during incremental maximal exercise across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities. These differences should be taken into account in the training and nutritional strategies for enhancing endurance and team sports.
3
NISHIBATA, KENJI, NOBUO TAUCHI, MITSUHIRO YOKOTA, YOSHIKO NAGANO, MASAHIKO GOTO, MASAMI NAGASHIMA e REIZO BABA. "OXYGEN INTAKE EFFICIENCY SLOPE: A NEW INDEX OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONAL RESERVE DERIVED FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND MINUTE VENTILATION DURING INCREMENTAL EXERCISE". Nagoya University School of Medicine, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16102.
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Basson, Hendrik Langeveld. "Heart rate and systolic blood pressure response to workload during an incremental sub-maximal exercise test in healthy individuals / by Hendrik L. Basson". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8787.
Abstract (sommario):
Healthcare practitioners, whom perform accurate sub-maximal exercise tests in healthy individuals, need to understand the physiological demands and normal cardiovascular (CV) responses with exercise. Exercise testing delivers valid information about the physiological systems of individuals that may identify healthy individuals at risk of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a common way to assess physiological stress experienced by an individual, because CV abnormalities that are not present at rest, can be elicited during exercise testing and be used to determine the adequacy of cardiac function. Cardiovascular markers like, resting heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) have been used as simple non-invasive and useful biomarkers of the fundamental status of blood circulation and the CV system in healthy individuals.
Studies have contributed to exercise under sub-maximal and maximal stress testing. Modern- day literature lacks information on the safe HR and SBP responses to an increase in workload during a sub-maximal exercise protocol in healthy individuals.
Consequently, the first purpose of this study was to identify the current evidence in the literature on CV response during a sub-maximal incremental exercise protocol. Different protocols and modalities contribute to various CV responses over a wide age group and gender. Heart rate and SBP increases in a linear fashion with an increase in workload, irrespective of protocol and modality. The amount of this increase, or the response of these markers, is still a grey area in the literature, especially in healthy individuals.
The second purpose of this study was to analyse the HR and SBP response in healthy adults during a sub-maximal incremental exercise test, with an increase in workload (watt). The systematic review found mean changes from baseline for HR and SBP to be 75.7% and 63.5% respectively, on bicycle protocols (N = 3). The treadmill protocols (N = 2) found similar mean changes from baseline of 113.3% for HR and 36.1% for SBP. Descriptive measures as well as Linear regression analyses were performed, using Generalised estimated equations (GEE). An independent t-test was used to compare the males with the female participants: HR and SBP response to an increase in workload (watt). GEE adjustments were made for age, body mass index (BMI) and workload (watt). Significant difference levels were set at p ≤ 0.05.
The present once-off subject availability results revealed that male subjects were heavier and taller than their female counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). They also had a noteworthy higher SBPrest, as well as BMI (p ≤ 0.05). The results from the GEE analyses we presented prediction equation, with all variables significant, except for the BMI (p = 0.972 females; p = 0.169 males).
In conclusion, the literature review indicated a lack of information on the HR and SBP response with workload in healthy adults. It is advised that further research is needed to test the prediction equations in healthy individuals to determine the validity and reliability. They need to be tested in a controlled clinical environment, where the participants are monitored more thoroughly. By putting these predicted equations to the test, healthcare practitioners will be able to identify an exaggerated HR and SBP response with an increase in workload. If the individual’s response is exaggerated, the healthcare practitioner can intervene to prevent future cardiovascular events.Thesis (MSc (Biokinetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
5
Berriri, Ahmed. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des muscles respiratoires : effets de l'entraînement et du désentraînement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0025.
