Articoli di riviste: "Marine steel"

1

Xu, Yong, Yanliang Huang, Fanfan Cai, Zhengquan Wang, Dongzhu Lu, Xiutong Wang e Lihui Yang. "Evaluation of Hydrogen Permeation into High-Strength Steel during Corrosion in Different Marine Corrosion Zones". Applied Sciences 12, n. 6 (9 marzo 2022): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062785.

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Hydrogen permeation into high-strength steel during the corrosion process can deteriorate their mechanical properties, thus seriously threatening the safety of steel structures. However, the hydrogen permeation behavior of steels in corrosive marine environments is not well understood. In this study, the hydrogen permeation behavior and mechanism of AISI 4135 steel in different marine corrosion zones was investigated for the first time using an in situ hydrogen permeation monitoring system via outdoor and indoor tests. The three-month outdoor hydrogen permeation test showed that the diffusible hydrogen content of the steels exposed to the marine atmospheric, splash, tidal and immersion zone was 3.15 × 10−3, 7.00 × 10−2, 2.06 × 10−2 and 3.33 × 10−2 wt ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, results showed that the hydrogen permeation current density was positively correlated with the corrosion rate of the steel in the marine environments. This research is of great significance for guiding the safe application of high-strength steel in the marine environments.

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Harding, J. E. "Steel in marine structures". Journal of Constructional Steel Research 9, n. 4 (1988): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(88)90066-1.

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Li, Zhuang, e Wei Lv. "Study of Rust Layer of TRIP Steels in Marine Environments". Materials Science Forum 921 (maggio 2018): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.921.256.

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The rust layer plays an important role in the corrosion of TRIP steels in marine environments. In this paper, salt spray tests were conducted in laboratory for the specimens after two-stage heat treatment. The results have shown that the corrosion performance of steel B is higher than that of steel A. The corrosion products in rust layer were a complex mixture of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3O4and γ-Fe2O3after the salt spray tests. The contents of α-FeOOH in rust layer are more than those of γ-FeOOH in steel B. Steel B exhibits compact rust layers. This is attributed to the fact that alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, Cu and Mo can enrich at the rust layer/substrate interface. Therefore, the corrosion performance of steel B was improved.

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Cui, Wen Fang, Chun Ming Liu e Si Xun Zhang. "Mechanical Properties and Marine Corrosion Resistance of P-Bearing ULCB Steels". Materials Science Forum 654-656 (giugno 2010): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.378.

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The research aims to evaluate the microstructure, mechanical properties and marine corrosion resistance of P-bearing ULCB steels. P produced stronger solution strengthening effect, but had less effect on the low temperature impact toughness of ULCB steel. With increasing P content to 0.09(mass)%, the immersion corrosion rate of ULCB steel in 3.5% NaCl obviously decreased in comparison with those steels without or with lower P content. This is attributed to that the complex effect of Cu and P promoted the formation of dense amorphous oxyhydroxide in the inner scale, which inhibited further corrosion from NaCl solution. Mo in ULCB steel played an important role in avoiding pitting corrosion in Cl- environment.

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Machuca, Laura L., Stuart I. Bailey e Rolf Gubner. "Microbial Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels for Marine Energy Installations". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (ottobre 2011): 3591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3591.

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A range of stainless steels has been investigated for resistance to microbiologically influenced corrosion in seawater. The corrosion potential was monitored for stainless steel coupons exposed to sterilized seawater and to microbiologically active seawater, which showed the effect of the growth of microorganisms. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization scans confirmed that 13%Cr stainless steel is very susceptible to localized corrosion under these conditions. 316L stainless steel was also quite susceptible to localized corrosion, whereas 2205 duplex stainless displayed good resistance to localized corrosion. Naturally occurring microorganisms in the seawater were shown to exacerbate the localized corrosion.

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Wang, Hao Xu, Zhuang Li, Yi Qin Cai, Wen Hao Cai, Li Zhang, Qi Zhou e Xi Jun Cui. "The Influence of Controlled Rolling and Cooling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Marine Steel". Materials Science Forum 1003 (luglio 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1003.47.

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A microstructure consisted of granular bainite, upper bainite, acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite, and a little of pearlite was obtained by controlling rolling and cooling in marine steel. The grain size of the two steels was refined to 5-9 μm. The size of the MA island was about 3-6 μm. Both steels had higher tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and hardness, and the performance of steel B was better than that of steel A. Both steels exhibited large and deep dimples at -80 °C impact fracture. The longitudinal impact energy of the specimens was above 250J, and the steel B even exceeded 300J. Its longitudinal impact performance was better than lateral impact performance. Both steels had achieved good performance due to fine grain strengthening, MA island strengthening, precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening caused by controlled rolling and cooling. The alloying element nickel effectively improved the low temperature impact toughness of the experimental steel. Excellent impact energy of both steels was attributed to higher texture strength for RD specimens.

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Abid, Mahmoud, Mohamed Salem, Osama Terfas e Mohamed Hamouda. "Microstructure Changes related Mechanical Properties of Welded HSLA Steel Plates". مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 7, n. 1 (30 marzo 2022): 32–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.7.1.1.

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Strength and toughness of steel are the most desirable mechanical properties required in several engineering applications such as marine and oil industries. In this work, the influence of submerged arc welding (SAW) process on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of locally produced low carbon steel plates that is used by Marine Industry and Maintenance Company (Misurata) as an alternative to the imported marine steel plates is investigated. Microstructure investigation, tensile tests, impact toughness, and hardness tests for both steels are conducted. Results show that microstructure is affected by the heat input of SAW leading to more uniform structure of ferritic-bainitic and finer grain sizes. Inherently, affecting the mechanical properties since a decrease in toughness in the heat affected zone HAZ and weld metal zone WM compared to the parent metal is observed. It is shown that the imported steel has higher toughness than local steel for pre-welded and welded plates, with imported steel offering significant reduction in toughness when subject to welding. The effect of welding can be related to the microstructural changes of the weld metal and HAZ attained by adapting proper consumable electrode and welding process strategies.

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Jeong, Youn-Ju, Jeong-Soo Kim, Min-Su Park e Sung-Hoon Song. "HYDRODYNAMIC BEHAVIORS OF LARGE STEEL-CYLINDRICAL COFFERDAM SYSTEM FOR MARINE STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 36 (30 dicembre 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.26.

