Articoli di riviste: "Masks"

1

Massanari, Ronald L. "Seeing (through) masks: An exploration of masks and mask making". Visual Anthropology 13, n. 3 (gennaio 2000): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2000.9966803.

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Magaš, Morana, Davorka Švegar, Ivana Škrobonja, Nina Janaš, Mihaela Kranjčević-Ščurić e Maja Abram. "Bacterial contamination of used surgical masks among high-risk ward staff". Sestrinski glasnik 28, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2023): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11608/sgnj.28.3.5.

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Uvod: Zaštitne maske kontaminiraju se uporabom, mikrobiotom nosne i usne šupljine te kože lica. Izvješća o kontaminaciji i potencijalu za prijenos uzročnika bolničkih infekcija nedostaju ili su rijetka. Istraženo je može li maska postati izvor mikroorganizama i predstavljati rizik za prijenos infekcija povezanih sa zdravstvenom skrbi. Cilj rada bio je usporediti mikrobno opterećenje maski, vestibuluma nosa i ruku djelatnika kako bismo identificirali potencijalne rizike.Metode: Provedena je studija prevalencije u jednom danu u studenom 2022. godine na hematološkom odjelu tercijarne bolnice. Kriterij uključivanja bila je činjenica da se djelatnik tog jutra nalazi u neposrednom radu sa stacionarnim bolesnicima. Uzeti su brisevi nosa, ruku i maski. Sudionici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine: oni koji su masku nosili do 30 minuta i oni koji su je nosili više od 1 sata. Brisevi su obrađeni standardnim mikrobiološkim postupcima.Rezultati: Od 10 ispitanika, njih je 5 masku nosilo 30-ak minuta, a preostalih 5 više od 1 sata. U prvoj skupini nije bilo pozitivnih mikrobioloških nalaza. U skupini djelatnika koji su masku nosili dulje od 1 sata izolirani su koagulaza negativni stafilokoki, Staphylococcus hominis i Staphylococcus warneri u tri od pet ispitanika. Iz briseva vestibuluma nosa u jednom slučaju identificiran je meticilin osjetljiv Staphylococcus aureus. U dva slučaja identificirane su iste vrste, S. hominis i S. warneri, kao i na njihovim maskama. Brisevi ruku kod devetero djelatnika ostali su sterilni, dok su u jednom slučaju izolirani antrakoidi iz roda Bacillus.Rasprava sa zaključkom: Unutar jednog sata na zaštitnim maskama mogu se naći bakterije koje se nalaze u nosu ili koži lica djelatnika. Produljenom uporabom može se očekivati povećanje broja, ali i kontaminacija raznolikim vrstama mikroorganizama što može predstavljati značajan rizik biološke sigurnosti. Osnaživanje prakse higijene ruku minimizira rizik od infekcija i povećava sigurnost pacijenata i osoblja.

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Reynolds, F. "Mask masks, spinal anaesthesia and meningitis". Anaesthesia 63, n. 12 (dicembre 2008): 1375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05766.x.

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Kitagawa, Kory H., Nina M. Nakamura e Loren Yamamoto. "Retention of pediatric bag-mask ventilation efficacy skill by inexperienced medical student resuscitators using standard bag-mask ventilation masks, pocket masks, and blob masks". American Journal of Emergency Medicine 24, n. 2 (marzo 2006): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2005.10.009.

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Putri, Aliati, Tadeus Arufan Yasrin, Hening Tjaturina Pramesti e Erry Mochamad Arief. "In vitro effectiveness of the filtration in three and four layered surgical masks after a few hours exposure of S. aureus: experiment study". Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 35, n. 3 (29 dicembre 2023): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol35no3.50260.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Surgical masks commonly have many layers. The outer layer acts as the initial filtration and the protection for the middle layer, the middle layer acts as the primary filtration, and the innermost layer absorbs liquid to prevent the spread of droplets from the mask's wearer. The recommended duration of wearing medical and fabric masks is 4–6 hours, while some studies stated that the maximum duration is 8 hours. The use of S. aureus in this study was based on its clinical relevance as a major cause of nosocomial infections. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the filtration in three-layer and four-layer masks against S. aureus. Methods: This experimental study followed the methods of previous research, and followed the Standard Test Method from SNI 8489 2018 with several adjustments consisting of several steps, i.e., preparation of tested masks, bacterial culture media, and tested bacteria; determination of masks’ filtration efficacy; confirmation of the efficacy. All steps were repeated 15 times with exposure times of 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours and analysis using the chi-square test. Results: The percentage of surgical masks filtration effectiveness was indicated by the growth of S. aureus in Nutrient Agar media. The four-layer surgical masks showed the highest percentage (80%) of 2 hours and 4 hours of usage. Both types showed the lowest percentage of 8 hours of usage. Based on the duration of wearing, the mask's filtration effectiveness from the highest and lowest score was the S. aureus-exposed media for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours, respectively p<0.050. The comparison value for the effectiveness of mask filtration between the type of masks and the length of use was 0.003. Conclusion: The filtration effectiveness of the four-layer masks is higher than the three-layer masks according to the duration of wearing the masks.Keyword : Surgical masks, filtration, duration, S.aureus