Abstract (sommario):
L'objectif de cette thèse était d'une part la caractérisation des muscles respiratoires lors d'un effort incrémental jusqu'à l'épuisement et d'autre part, l'étude des effets de l'entraînement et de désentraînement spécifique des muscles inspiratoires. La première étude a confirmé le développement de la fatigue musculaire respiratoire lors d'un exercice incrémental maximal. À travers l'enregistrement de l'oxygénation au niveau du 7ème espace intercostal, la deuxième étude a montré la réduction de la désoxygénation des intercostaux et de la fatigue des muscles inspiratoires avec un exercice inspiratoire antérieur. Ensuite, nous avons montré que 5 semaines d'entraînement spécifique des muscles inspiratoires (IMT) que ce soit à haute ou à basse intensité réduit la fatigue musculaire respiratoire induite par l'exercice incrémental maximal. Cette réduction corrobore la diminution parallèle observée dans l'utilisation de l'O2 au niveau des muscles intercostaux et donc de leurs demandes métaboliques en lien avec la diminution de leur fatigabilité (Études 3 et 4). Ceci pourrait refléter une augmentation de l'apport d'oxygène au niveau des muscles locomoteurs. Ces améliorations étaient plus importantes avec l'IMT à haute résistance. Néanmoins, ces phénomènes adaptatifs gagnés à l'IMT étaient perdus après 10 semaines de désentraînement (Étude 5). Toutefois, la réduction de la fréquence d'IMT à deux séances par semaine tout en préservant la même charge résistive était suffisante pour maintenir les adaptations déjà obtenues. Les travaux de cette thèse ont donc mis en évidence l'implication des muscles respiratoires dans la limitation de l'effort incrémental jusqu'à l'épuisement et ont contribué à mieux comprendre les mécanismes explicatifs de l'amélioration de la performance après l'IMT et en particulier la fatigue et l'oxygénation musculaire respiratoireThe aim of thesis was on one hand to characterize the respiratory muscles during an incremental effort until exhaustion and on the other hand, to study the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training and detraining. We first confirmed the development of respiratory muscle fatigue during a maximal incremental exercise. Through recording of oxygenation at the 7th intercostal space, the second study showed reduced intercostal muscle deoxygenation and inspiratory muscle fatigue with a prior inspiratory exercise. Then, we showed that 5 weeks of specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT), whether at high or low intensity, reduces respiratory muscle fatigue induced by maximal incremental exercise. This reduction corroborates the parallel decrease observed in the intercostal muscle oxygen utilization and therefore in their metabolic demands in relation to their fatigability decrease (Study 3 and 4). This may reflect an increase in the oxygen supply of the locomotor muscles. These improvements were greater with high-resistance IMT. However, the IMT induced adaptations were lost after 10 weeks of detraining (Study 5). Nevertheless, reducing training frequency by up to two sessions per week while preserving the same training load was sufficient to maintain the already achieved adaptations. These results highlighted the respiratory muscle implication in the limitation of incremental effort until exhaustion and have contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the improvement of performance after IMT particularly respiratory muscle oxygenation and fatigue
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Carminatti, Lorival José. "Validade de limiares anaeróbicos derivados do teste incremental de corrida intemitente (TCAR) como preditores do máximo steady-state de lactato em jogadores de futsal". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2006. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/349.
Abstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2006-12-15Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Anaerobic threshold (LAn) obtained during an incremental test with continuous effort, presumably indicate the workload corresponding to maximal lactate steady state (MSSL). Based on this present theoretical model, several non-invasive LAn derived from TCAR have been used as predictors of MSSL. Among them, the HR thresholds identified by visual inspection (PDv) and by the mathematical method (Dmáx), predicted Dmáx (Dmáxpred) and threshold velocity of 4 mmol·l-1 predicted (V4pred). The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the validity of these thresholds as predictors of MSSL in Futsal. Eight Futsal players (21.3 ± 3.1 years; 177.4 ± 7.7 cm; 79.4 ± 21.2 kg; 13.2 ± 5,7 % of fat) were submitted to the following field tests: 1) Incremental test of intermittent run (TCAR) performed in the shuttle run system, constituted of repetitions of 12 second runs interpolated by 6 seconds of walk, with initial speed of 9 Km·h-1 and increased of 0.6 Km·h-1 every 90 seconds until voluntary exhaustion. Variables identified in the TCAR: velocity (V) and HR of several predictors LAn; 2) Constant workload test, with duration of 32 minutes divided in 4 series of 8 minutes of intermittent run (same system applied in TCAR), with passive interval of 1 minute to collect 25 μL of blood samples and measure the HR. MSSL was defined as being the highest speed where the lactate steady-state occurred (increase not superior to 1.2 mmol·l-1 between the 8th and 32nd minute). The first constant workload test of 32 minutes was conducted with 100% of the speed of Dmáx (VDmáx) and following constant load tests were performed and speed increased 0.6 km·h-1 after each constant load test until the MSSL was attained. Variables identified in the test: velocity and HR corresponding to MSSL (VMSSL and HRMSSL). The results obtained to velocity and HR of predictor s LAn were: VPDv (13.0 ± 1.5 km·h-1), VDmáx (12.2 ± 1.4 km·h-1), VDmáxpred (12.4 ± 1.2 km·h-1), V4pred (13.3 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and HRPDv (186 ± 11 bpm), HRDmáx (178 ± 10 bpm), HRDmáxpred (183 ± 8 bpm), when compared to VMSSL (12.5 ± 1.6 km·h-1) and HRMSSL (182 ± 4 bpm) respectively, didn t show differences (p>0.05). The correlations found were significant, specially VDmáx (r = 0.98) and HRDmáx (r = 0.88), with exceptions for HRDmáxpred (r = 0.53) and V4pred (r = 0.70), both not significant. The values found in the concentration of lactate in MSSL were 4.2 ± 1.8 mmol·l-1 (1.4 to 6.7). Therefore, the conclusion is that LAn derived from TCAR are valid as predictors of MSSL in Futsal players and that the physiological responses verified in this intermittent running were similar to the present theoretical model, suggesting a generalizable model.
O Limiar anaeróbio (Lan) obtido durante um teste incremental em esforço contínuo, presumivelmente indica a carga de trabalho correspondente ao máximo steady-state de lactato (MSSL). Com base nesse modelo teórico vigente, diversos LAn não-invasivos derivados do TCAR têm sido utilizados como preditores do MSSL. Entre eles, os limiares de freqüência cardíaca identificados por inspeção visual (PDv) e pelo método matemático (Dmáx), o Dmáx predito (Dmáxpred) e a velocidade de limiar de 4 mmol·l-1 predita (V4pred). O objetivo da presente investigação foi verificar a validade desses Lan como preditores do MSSL na modalidade de Futsal. Oito jogadores de Futsal (21,3 ± 3,1 anos; 177,4 ± 7,7 cm; 79,4 ± 21,2 kg; 13,2 ± 5,7 %gordura) foram submetidos aos seguintes testes de campo: 1) Teste incremental de corrida intermitente (TCAR) realizado em sistema de "ida-e-volta", constituído de repetições de 12 segundos de corrida intercaladas por 6 segundos de caminhada, com velocidade inicial de 9 km·h-1 e incrementos de 0,6 km·h-1 a cada 90 segundos até a exaustão voluntária. Variáveis identificadas no TCAR: velocidade (V) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) dos diversos Lan preditores; 2) Teste de carga constante (TCC) com duração de 32 minutos divididos em 4 séries de 8 minutos de corrida intermitente (mesmo sistema aplicado no TCAR), com intervalo passivo de 1 minuto para coletar amostras de 25 µL de sangue e mensurar a FC. O MSSL foi definido como sendo a maior velocidade onde ocorreu steady-state de lactato (aumento não superior a 1,2 mmol·l-1 entre o 8º e 32º minuto). O primeiro TCC foi realizado com 100% da velocidade do Dmáx (VDmáx) e subsequentes TCC foram aplicados e a velocidade incrementada em 0,6 km·h-1 após cada TCC até que o MSSL foi verificado. Variáveis identificadas no TCC: V e FC correspondentes ao MSSL (VMSSL e FCMSSL). Os resultados obtidos para V e FC dos Lan preditores foram: VPDv (13,0 ± 1,5 km·h-1), VDmáx (12,2 ± 1,4 km·h-1), VDmáxpred (12,4 ± 1,2 km·h-1), V4pred (13,3 ± 0,8 km·h-1) e FCPDv (186 ± 11 bpm), FCDmáx (178 ± 10 bpm), FCDmáxpred (183 ± 8 bpm), respectivamente. Quando foram comparadas com a VMSSL (12,5 ± 1,6 km·h-1) e FCMSSL (182 ± 4 bpm), não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05). As correlações encontradas foram significantes, com destaque para a VDmáx (r = 0,98) e FCDmáx (r = 0,88), com exceções para FCDmáxpred (r = 0,53) e V4pred (r = 0,70), ambas não significantes. Os valores encontrados de concentração de lactato no MSSL foram 4,2 ± 1,8 mmol·l-1 (1,4 a 6,7). Assim, concluiu-se que os Lan derivados do TCAR são válidos como preditores do MSSL em jogadores de Futsal e que, as respostas fisiológicas verificadas nesse sistema de corrida intermitente foram similares ao modelo teórico vigente, sugerindo um modelo generalizável.
