Articoli di riviste: "Management"

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Saeedy, Sina, e Abbas Ali Rastgar. "Study of the Role of Personality Factors in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors". Trends Journal of Sciences Research 2, n. 2 (30 marzo 2015): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/management.0202.01.

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Noble, Ronald M., e Jon T. Moore. "COASTAL REGIONAL SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (1 febbraio 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.29.

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Regional Sediment Management (RSM) is a planning approach that seeks to address coastal sediment processes on a broader geographic scale. It recognizes that sand, cobble, and fine sediment are important natural resources that are critical to the environmental health and economic vitality of the coastal zone. The relevant sediment processes overlap multiple geopolitical boundaries which explains why a regional planning perspective is needed. To be effective a comprehensive road map is needed to addresses how to conserve and restore the valuable sediment resources, reduce shoreline erosion and coastal storm damages, protect sensitive environmental resources, increase natural sediment supply to the coast, preserve and enhance beaches, improve water quality along the shoreline, and optimize the beneficial use of material dredged from ports, harbors, and other opportunistic sediment sources. The plan that was prepared for the diverse 144-mile long Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties coastline was developed systematically using traditional planning processes to understand the baseline science and relevant physical processes; identify the challenges that currently exist and the corresponding opportunities that can be seized to positively move forward; and formulate appropriate action plans and solutions that have unanimity of purpose. It is demonstrated that in order to be technically, environmentally, economically, and politically effective regional sediment management plans should consist of a suite of diverse study, management, policy, and capital project activities.

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Alsulami, Naif K. "Risk Management in Health Management". Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 11, n. 10 (30 ottobre 2023): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v11i10.06.

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The study of this paper investigates the crucial function of risk management in healthcare administration. It centers around the different sorts of dangers in medical services and their motivation on quiet security, care quality, and authoritative execution. The use of technology, the importance of risk management, risk consideration and mitigation strategies, and the challenges faced by healthcare organizations are all examined in this section. It keeps up by underlining the situation with fostering a gamble mindfulness in regard to effectively accomplishing chances and working on understanding results in the troublesome medical services setting.

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Jongejan, Ruben, Roshanka Ranasinghe e Han Vrijling. "A RISK-INFORMED APPROACH TO COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (30 gennaio 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.8.

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Economic and population growth have led to an unprecedented increase in the value at risk in coastal zones over the last century. To avoid excessive future losses, particularly in the light of projected climate change impacts, coastal zone managers have various instruments at their disposal. These primarily concern land-use planning (establishing buffer zones) and engineering solutions (beach nourishment and coastal protection). In this paper, we focus on risk mitigation through the implementation of buffer zones (setback lines). Foregoing land-use opportunities in coastal regions and protecting coasts is costly, but so is damage caused by inundation and storm erosion. Defining appropriate setback lines for land-use planning purposes is a balancing act. It is however unclear what level of protection is facilitated by current approaches for defining setback lines, and whether this is, at least from an economic perspective, sufficient. In this paper, we present an economic model to determine which setback lines would be optimal from an economic perspective. The results provide a useful reference point in the political debate about the acceptability of risk in coastal zones. The main conclusions are (i) that it is useful to define setback lines on the basis of their exceedance probabilities, (ii) that the exceedance probability of an economically efficient setback line will typically be in the order of magnitude of 1/100 per year, (iii) that it is important to distinguish between situations in which morphological conditions are stationary and non-stationary, and (iv) that long-term uncertainties (e.g. due to climate change) influence the exceedance probability of efficient setback lines but only to a limited extent.

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Félix, Angélica, Asunción Baquerizo, Juan Manuel Santiago e Miguel Ángel Losada. "DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 33 (25 ottobre 2012): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.28.

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We analyze decision making under uncertainty in a search for an integral management solution for Playa Granada in the Guadalfeo River Delta (Granada, Spain), where the construction of a dam in the river basin is causing severe erosion. Different management strategies are considered. For each of them the assessment of the uncertainty in the accomplishment of the management targets is done with a methodology that takes into account the coupled action of atmosphere, ocean, and land agents and their intrinsic stochastic character. This information is used to infer the joint distribution function of three criteria that represent the economic benefit of different interest groups. A stochastic multicriteria decision method that accounts for the uncertainty in the performances of alternatives and also in decision makers preferences, is used to rank strategies according to their effectiveness in an informed and transparent process.

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Hunt, Shannon, Greg Britton, Dan Messiter, Paul Prenzler, Sam Knight e Evan Watterson. "PALM BEACH SHORELINE PROJECT: INNOVATIVE COASTAL MANAGEMENT SOLUTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (2 ottobre 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.66.

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Palm Beach is a four kilometre beach located on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Since the 1960’s there have been numerous significant erosion events that have threatened infrastructure and impacted on recreational beach amenity. As this section of coastline is highly developed with low, medium and high-density developments and infrastructure, there was significant risk to coastal assets, tourism and recreational amenity and to city image and reputation. This Paper discusses the planning, design and construction of a project that provides both effective coastal protection and benefits to the local community, including enhanced surfing opportunities.

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John, Sian, e Jaap Flikweert. "ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE: RISK-BASED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLANNING". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (2 ottobre 2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.104.

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Shoreline management planning is entering its third generation in the UK and its first in NZ. In both countries Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) aim to establish the short, medium, and long term ‘management intent’ for unique, distinct stretches of coast by understanding coastal processes, hazards, and risks. They also aim to reflect the interests of all parties (of the community) and be deliverable. However, there are differences between the approaches, which reflect the countries different geographies and governance structures, but also their different shoreline management planning history. And lessons can be taken from both.

