Tesi sul tema "Matériaux optiques – Propriétés physico-chimiques"
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Kerbadou, Farid. "Mise en forme et propriétés physico-chimiques de fenêtres PbF2 pour l'optique infrarouge". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20119.
Testo completoLô, Cheikh A. el Kabir. "Electrosynthèse, étude des propriétés optiques et physico-chimiques, caractérisation structurale de matériaux conducteurs obtenus à partir de thiénobenzothiophènes : effet des milieux organisés". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077101.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis was to carry out the electrosynthesis, and to study the structural and optical characteristics of new conducting polymers containing benzothienothiophenes. We prepared films of poly(1 [thiophene-2-yl] benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene), poly(2-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene) and poly(3-methyl-thieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene) in acetonitrile and partially-aqueous micellar medium containing SDS. A lowering of the oxidation potentials of the corresponding monomers was observed in the micellar medium, relatively to the acetonitrile medium. Using MALDI-TOF and IRTF analyses as well as MO theoretical calculations, based on a mechanism of coupling by radical-cations, we have determined the structures of the obtained short-chain oligomers. These polymer films are characterized by an important red-shift of the fluorescence maximum compared to that of the corresponding monomer. In order to determine the effect of substituents on the electropolymerization process and optical properties, we also proceeded to the electropolymerisation of other thieno[3,2-b]benzothiophenes, variously substituted by methyl, acetate of methyl and/or methoxy groups. We have compared the optical properties of these various monomers which, because of their interesting UV absorption and fluorescence characteristics,,might be applied to build electronic components by using the corresponding polymers
Avice, Jérémy. "Etudes des propriétés physico-chimiques de revêtements sol-gel par spectroscopie, optoacoustique et endommagement laser". Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1028.
Testo completoWithin the framework of the simulation project, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) aims to reproduce the pressure and temperature conditions of a thermonuclear fusion with the Megajoule laser (LMJ). Some of the optical components of the LMJ, in particular some focusing lenses, are coated with an antireflective (AR) layer made by a sol-gel process. These films are composed of silica nanoparticles 10 nm in diameter with 55% porosity. To increase the mechanical strength of these layers, the films are exposed to water and ammonia vapors during a post-process. This post-treatment creates covalent bonds between the silica nanoparticles and thus strengthens the colloidal film. In order to give all the qualities of an optical coating, besides the key optical properties, we have set ourselves the objective of understanding the mechanical stability of these nanomaterials. In particular, we wanted, in the context of this thesis, to have a better understanding of the ammonia hardening process and for that we undertook a complete study of the physical and chemical parameters that govern the elasticity of this assembly of nanoparticles. In a second step, we highlighted the appearance of surface cracking causing optical diffusion and a decrease in mechanical reinforcement during the post-process. In order to minimize or even eliminate these surface cracks, we performed a parametric study to identify the elements responsible for this cracking
Soutenain, Arthur. "Impact des propriétés physico-chimiques des revêtements SiO2/HfO2 sur les performances optiques et le vieillissement des composants des lasers de puissance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0106.
Testo completoThe Mégajoule Laser is a french high-power laser facility designed to simulate fusion reactions in compliance with CTBT treaty of 1996, which forbids nuclear tests. The reaction is triggered by laser inertial confinement, requiring the amplification of laser beams up to 1.3 MJ on deuterium-tritium target in the UV. An aging phenomenon impacts the polarizer components, making them obsolete over several years and leading to a loss of laser transmission. To evaluate the causes, hafnia and silica coatings were deposited by evaporation with and without plasma-assistance, resulting in coatings that are respectively sensitive and insensitive to moisture. Studies have highlighted a spectral shift of the optical performance of the components at years scale, attributed to changes of the silica layers structure. The proposed model suggests that the coating properties are altered by the diffusion of water and the hydrolysis of silica. The denser and less moisture-sensitive layers present a slower aging of properties. To overcome these instabilities, the best possible solution found is to perform a hydrothermal treatment during the manufacturing process which accelerates aging phenomena and stabilizes the components before use
Mohgouk, Zouknak Louis David. "Optimisation d'oxydes métalliques pour la réalisation d’électrode en adéquation avec le matériau photosensible dans l'infrarouge". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT031.
Testo completoOver the past few decades, the development of zero-dimensional (0D) materials or quantum dots (QDs) has grown significantly. Among these materials, lead sulphide (PbS) QDs have received particular attention due to their outstanding properties, including tunable optical absorption from 600 to 2600 nm. PbS QDs are considered to be one of the most promising materials for the next generation of infrared sensors. There is therefore growing interest in their use in industrial applications. When these materials are integrated into optoelectronic devices, they require the use of efficient charge extraction electrodes, as well as a transparent electrical contact in the IR for better performance. In this thesis work, we studied the properties of hole extraction electrodes (HTL) based on transition metal oxides and the transparent electrical contact based on In2O3 (TCO or transparent and conductive oxide) prepared by sputtering. These studies were initially carried out on individual layers of TCO and HTL. Characterisation of the TCO films showed that hydrogen doping can improve their optical properties in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (the region of interest for the targeted applications). Secondly, in order to fabricate photodiode structures, they were integrated onto a film of PbS QDs deposited on an electrode optimised for electron extraction and transport. Appropriate characterisations have shown that ultra-thin NiOx films can be better alternatives to the MoOx layers traditionally used as hole extraction and transport materials on PbS QD films
Dalstein, Olivier. "Nanoporous thin films structured by top-down & bottom-up approaches : towards smartphone-compatible optical sensors". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066739.