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Some cofferdam systems have been applied for marine structures construction of bridges, marine foundation, and etc. Recently, new cofferdam system using large steel-cylindrical members proposed to reduce marine working periods and to improve economic of marine working. In order to construct marine cofferdam system with large steel-cylindrical members, (step 1) some modules composing of a large steel-cylindrical cofferdam system fabricate with typical height in steel factory, and (step 2) move to the construction site onto the barge towing. Then, (step 3) large steel-cylindrical cofferdam system completes by module to module connection with vertical direction in seawater. Finally, (step 4) inside water of large steel-cylindrical cofferdam draw out by pumping, and (step 5) the marine structures are constructed under land based conditions. This cofferdam system has advantages to reduce marine working period and to secure structural safety uniformly.

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Wang, Ningxi, Jianzhuo Gao e Xuexu Xu. "Effect of Mo on the Corrosion Resistance of Cr-Containing Steel in a Simulated Tropical Marine Atmospheric Environment". Crystals 14, n. 2 (24 gennaio 2024): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14020113.

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In this manuscript, the effect of Mo addition on the corrosion resistance of the low-alloy steel in a simulated tropical marine atmospheric environment has been studied through microstructure characterization, corrosion immersion experiments, electrochemical measurement, and a series of microscopic characterization methods. The results show that Mo has the ability to reduce the corrosion rate of low-alloy steel in a marine atmospheric environment, with a more pronounced reduction effect observed over longer corrosion periods. The addition of Mo enhances the corrosion product film’s compactness when coupled with Cr, subsequently improving corrosion resistance. Simultaneously, MoO42−, acting as a slow-release ion, can effectively suppress localized corrosion in low-alloy steel. The research findings can offer data support and a theoretical foundation for the design of low-alloy steels with enhanced corrosion resistance in a tropical marine atmospheric environment.

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Yang, Jie, Guang Feng Xi e Xi Qiu Fan. "Progress of Mechanism and Research Methods of Marine Corrosion of Steels". Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (luglio 2011): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.3.

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Steel constructions located in marine environments are exposed to more serious corrosion than in other environments, which result in great loss in lives and economy. So it is very important to carry out research work on the influence factor and mechanism of marine corrosion with necessary methods. In this paper, influence factors in marine environment of steels were discussed, the corrosion mechanism of five different zones in marine environment was summarized and the progress of research methods for marine corrosion was reviewed.

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Fu, Jian Xun, Le Chen, Chang Jin Wu e Yan Xin Wu. "Marine Engineering Steels – Properties Requirements and Evaluation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (novembre 2014): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.465.

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With the implementation of China's maritime strategy, the demand for marine engineering steel is increasing sharply. Due to the harsh service conditions of marine engineering steel, there are strict requirements in corrosion resistance, structural toughness, welding property, high strength and cold tolerance. This paper introduces the corrosion resistance, structural toughness and welding property of marine engineering steel in detail. Marine corrosion could be divided into uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, impact corrosion, cavitation corrosion, galvanic corrosion, corrosion fatigue, etc. The conventional means to improve the corrosion resistance of marine engineering steel are coating, cathodic protection and improving the corrosion resistance of the steel itself. Toughness is a comprehensive embodiment of strength and plasticity. When the toughness is too low, the safety and service life decrease, while cost increase when the toughness is too high. The actual structures toughness can be reflected from the CTOD test. Welding is the most important process of marine engineering steel. The excellent design of fracture mechanics of welded joints and the reliability design theory can greatly enhance the reliability of marine engineering steel.

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Deev, A. A., G. Yu Kalinin e K. E. Sadkin. "Promising use of high-strength nitrogen steel for the ice belt of marine machinery operating in the extreme arctic conditions". Voprosy Materialovedeniya, n. 3(107) (4 dicembre 2021): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-107-3-229-237.

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This article shows the possibility of using high-strength nitrogen-containing corrosion-resistant steel grade 04Kh20N6G11M2AFB for the construction of critical elements and units of marine equipment operating at low temperatures, including the Arctic. The advantages of nitrogen-containing steel over clad steel AB2 + 08Kh18N10T always used in shipbuilding and welded steel of F500W category are considered. According to the assessment of testing of homogeneous nitrogen steel sheets, the level of its physical and mechanical properties exceeds the analogous parameters of traditional AB2 + 08Kh18N10T steels in a wide temperature range, up to –90°C.

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Zhang, Da Lei, You Hai Jin, Yan Li e Xiao Tang. "Effect of Sulphite Sediment on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptivity of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Exposed to Simulated Marine Atmosphere". Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (febbraio 2011): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1617.

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Hydrogen permeation and embrittlement behavior of hot-dip galvanized steels with different sulphite sediment on surface exposed to stimulant marine atmospheric environment was investigated by hydrogen permeation current measurement using modified Devanathan-Stachurski cell, slow strain rate tensile test and scanning electron microscopy technique. The results indicated that hydrogen permeation curves were increasing along with the sediment rising gradually. On the other hand, it was found that hydrogen absorption was accelerated by the cathodic protection of scratched steel surface afforded by zinc coating. Hydrogen absorption and permeation reduced the percentage elongation after fracture of galvanized steel specimens; meanwhile, the fracture characteristics of samples fringe occurred some lacerated phenomena, i.e., galvanized steels show a higher susceptivity of hydrogen embrittlement when exposed to marine atmospheric environment with sulphite.

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Fourlaris, G., T. Gladman e M. Maylin. "Microscopical Examination of a Super Austenitic Stainless Steel". Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (agosto 1997): 687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010321.

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Stainless steels have significant applications due to their good corrosion resistance. However, for applications in a marine environment, i.e. for certain types of large naval structures, in addition to the good corrosion resistance, other requirements are imposed on the candidate material such as high strength and toughness coupled with suitable magnetic characteristics.It has been demonstrated in earlier publications that significant improvements in the coercivity, maximum induction and remanence values can be achieved, by using a 2205 type Duplex austenitic -ferritic stainless steel (DSS) instead of the low alloy medium carbon steels currently being used. These improvements are achieved in the as received 2205 material, and after small amounts of cold rolling have been applied, to increase the strength. However, the 2205 type DSS exhibits “ marginal” corrosion protection in a marine environment as well as exhibiting some measurable ferromagnetic response. Therefore, a study has been undertaken to examine the mechanical properties and microstructures obtained in a super austenitic stainless steel of the 254 SMO type.