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Cox, Ron, Peter Horton, Nigel Rajaratnam e James Carley. "COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN COASTAL MANAGEMENT – USEFUL OR FLAWED?" Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (2 ottobre 2023): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.97.

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Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) has become an important tool for evaluating coastal management actions in Australia, and various coastal CBA studies have been completed. However, some of these studies have produced contradictory outcomes, and some assumptions on which they were based have been questioned. In the presentation, various assumptions frequently used in coastal CBA’s are considered and assessed with reference to specific case studies.

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Khojasteh, Danial, Stefan Felder, Valentin Heimhuber e William Glamore. "SEA LEVEL RISE IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTUARINE MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (1 settembre 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.113.

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Estuaries provide a wide range of environmental, cultural, social, and economic services. These include primary production, water purification, recreational opportunities, navigational routes, and nurseries for aquatic species. However, a growing body of literature indicates that sea level rise (SLR) is increasingly threatening these services in estuaries due to their low-lying topography and proximity to the open ocean. As such, sustainable management of estuaries, adjacent low-lying areas, and associated ecosystems requires a thorough and evidence-based understanding of how different estuaries may respond to SLR over time and space (Khojasteh et al. (2021)). This, in turn, would help policymakers manage the far-reaching impacts and prioritise funds-based adaptation and mitigation strategies. Assessing SLR impacts in estuaries can either be undertaken on an individual site basis or via broader approaches that may be relevant to many estuaries. This study utilises the latter approach and, to this aim, a large ensemble of idealised prismatic and converging estuarine hydrodynamic simulations were conducted.

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Sánchez-Lozano, Gloria, e Esther Chávez-Miranda. "“Tratamiento de capacity management e inventory management en manuales de revenue management”". International Journal of World of Tourism 2, n. 4 (2015): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ijwt.2015.i04.02.

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Клименкова, М. С. "Features of enterprise innovation management". Экономика и предпринимательство, n. 3(128) (13 maggio 2021): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.128.3.159.

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В настоящей статье аннализируютсся особенноссти управлеения инновацциями на предприяятии. Харакктеризуютсяя особенностти и услов ия инновациионного повеедения преддприятий. Рассматтривается упправление иннновационнымми процессамми с точки зррения страттегического рразвития предприяятия. Привводится клаассификацияя систем управления предприятиием, аналиизируется управленние инновацциями. Обознначены задаачи, решениие которых необходимо о для эффективного управленния инновацциями на предприятиии. Приводиится подрообное описаание такихх задач. Рассматтривается дееление фактторов, влияющщих на управвление предпприятием, наа прямые и коосвенные. В заключчении даютсяся практичес кие выводы ппо построению стратег ического упрравления инновациями на предпприятии. This aarticle analyzees the featuress of innovationn managemennt at the enterprprise. The feaatures and conditionss of innovativve behavior oof enterprises are characteerized. The arrticle deals wiith the managgement of innovativee processes ffrom the pointt of view of thhe strategic deevelopment o f the enterprisse. The classiification of enterprisee managemennt systems iss given, innovvation management is anaalyzed. The taasks are indiccated, the solution of which is nnecessary fo r the effectivve managemeent of innovaations at the enterprise. AA detailed descriptioon of such tassks is provided. The divisioon of factors iinfluencing enterprise manaagement into direct and indirect oones is consiidered. In conclusion, pra ctical conclussions are given on the coonstruction off strategic managemment of innovaations at the ennterprise.

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12

Broye, Géraldine. "Rupture des managements, management des ruptures ?" Management & Avenir 41, n. 1 (2011): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mav.041.0170.

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Goncalves, Tiago, Cristina Gaio e Pedro Ramos. "Earnings management and impression management: European evidence". Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, n. 1 (1 aprile 2022): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.37.

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This study explores the relationship between Earnings Management and Impression Management in the context of some European listed companies. The analysis focuses on the readability of annual reports, measured by the file size. Earnings management is assessed using the modified Jones model. The sample consists of 2,953 listed companies from 17 industries of 24 European countries between 2012 and 2018 resulting in 13,020 firm-year observations. It has been found that one standard deviation increase in financial reports file size increases discretionary accruals in around 4%. These results are robust across different sample specifications in terms of firms’ size, industry and country. The findings show that increased intensity in the use of discretionary accruals is obfuscated by the disclosure of less readable annual reports, implying that Earnings Management and Impression Management are used complementarily. The conclusions have impact both for investment management and for policy, preventing inefficient allocation of capital budgeting and providing additional information that improves regulation on financial reporting transparency. AcknowledgmentThe authors are grateful to financial support from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), national funding through research grant (UID/SOC/04521/2020).

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Yao, Jiangang. "Emotional Management in Modern Human Resource Management". International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 4, n. 12 (26 dicembre 2023): 4151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.1223.0109.

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15

Zuo, Qihua, Zhengping Zhou, Wang Chi, Sun Feng e Wang Hongchuan. "PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR CHINESE SEADIKE SAFETY MANAGEMENT". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 33 (9 ottobre 2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.29.

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A Decision Support System for Chinese Seadike Safety Management (DSS-CSSM) based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and database technology is initially proposed and designed in this paper. DSS-CSSM contains three major parts, which are fundamental information database, risk analysis module and hazard assessment module. Kinds of numerical and physical model methods can be selected and used in the modules. With integration of the fundamental information, analysis models and appropriate Human Computer Interaction(HCI), DSS-CSSM can be used to help people evaluate hazard losses of Chinese seadike and make some effective decisions.