Testo completoMulti-scale structuration of functional materials at nano- and micro- levels is an active scientific field driven by the tremendous potential of miniaturized devices in microelectronics, optics (light harvesting, photonics), sensing (selective sensors) or microfluidics (lab-on-a-chip). Diverse micro-nanofabrication techniques are exploited for device fabrication. On one hand, Top-Down techniques are developed to fabricate complex micro- and nano- structures from bulk materials; this approach relies on lithography which offers a wide flexibility on the final object architecture but suffers from low-throughput that hinders its use for large-scale production. On the other hand, Bottom-Up techniques based on the assembly of molecular building blocks are suited for the large-scale fabrication of nanostructured materials but are limited to simple architectures. The fruitful combination of both approaches is thus a vast field of investigation with promising technological outcomes.The scope of this thesis is to combine Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches to obtain hierarchical architectures with original chemical characteristics and optical properties. In practical terms, the deposition by Chemical Liquid Deposition (dip-coating) of nanoporous inorganic or organic-inorganic (hybrid) films structured by self-assembly and the subsequent patterning by either lithographic or evaporation-driven patterning will be presented. The resulting multi-scale structures possess periodic micro- or submicro- organization and engineered nanopores (<100 nm) and are used as optical sensing devices for the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). In the pursuit of simplicity, the compatibility of these sensors with Smartphone technology is emphasized; the final goal is to fabricate low-cost sensors with pronounced chemical selectivity that produce an optical signal directly readable by Smartphone cameras
De, Viguerie Laurence. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du ‘sfumato'". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Testo completoGaillac, Romain. "Modélisation moléculaire des propriétés physico-chimiques de matériaux microporeux". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEC005.
Testo completoDuring this PhD, we perform studies based on numerical simulation (Ab initio molecular dynamics for instance) of physico-chemical properties for crystalline adsorbents industrially used, like zeolites,or could be used someday, like hybrid materials or MOFs (Metal–Organic Frameworks). We are primarily interested in adsorption properties of molecular fluids and their mixtures but also in the mechanical and thermal behaviors of nanoporous solids. The aim is to reveal relationships between molecular structures and properties, via multiscale modeling, to construct a rational design approach for such materials
Viguerie, Laurence de. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du sfumato". Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Testo completoVerbois, Agnès. "Elaboration d'une nouvelle gamme de matériaux élastomères thermoplastiques par réticulation dynamique (TPE-V) au cours d'une opération d'extrusion". Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STET4001.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is to elaborate a new range of thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizates (TPE-V) by reactive extrusion. TPE-V are elaborated by the process of dynamic vulcanization. By definition dynamic vulcanization consists of vulcanizing an elastomer (in major phase) during its melt mixing with a thermoplastic resin (in minor phase), which results in a final morphology of the material TPE-V where the fully vulcanized elastomer is finely dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix. . . [etc. ]
Kikouama, Odilon. "Propriétés physico-chimiques d'associations matériaux argileux - oligoéléments : formulation et propectives prophylactiques". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114815.
Testo completoClay is natural raw material essentially composed of clayey minerals and which can contain some trace elements likely to participate in the treatment of some affections. The mineralogical composition of seven clay samples taken in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Sénégal, has been determined by several methods of analysis (DRX,FT-IR, ATD, ATG, DSC, ICP). The predominant mineral is kaolinite (Si2Al2O5(OH)4; 47 to 72% in mass). The microbiological control of three among them indicates that they don't present any risk in accordance with the microbiological requirements specified in the monograph of the pharmacopeia european (5. 05). The kinetic study of the release of some trave elements (Cu2+, Zn2+: ICP; Fe2+, Fe3+: spectrophotometry) and of the essential elements (Ca2+, Mg2+: Ionic chromatography) in physico-chemically simulated physiological mediums (MPS: "Mouth, stomach, intestine"; pH, T°, electrolyte) shows that this one is fast (approximately 15min) and is done preferentially in the stomach medium because of its acidity. This release is also done because to the presence of the Na+ ion in the MPS, which replaces the various cations because of the proximity of their ionic rays. We conceived pellets (by extrusion-spheronization) floating in the gastric medium from one of the studied varieties, of polymeric (HPMC, PVP, Eudragit® 30 D) and minerals binders (NaHCO3, Talc). The results obtained show that the pellets have a time of buoyancy of 5 and quantitatively improve the release of the trace elements: Fe2+ (95%), Fe3+ (70%), Zn2+ (60%) versus 40% of Fe2+ and Zn2+; 30% of Fe3+ for the raw clay
Robira, Maxime. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et comportement différé des matériaux cimentaires sous irradiations gamma". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IMTA0115/document.
Testo completoThe project of Centre Industriel de stockage Géologique or CIGEO supported by Andra (French Agency for Radioactive Waste Management) will allow storing intermediate level and high-level wastes 500 meters deep inconcrete galleries built in an impermeable argillaceous rock. The main objective of this study is to understand the effects of lower dose rate external gamma irradiations on the physical-chemical and hydro-thermo-mechanical behavior of concrete which could be used in the CIGEO structures and elements. A multiscale and multi-physics experimental protocol has been established during this PhD work. Mortar and cement paste specimens have been irradiated in a gamma irradiator (E = 0.667 MeV,LET = 0.23 keV.μm-1) and subsequently subjected to bending and compressive mechanical stress tests. These irradiations have been performed at the ARRONAX cyclotron facility (Saint-Herblain, France). The variations of compressive and bending strength after irradiation have been measured for different materials (humid, dried and carbonated mortar and cement pastes) showing a high decrease of mechanicals properties. Mechanical variations have been explained by the study of physical-chemical evolution of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), the major phase composing the concrete which can be modified under gamma radiation. Microscopic and macroscopic results were successfully compared to explain the evolution of the cementitious materials under low doserate of gamma radiation
Belaidi, Maafa Dahbia. "Etude par chromatographie inverse des propriétés superficielles physico-chimiques de matériaux carbonés". Mulhouse, 2006. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/opac/resource/etude-par-chromatographie-inverse-des-proprietes-superficielles-physicochimiques-de-materiaux-carbon/BUS4081401.