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Souza, Cristiane Pereira de. "Metabolismo de carboidratos e de lipídeos durante o exercício na intensidade do limiar ventilatório e o período de recuperação de mulheres obesas". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1303.
Abstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-27Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The inability to oxidize fat is a key factor in the etiology of obesity. However, improved performance and VO2max resulting from physical training leads to increased rates of oxidation of fats. Although, there is still a lack of information about the intensity of exercise can interfere with metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in obese women during a session of exercise and its recovery, because only in an experimental study there is a negative relationship of obesity on the reinstatement of power after a year. Therefore, this study aims to assess the behavior of the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in moderately obese women on a test of acute exercise effects on the intensity of ventilatory threshold and the recovery period, in the stage of pre-and post-training physical. This study had the participation of seven women slightly obese (BMI=4.03 kg/m2), with an average age of 43.0 ± 4.0 years, 163 ± 0.2±33.59 cm and previously sedentary who were submitted to the ergospirometry acute test before and after 16 weeks of training in the intensity of ventilatory threshold. During the test respiratory quotient was evaluated to determine the fats and carbohydrates oxidation during exercise and recovery period. The results found that the volunteers used predominantly the energy that comes from carbohydrates during the session of exercise (67.64% and 69.35% of the total spent provided pre-and post-training, respectively). During recovery the percentage of the fats contribution increase of (46.52% of the total oxidized) to the total energy generated, which discreetly marked with training (53.48% of the total oxidized). Based on the findings was observed that the metabolism of carbohydrates provides the muscle contraction support during the exercise in the intensity of ventilatory threshold and that the recovery period lipid metabolism is the counterpart to repay the body stores energy in obese women.