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Ellyard, Rory. "COASTAL MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY - QUINNS BEACH, CITY OF WANNEROO, WESTERN AUSTRALIA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (2 ottobre 2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.63.

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The Quinns Rocks coastline is an area of ongoing coastal erosion which has been actively managed by the City of Wanneroo (the City) since 1996, ensuring the ongoing protection of coastal assets including public and private infrastructure, beach amenity and the natural dune environment. Quinns Rocks is listed as a coastal erosion hotspot within the Assessment of Coastal Erosion Hotspots in Western Australia, which was published by the Government of Western Australia in 2019. The Quinns Rocks coastline is an area of ongoing coastal erosion which has been actively managed by the City of Wanneroo (the City) since 1996, ensuring the ongoing protection of coastal assets including public and private infrastructure, beach amenity and the natural dune environment. Quinns Rocks is listed as a coastal erosion hotspot within the Assessment of Coastal Erosion Hotspots in Western Australia, which was published by the Government of Western Australia in 2019.

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Chávez, Valeria, Abigail Uribe-Martínez, Eduardo Cuevas, Brigitta I. van Tussenbroek e Rodolfo Silva. "DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF PELAGIC SARGASSUM SPP. IN THE MEXICAN CARIBBEAN". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (1 settembre 2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.25.

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Sargassum fluitans and S. natans (sargasso) are species of brown floating algae. They are found in the Atlantic, concentrated the Sargasso Sea, and also, since 2011, in the Great Altantic Sargassum Belt (Wang et al., 2019). Floating masses of sargasso offer resting, reproduction and feeding areas for many species (some of economic interest), and serve as a biological connectivity vector. However, since late 2014, massive quantities of sargasso have appeared on the coasts of the Mexican Caribbean. This has brought serious negative impacts, such as mortality of nearshore benthic flora and fauna, beach erosion, pollution, a decrease in tourism and high costs in managing the impacts (Chavez et al., 2020). Depending on hydrodynamic conditions, sargasso is transported to the coasts (beaching) or remains offshore, carried away by the ocean currents of the Atlantic. One of the main challenges in understanding sargasso dynamics has been the unpredictability of the influx, as sargasso concentrations in the ocean vary seasonally and interannually, and the ocean concentrations of sargasso and the beached biomass do not always coincide. Field observations, satellite imaginary analysis and numerical modelling have been used in various studies to understand the dynamics of sargasso.

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S Iftekhar, M. "From timber management to forest management: an initial discussion on forest management evolution". Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 9 (10 gennaio 2012): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4576-jfs.

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Forests have been subject to human intervention since the inception of human civilization. With enhanced knowledge, understanding and capacity humans exert an increasing pressure and influence on forests. Forests in general have undergone different ownership patterns. The requirements for forests have changed over time. The objectives of forest management are shifting from timber production to biodiversity conservation and nature protection. On the other hand, in many places the forests are dwindling due to the anthropic pressure. The management paradigms are changing in response to these triggering mechanisms. In this paper an attempt has been made to summarize the evolution of forest management practices and discuss some recent trends in forest management.

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Mertens, Tina, Toon Verwaest, Rosalia Delgado, Koen Trouw e Leo De Nocker. "COASTAL MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER PLANNING ON THE BASIS OF FLOOD RISK CALCULATIONS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (30 gennaio 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.12.

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Recent studies showed that one third of the Belgian coastline is not sufficiently protected against severe storm events. Therefore coastal protection plans are set up to assure a minimum safety standard for the entire coastline. Flood risk calculations constitute the main input parameter for the concept and planning phases. Since 100% safety can never be guaranteed, contingency plans are constructed to reduce the remaining flood risks. Flood risk calculations are a powerful communicative and operational instrument to use between engineers and experts on the field, thus forming the link between coastal management and disaster planning.

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Preti, Mentino, e Barbara Zanuttigh. "INTEGRATED BEACH MANAGEMENT AT IGEA MARINA, ITALY: RESULTS OF TEN-YEARS MONITORING". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.33.

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This contribution analyses the hydro-morphological effects induced by low crested structures confined by lateral groynes at Igea Marina beach, Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy. The site has been monitored since the works started for these last ten years. Results from bathymetric surveys, sediment samplings, video monitoring and numerical modelling are presented and discussed.

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Jonkman, Sebastiaan, Tomohiro Yasuda, V. Tsimopoulou, H. Kawai e F. Kato. "ADVANCES IN COASTAL DISASTERS RISK MANAGEMENT – LESSONS FROM THE 2011 TOHOKU TSUNAMI". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 33 (25 ottobre 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.13.

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The earthquake and tsunami of March 2011 led to death and destruction in coastal areas in Japan. A seminar was held in June 2012 for Japanese and Dutch coastal researchers to discuss lessons for the management of the risks in coastal areas associated with tsunamis, typhoons and storm surges. The seminar has highlighted important practical and theoretical issues in coastal protection, risk and emergency management, and climate change and sea level rise research that are of importance for the Netherlands and Japan and other coastal regions. The performance of the system during historical events gives important lessons for the (re)design of resilient coastal protection systems in the future. It has also been discussed how risk assessments can be utilized to determine how an effective combination of prevention, land use planning and emergency management can be implemented to minimize future risks in the coastal zone.