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Rodionova, Irina, e Andrey Amezhnov. "Improving the corrosion resistance of steels intended for use in seawater". E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104011.

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The results of study of influence of the chemical composition of steel, the structural condition and contamination of nonmetallic inclusions of various types on its corrosion resistance in seawater are presented in the paper. The requirements for increased-corrosion-resistance steel for marine conditions and oilfield pipelines have been compared. It has been shown that a mandatory requirement for ensuring high corrosion resistance of steels is to ensure the purity of steels from unfavorable types of nonmetallic inclusions. It has also been shown that reducing the carbon content and alloying with nickel lead to an increase in the corrosion resistance of steel.

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Jiang, Jianbo, Nannan Li, Qinglin Li, Zaihao Jiang, Bingqin Wang, Yinyin He, Fangfang Liu e Chao Liu. "Effect of Ca and Sb on the Corrosion Resistance of E690 Steel in Marine Atmosphere Environment". Metals 13, n. 5 (23 aprile 2023): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050826.

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This study investigates the impact of Ca and Sb elements on the corrosion resistance of E690 steel in a simulated marine environment. Electrochemical testing and dry/wet cyclic corrosion testing were conducted on prepared E690 steel specimens. The eroded specimens’ microstructure was observed under a scanning electron microscope, and the inclusion morphology was analyzed using an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The simulating liquid was designed to emulate the severe marine atmospheric environment in Xisha. Results showed that the addition of Ca and Sb elements effectively enhances the corrosion resistance of E690 steel in the simulated marine environment. The corrosion rates of E690 steel specimens with Ca and Sb additions were lower than those without, and the corrosion morphology was more uniform. These findings suggest that the addition of Ca and Sb elements can improve the corrosion resistance of E690 steel in simulated marine environments and have potential for use in marine engineering applications.

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Chowwanonthapunya, Thee. "The pitting corrosion monitoring of stainless steel in a simulated corrosive condition in marine applications". Maritime Technology and Research 1, n. 1 (1 novembre 2018): Proof. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2019.146185.

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This paper describes the pitting corrosion monitoring of ferritic and austenitic stainless steel under a simulated acidic condition of marine appications. The monitoring deals with the corrosion weight loss and metallurgical investigation. The results indicated that the stainless steel with passive film shows the good corroison resistance to the simulated corrosive environment for the all test periods. In contrast, the stainless steel without passive film cannot provide the inhibiting effect for the whole test periods. After the 24 hr. of testing , both of the stainless steel are locally attacked. Pitting corrosion was observed on the surface of both stainless steels. In small pits, the self-accelerating corrosion can occur. Therefore, the longer immersion time attributes to the higher corrosion rate of both stainless steel in a simulated acidic conditions.

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Gao, Jianzhuo, Ningxi Wang, Hui Chen e Xuexu Xu. "The Influence of 1 wt.% Cr on the Corrosion Resistance of Low-Alloy Steel in Marine Environments". Metals 13, n. 6 (30 maggio 2023): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13061050.

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In this study, the effects of 1 wt.% Cr addition on the corrosion behavior and mechanisms of low-alloy structural steel in a marine environment were investigated through immersion experiments, corrosion product analysis, and electrochemical experimental systems. The results demonstrate that the addition of 1 wt.% Cr significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of low-alloy steel in marine environments. The influence of Cr addition on the corrosion product layer was analyzed through rust layer morphology, cross-sectional morphology, elemental distribution, and electrochemical systems. Cr addition effectively promotes the densification of the corrosion product layer on the surface of low-alloy steel in marine environments, hindering the penetration of corrosive ions and thus improving corrosion resistance. This study’s findings can promote the optimization of corrosion resistance in low-alloy steel in marine environments and enhance its application prospects in marine environments.

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Lawal, Sunday Lukeman, Sunday Adeniran Afolalu, Tien Chien Jen e Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Corrosion Control and its Application in Marine Environment - A Review". Solid State Phenomena 355 (15 febbraio 2024): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-634sdi.

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It is natural to define marine corrosion in terms of the different zones in which the corrosion occurs such as atmosphere splash, tidal and sea mud etc. However, this study focused on issues affecting the marine structures, different types of corrosion and their impact on the marine steel structures as well as the machinery/equipment. Furthermore, several control measures of corrosion necessary to avert corrosion in marine environments were discussed. However, it was established that prolonged contact of marine structures with seawater would lead to corrosion as well as ruing the safety elements present. Thus, the study provides potential information to material scientists on the need for using structural steels of adequate mechanical properties.

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Jia, Donghe, Wenqing Shi, Hao Zhang, Teng Wu, Yalong Diao, Kaiyue Li e Chao Lu. "Effects of Y2O3 Content on Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of 316L/TiC Coating Fabricated by Laser Cladding". Coatings 13, n. 8 (31 luglio 2023): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081348.

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Laser cladding technology is a surface modification technology emerging in recent years, and it is widely used in the marine engineering field. Since the structural steels used in marine engineering are mostly carbon steels, their wear resistance and corrosion resistance are poor. In this paper, 316 L stainless steel/TiC composite coatings with different Y2O3 addition amounts were fabricated on Q355B steel surface using the laser cladding technology, and the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a digital microhardness tester, a friction and wear tester, and an electrochemical workstation. When Y2O3 is added, the crystals in the bottom part of the coating are basically broken and the organisation becomes more dense. When the Y2O3 addition amount is 2%, the hardness is highest, the frictional coefficient curve of the coating exhibits a stable descending trend, and the coating mass loss is the lowest. When Y2O3 is added at 1%, the dynamic potential polarisation curve shows high corrosion potential and low corrosion current density and exhibited the best performance in EIS. The added Y2O3 evidently improves the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of 316 L stainless steel/TiC composite coatings, and this provides a new possibility that a composite coating modified with rare earth oxide is used for repair of marine engineering structures.

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Banthia, Nemkumar, e Christiane Foy. "Marine Curing of Steel Fiber Composites". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 1, n. 2 (maggio 1989): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1989)1:2(86).

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Zhang, Da Lei, Yan Li, You Hai Jin e Xiao Tang. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptivity of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel in Wet-Dry Cyclic Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment". Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (febbraio 2011): 1443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1443.