Testo completoMy work of thesis had for objective to characterize the superficial physicochemical properties of carbon materials used inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and inverse liquid chromatography (ILC) techniques. These methods were applied to three types of carbon materials: - milled graphites which were obtained by milling with high energy in a Fritsch planetary mill "Pulveriset 5", from a commercial graphite of weak specific surface which was milled for 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours. These milled graphites, serve us as reference solid, in agreement with the approach already recommended by Santini. - Carbon Blacks. Two blacks' types were retained: Industrial carbon blacks. Carbon blacks of recuperation obtained by pyrolysis of pneumatic at ambient pressure. - nanotubes of carbon, got by the company ARKEMA. In the first part, generality of the carbon materials are called back as well as the bases of the analysis of the superficial properties of a solid by the inverse gas chromatography techniques. The used experimental conditions are described. Then these materials are examined by having appeal to the IGC at infinite dilution ( IGC-ID) which delivers information concerning the energy of surface of the studied solid and the IGC at finite concentration (IGC-FC) who gives access to the isotherms of desorption of the molecule probes. A particular attention brought to the estimation of the energy heterogeneousness of their surfaces in terms of distribution functions of the energies of adsorption of an apolar probe n-heptane and the polar probes- isopropanol and the pyridine-. She also allows by comparison of the fonction of experimental distribution with that characteristic of a homogeneous solid to characterize the surface studied by means of an indication of heterogeneousness which is invalid if the surface is homogeneous. Concerning graphite's, it is shown by IGC-ID that the milling of graphites leads the formation of sites of high energy which play an important role in certain applications as the reinforcement of elastomers and an increase of the characteristic superficial nano-roughness of the side surfaces of solids lamellaires. The standards carbon blacks present characteristic in IGC-ID, close relations of those of the graphites of weak surfaces specific. Also the carbon of recuperation present nearby characteristics of those of the standard blacks from the point of view of the dispersives interactions and of the nanomorphology. But, the presence of impurities under the chape of zinc oxide and silica confers them a superior specific potential of interaction. The IGC-FC cornes to confirm and to complete the results obtained by the IGC-ID. The distribution functions of graphites indeed confirm the increase of the number of these sites of high energy according to time of milling. The study of nanotubes by IGC in shown that the distribution functions obtained with the heptane as the probe, are vert' sharply bimodales. If the position of the peak with Iow energy is stable of a sample has the other and nearby of that of the saine peak in the case of graphites, on the other hand, the position of the peak with high energy is very dependent on the sample. This position is credibly connected to the diarneter of the central channel. This hypothesis is in the course of evaluation. The second part is devolved to the feasibility of the study of the adsorption of the iodine in the potassium iodide solution used the inverse liquid chromatography ( ILC). Having reviewed the literature concerning the adsorption of the iodine in aqueous phase on carbons and describes the analysis of surface by ILC, we describe the experimental protocol, the use of a corrosive eluant (the potassium iodide) and the injection of a crenel of a solution of iodine which lifts numerous problems which we were able tb resolve. This indthbd wâs able to be successfully applied to sonie carbon blacks. She allows on one hand to determine the part of the irreversible and reversible adsorption by comparison of the adsorption and desorption areas, and on the other hand to reach the isotherm of desorption and there, to an evaluation of the heterogeneousness of surface. In conclusion, this study allowed us to combine numerous information on the superficial properties of diverse carbons: graphites, carbon blacks and nanotubes. Their comparison allowed us to advance in the understanding of their relative superficial properties in particular for the carbon nanotubes
Rolland, Leslie. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de capsules d'hydrogel à coeur liquide". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919083.
Testo completoRivellini, Laura-Hélèna. "Propriétés physico-chimiques, optiques et identification des sources des aérosols en Afrique de l’Ouest". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10177/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis consists in studying the chemical nature, the origins as well as the optical properties of aerosols in West Africa. We focused on establishing the links between the chemical composition of fine particles at surface and aerosols optical properties. Our study is based on measurements acquired during the SHADOW field campaign, implemented on the M’Bour (Senegal) site during two intensive observation periods: March to June 2015 (IOP-1) and November 2015 to January 2016 (IOP-2). For this purpose, an instrumentation allowing online chemical characterization of surface PM1 (ACSM, TEOM-FDMS, aethalometer), at high time resolution, was implemented in parallel with instruments measuring aerosols optical properties at surface (aethalometer, nephelometer) and along the atmospheric column by remote sensing (Lidar, photometer). The coupling of meteorological data with statistical tools allowed determining the local and/or regional contribution of the different species, and identifying the source areas responsible for the high concentrations observed on site. The source receptor model (PM) allowed to further investigate the submicronic organic fraction, highlighting a fast photochemistry and the influence of specific anthropogenic activities (waste burning, fish smoking). We were also able to characterize, per season, the type of aerosols contributing to the fine particle extinction measured at surface, as well as to show links/differences between remote sensing and surface chemical/optical properties of fines particles during the two IOP
Lefèvre, Gauthier. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de nouveaux matériaux en couches minces pour le stockage d'hydrogène". Thesis, Artois, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ARTO0406.
Testo completoHydrogen storage is probably the last lock facing the development of fuel cells system.Hydrogen is a non-harmful, non-polluting that can be used as an energy vector, allowing to produce fossil fuel free electricity efficiently and releasing only water.It could trigger the next technological and green revolution, marking the end of environmental concerns related to energy.Hydrogen is the most energetic gas. These double-edged caracteristics makes it attractive and unsafe at the same time. Solid state storage can be seen as a solution in spite of a moderate hydrogen uptake and a poor desorption process.In this context, research of new materials with enhanced physico-chemical properties is desirable and represent the aim of this work.This thesis is an investigation study. On the one hand, with the help of efficient theoretical structural prediction systems, an exploration of the infinite possibilities offered by metal alloys has been performed. On the other hand, pulsed laser deposition of metal thin films has been implemented to make use of its benefits.The present theoretical study has highlighted the influence of external strains on stability and emergence of alloys in numerous binary systems. In addition, a search for potential hydrides was carried out. Informations obtained are encouraging the use of similar prediction schemes in order to identify new systems.From metallic thin films made by pulsed laser ablation, deposition difficulties and disparities in procedures have been put forward. Nonetheless, singular morphologies have been achieved by this process, opening new insights for designing novel materials
Stoeckel, Marc-Antoine. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et électroniques des interfaces supramoléculaires hybrides". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF002/document.
Testo completoThe work realized during this thesis was oriented toward the comprehension of the charge transport mechanism involved in organic electronics, and on the engineering of the semiconducting properties of hybrid supramolecular interfaces. Firstly, the intrinsic origin of the charge transport properties was studied for two semiconducting small molecules which are similar in terms of chemical structure but exhibit different electrical properties. Secondly, the electronic properties of 2D material were modulated with the help of self-assembled monolayers inducing antagonist doping properties. Finally, hybrid perovskites and semiconducting small molecules were used as active materials in oxygen and humidity sensing respectively, forming high-performance sensors. All the project employed the principles of the supramolecular chemistry in their realisation
Guinot, Dominique. "Recherche des paramètres physico-chimiques qui déterminent les propriétés mécaniques des céramiques de ferrite doux". Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOS023.