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Figuero, Andrés, Enrique Peña, José Sande, Raquel Costas, Humberto Carro, Alberto Alvarellos, Juan Rabuñal, Andrés Guerra e Juan Diego Pérez. "AI-BASED DECISION-MAKING TOOLS FOR PORT MANAGEMENT: SHIP-INFRASTRUCTURE OPERABILITY AND OVERTOPPING". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, n. 37 (1 settembre 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.86.

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In recent years, port operators have shown an increasing interest in developing innovative automatic learning techniques, to provide complete predictive packages for safety and efficiency systems, trained and calibrated with field database. Another relevant aspect in these kinds of projects is to determine the long wave influence. The port-ship resonance, due to the coincidence between the long wave periods and the ship horizontal motions, causes downtimes with consequent economic losses. The Port Authority of A Coruña (Spain) started years ago to work towards the application of Artificial Intelligence, providing Machine Learning-based models in their facilities of its Outer Port of Punta Langosteira, together with the University of A Coruña. The main objective was to provide a system to predict operability and overtopping with the forecast of maritime climate information.

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Dr. A. Valarmathi, Dr A. Valarmathi. "Management of Management Department- A Road to Excellence". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n. 7 (1 ottobre 2011): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2013/113.

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Vennila, Dr A. "Time Management is Life Management – A Review Article". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (31 agosto 2018): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15838.

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Svoboda, E. "Knowledge-management in managerial work of business management". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 7 (7 gennaio 2008): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1152-agricecon.

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The paper presents the results of the research projects with their applications in enterprise practice, in the sphere of strategic control of enterprise management focused on the methods of decision-making enabling an enterprise to respond to changes in the entrepreneurial environment. Rapid changes, principally in the external environment, require the business management to select new approaches and methods of decision-making and to have a well conceived algorithm enabling a flexible response to customers’ wishes using findings of knowledge management. The paper presents the results of applying the methods of BSG and SPACE analysis, namely during the years 1998−2006. The sphere of business of the company is also analysed using the correlation-table analysis method. All actions are focused on obtaining and maintaining the competitive advantage of the firm.

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George, Ajith. "Surgical management of Melioidosis: 10-year retrospective data from a tertiary hospital in India". International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports 4, Reports in Microbiology, Infecti (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmrcr.surgical-management-melioidosis.

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Rozynski, Grzegorz Marcin, e Zbigniew Pruszak. "LONG-TERM RISE OF STORMINESS OF THE BALTIC SEA NEAR POLAND; POSSIBLE ORIGIN AND CONSEQUENCES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (23 gennaio 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.1.

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Long-term growth of storminess of the Baltic Sea near Poland has been identified for autumn and winter months, particularly for January. This growth is concurrent with the increase of westerly waves in Jan., Feb. and Oct. A vivid relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and significant wave height Hs in Jan. suggests it can be a potential driver of storminess growth in that month. For Feb. this relationship is unstable; other months demonstrate no connection toward the NAO. The wave climate in January also exhibits a strong 8-year cycle, very likely to drive 8-year variations of shoreline position, detected previously at a study site. The influence of NAO may manifest an unfavorable regime change in which mightier winter storms will be mostly occurring above freezing in the absence of ice cover. Without that cover vulnerable sandy beaches will be exposed to accelerated erosion from direct and stronger wave attack.

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Yalciner, Ahmet Cevdet, Ceren Ozer, Hulya Karakus, Andrey Zaytsev e Isikhan Guler. "EVALUATION OF COASTAL RISK AT SELECTED SITES AGAINST EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMIS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (29 gennaio 2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.10.

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Mediterranean, the center of civilizations since antiquity, experienced numerous earthquakes and triggered tsunamis. Historical information and distribution of fault zones, volcanoes and other probable tsunamigenic sea bottom deformations show that, there are source areas which may be considered as responsible for tsunamis in Eastern Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black sea region. These events affected the coastal structures that led to the loss of the economic power and social life of civilizations since antiquity. One of the probable examples of the earthquake or tsunami effects on the Fethiye town may be the eruption of Thera (also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption). Another example of the earthquake or tsunami effects on the historical structures may be the destruction of lighthouse of Patara (Lykian City) harbor at the South of Turkey. The numerical modeling is one of the efficient tools for understanding the tsunami behaviors in the past. In this study, the historical data of earthquakes and tsunamis are evaluated together with the instrumental data of seismicity in order to select the tsunami source for modeling efforts. In modeling application, the most effective tsunami source among the others in Eastern Mediterranean is selected and simulated in order to better understand its possible effects on Fethiye town and the Patara (Lykian City). In this study, the simulation results are presented and dicussed for these selected regions.

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Jonkman, Sebastiaan N., Ruben Jongejan, Bob Maaskant e Han Vrijling. "NEW SAFETY STANDARDS FOR COASTAL FLOOD DEFENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (19 gennaio 2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.11.

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The Dutch government is in the process of revising its flood safety policy. The current safety standards for flood defences in the Netherlands are largely based on the outcomes of cost-benefit analyses. Loss of life has not been considered separately in the choice for current standards. This article presents the results of a research project that evaluated the potential roles of two risk metrics, individual and societal risk, to support decision-making about new flood safety standards. These risk metrics are already used in the Dutch major hazards policy for the evaluation of risks to the public. Individual risk concerns the annual probability of death of a person. Societal risk concerns the probability of an event with many fatalities. Technical aspects of the use of individual and societal risk metrics in flood risk assessments as well as policy implications are discussed. Preliminary estimates of nationwide levels of societal risk are presented. Societal risk levels appear relatively high in the South Western part of the country where densely populated dike rings are threatened by a combination of river and coastal floods. Options for the application of the individual and societal risk in the new flood safety policy are presented and discussed.