A inabilidade de oxidar gorduras é um fator chave na etiologia da obesidade. No entanto, a melhoria de performance e do VO2max advinda do treinamento físico leva a um aumento das taxas de oxidação de gorduras. Porém, ainda faltam esclarecimentos sobre como a intensidade do exercício pode interferir no metabolismo de carboidratos e de lipídeos de mulheres obesas durante uma sessão de exercício e a sua recuperação, já que apenas em estudo experimental observa-se a relação negativa da obesidade sobre a reposição da energia após um exercício. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é de verificar o comportamento do metabolismo de carboidratos e de lipídeos de mulheres moderadamente obesas sobre efeito de um teste agudo de exercício na intensidade do limiar ventilatório e o seu período de recuperação, na condição pré e pós-treinamento físico. Para tanto, o estudo contou com a participação de sete mulheres levemente obesas (IMC=33,59 ± 4,03 Kg/m2), com média de idade de 43,0 ± 4,0 anos, 163 ± 0,2 cm e previamente sedentárias que foram submetidas ao teste agudo de ergoespirometria, no inicio e após transcorridas 16 semanas de treinamento na intensidade do limiar ventilatório. Durante o teste foi avaliado o quociente respiratório para determinação da oxidação de gorduras e de carboidratos durante o exercício e o seu período de recuperação. Com base nos resultados obtidos verificou-se que as voluntárias utilizam predominantemente a energia que advém de carboidratos durante a sessão de exercício (67,64 % e 69,35 % do total oxidado na condição pré e pós-treinamento, respectivamente). Durante a recuperação as gorduras aumentam o percentual de contribuição (46,52 % do total oxidado) para o total de energia gerada, condição discretamente acentuada com o treinamento (53,48 % do total oxidado). Com base nos achados acredita-se que o metabolismo de carboidratos oferece suporte para a contração muscular durante o exercício físico na intensidade do limiar ventilatório e que no período de recuperação o metabolismo lipídico faz a contrapartida para reposição dos estoques de energia corporal em mulheres obesas.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Maximal incremental exercise":
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Karall, D., G. Mair, U. Albrecht, K. Niedermayr, T. Karall, W. Schobersberger e S. Scholl-Bürgi. "Sports in LCHAD Deficiency: Maximal Incremental and Endurance Exercise Tests in a 13-Year-Old Patient with Long-Chain 3-Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD) and Heptanoate Treatment". In JIMD Reports, 7–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2014_313.
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Thomas, Gregory S. "Heart Rate Response to Exercise". In Ellestad's Stress Testing, a cura di Gregory S. Thomas, L. Samuel Wann e Myrvin H. Ellestad, 437–45. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225483.003.0022.
Abstract (sommario):
The chapter Heart Rate Response to Exercise reviews the studies performed to estimate a patient’s maximum predicted heart rate. While the commonly used formula (220 – age), developed in 1971, is easy to remember, it underestimates the actual maximum heart rate in older persons. Studies of large sample size have found the maximum heart rate to be relatively independent of sex and physical fitness but to incrementally decline with age. The decrease with age is less than 1 beat per minute per year, however. A more accurate and recommended formula is [(208) – (0.7)(age)] as developed by Tanaka and colleagues.
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McManus, Ali M., e Christine M. Tallon. "Cerebrovascular responses to exercise". In Oxford Textbook of Children's Sport and Excercise Medicine 4e, a cura di Neil Armstrong e Willem van Mechelen, 91–102. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192843968.003.0007.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Various studies have linked exercise to brain structure and function, but the mechanistic pathways underlying exercise-induced benefits are poorly understood. Augmented brain function is related to cerebrovascular responses to exercise in adults; however, evidence in children is limited. This is an emerging area of integrative paediatric exercise physiology and this chapter provides insight into the development of cerebral metabolism and blood flow, key mechanisms that regulate cerebral blood flow at rest, and responses to exercise. Similar to adults, the cerebral blood flow response to incremental exercise to exhaustion in children and adolescents is biphasic, increasing up to the ventilatory threshold, then declining back to resting values from the respiratory compensation point to maximum. In contrast, the amplitude of the increase in cerebral blood velocity is about half of that noted in adults. Unlike adults, the biphasic response in cerebral blood flow is not mirrored by end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PETCO2), and the cerebral blood flow–ventilation relationship differs, suggesting underlying exercise regulatory pathways are developmentally distinct. The paucity of evidence on acute and chronic cerebrovascular responses to physical activity and exercise training in the child or adolescent means the true impact of exercise on brain structure and function and future brain health has yet to be fully understood.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Maximal incremental exercise":
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Jones, G. L., N. L. Jones e K. J. Killian. "The Respiratory Quotient During Maximal Incremental Exercise: A Graphical Analysis". In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a6897.
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Silva Queiroz, Douglas, Martina Rodrigues Oliveira, Alexandre Franco Amaral, Cibele Cristine Berto Marques Da Silva, Bruno Baldi, João Marcos Salge, Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Carvalho e Celso Ricardo Fernades Carvalho. "Incremental shuttle walking test evaluates the maximal exercise capacity of patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis". In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.270.