Testo completoDeprot, Sylvie. "Élaboration de micro-filaments composites : des caractéristiques physico-chimiques aux propriétés magnétiques". Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR4004.
Testo completoAdvances in the elaboration, understanding and engineering of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of amorphous glass-coated ferromagnetic microwires are presented. The control of the geometric characteristics of the microwires has been obtained through a careful parametric elaboration process study. That led to propose innovative modifications of the production apparatus to reach a continuous process. The magnetic anisotropy of these wires is mainly due to a magneto-elastic behavior. This has been evidenced through the experimental demonstration of the effects of the alloy composition and of the stress state of the ferromagnetic core on the static magnetic properties. Microwave properties of the ferromagnetic microwires were studied through their permeability spectra. They were described using a gyromagnetic model taking into account skin effect. The understanding of their static magnetic properties led to the engineering of the dynamic properties of the ferromagnetic microwires
Veys, Delphine. "Évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques de surface des matériaux quasicristallins lors de sollicitations électrochimiques". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL076N.
Testo completoThe main goal of this study is to understand how the surface properties of quasicrystalline and approximant alloys are modified when submitted to various kinds of electrochemical stress. The alloys are Al-based complex intermetallic phases of the AI-(Cu)-Fe-Cr system, submitted to either corrosion test in aggressive media or simply to oxidation and ageing in ambient conditions. Ln a first part, bulk alloys of the AI-(Cu)-Fe-Cr system were synthesized and their atomic structure was characterised. Then, the corrosion behaviour of these alloys was investigated with a view to identify the role of the chemical composition and of the crystallographic structure on their ability to resist corrosion attack in a medium containing citric acid and chloride anions. This work bas allowed us to âetermine the corrosion mechanisms and to identify some alloy compositions which demonstrate high-resistance against corrosion. The last part focusses on the evolution of surface structure and chemistry as a function of electrochemical stress. The topography, composition and structure of corroded samples were analysed. Ln addition, for AICrFe samples, we have highlighted an ageing phenomenon of the surfaces in ambient conditions. We have proposed a model describing the surface of these materials as a stacking of several layers with different chemistry. The surface ageing is modelled and related to the observed modifications of the chemical reactivity
Bachiorrini, Alessandro. "Interactions physico-chimiques entre l'aluminate monocalcique et différents carbonates au cours de la réaction d'hydratation". Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO19049.
Testo completoKacem, Mariem. "Méthodes de mesure des propriétés de structure d'un matériau poreux au cours de transformations physico-chimiques". Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0741.
Testo completoThe purpose of this work was to develop experiment devices for the measurements of porous media structure properties during transformation. Those devices were based on the gases tracer experiments. In the first experiment device a tracer gas (argon or nitrogen) was flowed through glass particles bed at room temperature. This aimed to the understanding of gas flow in the bed. Using the parametric identification method, the experiment and the theoretical (convection-diffusion approach) concentration of the outlet gas was compared. Then the porosity and the diffusivity were determined. Permeability was determined with known of pressure in the up and in the cell end using Darcy's law. The second experiment device allowed the follow-up to the physico-chimical transformations occurred during sample heating at different temperatures. The system investigation is composed of a spherical reactor containing a spherical porous media composed of hydroxyapatite particles with a mixture of glycerol and water. There are no contact between the sample and the reactor to avoid surface stresses. The solid porosity and the gas effective diffusivity have been determined during physical and chemical transformations of the sample. We using a parametric identification method based on a Perfectly Stirred Reactor PSR approach
Brasse, Coralie. "Les aérosols organiques de Titan : leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et leurs possibles évolutions chimiques à la surface". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1084/document.
Testo completoTitan, the largest moon of Saturn, is one of the key planetary objects in the exobiology field. Its dense, nitrogen-rich atmosphere is the site of intense organic chemistry. This PhD work focuses on the organic aerosols which are produced in Titan's atmosphere. They play an important role in atmospheric and surface processes but also in its organic chemistry of exobiology interest. At first, in order to produce reliable laboratory analogs (“tholins”) of these aerosols, a device for the synthesis of clean tholins has been developed, tested and optimized. Then two complementary aspects of Titan aerosols have been studied :- Their optical properties. Indeed, their knowledge is prime importance to analyze and to better interpret many of Titan's observational data. A detailed and critical review of all available data on refractive indices was conducted. The lacks in this field have been highlighted. In parallel, direct experimental measurements were used to determine the scattering matrix at two wavelengths and for a wide range of scattering angles. The obtained results show that the tholins do not have the shape of aggregates such as Titan aerosols although the acquired data seem to match with observational data.- Their potential chemical evolution at Titan surface, in particular, the possible interaction between aerosols and putative ammonia-water cryomagma. Modelings of Titan formation have recently permitted the characterization of a composition in salts of the subsurface ocean and the cryolave. From this new and original chemical composition, a laboratory study of several hydrolyses of tholins has been carried out. The obtained results show the formation of many organic compounds, among them, species identified only in the presence of salts. In addition, a list of potential precursors of these compounds has been established
Médjahdi, Kader. "Relation entre les propriétés optiques et les modifications micro-structurales induites par différents traitements physico-chimiques dans les fibres optiques germanosilicates". Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET4009.
Testo completoPhotosensitivity investigation in optical fibers is of growth scientific and technological interest. This thesis deals with the relation between optical properties and micro-structural modifications induced by various physical and chemical treatments in Ge-doped optical fibers. After a description, in chapter I, of the main features of point defects in both pure and Ge-doped silica, chapter II sets out the various experimental methods, absorption and luminescence technique and electron spin resonance, implemented to characterize the response of optical fibers under annealing treatment and UV radiation. To measure the UV-induced optical absorption in the near UV region, we developed an original in situ method that uses the UV-induced blue luminescence, ascribed to the germanium lone pair center (GLPC), as an intrinsic probe source. Chapter III is devoted to the study of the emission bands located at 292 nm and 400 nm versus various physical and chemical parameters as the hydrogen loading and germanium content, the thermal annealing, and the excitation wavelength. The time-decay dependence of the blue emission on the temperature in hydrogen-loaded fibers is explained through a collisional mechanism between the emitting centers (GLPCs) and the H2 molecules. Finally, the induced absorption in the UV-visible and infrared region are investigated in chapter IV. Taking into account the different experimental results, we propose new photochemical reactions in both unloaded and H2-loaded fibers to clarify the interaction of short continuous UV exposure (6-30 ms) with point defects embedded in the glass matrix
Evariste, Sloane. "Systèmes π-conjugués et assemblages supramoléculaires organophosphorés : synthèse et propriétés physico-chimiques". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S058/document.