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Hydrogen permeation and embrittlement behavior of hot-dip galvanized steels in wet-dry cyclic simulated marine atmospheric environment was investigated by hydrogen permeation current measurement using modified Devanathan-Stachurski cell, slow strain rate tensile test and scanning electron microscopy technique. It was found that hydrogen absorption was accelerated in wet-dry cyclic environment. On the other hand, hydrogen absorption and permeation reduced the percentage elongation after fracture of galvanized steel specimens; meanwhile, the fracture characteristics of samples fringe occurred some lacerated phenomena, i.e., galvanized steels show a higher susceptivity of hydrogen embrittlement when exposed to wet-dry cyclic marine atmospheric environment.

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Park, Seongsik, Jong Ryol Kim, Young Ryun Kim, Seokjin Yoon e Kyunghoi Kim. "Assessment of Heavy Metals Eluted from Materials Utilized in Artificial Reefs Implemented in South Korea". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n. 11 (10 novembre 2022): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111720.

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In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of artificial reefs (ARs) made from concrete, steel, and steel slag on the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in marine ecosystems. We conducted a field investigation of the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in seawater and marine organisms in the East Sea, South Korea and complemented it with an indoor elution experiment. The concentrations of the eight HMs in the field investigation and elution experiment satisfied the environmental standards. In the elution experiment, elution of Cr6+ from the concrete models was confirmed; however, it may be insignificant in marine ecosystems. These results revealed that the effect of ARs made from concrete, steel, and steel slag on the concentration of HMs in the marine environment was insignificant.

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Calderón-Uríszar-Aldaca, Iñigo, Estibaliz Briz, Amaia Matanza, Ulises Martin e David M. Bastidas. "Corrosion Fatigue Numerical Model for Austenitic and Lean-Duplex Stainless-Steel Rebars Exposed to Marine Environments". Metals 10, n. 9 (10 settembre 2020): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091217.

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Steel rebars of structures exposed to cyclic loadings and marine environments suffer an accelerated deterioration process by corrosion fatigue, causing catastrophic failure before service life ends. Hence, stainless steel rebars have been emerging as a way of mitigating pitting corrosion contribution to fatigue, despite the increased cost. The present study proposes a corrosion fatigue semiempirical model. Different samples of rebars made of carbon steel, 304L austenitic (ASS), 316L ASS, 2205 duplex (DSS), 2304 lean duplex stainless steels (LDSS), and 2001 LDSS have been embedded in concrete and exposed to a tidal marine environment for 6 months. Corrosion rates of each steel rebar have been obtained from direct measurement and, considering rebar standard requirements for fatigue and fracture mechanics, an iterative numerical model has been developed to derive the cycles to failure for each stress range level. The model resulted in a corrosion pushing factor for each material, able to be used as an accelerating coefficient for the Palmgren-Miner linear rule and as a performance indicator. Carbon steel showed the worst performance, while 2001 LDSS performed 1.5 times better with the best cost-performance ratio, and finally 2205 DSS performed 1.5 times better than 2001 LDSS.

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Chico, Belen, Jenifer Alcántara, Elizabeth Pino, Iván Díaz, Joaquín Simancas, Almudena Torres-Pardo, Daniel de la Fuente et al. "Rust exfoliation on carbon steels in chloride-rich atmospheres". Corrosion Reviews 33, n. 5 (1 settembre 2015): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0025.

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AbstractThe exposure of carbon steel in marine atmospheres can lead in certain circumstances to the formation of thick rust layers (containing a number of compact laminas) that are easily detached (exfoliated) from the steel substrate, leaving it unprotected and considerably accelerating the corrosion process. This deterioration phenomenon is of particular concern in steel infrastructures located close to the sea (civil constructions, bridges, etc.), whose service lifetime can be extraordinarily limited. High times of wetness of the metallic surface and high chloride ion deposition rates play a decisive role in the formation of this type of rust. Research has been carried out for 1 year in eight pure marine atmospheres with annual average chloride deposition rates of 70–1906 mg Cl-/m2 day. The studied carbon steels consisted of one mild steel, one conventional weathering steel (Corten A), and one high nickel (~3 wt.%) advanced weathering steel (AWS). The paper describes the environmental conditions that lead to the formation of these thick multilaminar rust layers and presents a characterisation study of this singular type of rust using a variety of analysis techniques: scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy/electron diffraction. The Ni-AWS shows greater resistance to the occurrence of rust exfoliation.

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Gartner, Nina, Tadeja Kosec e Andraž Legat. "Monitoring the Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Exposed to a Marine Environment". Materials 13, n. 2 (15 gennaio 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020407.

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Reinforced concrete structures require continuous monitoring and maintenance to prevent corrosion of the carbon steel reinforcement. In this work, concrete columns with carbon and stainless steel reinforcements were exposed to a real marine environment. In order to monitor the corrosion processes, two types of corrosion probes were embedded in these columns at different height levels. The results from the monitoring of the probes were compared to the actual corrosion damage in the different exposure zones. Electrical resistance (ER) probes and coupled multi-electrodes (CMEs) were shown to be promising methods for long-term corrosion monitoring in concrete. Correlations between the different exposure zones and the corrosion processes of the steel in the concrete were found. Macrocell corrosion properties and the distribution of the separated anodic/cathodic places on the steel in chloride-contaminated concrete were addressed as two of the key issues for understanding the corrosion mechanisms in such environments. The specific advantages and limitations of the tested measuring techniques for long-term corrosion monitoring were also indicated. The results of the measurements and the corrosion damage evaluation clearly confirmed that the tested stainless steels (AISI 304 and AISI 304L) in a chloride-contaminated environment behave significantly better than ordinary carbon steel, with corrosion rates from 110× to 9500× lower in the most severe (tidal) exposure conditions.

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Abdolahi, Ahmad, Esah Hamzah, Zaharah Ibrahim e Shahrir Hashim. "Microbially influenced corrosion of steels by Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Corrosion Reviews 32, n. 3-4 (1 ottobre 2014): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2013-0047.

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AbstractMicrobially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a destructive type of corrosion that is initiated, facilitated, or accelerated by the presence and metabolic activity of bacteria. MIC of steels is a great issue in many industries such as marine, freshwater systems, and gas/oil pipelines. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the aerobic slime-forming bacteria that are ubiquitous in marine environment that corrode steel structures. This article aims to provide a review on MIC of steels caused by bacteria, mostly in the case of P. aeruginosa. The mechanisms of MIC will be discussed based on bacteria-metal reactions and emphasize the role of P. aeruginosa on corrosion of steels.