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Naulin, Marie, Andreas Kortenhaus e Hocine Oumeraci. "FAILURE PROBABILITY OF FLOOD DEFENCE STRUCTURES/ SYSTEMS IN RISK ANALYSIS FOR EXTREME STORM SURGES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.13.

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Extreme storm surges can cause failures of flood defences resulting in severe flooding of the hinterland and catastrophic damages. In order to quantify the risk of flooding an integrated risk analysis is being performed wherein one task is the determination of failure probabilities of flood defences. In this paper the failure probability calculations of flood defence structures and systems under the loading of extreme storm surges are reported. Moreover, the analysis of the breach and breach development is briefly introduced. Preliminary results of the failure probabilities and the breach modelling are presented using the example of the estuarine urban area of Hamburg, Germany. These results are put in context of an integrated risk analysis approach for extreme storm surges which is applied within an ongoing German joint research project.

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Edge, Billy L., Lesley Ewing, Robert G. Dean, James M. Kaihatu, Margery F. Overton, Spencer M. Rogers e Paul A. Work. "IMMEDIATE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE IKE ON THE TEXAS COAST". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.14.

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Hurricane Ike was a large storm as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico. When it entered into Texas it caused a storm surge of up to 4 m and substantial waves with high winds represented by a Category 2 hurricane. The storm caused extensive flooding and erosion which led to significant property damage on Boliver Peninsula and on Galveston Island. COPRI (Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute) of the ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) sponsored a team of engineers and scientists to observe the coast and collect perishable data approximately one month after the storm. One of the main conclusions from the inspection of buildings was that elevation was a key determinant for survival. Members of the team returned for another visit approximately one year later to observe how the recovery had progressed. Those observations show some redevelopment but also some serious flaws in the coastal management implementation.

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32

Kennedy, Andrew, Matild Dosa, Franciso Zarama, Uriah Gravois, Brian Zachry, Spencer Rogers e Asbury Sallenger. "INUNDATION AND DESTRUCTION ON THE BOLIVAR PENINSULA DURING HURRICANE IKE". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (1 febbraio 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.15.

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Abstract (sommario):

Hurricane Ike was one of the most destructive storms in US history, and caused catastrophic damage to the Bolivar Peninsula, Texas, with over 4.7m measured surge at the Gulf of Mexico shoreline. This surge began unusually early, reaching 2.5m at 25 hours before landfall while winds were both weak and shore-parallel. The strong forerunner surge resulted from Coriolis effects on the wind-driven alongshelf current, and occurred previously in the similarly destructive 1900 and 1915 Galveston Hurricanes. In onshore areas with strong wave action, damage was near-total to buildings whose flooring systems could be reached by wave crests, while slightly more elevated buildings survived almost unscathed. There was much less of a correlation between survival and elevation in areas with small waves.

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33

Yasuda, Tomohiro, Hajime Mase, Shoji Kunitomi, Nobuhito Mori e Yuta Hayashi. "STOCHASTIC TYPHOON MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO FUTURE TYPHOON PROJECTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (27 gennaio 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.16.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study presents a stochastic typhoon model (STM) for estimating the characteristics of typhoons in the present and future climate conditions. Differences of statistical characteristics between present and future typhoons were estimated from projections by an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) under a climate change scenario and are taken into account in the stochastic modelling of future typhoons as a climate change signal. From the STM results which utilize the Monte Carlo simulation, it was found that the frequency of typhoon landfall in Osaka bay area, Japan, will decrease, although the mean value of atmospheric central pressure of typhoon will not change significantly. The arrival probability of stronger typhoons will increase in the future climate scenario.

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34

Von Storch, Hans, Frauke Feser e Monika Barcikowska. "DOWNSCALING TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM GLOBAL RE-ANALYSIS AND SCENARIOS: STATISTICS OF MULTI-DECADAL VARIABILITY OF TC ACTIVITY IN E ASIA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (31 gennaio 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.17.

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Abstract (sommario):

An atmospheric regional climate model was employed for describing weather of E Asia for the last decades as well as for the coming century. Re-analyses provided by Global National Center for Environmental Prediction - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) for the past six decades, as well a scenario generated by the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model were dynamically downscaled to a 50 km grid using a state-of-the-art regional climate model (CCLM). Using an automated tracking system, all tropical cyclones (TCs) are identified in the multi-decadal simulations. The different analysis products of TC-statistics were found to differ strongly, also in recent times when the data base was good, so that in the long-term statistics 1950-2010 inhomogeneities mask real climatic variations. The 1948-2009 time series of the annual numbers of TCs in the NCEP-driven simulation and in the JMA best track data (BT) correlate favourably. The number is almost constant, even if there is a slight tendency in BT to show less storms, whereas CCLM shows somewhat more storms, which became more intense. The ECHAM5/MPI-OM-driven scenario simulation, subject to 1959-2100 observed and projected greenhouse gas concentrations, shows a reduction of the number of storms, which maintains a stationary intensity in terms of maximum sustained winds and minimum pressure. Thus, BT-trends and downscaled trends were found to be inconsistent, but also the downscaled trends 1948-2009 and the trends derived from the A1B-scenario were different.