Testo completoThis manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of new molecular systems based on phosphorus atom: we developed and studied π-conjugated systems based on phosphole and secondly supramolecular assemblies with phosphine ligand have been studied. Firstly, an introduction to the phosphole chemistry (history, synthesis methods, integration into π-conjugated systems) is presented. The first chapter describes the synthesis and physico-chemical study of phospholes derivatives having an extended π-system for the development of orange-red emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Different molecular engineering involving the triple bond leads to modifications of the optical properties of the synthesized compounds by red-shifting their absorption and/or emission maxima. Chapter II describes the synthesis and the physical properties of complexes using phosphole based π-systems as linkers between two metal centers. New Fe (II), Pt (II) and Au (I) complexes have been developed and the electronic communication between the two metals is studied. The second part of the thesis work starts with a review on the emissive Cu(I) complexes. In Chapter III, are presented the syntheses, the structural and optical studies of new solid-state emissive supramolecular assemblies synthesized from pre-assembled Cu(I) molecular clips and stabilized by phosphine ligands (dppm or dpmp) with cyano ligands as linkers. Then in the final chapter new Cu(I) complexes are synthesized by using organic ligands with terminal nitrile functions as linkers. The solid-state luminescence properties of these new Cu(I) derivatives are studied according to their external environment and thermochromism, vapochromism and mechanochromism phenomena have been demonstrated for some of them
Seyni, Abdoulaye. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et d'usage de matériaux composites à charge dégradable produits par co-broyage". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7820/1/seyni.pdf.
Testo completoOmanda, Hugues. "Contribution à l'amélioration des propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux d'électrodes pour batteries à ion lithium". Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2082.
Testo completoLe, Rouzic Mathieu. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires à base d’oxyde de magnésium". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1082/document.
Testo completoMagnesium phosphate cements are the most representative cements of the activated-by-acid cements family. Despite the fact that they are known since the early 20th century, their use in civil engineering is fairly limited. These materials are used for road repairs where the fast compressive strength development is an advantage. Recently they have also been used in wastes stabilization/solidification (S/S), especially with wastes incompatible with Portland cement. The challenges of the use of these cements are related to the nature of their formation reaction: fast, very exothermic, with a very short setting time (only a few minutes).The bonding phase, k-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), is obtained from magnesium oxide mixed in water with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4).MgO + KH2PO4 + 5H2O MgKPO4.6H2OThe setting mechanisms are still poorly known and various theories, involving or not secondary product formation, have been suggested. Our researches have aimed to understand the setting mechanisms, as well as the influence of the formulation parameters on the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement. Results show that the formation of k-struvite involved a precipitation-dissolution reaction of an intermediate product, the newberyite (MgHPO4.3H2O). Formation reactions of these two products are controlled by the supersaturation rate and the pH of the solution. The study highlights the strong effect of water on the properties of fresh cement paste. With a low mass ratio e/c in comparison of Portland cement (ratio e/c between 0,1 and 0,25), a slight modification of the ratio (0,02) leads to a segregation and a surface heterogeneity of the cement paste. Among the formulation parameters, the molar ratio MgO/KH2PO4 (Mg/P) seems the most important parameter. Indeed, it impacts most of the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement (compressive strength, setting time, reaction heat, paste fluidity …). Low Mg/P ratios lead to poor water resistance, to crystals formation inside the microstructure that can be seen on the surface of the sample (an efflorescence appearance), and to important swelling of the paste, leading to the cracking of the samples. After the parametric study, a magnesium phosphate cement paste has been defined. Dimensional changes and chemical shrinkage measurement were conducted to understand the mechanisms involved in this swelling phenomenon. In support, microstructural analyses (SEM, XRD, TGA) and leaching tests complete the experimental campaign. The results confirm the influence of a low Mg/P ratio on cement swelling and water resistance. Finally, a study on various additions to the paste has been conducted, with the purpose of improving the cement paste performances. It shows that the addition of an inert filler (siliceous sand or fly ashes) has a retarding effect and reduced the reaction heat
Bègue, Nelson. "Evolution des propriétés physico-chimiques des aérosols désertiques issus de l'outflow africain". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056960.
Testo completoZapata-Massot, Céline. "Synthèse de matériaux composites par co-broyage en voie sèche. Caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques et d'usages des matériaux". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7699/1/zapata_massot.pdf.
Testo completoSalvant, Johanna. "Caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux de peinture employés par Van Gogh : les peintures blanches". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834371.
Testo completoBouvet-Marchand, Agathe. "Syntheses, preparations and physico-chemical characterizations of functional hybrid thin layers". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0338.
Testo completoTo face the technical challenges of our time, more and more performing materials are needed. However, neither plastic nor metals are sufficient to answer the different current problematic that require materials to be cheap, easily processable, industrializable with oustanding properties (electronic conductivity, transparency, self-cleaning, anti-corrosive etc.). These last years, the association plastic-metal or "hybrid" appears to be a promising route. Indeed, in these materials, not only properties of the plastic and metal are added but a synergy happens leading to unique properties. However, reaching this synergetic effect is not a straightforward task and an accurate control of the interaction between the two counterparts is crucial. During this Ph.D, thin hybrid films (from nanometer to micrometer) were prepared to answer various industrial and academic problematic. Materials dedicated to be used in fingerprint-sensor with very high resolution, to encapsulate biological media for electronic microscopy analysis, to collect an electrical signal or prevent water degradation on screens were elaborated. In order to answer the specific requirements of these different applications, particular molecules were designed to enable a good interaction with the inorganic components and their assembly was carefully adjusted to obtain the desired properties in the resulting material
Bouvet-Marchand, Agathe. "Syntheses, preparations and physico-chemical characterizations of functional hybrid thin layers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0338.