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Chen, Yunxiang, Xiaojian Xia, Yao Huang, Yicheng Hong, Deyuan Lin e Yanjin Lu. "Comparison study of rust layers formed on Q420 and weathering steel after 6 years of exposure in marine atmospheres". Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, n. 1 (2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022008.

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In this study, the corrosion products formed on Q420 and weathering steel (WS) after 6 years of exposure in marine atmospheres in Pingtan, Fujian Province in China was examined. The evolution of the rust layers in terms of surface and cross-sectional morphologies were observed by SEM, while the consisted phases on the Q420 and WS were detected by XRD. The protective effect of the rust layers on the steels was studied by the electrochemical tests. The results of weight loss indicated that the Q420 had a relatively higher corrosion rate than that of the WS steel. The SEM observation showed that the WS steel could form a relative compact with fewer cracks after a long time of exposure concerning the Q420 steel. The electrochemical tests suggested the rust layer formed in the initial stage for the Q420 steel showed a better protective effect than that one formed at a later stage, whereas a better protective effect of the rust layer was formed at the later stage for the WS steels.

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29

Filin, V. Yu. "Quality control of steel for large-sized welded structures of Arctic shelf. Application of Russian and foreign requirements". Voprosy Materialovedeniya, n. 2(98) (11 agosto 2019): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-98-2-136-153.

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Future large-scale development of Arctic inevitably requires marine structures both of Russian and foreign manufacturers and, correspondingly, applying of domestic and foreign steels. So, it is expedient to compare Russian and foreign systems of standard requirements for steel products and welded joints’ metal applied at low temperatures. The paper analyzes their theoretical and experimental grounding as it is extremely important because the difference in requirements serves an instrument to drive out Russian steel manufacturers from international projects.

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30

Hu, Jiezhen, Guodong Lin, Peichang Deng, Ziyun Li e Yuwan Tian. "Galvanic Corrosion of E690 Offshore Platform Steel in a Simulated Marine Thermocline". Metals 14, n. 3 (29 febbraio 2024): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14030287.

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Marked changes in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) content, and nutrient content typically occur in marine thermoclines, which are key factors that affect the corrosion of metals. Offshore platforms require marine metals to be exposed to deep-sea environments and thus increase their penetration into the marine thermocline. This study investigates the galvanic corrosion of E690 steel in a marine thermocline using a simulated marine thermocline (SMT). Specifically, the corrosion of E690 steel was analyzed using the wire beam electrode (WBE) technique, linear polarization (LP), corrosion morphology, and weight loss measurement. Results indicated that the SMT had a stable multilayer structure, and the variations in temperature, DO, pH, and nutrient concentration in the SMT were similar to those in the natural marine thermocline. There were two forms of E690 steel corrosion in the SMT: galvanic corrosion and seawater corrosion. The corrosion rate of seawater corrosion was influenced by the DO concentration. Galvanic corrosion occurred after the intrusion of E690 steel into the marine thermocline. The driver of galvanic corrosion was the difference values for Ecorrs of E690 steel at various depths of the marine thermocline. The Ecorr of E690 steel was influenced by the temperature, pH, and DO of the seawater, in the following order: DO >> T > pH. The continuous reduction in Ecorr with depth contributed to large-scale galvanic corrosion, and the oscillation variation in Ecorr with depth was the reason for small-scale galvanic corrosion. The primary anodic regions of galvanic corrosion were located in the area with the fastest temperature variation in the thermocline, and the position of the anodic regions rose with time. The anodic regions gradually expanded with time. The proportion of galvanic corrosion in the average corrosion rate could increase up to approximately 80% in the stable anodic region. There were many hemispherical corrosion pits on the surface of the single electrodes that were at the depths of 75 cm, 105 cm, and 135 cm. These single electrodes comprised a long-term, sustainable anodic region of galvanic corrosion.

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31

Nascimento, Jean Victal do, Rafael Adão de Carvalho, Davi Pereira Garcia, Rômulo Maziero, Edelize Angelica Gomes e Juan Carlos Campos Rubio. "Stainless steel corrosion in instrumentation pipe". Cadernos UniFOA 14, n. 40 (1 agosto 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v14i40.2940.

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Corrosion, being a destructive process, causes damage in almost all industrial sectors. In this way, it is harmful both from an economic, social and, especially, safety point of view, as it can cause failures in critical equipment and components of an industrial process. At this point, stainless steels are considered the most corrosion resistant metals. The resistance depends on the chemical composition and microstructure, factors that directly influence the passivation of these materials. The resistance is proportionally related to the addition of chromium (Cr) to the mixture, as well as other alloying elements, among which is the molybdenum (Mo), whose main function is to maximize corrosion resistance in the marine atmosphere, as in case of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 which presents in the chemical composition a percentage of the element Mo. Austenitic stainless steels are applied in instrumentation systems in tubing for reliability in severe atmospheres in accordance with ASTM A269 which establishes the materials applicable to this function. Thus, the present work presents, through a review and case study, Pitting Corrosion of tubings of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) coming from the marine atmosphere. The results show that there is no change in the longitudinal and transverse structure for all analyzed tubes, showing a homogeneous austenitic structure, free of intergranular precipitations.

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32

Nascimento, Jean Victal do, Rafael Adão de Carvalho, Davi Pereira Garcia, Rômulo Maziero, Edelize Angelica Gomes e Juan Carlos Campos Rubio. "Stainless steel corrosion in instrumentation pipe". Cadernos UniFOA 14, n. 40 (1 agosto 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v14.n40.2940.

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Abstract (sommario):

Corrosion, being a destructive process, causes damage in almost all industrial sectors. In this way, it is harmful both from an economic, social and, especially, safety point of view, as it can cause failures in critical equipment and components of an industrial process. At this point, stainless steels are considered the most corrosion resistant metals. The resistance depends on the chemical composition and microstructure, factors that directly influence the passivation of these materials. The resistance is proportionally related to the addition of chromium (Cr) to the mixture, as well as other alloying elements, among which is the molybdenum (Mo), whose main function is to maximize corrosion resistance in the marine atmosphere, as in case of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 which presents in the chemical composition a percentage of the element Mo. Austenitic stainless steels are applied in instrumentation systems in tubing for reliability in severe atmospheres in accordance with ASTM A269 which establishes the materials applicable to this function. Thus, the present work presents, through a review and case study, Pitting Corrosion of tubings of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) coming from the marine atmosphere. The results show that there is no change in the longitudinal and transverse structure for all analyzed tubes, showing a homogeneous austenitic structure, free of intergranular precipitations.