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35

Shibayama, Tomoya. "COMPARISON OF STORM SURGE DISASTERS IN ASIA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (31 gennaio 2011): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.18.

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Abstract (sommario):

Field surveys were performed in the southwest of Bangladesh after cyclone Sidr in 2007 and in Yangon River Basin after Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008 in order to learn lessons out of severe disasters due to cyclones. Spatial distributions of inundation heights were measured around the most damaged areas. Both Bangladesh and Myanmar were severely damaged, but the preparedness against storm surge and the experiences were different. The resultant total losses in these two countries were significantly different. In Bangladesh, many people witnessed that storm surges inundated with bore-like waves. Counter measured against storm surges should account for the physical mechanisms for the development of such bore-like waves and possible damages due to such waves. Embankment showed significant roles to minimize the damage. Development of riverbanks especially around the river mouth is one of most essential counter-measures to be carried out in Bangladesh. Shelter functioned well to save significant number of lives in Bangladesh. But in Myanmar, there were few experiences on storm surge and no countermeasures such as shelters. These differences results the difference of losses. They were 4,232 including deaths and unknowns in Bangladesh but 138,373 in Myanmar.

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36

Posada-Vanegas, Gregorio, Gerardo Durán-Valdez, Rodolfo Silva-Casarin, Maria Elena Maya-Magaña e Jose Antonio Salinas-Prieto. "VULNERABILITY TO COASTAL FLOODING INDUCED BY TROPICAL CYCLONES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (31 gennaio 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.19.

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Abstract (sommario):

Hurricanes are a recurrent feature on Mexican coasts; they create floods whose economic and social damages are evident. The necessity to evaluate the natural hazard related to storm surge is fundamental to reduce risk in coastal areas. In order to generate flooding hazard maps, storm surge associated to different return periods is computed with a 2D numerical model. The first part of this work is related with the data and numerical models used to calculate the storm surge, the second part contain the results obtained with the simulations. This work has been done for the entire Mexican coastline but only results for the Gulf of Mexico are presented

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37

Kaiser, Ralf, Heiko Knaack, Marco Miani e Hanz Dieter Niemeyer. "EXAMINATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (29 gennaio 2011): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.2.

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Abstract (sommario):

Climate change adaptation strategies for coastal protection are examined with the help of mathematical models in the Ems/Dollart Estuary in consideration of different climate scenarios. The Ems Dollart Estuary is located at the Dutch German border in the southern North Sea, a coastal area which has suffered from enormous land losses due to medieval storm surges. Since then the medieval retreat was partly reduced by successive land reclamation following the development of salt marshes.

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38

Dong, Sheng, e Qiaoling Ji. "PREDICTION OF STORM SURGE INTENSITY IN COASTAL DISASTER EVALUATION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (31 gennaio 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.20.

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Abstract (sommario):

In coastal area, serious storm surge disasters are frequently caused by the higher tidal level and concomitant huge wave heights toward shoreline. Qingdao is located at the southern tip of Shandong Peninsula of China. The storm surge disaster in Qingdao depends on various influencing factors such as the intensity, duration, and route of the passing typhoon. In order to make up the defects of the warning water level, a Poisson Bi-variable Gumbel Logistic Distribution is presented to predict storm surge intensity. On the basis of observed records of tidal level and simultaneously occurred wave height series that are sampled from typhoon processes in Qingdao coastal area of China since 1949, the return periods of typhoon surge are estimated by this model. Then a new criterion is put forward to classify intensity grade of disaster-induced typhoon surges. A practical case indicates that the new criterion is clear in probability concept, easy to operate, and fits the calculation of typhoon surge intensity. Thus the procedure with the proposed statistical model will be a reference for the disaster mitigation in the other coastal area influenced by typhoons.

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39

Shibaki, Hidenori, Nobuhiko Hara e Masaki Mimura. "APPLICATION OF INSPECT SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TIDE, WAVE, TSUNAMI AND STORM SURGE ON THE COASTS OF SHIKOKU ISLAND, JAPAN". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (1 febbraio 2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.21.

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Abstract (sommario):

The INSPECT (Integrated Numerical research System for Prevention and Estimation of Coastal disasTer) system was developed for numerical analysis of oceanographical disaster phenomena in coastal and estuarine areas. The INSPECT consists of three numerical simulation models (Wave, Storm Surge and Tsunami models), their supporting sub-systems and supporting databases. With this system, various coastal protection works can be more reliable designed. The paper presents an outline of the design, basic theory of numerical research and applications of the system. The analysis of tide, Wave, Tsunami and storm surge on the coasts of Shikoku Island in Japan is performed by using INSPECT.

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40

Zhang, Jinshan, Jun Kong, Zhiyi Lei e Weisheng Zhang. "STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ESTUARY DYNAMIC AND STORM SURGE INDUCED BY TROPICAL CYCLONE WINNIE(1997) IN YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (26 gennaio 2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.22.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT This paper studied the interaction between the Estuary dynamic and storm surge induced by super tropical cyclone Winnie(1997) in Yangtze River Estuary with nested numerical model, which is driven by meso-scale meteorological model established. And the results indicate that, storm surges have significant influences on the Yangtze River Estuary. The maximum water level increase caused by storm surge can be monitored between Jiangyin and Xuliujing, whose exact position fluctuates owing to effects of the upstream runoff and estuarine tide. Furthermore the general laws about the relationships among astronomical tide, storm surge, and flood are revealed in this paper, and flood water level under storm surge events is predicted also.