Testo completoTo face the technical challenges of our time, more and more performing materials are needed. However, neither plastic nor metals are sufficient to answer the different current problematic that require materials to be cheap, easily processable, industrializable with oustanding properties (electronic conductivity, transparency, self-cleaning, anti-corrosive etc.). These last years, the association plastic-metal or "hybrid" appears to be a promising route. Indeed, in these materials, not only properties of the plastic and metal are added but a synergy happens leading to unique properties. However, reaching this synergetic effect is not a straightforward task and an accurate control of the interaction between the two counterparts is crucial. During this Ph.D, thin hybrid films (from nanometer to micrometer) were prepared to answer various industrial and academic problematic. Materials dedicated to be used in fingerprint-sensor with very high resolution, to encapsulate biological media for electronic microscopy analysis, to collect an electrical signal or prevent water degradation on screens were elaborated. In order to answer the specific requirements of these different applications, particular molecules were designed to enable a good interaction with the inorganic components and their assembly was carefully adjusted to obtain the desired properties in the resulting material
Begag, Redouane. "Synthèse et propriétés physico-chimiques des carbogels de silice préparés par la méthode sol-gel (en catalyse acide) à partir de polyéthoxydisiloxane". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10284.
Testo completoKamgang, Noubissi Jean Omer. "Modification des propriétés physico-chimiques et décontamination des surfaces de matériaux par plasma d'arc glissant d'air humide". Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES030.
Testo completoIn food industries and hospitals, hygienic problems often results from biofilm formation. These sessile microbial are known to be particularly resistant to antimicrobial compounds. To limit the impact of such unwanted structures, it is possible to prevent bacterial adhesion, or, thereafter, to kill adherent cell. Plasma involve the productions of highly reactive species and can be efficient in both strategies. In that context, we've designed a new operating technique exploiting the properties of humid air produced by gliding arc at atmospheric pressure. Experimentally, a 2. 5 minutes treatment of testing materials induces an increase of their surface hydrophily. By modifying their properties, the “glidarc” treatment also modified the adhesion behavior of Staphilococcus epidermidis. This adhesion increases whatever the material employed. Also, “glidarc” treatment of sessile microbial induces a total destruction of 106 UFC. Cm-2 of attached cells and 107 UFC. Cm-2 of biofilm
Jarboui, Adel. "Elaboration, caractérisation et étude des propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux conducteurs pour les cellules photosolaires organiques solides". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC160.
Testo completoIn this work, we have develop dye sensitized solar cens namely Grâtzel cells (DSSC), where we have replaced the 1371" redox couple used as hole transporting material (HTM), by a conducting polymer (CP) generated using in situ electro¬assisted photopolymerization (PEP). The use of a CP as HTM, nor the production of CP by PEP of oxidizable monomer do not constitute a novelty. However, innovation in our work consists of two points: i)Use of water as a solvent for the first time, instead of organic ones (acetonitrile) to generate the PC by PEP. The water lowers drastically the oxidation potential of the organic monomers. This lowering of oxidation potential allows to use a commercial monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene instead of its dimer much more expensive, which is used hitherto in for the PEP process because of its low oxidation potential. Ii)Use of purely organic dyes to achieve the PEP process allowing a significant improve of the performance of these cells. Ru-based organometallic dyes were found to be less stable and therefore less effective in the PEP process in both media. The results of our work are unreleased and with this ecological, innovative and easy-to-implement method, we have obtained cells having good yields and the cost of which can be significantly reduced by the use of an organic dye of low-cost synthesis. The redox potentials of each of these two dyes. It emerges that: i) the use of the aqueous medium used to prepare the polymer PEP EDOT monomer, which is almost impossible in organic medium, and ii) that the two parameters to be considered to perform a process in situ PEP leading to a good conductive polymer, are the oxidation potential (or rather of the beginning of oxidation) of the monomer and the redox potential of the dye; the former must be lower than the second. The fourth chapter of the manuscript corresponding to the fourth publication. - Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) and Metal-Free Organic Dyes Two organic dyes and the D35 D21L6 tested and yields of cells obtained are compared with those obtained from to tell-based PEDOP obtained using the Z907. All redox potentials of these dyes are higher than the oxidation potential of EDOP, which is favorable for E CEP in situ process of this monomer. The DSSCs based D35 gives a yield (4. 34%) higher than the yield of cell-based D21L6 (3. 05%) and performance of cells made of Z907 (0. 46%). This difference is attributed to the difference in redox potential of these dyes (D35 1. 16V / SHE D21L6 1. 10 V / V 1. 05 Z907 and ESH / ESH) following the same order of photoconversion efficiencies corresponding DSCs. These results confirm that the oxidation potential of the monomer and the redox potential of the dye are the two parameters that govern the efficiency of a PEP process on a TiO2 electrode modified with a dye and therefore have a direct influence on the photo-conversion efficiency of DSSCs. The manuscript ends with a conclusion in which Mr. Jarboui summarizes the results and presents perspectives. It proposes to continue to study the DSCs with the addition of additives that can improve yields or other monomers low oxidatior potential. These monomers can be studied to improve hole transport in solids DSSCs; eg polycarbazole known for his good character carrier holes
Caro, Dominique De. "Synthèse et caractérisations physico-chimiques de petites particules métalliques en solution organique. Etude de leurs propriétés optiques et magnétiques". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30231.
Testo completoBescond, Alexandre. "Contribution à la métrologie des nanoparticules de suie et à la caractérisation des particules produites par un générateur de référence". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES063.