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33

Nascimento, Jean Victal do, Rafael Adão de Carvalho, Davi Pereira Garcia, Rômulo Maziero, Edelize Angelica Gomes e Juan Carlos Campos Rubio. "Stainless steel corrosion in instrumentation pipe". Cadernos UniFOA 14, n. 40 (1 agosto 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v14.n40.2940.

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Abstract (sommario):

Corrosion, being a destructive process, causes damage in almost all industrial sectors. In this way, it is harmful both from an economic, social and, especially, safety point of view, as it can cause failures in critical equipment and components of an industrial process. At this point, stainless steels are considered the most corrosion resistant metals. The resistance depends on the chemical composition and microstructure, factors that directly influence the passivation of these materials. The resistance is proportionally related to the addition of chromium (Cr) to the mixture, as well as other alloying elements, among which is the molybdenum (Mo), whose main function is to maximize corrosion resistance in the marine atmosphere, as in case of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 which presents in the chemical composition a percentage of the element Mo. Austenitic stainless steels are applied in instrumentation systems in tubing for reliability in severe atmospheres in accordance with ASTM A269 which establishes the materials applicable to this function. Thus, the present work presents, through a review and case study, Pitting Corrosion of tubings of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) coming from the marine atmosphere. The results show that there is no change in the longitudinal and transverse structure for all analyzed tubes, showing a homogeneous austenitic structure, free of intergranular precipitations.

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34

Xu, Qingzhong, Jichen Liu, Gangjun Cai, Dewen Jiang e Jian Zhou. "A Fuzzy Evaluation of Tool Materials in the Turning of Marine Steels". Metals 11, n. 11 (27 ottobre 2021): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111710.

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To recommend one suitable tool material for the cutting of marine steels under special conditions and requirements in emergency rescues of capsized steel ships, the cermet tools, cemented carbide tools and coated carbide tools were evaluated using a fuzzy evaluation method concerning cutting force, cutting temperature, surface roughness and tool wear. Experimental results indicate that the tool cutting performance was diverse and difficult to evaluate with a single evaluation index. The cemented carbide tools presented bad cutting performance with severe wear. Compared with the cemented carbide tools, the cermet tools showed excellent wear resistance with about 60.3% smaller tool flank wear value and good surface quality with about 46.8% smaller surface roughness. The coated carbide tools presented low cutting temperatures about 15.6% smaller than those of the cermet tools. The result of fuzzy evaluation demonstrates that the cermet tools presented the best cutting performance, followed by the coated carbide tools, and then the cemented carbide tools. The cermet tools are recommended to cut marine steels in emergency rescues of capsized steel ships.

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35

Melchers, Robert E., e Igor A. Chaves. "Durable Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures for Marine Environments". Sustainability 13, n. 24 (11 dicembre 2021): 13695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413695.

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Even in harsh marine environments, concrete structures reinforced with steel can show excellent long-term durability, with little or no reinforcement corrosion. Very few actual reinforced concrete (RC) structures have been closely scrutinized over many years and subject to interpretation using recent state-of-the-art understanding gained from detailed laboratory observations. Such a case is described for an 80-year-old RC structure observed annually over about 30 years in what is essentially an extraordinary long experiment. Despite very high chloride concentrations, field excavation evidence showed that reinforcement corrosion overall remains minimal, except where insufficient concrete compaction permitted air-voids to initiate quite severe, very localized corrosion even with still high concrete pH. It is possible that the use of blast furnace slag as aggregate may have assisted the observed durability. The case study supports other studies that show that it is possible to achieve long-term durable and therefore sustainable RC structures without additives and using only conventional reinforcement steels and conventional cements and aggregates. However, the potential dangers of deep narrow cracking extending to the reinforcement and the potentially deleterious effects of alkali–aggregate reactivity of some aggregates needs to be considered.

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36

Qin, Dong, Lu Xiayang e Xu Geng. "Experimental Study on Low-Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Marine Structural Steel". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, n. 4 (14 aprile 2024): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040651.

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This research focuses on the experimental investigation of the low-cycle fatigue characteristics of marine structural steel. The study aimed to explore the behavior of marine-grade steel under low-cycle fatigue conditions. The experimental parameters include the fatigue life of the material, crack propagation behavior, and a comprehensive analysis of mechanical properties associated with various loading conditions. Based on the experimental results, a low-cycle fatigue crack propagation rate model for marine structural steel plates was established using CTOD as a characterization parameter. The primary objective of this research is likely to enhance the durability and safety of maritime structures, providing valuable technical insights for the field of naval engineering.

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37

Cao, Yu-Peng, Shu-Ming Cheng, Wei-Dong Shi, Yong-Fei Yang e Gao-Wei Wang. "Experimental Study on Surface Erosion of Grade A Marine Steel by Ultrahigh-Pressure Water Jet". Water 14, n. 12 (18 giugno 2022): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121953.

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To investigate the interaction and erosion mechanisms between an ultrahigh-pressure water jet and the surface of Grade A marine steel, this study used the ANSYS FLUENT software to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of an ultrahigh-pressure water jet. To erode the Grade A marine steel, a water jet with ultrahigh-pressure (200 MPa, 40 L/min) was used. An ASMC2-4 resistance strain gauge collected the dynamic strain signal at the back of the sample during jet impingement, and the simulation results were compared to experimental results. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and other equipment were used to observe and analyze the phase before impact and the material surface morphology and element distribution after impact. The results reveal that as the wall shear stress increased with the target distance, the energy loss of the jet could be reduced by changing the jet incidence angle, and the peak value of the wall shear stress increased. Under the pressure of 200 MPa, the average microstrain at the back side of the impact center area of the Grade A marine steel was 180 × 10−6, and the microstrain amplitude was 35 × 10−6–50 × 10−6. The impact force of the water jet on the Grade A marine steel produced alternating stress with cyclic fluctuation. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. Under the alternating jet stress action, fatigue failure and cavitation failure occurred on the sample surface, which was characterized by a spalling pit, layer erosion, and cavitation hole morphology. The surface stripping model of the Grade A marine steel under an ultrahigh-pressure water jet was established, and the interaction mechanism and erosion mechanism between the ultrahigh-pressure water jet and the surface of the Grade A marine steel were elucidated.