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Jager, Bernd. "Of Masks and Marks, Therapists and Masters". Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 21, n. 2 (1990): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916290x00047.

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Meschutt, David, Mark L. Taff e Lauren R. Boglioli. "Life Masks and Death Masks". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199212000-00009.

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Huston, D. R., e W. Sauter. "Mask stretching for next generation lithography masks". IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 14, n. 3 (2001): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/66.939816.

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Mac Diakparomre, Abel. "Symbolism in Urhobo Masks and Mask Performances". Journal of Asian and African Studies 45, n. 5 (ottobre 2010): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909610373220.

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Huang, Xuemei, Qiao Hu, Jia Li, Wenqing Yao, Chun Wang, Yun Feng e Weijie Song. "Sputtering-Deposited Ultra-Thin Ag–Cu Films on Non-Woven Fabrics for Face Masks with Antimicrobial Function and Breath NOx Response". Materials 17, n. 7 (29 marzo 2024): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071574.

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The multifunctional development in the field of face masks and the growing demand for scalable manufacturing have become increasingly prominent. In this study, we utilized high-vacuum magnetron sputtering technology to deposit a 5 nm ultra-thin Ag–Cu film on non-woven fabric and fabricated ultra-thin Ag–Cu film face masks. The antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 99.996% and 99.978%, respectively, while the antiviral activity against influenza A virus H1N1 was 99.02%. Furthermore, the mask’s ability to monitor respiratory system diseases was achieved through color change (from brownish-yellow to grey-white). The low cost and scalability potential of ultra-thin silver–copper film masks offer new possibilities for practical applications of multifunctional masks.

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Acosta, R. E. "Stability of alignment marks for x-ray masks". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 4, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.583448.

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McClain, Yoko, Fumiko Enchi e Juliet Winters. "Masks". Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 20, n. 1 (aprile 1986): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/489528.

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Warm, Eric J. "Masks". Annals of Internal Medicine 153, n. 10 (16 novembre 2010): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-10-201011160-00016.

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Barón Ruiz, Gloria Lizeth. "Masks". Enletawa Journal 13, n. 2 (29 ottobre 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/2011835x.11990.

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Gloria Lizeth Barón, a student in the languages program, painted the piece titled Masks. We want to highlight this oil on canvas because the work is representative of a poem titled We Wear the Mask by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Though the poem was written from 1872 to 1906, the poet speaks of the hardships of racism and discrimination in society that resonate with us today. The current reckoning of protests around the world to stop systemic racism makes Gloria's piece more relevant than ever.

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Dorn, Alfred. "Masks". Hudson Review 38, n. 4 (1986): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3851559.

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Huth, Kathleen, e Peter H. Weinstock. "Masks". Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 15, n. 6 (9 settembre 2020): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000499.

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Li, Jingcheng, Jing Yin, Seeram Ramakrishna e Dongxiao Ji. "Smart Mask as Wearable for Post-Pandemic Personal Healthcare". Biosensors 13, n. 2 (30 gennaio 2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020205.

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A mask serves as a simple external barrier that protects humans from infectious particles from poor air conditions in the surrounding environment. As an important personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect our respiratory system, masks are able not only to filter pathogens and dust particles but also to sense, reflect or even respond to environmental conditions. This smartness is of particular interest among academia and industries due to its potential in disease detection, health monitoring and caring aspects. In this review, we provide an overlook of the current air filtration strategies used in masks, from structural designs to integrated functional modules that empower the mask’s ability to sense and transfer physiological or environmental information to become smart. Specifically, we discussed recent developments in masks designed to detect macroscopic physiological signals from the wearer and mask-based disease diagnoses, such as COVID-19. Further, we propose the concept of next-generation smart masks and the requirements from material selection and function design perspectives that enable masks to interact and play crucial roles in health-caring wearables.