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41

Walker, Rob A., e David R. Basco. "APPLICATION OF COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER TO PREDICT COASTAL EROSION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.23.

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Abstract (sommario):

A new coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter, was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed at the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg). COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (northeasters) can produce similar COSI parameters that range from 0.69*10^6 N-m/hr to 49.72*10^6 n-m/hr with lognormal distribution. Potential implications of such a storm classification system include the evaluation of coastal structures and coastal infrastructure, as well as providing a universal storm strength indicator that is directly tied to coastal physical parameters and not limited to wind speed. This paper explores the application of COSI to predict coastal erosion along the sub-aerial ocean beach in Duck, North Carolina on the east coast of the United States. Data for the 10-year study period (1994 to 2003) has been analyzed to produce 249 storms for study of coastal erosion. When profile response to coastal storms was assessed through a pre- and post-storm volumetric determination, mixed results showing both erosion and accretion were observed. The paper also explores the possible explanations and implications of these findings.

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42

Koppe, Baerbel, e Birgitt Brinkmann. "OPPORTUNITIES AND DRAWBACKS OF MOBILE FLOOD PROTECTION SYSTEMS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.24.

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Abstract (sommario):

Permanent flood protection systems like dykes and protection walls offer a high level of protection against flooding and need only little maintenance during flood events. Therefore, most high-risk areas are protected by permanent constructions. Problems arise in densely populated areas where no space for dykes is available and less space consuming flood protection walls would cut off traffic lines and obstruct view axes. In these cases, mobile flood protection measures may be a solution to fit both requirements: protection in case of flooding and open access to the floodplain over the remaining time. Furthermore, mobile protective systems can be used as emergency tool against flooding in unprotected low-lying areas and for heightening of permanent flood protection structures in extreme events. Planning criteria of mobile flood protection like types of application, early warning and deployment time, required personnel, structural failure mechanisms, financial aspects, and essential information politics are discussed in this paper. As the available constructions differ in material, construction, permanent facilities, available protection height, and safety level, a systematization of mobile flood protection systems as well as opportunities and drawbacks of the described constructions are given.

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43

Kongko, Widjo, e Torsten Schlurmann. "THE JAVA TSUNAMI MODEL: USING HIGHLY-RESOLVED DATA TO MODEL THE PAST EVENT AND TO ESTIMATE THE FUTURE HAZARD". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (2 febbraio 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.25.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study is to validate the tsunami model with extensive field observation data gathered from the 2006 Java tsunami. In the relevant study area, where highly-resolved geometric data were recently made available and other related post-tsunami field data have been collected, the tsunami maximum run-up onto land and its marigram have been simulated and evaluated. Several plausible tsunami sources are proposed to adequately mimic the 2006 Java tsunami by including the influence of low rigidity material in the accretionary prism as well as its single-multi fault source type’s effect. Since it has a significant role on tsunami excitation, this parameter and other assumptions are then employed to study an estimated set of reasonable maximum magnitude earthquake-tsunami scenario and projected inundation areas for probable future tsunami on the South Java coastline. In a final step tentative technical mitigation measures are proposed and assessed to deal with adequate coastal protection issues by means of soft (greenbelt, etc.) and hard engineering (sand dunes, etc.) approaches. Their effectiveness in terms of reducing inundation area is assessed and general recommendations for coastal planning authorities are dealt with.

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44

Schlurmann, Torsten, Widjo Kongko, Nils Goseberg, Danny Hilman Natawidjaja e Kerry Sieh. "NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (19 gennaio 2011): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.26.

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Abstract (sommario):

Near-field tsunami propagation both in shallow water environments and bore-like wave propagation on land are conducted in this study to obtain fundamental knowledge on the tsunami hazard potential in the city of Padang, Western Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia. As the region proves a huge seismic moment deficit which has progressively accumulated since the last recorded major earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, this investigation focuses on most reasonable seismic sources and possibly triggered nearshore tsunamis in order to develop upgraded disaster mitigations programs in this densely-populated urban agglomeration located on the western shore of Sumatra Island. Observations from continuous Global Positioning Satellite (cGPS) systems and supplementary coral growth studies confirm a much greater probability of occurrence that a major earthquake and subsequent tsunami are likely to strike the region in the near future. Newly surveyed and processed sets of geodata have been collected and used to progress most plausible rupture scenarios to approximate the extent and magnitudes of a further earthquake. Based upon this novel understanding, the present analysis applies two hydronumerical codes to simulate most probable tsunami run-up and subsequent inundations in the city of Padang in very fine resolution. Run-up heights and flow-depths are determined stemming from these most plausible rupture scenarios. Evaluation of outcome and performance of both numerical tools regarding impacts of surge flow and bore-like wave fronts encountering the coast and inundating the city are thoroughly carried out. Results are discussed not only for further scientific purposes, i.e. benchmark tests, but also to disseminate main findings to responsible authorities in Padang with the objective to distribute the most probable dataset of plausible tsunami inundations as well as to address valuable insights and knowledge for effective counter measures, i.e. evacuation routes and shelter building. Following evacuation simulations based on rational assumptions and simplifications reveal a most alerting result as about 260.000 people are living in the highly exposed potential tsunami inundation area in the city of Padang of which more than 90.000 people will need more than 30 min. to evacuate to safe areas.

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45

Tomita, Takashi, e Kazuhiko Honda. "PRACTICAL MODEL TO ESTIMATE DRIFT MOTION OF VESSELS BY TSUNAMI". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (30 gennaio 2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.27.