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Oueslati, Ferid, Zouhair Tabka e Said Ahmaidi. "LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACT: Deoxyhemoglobin kinetic and performance of respiratory muscles during maximal incremental exercise". In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa2306.
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Oliveira, Juliana Cássia M., Thaís Melatto, Roberta P. Ramos, Marcos B. Nunes, Priscila B. Barbosa, Jaquelina S. Ota, Eloara V. M. Ferreira e J. Alberto Neder. "Incremental Shuttle Walking Test To Estimate Maximal Exercise Capacity In Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension". In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5936.
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Barbosa, Renata, Ronaldo Silva, Simone Camargo, Simone Dal Corso, João Marcos Salge, Alfredo José Fonseca, Rafael Stelmach e Celso Carvalho. "Does modified incremental step test evaluate maximal exercise capacity in moderate to severe subjects with asthma?" In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa528.
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Sorino, Nicola, Michele Franchi, Carlotta Merlo, Federico Ballerio, Matteo Pizzolato e Annalisa Cogo. "Respiratory training (RT) modifies the breathing pattern (BP) toward a more efficient one during maximal incremental exercise". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa759.
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Priscila Porreca, Paloma, Mayara Jeronymo Uébe Mansur, Victor Paes Dias Gonçalves, Bárbara Vieira Bolckau Miranda e Marlana Ribeiro Monteiro. "Effects of face mask use on exercise during the covid-19 pandemic: the principal component analysis (PCA)". In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Biológicas & Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8868113820212386.
Abstract (sommario):
The COVID-19 pandemic also raised questions about the practice of physical activity using a face mask and how this would affect breathing and performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using a tissue face mask recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the variation of heart rate (HR), minute volume (VE), and muscle O 2 saturation (SO 2 m) parameters during performing the incremental load exercise and verifying the maximum time obtained at the end of the exercise. A 21-year-old male, 85 kg of total body mass and 1.68 m of height were selected. The individual performed an incremental load test to maximum exhaustion on the XT cycle ergometer (TRG Fitness ®️ ) in two moments: No mask -Control (C); Cloth Mask (CM). The individual was instructed to maintain a cadence of 61-65 rpm and every 2 minutes a load of 30.8 watts was added until maximum exhaustion. A ventilometer VO2 Pro (Cefise ®️ ) and a near infrared spectroscopy sensor (Moxy ®️ ) were used, placed in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right leg.Data were analyzed every 20% of the total time (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) under conditions C and CM. The parameters of HR, VE and SO 2 m were monitored throughout the test and the data were statistically processed by a software (Origin Pro ®️ 3.226) using a multivariate analysis technique (Principal Component Analysis -PCA) to analyze interrelationships between the variables. In test condition C, an eigenvalue of 2.979 was observed with two variables (VE and SO 2 m) associated with greater variation (PC1). The maximum time obtained at the end of the test was 1535 seconds. In the CM condition, na eigenvalue of 2.881 was observed with two variables (HR and SO 2 m) associated with greater variation (PC1). The maximum time obtained at the end of the test was1330 seconds. It is concluded that the use of CM reduces VE variation, which may be associated with greater airflow resistance. The greatest variation observed in HR was due to the use of CM, impacting the delay in the appearance of the plateau. In addition, the use of a tissue mask recommended by the WHO reduces the maximum exercise time performed on the cycle ergometer in a healthy individual. These findings are useful for evaluating the effects of using CM in high-performance sports. Additional studies in the elderly and people with lung or heart disease are needed.