Testo completoIn the context of the civil aviation impact on the environment, the French aerospace and environment thematic network (called RTAE) of the French council for civil aeronautics research (CORAC) launched a study on contrails formation. The environmental impact of the induced cirrus generated by air traffic in altitude was also analyzed. The project in which this thesis is carried out (MERMOSE project, financed by the French general council of civil aviation) aims to characterize the particles emitted by an aeronautic engine and to study the soot reactivity with water. First of all, the work presented in this manuscript contributes to the improvement of the metrology of aerosol produced by combustion (soot). Furthermore, tools are designed and implemented to accurately characterize the nanoparticles produced by a reference aerosol combustion generator (miniCAST 5201c) and by an aircraft engine. Significant metrology means have been used to characterize the morphological, physico-chemical and optical properties of soot nanoparticles. Besides the use of standard commercial devices (SMPS sizer, mass concentration TEOM, Transmission Electronic Microscopy TEM …), optical techniques have also been used (depolarization of light, extinction spectra). The coupling of those techniques leads, for example, to the determination of the effective density or to the determination of optical properties. The exploitation of the obtained results has been carried out by using theories, modelling or methods that have been proposed (modelling of the effective density, automatized processing of TEM images) or improved (theory of light interaction with aggregates RDG-FA with the taking into account of internal multiple scattering). Accordingly, these new findings intend to improve the accuracy of the previously developed techniques. For example, the impact of accounting for a realistic morphology of aggregates (overlapping and necking between primary particles) has been studied. The use of the aforementioned techniques or methods permitted to reach key parameters such as the size distribution of primary particles, the fractal dimension of aggregates, the bulk density of primary spheres and their optical properties, opening the way to an optical speciation of soot nanoparticles by their organic compounds content and microstructure (amorphous or graphitic). The miniCAST generator allows to produce soot nanoparticles with a great stability and repeatability with various morphological and physico-chemical (and by the way optical) properties. This generator can be used as a surrogate of soot generated by different sources
Debout, Vincent. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés optiques de dépôts plasma de zircone yttriée : influences de leurs caractéristiques microstructurales et physico-chimiques". Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/1a29b06b-3f60-4c9e-9bdc-a2b544854d39/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4017.pdf.
Testo completoThe aim of this PhD work is to investigate the correlations between the microstructure and the physico-chemical (oxygen under-stoichiometry) characteristics of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) plasma-sprayed coatings and their optical properties (reflectance, transmittance). Six coatings with significant microstructural differences have been manufactured. A preliminary investigation of in-flight particle characteristics has been performed to select the spray conditions by using two complementary particle diagnostic tools: the DPV2000 system and a particle collection device. This latter has been designed in order to study, by using a digital analysis method on particles cross section observations, the melting state of particles at their impact onto the substrate. Two criteria have been used: the shape factor and the internal pore features (size and ratio). The resulting microstructures of coatings differ both in the content, size and shape of pores but also in the oxygen under-stoichiometry of YSZ material due to the oxygen loss during the plasma spraying. Both hemispherical transmittance and reflectance spectra of the coatings have been measured over the 0. 25-20 µm wavelength range. The investigation of the under-stoichiometry effects has been performed by annealing as-sprayed coatings in air at 500 °C with increasing times (5 minutes to 24 hours) and exploring, at each step, the variation of optical properties. The annealing results in a decrease in the absorption of the matrix which follows up with an increase of the volume scattering over 0. 5-5 µm. After a 24-hours annealing, no variation is observed and the microstructural effects can be studied. Two approaches have been implemented: a macroscopic one using the Gouesbet-Maheu model and a microscopic one based on the Mie theory in an absorbing host matrix. The submicron-sized pores play a key role in the high level of diffusion over the 0. 5-1. 5 µm range while the slow decrease in scattering over the 1. 5-5 µm range seems to be caused by the micron-sized pores
Coudert, François-Xavier. "L'eau et l'électron hydraté en milieu confiné : des propriétés physico-chimiques à la réactivité". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157339.
Testo completoDans un premier temps, je présente l'effet du confinement sur les propriétés structurales, dynamiques, thermodynamiques et électroniques de l'eau liquide : le dipôle de la molécule d'eau, son spectre infrarouge, sa dynamique de diffusion et de réorientation sont notamment présentés. L'interaction entre l'eau et la surface interne de la zéolithe a été caractérisée à la fois pour des zéolithes hydrophobes (silicées) et hydrophiles (cationiques). Nous avons montré que, dans le cas d'une zéolithe silicée, il n'existe pas de liaison hydrogène entre l'eau et la zéolithe.
Dans un second temps, j'ai examiné l'effet du confinement sur la structure, la dynamique et la réactivité des espèces solvatées dans l'eau. Cette étude a été menée sur le cas particulier de l'électron solvaté, choisi pour son intérêt tant expérimental (la radiolyse de l'eau confinée est encore mal connue) que théorique (l'électron solvaté est le plus simple des réducteurs). Nous avons montré que l'évolution du spectre de l'électron hydraté confiné dans la zéolithe, observée expérimentalement, peut s'expliquer par un effet de densité locale de l'eau.
Bouvet, Geoffrey. "Relations entre microstructure et propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques de revêtements époxy modèles". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS039/document.
Testo completoThis work highlights the microstructure-properties relations inside representative epoxy based model coatings for anticorrosion paints. These relations have been established for the initial state as well as the hygrothermal ageing. First, we characterised physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the totally crosslinked DGEBA/DAMP stoichiometric system. These properties have been compared to the DGEBA/TETA system and they showed the strong influence of the microstructure on these initial properties. Cyclic hygrothermal ageing have been completed at different temperatures on free films, in order to measure the impact of the microstructure on the durability of epoxy systems. This work has shown the influence of the water-polymer interactions on diffusion phenomena. Moreover, the evolutions of several physico-chemical and mechanical properties have been characterised using DMA (submersible clamps), during different sorption-desorption steps. A pseudo-fickian behaviour has been evidenced during the first sorption, and it was followed by a fickian behaviour for all other steps. The inherent causes of this evolution have been proposed, by considering microstructural reorganisations of the studied epoxy systems. Other hygrothermal ageing have been carried out using EIS on coatings, in order to study the effects of the coating/steel substrate interface on diffusion phenomena, especially the role of residual stresses. We finally studied the influence of the visco-elastic stress on the coating water intake phenomena
Combe, Corine. "Estimation de la sélectivité en nanofiltration à partir des propriétés du matériau membranaire : Modèles de transport". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30201.