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38

Abo Nassar, Nour Eldeen. "Corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures: Classification and overview". International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Sciences and Applications 3, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47346/ijaesa.v3i1.80.

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Marine services and industry have emerged as one of the most significant pillars of global economic growth. Corrosion of materials, on the other hand, is still the most important issue for marine structures and equipment. Corrosion is a major contributor to the degradation of marine and offshore structures. It has an effect on the life of process equipment, and might lead to structural failure, leakage, product degradation, contamination, and even death. It is important to investigate the mechanisms of material corrosion in the marine environment, as well as corrosion prevention methods, in order to make effective use of marine resources. Various mitigation techniques, like the utilization of coatings, cathodic protection, and corrosion allowance are utilized to protect offshore structures against corrosion. In general, the marine environment has a significant impact on the protection of offshore structures. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to give an overview about corrosion of marine structures, how it happens and some of the current prevention techniques.

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39

MAKITA, Minoru. "Corrosion Protection Technology of Marine Steel Structure". Tetsu-to-Hagane 73, n. 2 (1987): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.73.2_252.

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40

Roy, S. K., e K. H. Ho. "Corrosion of steel in tropical marine atmospheres". British Corrosion Journal 29, n. 4 (gennaio 1994): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000705994798267430.

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41

Zhao, Kuangjie, Xianru Liu e Jianguang Li. "Elasto-plastic constitutive relation of low temperature marine steel EH36". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2200, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2200/1/012026.

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Abstract In order to consider the characteristics of materials and the impact of sea ice collision in the calculation of ultimate strength of stiffened plates, based on the study of dynamic constitutive models of sea ice and polar marine steel at low temperature, this paper explores the calculation model of ultimate strength of stiffened plates for hull with collision dents considering the effects of low temperature and strain rate of steel. A constitutive model of EH36 steel considering low temperature effect is proposed, which has practical engineering value. According to the quasi-static tensile test results of EH36 steel at different temperatures, the relation formula of the influence of temperature reduction on the yield strength of EH36 steel was fitted. Based on the test data and Cowper-Symonds model, a constitutive model of EH36 steel considering low temperature effect is proposed, and the constitutive model is applied to the test simulation calculation, which proves that the dynamic constitutive model of EH36 steel has practical engineering value.

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42

Fideles, Francisco Felipe de M., Mauro Andres C. Florez, Maria Veronica G. Rodrigues, Jorge Luiz Cardoso, Clodualdo Aranas, Samuel F. Rodrigues, Marcos Natan da S. Lima et al. "Influence of the Morphology of Eutectoid Steels on Corrosion Resistance in NaCl Aqueous Medium with and without CO2". Metals 13, n. 10 (20 ottobre 2023): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13101782.

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This study conducts a comparative electrochemical evaluation of three types of pearlitic steels used in flexible pipelines for oil transport in marine environments. The steels have been manufactured with chemical composition and geometry variations to optimize operation performance under adverse conditions. Electrochemical tests were conducted using solutions simulating marine environments with NaCl and CO2, and at high temperatures. The results indicated that spheroidized (SC) steel demonstrated the best corrosion resistance under these specific conditions. Additionally, the Raman spectroscopy characterization technique was used to analyze the layers of corrosion products formed during the tests, identifying the presence of FeCO3 (siderite) and other corrosive oxides. These discoveries are valuable for selecting and improving materials in flexible pipelines used in oil production in marine waters. The study highlights the importance of the cementite morphology present in pearlite as a relevant factor in the corrosive behavior of steels, contributing to the development of more efficient and durable solutions for the offshore oil and gas industry.

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43

Chen, Lin, Huisheng Yang, Yanjing Su e Lijie Qiao. "Stress corrosion cracking of A517 steel in marine environments". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, n. 5 (9 settembre 2021): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2021-2505.

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Abstract (sommario):

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop the existence and mechanism of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for A517 steel in marine environments. Design/methodology/approach Slow strain rate test (SSRT) and constant load tests were used to investigate the SCC susceptibility of A517 steel. In addition, the additive stresses caused by the corrosion film and hydrogen entering into steel were applied to reveal the fundamental mechanism of the SCC. Findings The SCC susceptibility increased due to anodic dissolution and additive stress caused by the corrosion-produced film under anode polarization. Furthermore, the SCC susceptibility increased with increasing cathodic polarization, which is due to the increased additional stress caused by hydrogen entering into the steel. However, when the cathode polarization further increased, the additional stress remained due to the constant hydrogen content, thus the SCC susceptibility did not vary. Moreover, the SCC susceptibility of A517 steel under an alternate immersion environment (AIE) was lower than that under a full immersion environment and the steel under the AIE with 0.5 W/D had the lowest SCC susceptibility. Originality/value The stress corrosion behaviors of A517 in marine environments under various conditions were systematically analyzed.

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44

Chi, Nguyen Van, Le Hong Quan, Cao Nhat Linh, Nong Quoc Quang, Nguyen Duc Anh, Dong Van Kien e Nguyen Van Hoa. "Electrodeposition of Cu-Reinforced Polyaniline Coating for Protection of AH36 Steel in Natural Seawater". Coatings 12, n. 11 (4 novembre 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111680.

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The marine environment is highly corrosive for mild and low alloy steels. This study aimed to enhance the corrosion resistance of the AH36 steel in a saline medium by coating it with a copper particles reinforced polyaniline (PANI) layer. PANI and Cu particles were grown on the steel surface by electrodepositing methods. Firstly, PANI was electropolymerized in the presence of oxalic acid, followed by the electrodeposition of Cu particles at different deposition times. The coating showed a well-distribution of Cu particles in the polymer matrix and excellent adhesion. Furthermore, the Cu particles and PANI-coated steels exhibited corrosion resistance significantly in the saline medium compared to the bare substrate and pristine PANI-coated samples. The improved corrosion protection of a Cu@PANI coating on the AH36 steel could contribute to forming a physical barrier by filling Cu particles on the PANI pores.