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Adewuya, Opeyemi, Mahmoud Alqurashi, Rommel Urbina-Arias e Faisal Alodah. "Multidiscipline Well Construction Process Integrates Advanced Engineering Design and MSF Technologies to Deliver Arabian Gulf Trilateral Well". In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213406-ms.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The use of multilateral well designs and architectures have progressed significantly since the introduction nearly three decades ago. It has become the de-facto approach for unlocking incremental production performance and increasing drainage density in sands and limestone reservoirs. The tri-lateral well featured in this paper is a TAML Level-2 design with each 6000 ft lateral geosteered and completed by running open-hole packers equipped with ball-activated frac-ports and sleeves on a non-cemented liner hanger system in the motherbore and drop-off systems in laterals-1 and 2. The pre-drill exercise encompassed technical considerations to determine from ---- reservoir type to well architecture, MSF technology, modelling for fracture stimulation effectiveness and well construction techniques --- to ensure success. Beyond established reservoir development strategies such as Maximum Reservoir Contact (MRC), the robustness and effectiveness of directed stimulation fluid to achieve frac stage deep acid stimulation at design pressures requires open-hole stage isolation technologies and devices that enable confirmation of completion of treatment operation. Additionally, working from bottoms-up, junction construction, debris management, securing well integrity during whipstock installation, window milling and whipstock retrieval are operational phases that pose significant challenge and risk to loss of well. The collaboration between Multilateral equipment design and engineering companies and Operators focus on simplifying junction construction, High frac pressure Open-hole packers as well as affirmative frac port open and close surface indicators. Innovative engineering solutions has produced advanced open-hole isolation and completion hardware and material science developments are offering path clean-up and unobstructed reservoir fluid flow after stage stimulation. The integration of the latest multilateral construction technologies and techniques for ensuring mission-critical objectives leverages a multidiscipline collaboration approach to ensure well delivery and reservoir performance. Critical success factors discussed in this paper are, 1. Tri-lateral wellbore construction and recovery of junction construction devices, 2. Running and setting lower completion string, 3. Operating stage isolation devices and effective stimulation of each stage guided by advanced frac-stimulation modelling analysis and 4. Unrestricted reservoir flow through lower completion flow control devices.
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Ansari, S., T. Cader, N. Stoddard, B. Tolman, J. Frank, D. Cotton, T. Wong e N. Pakdaman. "Spray Cooling Thermal Management of a Semiconductor Chip Undergoing Probing, Diagnostics, and Failure Analysis". In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35206.
Abstract (sommario):
With the proliferation of flip chip packaging and multiple metal layer technology in advanced semiconductor integrated circuits (IC’s), traditional front-side probing and failure analysis tools are no longer viable. Full transistor level access from the substrate side (i.e., backside) of the chip is now required to fully realize such investigative work. Silicon is transmissive in the near-IR above its bandgap (≅ 1,000nm to 1,100nm). As a result, transistor level access can be achieved by optical means. To enable such optical access, it is necessary to first remove all heat dissipating devices such as finned heat sinks and integrated heat spreaders placed in contact with the silicon substrate. For most applications, the silicon is then mechanically thinned down to approximately 100μm, and a microscope objective is used to “probe” the chip optically for diagnostics and failure analysis. During such diagnostics and failure analysis, the device under test (DUT) is electrically exercised typically “at speed”, which translates into high power dissipation levels. A thermal management system that can be physically and optomechanically integrated with state-of-the-art diagnostics and failure analysis systems, and can dissipate significant power levels is required to maintain the DUT’s temperature equilibrium and avoid thermal runaway, that could irreversibly damage the DUT. One possible and efficient solution is provided by spraying a dielectric coolant directly onto the chip. In the present study, a test chip was used in conjunction with an exact model of a novel microscope objective that is in full contact with the device. The test chip was powered in increments from 0 to 82W/cm2, and the device level temperature was measured by several temperature sensors embedded in the chip. A spray head was designed to deliver conditioned coolant to the test chip’s surface, while simultaneously accommodating the obstruction of the microscope objective and allowing full optical access to the entire chip surface. Thermal performance results for the cooling system are provided for uniform heat flux levels of 30, 52, and 82W/cm2, with the optical probe located in the worst-case center of the test chip. For all heat fluxes studied, the maximum device level temperature did not exceed 60°C, the across-chip temperature differential was approximately 31°C, and surface temperature fluctuations were seen to have a standard deviation of less than ±1°C. The results are discussed in-depth, and are put in perspective of industry needs.