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Nurhidaya, Nurhidaya, Nur Afni e Nurjanah Nurjanah. "The Correlation Between Knowledge and Attitude About Covid-19 with Compliance with the use of Masks at Masombamarket". International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS) 3, n. 4 (8 ottobre 2021): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56338/ijhess.v3i4.1900.

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Non-compliance with the application of health protocols can expand the spread of COVID-19, particularly in public places such as markets. In preoobservations at Masomba market, a small number had used masks properly, but some wore marks on their necks, and many of them did not use masks when trading. The purpose of this research is to determine the correlation between knowledge and attitude about COVID-19 with compliance with the use of masks at the Masomba market. This is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach using the Chi-Square test and an alpha value = 0,05. The sample of this research is 83 respondents. The independent variables are knowledge and attitudes, and the dependent variable is compliance with the use of masks. The results of this research indicate that the value (p-value) = 0,003 ≤ 0,05 then Ho is rejected, which means that there is a correlation between knowledge of COVID-19 and compliance to the use of masks and the p-value = 0,019 ≤ 0,05 then Ho is rejected which means there is a correlation between attitude and compliance with the use of masks. Good knowledge and attitude of traders about COVID-19 can reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, which is supported by disciplined health protocols, especially obedience to using masks in public places, and if there are traders who do not comply with mask use, they can be given a warning both verbally and in writing and appropriate sanctions.

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Kuzmanović, Denis. "Reformative Extremes of Browning's Masks / Reformativne krajnosti Browningovih maski". Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo / Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, ISSN 2303-6990 on-line, n. 25 (23 dicembre 2022): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46352/23036990.2022.89.

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Robert Browning, a major Victorian poet, is primarily known for his sophisticated use of dramatic monologues and unreliable speakers. He is also noted for featuring idiosyncratic characters from interesting settings, like the Medieval or Renaissance times. There is a lot of subtext, hidden meanings, ideas, allusions and criticisms to be found between the lines of his poems. Readers are often perplexed by these seemingly too eccentric and exotic characters, and this “remoteness” which Browning cultivates can be interpreted as an indirect societal critique of the Victorian era, primarily of gender roles and marital expectations, class mixing, hypocrisy, self-righteousness, delusion, narcissism, the dichotomy of public and private persona and the conflict of idealistic and realistic representations of life. These themes are explored in his best-known poems such as the twins of Porphyria’s Lover and Johannes Agricola in Meditation, then another poetic pair of Count Gismond: Aix in Provence and My Last Duchess, finally concluding with Fra Lippo Lippi, and each specific issue is dealt in their respective poems. If seen through this perspective, this distancing through colourful and alluring, if also strange, bizarre and off-putting characters may entice Browning’s readers to contemplate these themes without being repelled or bored if those were put into their modern setting, which would likely make them tediously didactic and mundane. Thus, these poems can succeed in entertaining but also morally elevating us.

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O’Kelly, Eugenia, Anmol Arora, Sophia Pirog, Charlotte Pearson, James Ward e P. John Clarkson. "Face mask fit hacks: Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques". PLOS ONE 17, n. 2 (2 febbraio 2022): e0262830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262830.

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Introduction During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common “fit hacks” to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without ‘fit hacks’, on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.

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Schlegtendal, Anne, Lynn Eitner, Michael Falkenstein, Anna Hoffmann, Thomas Lücke, Kathrin Sinningen e Folke Brinkmann. "To Mask or Not to Mask—Evaluation of Cognitive Performance in Children Wearing Face Masks during School Lessons (MasKids)". Children 9, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010095.

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In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wearing a face mask is mandatory again during school lessons. There are no controlled studies in children to date indicating an effect on cognitive performance from wearing face masks. In a randomized controlled trial, we analysed the influence of face masks on cognitive performance of pupils during regular school lessons. Pupils (n = 133, fifth to seventh grade) were randomized by alternating allocation into control (with masks, n = 65) and intervention groups (without mask, n = 68). After two school lessons with (control) and without (intervention) face masks in class, all pupils performed digital tests for cognitive performance regarding attention and executive functions (switch, Corsi block-tapping, 2-back and flanker task). Overall, there were no significant differences in cognitive performance between both groups, masks vs. no masks. Wearing face masks has no significant influence on attention and executive functions of pupils and can still be recommended during school lessons.

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Nasution, Marah Doly, Al-Khowarizmi Al-Khowarizmi e Halim Maulana. "Optimization of Faster R-CNN to Detect SNI Masks at Mandatory Mask Doors". JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6, n. 2 (25 gennaio 2023): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v6i2.8128.