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45

Mardare, Laurentiu, Lidia Benea, Eliza Dănăilă e Valentin Dumitraşcu. "Polymeric Coatings Used against Marine Corrosion of Naval Steel EN32". Key Engineering Materials 699 (luglio 2016): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.699.71.

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The life time of the metallic materials exposed to marine environment is influenced by their corrosion resistance. The marine environment is considered to be very aggressive to metallic materials used in the marine industry. In order to protect metallic substrates against corrosion process, important efforts have been made to develop corrosion resistance coatings, besides the cathodic protection systems. Thus, during the last years there were developed a series of organic protective coatings that have as principal component one or more polymers. This paper present a comparative investigation regarding the corrosion resistance of: i) uncoated naval steel EN32, ii) coated naval steel EN32 with a two-component polymeric primer and iii) coated naval steel EN32 with two-component polymeric primer followed by epoxy polyurethane paint coating. All the samples have been subjected to corrosion in seawater collected from the Black Sea (Mangalia sea port). In situ electrochemical measurements as: open circuit potential (OCP), polarization resistance (Rp), potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and cyclic voltammetry polarization (CV) were performed to monitor the corrosion process. The results showed an improved corrosion resistance of polymeric coatings in marine environment compared with uncoated naval steel EN32

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46

Chandrasekaran, K., P. Marimuthu, K. Raja e A. Manimaran. "Multi Response Optimization of Machining Parameters for Turning Stainless Steel Using Coated Tools". Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (giugno 2014): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.644.

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Stainless steels are used in aerospace, automotive, marine applications, because of resistant to corrosion and maintaining their mechanical properties over a wide range of temperature. Stainless steels are generally difficult to machine due to their high strength. The machining parameters which are affecting the quality of turning operation, it is necessary to optimize the machining parameters to obtain better productivity. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of different coated tools on austenitic stainless steel (AISI316) and martensitic stainless steel (AISI410) in CNC turning under dry conditions. Multi response optimization of machining parameters was performed using coated with TiCN/Al2O3, TiAlN, Ti (C, N, B) using grey relational analysis.

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47

Liu, Yu Jun, Quan Jiang, Chun Zhi Zhao e Pei Yue Zhao. "Electrochemical Charaterization of Steel Concrete under Multi-Factors Influence". Advanced Materials Research 177 (dicembre 2010): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.578.

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The corrosion of steel concrete under the multi-factor of hygrothermal marine environment and flexural stress-salt spray accelerated corrosion environment was studied by potentodynamic polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under the hygrothermal marine environment (Wan-ning), with the prolonging of period, passive film on the steel was depolarized, and when the period was two years, the steel started corrosion. The result show that flexural stress could accelerate chlorine ion permeation rate on the concrete, and make passive film depolarize more early. With the passive film’s depolarization, the interfacial reaction of steel/concrete develops from electrochemical activation to mass transport limitation, and the reaction resistance decrease.

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48

Peng, Wei, e Weijie Fan. "Experimental Study on Corrosion Development Model and Fatigue Performance of Strand Steel for Coastal Structures". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n. 3 (21 marzo 2023): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030665.

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In order to study the corrosion time-varying law and fatigue properties of high-strength steel strands used for marine environment structures, the accelerated corrosion test of steel strands was carried out by using a climate simulation chamber, and samples with different corrosion times were taken out for mass weighing, morphology observation, and fatigue testing. Steel strand specimens with different corrosion times (from 1 month to 14 years) for use in the real marine environment were developed in an indoor climate simulation test chamber. The average mass corrosion ratio curve of the steel strands in the marine environment and the changes in the corrosion pit size over time were obtained by performing data analysis based on weight and appearance. The time-varying rule of the fatigue life of coastal-structure steel strands was determined by conducting a fatigue test and fracture scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of steel strands with different corrosion degrees. The results of the experimental study show that the mass corrosion rate and pit size of steel strands change with the service time as a piecewise function, fatigue performance changes with the service time is as an exponential function, and fatigue performance changes with the mass corrosion ratio are similar to a linear function. Furthermore, the corrosion pit has a significant impact on the fatigue life of the steel strand.

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49

Phan, Hoang C., Linda L. Blackall e Scott A. Wade. "Effect of Multispecies Microbial Consortia on Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel". Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, n. 2 (25 marzo 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2020008.

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Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is responsible for significant damage to major marine infrastructure worldwide. While the microbes responsible for MIC typically exist in the environment in a synergistic combination of different species, the vast majority of laboratory-based MIC experiments are performed with single microbial pure cultures. In this work, marine grade steel was exposed to a single sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) and various combinations of bacteria (both pure cultures and mixed communities), and the steel corrosion studied. Differences in the microbial biofilm composition and succession, steel weight loss and pitting attack were observed for the various test configurations studied. The sulfate reduction phenotype was successfully shown in half-strength marine broth for both single and mixed communities. The highest corrosion according to steel weight loss and pitting, was recorded in the tests with D. desulfuricans alone when incubated in a nominally aerobic environment. The multispecies microbial consortia yielded lower general corrosion rates compared to D. desulfuricans or for the uninoculated control.

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50

Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan, e Hari S. "Functionally graded material and its application to marine structures". Sustainable Marine Structures 4, n. 1 (24 febbraio 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/sms.v4i1.490.

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Marine structures are exposed to harsh weather conditions, demanding special pre-requisites in design and functional perspectives. Under dynamic loads of larger magnitude, the material-centric design procedure alone is not feasible to ensure the safe disbursement of loads. The compliant offshore structures resist loads primarily by their geometric novelty, and hence their design is form-dominant and no more strength (material) dominant. Large displacements in the rigid body modes in the horizontal plane under lateral loads require their construction material to possess enough ductility to absorb this energy. Steel is one of the most competitive materials for marine structures as it offers good ductility, but corrosion in the marine environment is a major concern. It undergoes strength and functional degradations and therefore requires serious investigation. In the present study, functionally graded material (FGM) is proposed to substitute for steel in marine applications. The method of fabricating FGM and assessing its mechanical and durability properties are discussed. Results show that FGM possesses strength and durability properties at par with the conventionally used X52 steel for marine risers. The presented study will be a major initiative towards future research in exploring competent materials which will be strong and sustainable in the marine environment.

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