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Herschbein, Steven B., Kyle M. Winter, Carmelo F. Scrudato, Brian L. Yates, Edward S. Hermann e John Carulli. "FinFET Transistor Output Drive Performance Modification by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Chip Circuit Editing". In ISTFA 2020. ASM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2020p0122.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) chip circuit editing is a well-established highly specialized laboratory technique for making direct changes to the functionality of integrated circuits. A precisely tuned and placed ion beam in conjunction with process gases selectively uncovers internal circuitry, create functional changes in devices or the copper wiring pattern, and reseals the chip surface. When executed within reasonable limits, the revised circuit logic functions essentially the same as if the changes were instead made to the photomasks used to fabricate the chip. The results of the intended revision, however, can be obtained weeks or months earlier than by a full fabrication run. Evaluating proposed changes through FIB modification rather than proceeding immediately to mask changes has become an integral part of the process for bringing advanced designs to market at many companies. The end product of the FIB process is the very essence of handcrafted prototyping. The efficacy of the FIB technique faces new challenges with every generation of fabrication process node advancement. Ever shrinking geometries and new material sets have always been a given as transistor size decreases and overall packing density increases. The biggest fundamental change in recent years was the introduction of the FinFET as a replacement for the venerable planar transistor. Point to point wiring change methodology has generally followed process scaling, but transistor deletions or modifications with the change to Fins require a somewhat different approach and much more careful control due to the drastic change in height and shape. We also had to take into consideration the importance of the 4th terminal, the body-tie, that is often lost in backside editing. Some designs and FET technology can function acceptably well when individual devices are no longer connected to the bulk substrate or well, while others can suffer from profound shifts in performance. All this presents a challenge given that the primary beam technology improvements of the fully configured chip edit FIB has only evolved incrementally during the same time period. The gallium column system appears to be reaching its maximum potential. Further, as gallium is a p-type metal dopant, there are limitations to its use in close proximity to certain active semiconductor devices. Amorphous material formation and other damage mechanisms that extend beyond what can be seen visually when endpointing must also be taken into account [1]. Device switching performance and even transmission line characteristics of nearby wiring levels can be impacted by material structural changes from implantation cascades. Last year our lab participated in a design validation exercise in which we were asked to modify the drive of a multi-finger FinFET device structure to reduce its switching speed impact on a circuit. The original sized device pulled the next node in the chain too fast, resulting in a timing upset. Deleting whole structures and bridging over/around them is commonly done, but modifications to the physical size of an FET device is a rare request and generally not attempted. It requires a level of precision in beam control and post-edit treatment that can be difficult to execute cleanly. Once again during a complex edit task we considered the use of an alternate ion beam species such as neon, or reducing the beam energy (low kV) on the gallium tool. Unfortunately, we don’t yet have easy access to a versatile viable replacement column technology grafted to a fully configured edit station. And while there should be significantly reduced implant damage and transistor functional change when a gallium column FIB is operated at lower accelerating potential [2], the further loss of visual acuity due to the reduced secondary emission, especially when combined with ultra-low beam currents, made fast and accurate navigation near impossible. We instead chose the somewhat unconventional approach of using an ultra-low voltage electron beam to do much of the navigation and surface marking prior to making the final edits with the gallium ion beam in a dual-beam FIB tool. Once we had resolved how to accurately navigate to the transistors in question and expose half of the structure without disturbing the body-tie, we were able to execute the required cut to trim away 50% of the structure and reduce the effective drive. Several of the FIB modified units functioned per the design parameters of a smaller sized device, giving confidence to proceed with the revised mask set. To our surprise, the gallium beam performed commendably well in this most difficult task. While we still believe that an inert beam of similar characteristics would be preferable, this work indicates that gallium columns are still viable at the 14 nm FinFET node for even the most rigorous of editing requirements. It also showed that careful application of e-beam imaging on the exposed underside of FinFET devices could be performed without degrading or destroying them.