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In preparing for the COVID-19 endemic period, every government and private agency will be required to comply with new rules by the government, where everyone is required to wear a mask and perform physical distancing when leaving the house for activities. This is one of the new habits that will be familiarized to the public by the government in 2022 and the following year. Due to the easy transmission of the Covid-19 virus, the selection of SNI masks is highly recommended. The purpose of this study was to classify the types of SNI and non-SNI masks so that the presence of this SNI mask cluster monitoring system could increase security in locations that require the mandatory use of masks such as in schools and the masks used can function effectively to prevent the spread and transmission of Covid -19.. From the dataset, 100 pictures were taken randomly on SNI and non-SNI mask users. Where the types of masks that are SNI have been studied on Duckbil masks, KN-45, Surgical Mask 2 ply, and Surgical 3 ply are included in SNI masks and cloth masks are not included in SNI masks at a distance of 0.5 meters, 1 meter, 1.5 meters and 2 meters from the mobile device. It can be seen on the SNI mask at a distance of 0.5 meters achieving 100% accuracy, a distance of 1 meter achieving 100% accuracy, at a distance of 1.5 meters achieving an accuracy of 95% and at a distance of 2 meters achieving 90% accuracy. Whereas non-SNI masks at a distance of 0.5 meters achieve 100% accuracy, a distance of 1 meter achieves 100% accuracy, at a distance of 1.5 meters achieves an accuracy of 95% and at a distance of 2 meters achieves an accuracy of 90%.

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Ratnayake Mudiyanselage, Vilanya, Kevin Lee e Alireza Hassani. "Integration of IoT Sensors to Determine Life Expectancy of Face Masks". Sensors 22, n. 23 (3 dicembre 2022): 9463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239463.

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is widely used around the world to protect against environmental hazards. With the emergence of the COVID-19 virus, the use of PPE domestically has increased dramatically. People use preventive and protective mechanisms now more than ever, leading to the important question of how protective is the PPE that is being used. Face masks are highly recommended or mandatory during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their protective features against aerosol droplets. However, an issue faced by many users of face masks is that they are entirely manual, with users having to decide for themselves whether their mask is still protective or if they should replace their mask. Due to the difficulty in determining this, people tend to overuse masks beyond their optimal usage. The research presented in this paper is an investigation of the viability of integrating IoT sensors into masks that are capable of collecting data to determine its usage. This paper demonstrates the usage of humidity and temperature sensors for the purpose of determining a mask’s usage status based on changes in these variables when a mask is put on and taken off. An evaluation was made on the usage of the two sensors, with the conclusion that a humidity sensor provides more accurate results. From this, we present a framework that takes into consideration the factors that affect a mask’s performance, such as time, humidity and temperature, to calculate the life expectancy of a mask.

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Anonymous. "Surgical Masks". Orthopedics 21, n. 9 (settembre 1998): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19980901-22.

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Slater, Niall W. "Nero's Masks". Classical World 90, n. 1 (1996): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351898.

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Petridis, Constantine. "Luluwa Masks". African Arts 32, n. 3 (1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337708.

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Pauley, Christine. "Masks Matter". Journal of Christian Nursing 2, n. 4 (1985): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005217-198502040-00011.

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Phipps, Marilene. "Haitian Masks". Callaloo 18, n. 2 (1995): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.1995.0068.

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Phipps, Marilene. "Haitian Masks". Callaloo 19, n. 1 (1996): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.1996.0026.

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Lands, R. H. "Harlequin masks". Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, n. 13 (25 luglio 2011): E1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110532.

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Pyeatt, Patricia L. "Surgical Masks". AORN Journal 65, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)63014-7.

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King, Cecil A. "Surgical Masks". AORN Journal 62, n. 2 (agosto 1995): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)63645-4.

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Sullivan, John G. "Surgical Masks". AORN Journal 56, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70181-3.

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Beck, William C. "Surgical Masks". AORN Journal 56, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70182-5.

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HARTING, L., J. TOMPKINS e A. NANCY. "Grief masks". Journal of Pediatric Health Care 18, n. 6 (novembre 2004): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(04)00186-5.

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Arvo, Jukka. "Penumbra masks". Visual Computer 22, n. 4 (7 marzo 2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-006-0378-7.

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Paoletti, John T. "Michelangelo's Masks". Art Bulletin 74, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045891.

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Bax, M. C. O. "Cycling masks". BMJ 301, n. 6753 (29 settembre 1990): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6753.668-c.

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Barnes, D. "Face masks". British Journal of Surgery 83, n. 5 (maggio 1996): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800830531.