Testo completoAdam, Laure. "Synthèse, caractérisations structurales et physico-chimiques de nouveaux phosphates d'éléments de transition". Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2057.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the study of transition element phosphates, whose mixed frameworks contain cavities able to host cations. The great structural wealth in this family of compounds opens the way to numerous properties. We have chosen to study A-M-P-O(-H) systems in which A is a monovalent cation and M is a transition element (mixed-valent if possible) or post transition element, in order to obtain new materials for catalytic applications. In this context, the study of the A-M-P-O(-H) systems, with A = NH4, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and M = Fe, Mn and In has been undertaken. The other aim of this work was a better understanding of the influence of synthesis experimental conditions on the nature of the obtained phases. In spite of the difficulty to synthesize new materials in the considered systems, eleven new phases have been isolated and three of them exhibit original framework. Structural determinations have been performed by single crystal X-ray diffraction combined with powder X-ray diffraction and EDX analysis. The study of catalytic properties for DeNOx reaction via the NH3-SCR have been carried out by “in situ” and “operando” spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy for one iron phosphate. Magnetic properties of four compounds, which are reported in this manuscript, are discussed
Guillon, Emmanuel. "Durabilité des matériaux cimentaires : modélisation de l'influence des équilibres physico-chimiques sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques résiduelles". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133395.
Testo completoBetranhandy, Emmanuel. "Proposition et études ab initio des stabilités relatives de nouveaux matériaux par géomimétisme structural : modélisation des propriétés physico-chimiques". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010964.
Testo completoBakkali, Aouatif. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de verres hybrides organiques/minéraux : Etude spectrométrique Raman et infrarouge du système (TMOS-TMSM-MMA)". Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0041.
Testo completoHybrid organic-inorganic, TMSM based materials adding the physical properties of both polymers and ceramics are new materials made of an inorganic "network", of Si-O-Si type and organic chains of metacrylate type. The preparation of such materials have been made possible by association of sol-gel processes to polymerization techniques. In the work presented here, the preparation of a hybrid glass has been studied in order to give the glass specific properties, namely to form covering films. The synthesis of this material needs three monomers: an organo-silane, a macro-organo-silane containing metacrylate function and a metacrylate (TMOS, TMSM, MMA). In order to investigate the behavior of the chemical reactions involved in the preparation process, a systematic study of each constituent of the material and their mixtures has been developed by means of vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and Infrared), RMN and Small Angle X Spectrometry (SAXS). Correlating the results obtained from these different techniques have helped characterize the physico-chemical properties of the hybrid glass. During synthesis gel formation and radical polyaddition compete. Thermal treatments at 80°C and/or 160°C help evaporate the solvents and lead to completed reactions. In the study, a kinetic model for thy hydrolysis and condensation reactions concerning alcoxysilanes has been established. The very structure of the final hybrid glass has been determined and a model of its microstructure has been proposed
Durand, Anne. "Relations entre la composition des bitumes et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Application à la formulation des liants modifiés bitume-EVA". Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES082.
Testo completoKlaver, Anne. "Estimation des propriétés optiques des poussières désertiques d'origines saharienne et sahélienne, à proximité de leurs zones sources d'émission, à partir de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077179.
Testo completoBy absorption and scattering of the solar and terrestrial radiations, mineral dust has a direct radiative effect. At the global scale, this direct radiative effet is currently estimated between -0. 56 and + 0. 1 W m⁻², which doesn't allow to say if the mineral dust cools or warms the Earth/Atmosphere System. The estimation of this effect still remains uncertain because of the limited knowledge concerning the optical properties of mineral dust (scattering and absorption) which are linked with their physico-chemical properties. My work is incorporated within the issues of the reduction of these uncertainties. It involved the study of the physico-chemical (mineralogical composition, size and shape) and optical (scattering, absorption and extinction coefficients, single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter) properties of thé minéral dust coming from western Africa, observed in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program at Banizoumbou (Niger) station in winter and summer 2006. With an optical model, these observations have been used in order to perform closure studies of the optical properties. I tried to determine if it is possible to estimate the optical properties of the mineral dust based on the knowledge of their physico-chemical properties. I showed a good representation of the scattering and absorption coefficients by calculation (calculation/measurement discrepancy < 13 %). However, efforts have to be performed concerning the estimation of the absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo (calculation/measurement discrepancy up to 291 %)
Yakimets-Pilot, Iryna. "Elaboration d'un modèle viscoélastique et son application au comportement d'un polypropylène sous sollicitations mécaniques complexes et physico-chimiques". Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1504.
Testo completoThis work is devoted to a viscoelastic model developed for a semi-crystalline polymer with small strains. This model is based on a rheological approach and contains one spring, which is associated with the crystalline phase, and two Maxwell elements, which are associated with the amorphous phase with reduced mobility (interphase) and the free amorphous phase. A particular mechanism of de formation of two amorphous phases was integrated in this model, which satisfactory simulates the evolution of the viscoelasticity under various solicitations. The polypropylene was used in this study like a model-material. This viscoelastic model was then generalized in 3D for modelling the behaviour under complex mechanical solicitations: particularly proportional and no proportional traction-compression-torsion tests were simulated. The mechanical behaviour under physicochemical solicitations of photo-oxidation ageing type was also analysed thanks to this model
Hadj-Aissa, Aurélie. "Corrélations entre les propriétés physico-chimiques et l’efficacité photocatalytique d’un matériau cimentaire enrichi en TiO2". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10056.
Testo completoMore than half of the world population is exposed to urban air pollution which poses problems for the environment and human health. To reduce the background of the pollution in cities, an innovative cementitious material has been developed and used to degrade pollutants thanks to its photocatalytic properties induced by the addition of TiO2. This work was focused on the correlation between physicochemical properties and the photocatalytic efficiency of a mortar enriched with TiO2 during the degradation of two volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and toluene as well as a mixture of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The occurence rate of of titanium dioxide on the surface, the relative percentage of titanium and the absorptance of UV photons by TiO2, respectively, were determined by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray analysis and UV-visible diffuse refectance spectroscopy. Proportionality between these three variables has been demonstrated. The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2-rich cementitious materials has been demonstrated for the degradation of the 2 VOCs and also for NOx. The photocatalytic efficiency is related to the presence of TiO2 on the surface and the ability of TiO2 to absorb UV photons. The cement matrix can also, in the dark, reduced significantly the concentration of formaldehyde. The study of the influence of materials and environmental parameters showed the importance of the TiO2 content, the luminous flux and relative humidity on the photocatalytic properties of the mortar and allowed to contribute to a better understanding of the reactions occurring during the degradation of pollutants by a photocatalytic cementitious material