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Abstract (sommario):

Port and harbor areas are vulnerable to tsunamis, because of high population and business activities as well as low-lying areas. Furthermore many vessels, containers and cars existing in the areas may be floated and drifted by a series of tsunamis. The tsunami-drifted bodies have the potential to collide with houses and buildings and then to cause secondary damage to them. In this study, a numerical model has been developed to estimate the behavior of multiple tsunami-drifted bodies. In the present model, a drifted body due to the tsunami is moved in terms of drag and inertia forces acting on the body, which are calculated with fluid velocity distributing on side faces of the body. Furthermore, a collision model is developed and integrated with the drift model, to consider that a drifted body collides with another drift body and a fixed body. A break model of mooring system is also developed and integrated with the drift model, by which a mooring vessel can start to be drifted when the mooring system is broken. The present model is qualitatively validated through conducting simple test runs, and applied to calculations in actual bathymetry and topography.

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46

Zacharioudaki, Anna, e Dominic E. Reeve. "MODELLING SHORELINE EVOLUTION IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (17 gennaio 2011): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.28.

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Abstract (sommario):

In this paper we examine the evidence for detectable climate change impacts on shoreline evolution. In a sequentially linked set of models, climate change scenarios are taken from atmospheric climate models and used to generate time slices of deepwater wave climate, nearshore wave climate and shoreline evolution. The models used are simple, containing the key physical processes only. Results are based on a hypothetical case which has some similarities to a site on the south coast of the UK. Output from the model is analysed using a robust statistical methodology to determine the evidence for statistically significant differences between beach behaviour under current conditions and several future scenarios. Statistically significant differences vary with season and also with the combination of climate model outputs used for input. Summers are the only season for which all models showed significant changes, corresponding to an increase in the net eastward littoral transport.

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47

Kitano, Toshikazu, Wataru Kioka e Rinya Takahashi. "TREND MODEL OF SEA EXTREMES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (31 gennaio 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.3.

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Abstract (sommario):

The confidence interval for return level is re-examined. A definitively new method is proposed by employing an implicit link function, a plug-in estimation and a gamma distribution with the shape parameter given by the degree of experience. It is applied to a trend model of sea extremes, and it should be a very notable finding that the passing of time enlarges the range of confidence interval even for the stationary model.

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48

Walstra, Dirk-Jan, C. W. Hoyng, P. K. Tonnon e Leo C. Van Rijn. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INVESTIGATING VARIOUS SHOREFACE NOURISHMENT DESIGNS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (25 gennaio 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.30.

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Abstract (sommario):

This experimental study focuses on the morphological development of a near-equilibrium profile on which to types of shoreface nourishments are placed. As previous studies have indicated that the efficiency of nourishments is mainly influenced by water depth in which they are constructed, two cross-shore locations are considered for an accretive and an erosive wave condition. A nourishment relatively high in the profile covering the trough and a nourishment relatively low in the profile just seawards of the breaker bar were investigated. Detailed measurements of wave height, velocities and sediment transport are combined with the observed morphological development to identify the processes that dominate the morphological development. The results confirm that the cross-shore location of nourishment has a major influence. The nourishment in relative deep water reduces the erosion of the upper part of the profile by about 20% for the accretive condition and 40% for the erosive condition. The nourishment higher in the profile results in a reduction of the erosion volume of 60% for both wave conditions.

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49

Cai, Feng, Robert G. Dean e Jianhui Liu. "BEACH NOURISHMENT IN CHINA: STATUS AND PROSPECTS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (29 gennaio 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.31.

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Abstract (sommario):

Many beach nourishment projects have been performed in China over the last 2 decades since the first project was completed in 1990 in Hong Kong. The history and distribution of beach nourishment in China is summarized in this paper. Considering the development of nourishment design and public perceptions, the history of beach fill in China can be summarized into 3 stages. In general, this paper shows the characteristics of 4 types of nourishment projects based on different environmental conditions, 4 typical nourished sites for each type were selected and described in detail respectively. Considering the current research status in China, recommendations and suggestions for future development are outlined, including such aspects as construction of more and larger projects, development of beach management strategies, a beach nourishment manual, research efforts on numerical models for sediment transport and post-project monitoring and evaluation.

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50

Michalsen, David R., Steven D. Babcock e Lihwa Lin. "BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION FOR STORM DAMAGE REDUCTION: WILLAPA BAY, WASHINGTON, USA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (1 febbraio 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.32.

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Abstract (sommario):

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District has completed a feasibility study and determined barrier island restoration to be the most appropriate long-term coastal flood and storm damage reduction measure for the Shoalwater Indian Reservation. Over the last century, Cape Shoalwater has receded more than 2.8 miles. By 1990, the Shoalwater Reservation’s only remaining protection from storm wave attack was a series of barrier islands fronting Tokeland Peninsula. Extreme water levels coincident with strong winter storms have historically inundated this low lying topography and are responsible for the erosion and overwash of the protective barrier island known as Graveyard Spit. Here a simple risk assessment tool is presented for identifying flood risk to the Shoalwater Reservation infrastructure. Statistical analysis of extreme water levels and numerical modeling is utilized to determine the extent of inundation. From the analysis it was determined 54% of the inventoried infrastructure is at risk during a storm event equivalent to the observed event on March 3, 1999. With the barrier island restoration it was found that this risk is reduced to 7%.

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