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Desai, Angel N., e Preeti Mehrotra. "Medical Masks". JAMA 323, n. 15 (21 aprile 2020): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2331.

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Dent, Rosanna. "Stolen Masks". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 53, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2023.53.1.76.

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Ntuli, Sihle. "Matadi Masks". Transition 131, n. 1 (ottobre 2021): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/transition.131.1.18.

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J, Lucas. "Death Masks". Scientific American 319, n. 3 (settembre 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0918-18b.

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Kaufman, M. H., e R. McNeil. "Death masks and life masks at Edinburgh University." BMJ 298, n. 6672 (25 febbraio 1989): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6672.506.

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Chang, Hawon, e Sung Vin Yim. "Masks in the Era of COVID-19 : Medical Masks and the Ecosystem of Masks". Comparative Korean Studies 30, n. 1 (30 aprile 2022): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19115/cks.30.1.2.

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Jung, Hyejung, Jongbo Kim Kim, Seungju Lee, Jinho Lee, Jooyoun Kim, Perngjy Tsai e Chungsik Yoon. "Comparison of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop in Anti-Yellow Sand Masks, Quarantine Masks, Medical Masks, General Masks, and Handkerchiefs". Aerosol and Air Quality Research 14, n. 3 (2014): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0201.

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Sinha, Surabhi, B. Savitha e Kabir Sardana. "“Mask vitiligo” secondary to frictional dermatitis from surgical masks". Contact Dermatitis 85, n. 1 (12 marzo 2021): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cod.13813.

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Erdmann, Andreas. "Mask diffraction analysis and optimization for extreme ultraviolet masks". Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 9, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2010): 013005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3302124.

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49

Shashina, Ekaterina A., Valentina V. Makarova, Denis V. Shcherbakov, Tatiana S. Isiutina-Fedotkova, Nadezhda N. Zabroda, Nina A. Ermakova, Anton Yu Skopin e Oleg V. Mitrokhin. "Use of Respiratory Protection Devices by Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 11 (28 maggio 2021): 5834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115834.

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Abstract (sommario):

The use of face masks has assumed a leading spot among nonspecific prevention measures during the coronavirus pandemic. The effectiveness of this protective measure depends on the specifics of individual use. The purpose of our study was to analyze the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of face mask use was based on the results of a survey of medical students at Sechenov University. There were 988 participants in the study: 97.5% used RPE during the pandemic, 89.1% used disposable medical and hygienic face masks, 27.4% used reusable cloth face masks, and 13.2% used respirators. The majority of respondents (75.2%) were found to wear face masks correctly. However, 17.0% of the respondents were found to cover only their mouths with a face mask, while 7.8% reported often shifting their face mask under the chin due to perceived discomfort. Only 25.1% of respondents changed their disposable face mask after 2–3 h of wearing, while 13.0% decontaminated and used it several times. Most cloth face mask users (93.7%) decontaminated their marks, but only 55.7% of respondents did so daily. Face masks were most often worn in medical organizations (91.5%), and 1.4% of respondents did not use respiratory protection anywhere. In conclusion, we consider it necessary to introduce a special module on nonspecific prevention in the discipline of hygiene.

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Bhattacharjee, Shovon, Prateek Bahl, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai e C. Raina MacIntyre. "Last-resort strategies during mask shortages: optimal design features of cloth masks and decontamination of disposable masks during the COVID-19 pandemic". BMJ Open Respiratory Research 7, n. 1 (settembre 2020): e000698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000698.

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Abstract (sommario):

Face masks and respirators are the most widely used intervention measures for respiratory protection. In the wake of COVID-19, in response to shortages and lack of availability of surgical masks and respirators, the use of cloth masks has become a research focus. Various fabrics have been promoted with little evidence-based foundation and without guidelines on design principles for optimal performance. In these circumstances, it is essential to understand the properties, key performance factors, filter mechanisms and evidence on cloth masks materials. The general community might also need to decontaminate and reuse disposable, single-use devices as a last resort. We present an overview of the filter materials, filter mechanisms and effectiveness, key performance factors, and hydrophobicity of the common disposable masks, as well as cloth masks. We also reviewed decontamination methods for disposable respiratory devices. As an alternative to surgical masks and respirators, we recommend a cloth mask made of at least three layers (300–350 threads per inch) and adding a nylon stocking layer over the mask for a better fit. Water-resistant fabrics (polyesters/nylon), blends of fabrics and water-absorbing fabrics (cotton) should be in the outside layer, middle layer/layers and inside layer, respectively. The information outlined here will help people to navigate their choices if facing shortages of appropriate respiratory protection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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