Tesi sul tema "Magnetic pulse generator"

Les générateurs d'impulsions magnétiques sont de plus en plus exploités dans les applications de formage et soudage multi-matériaux. Ils permettent de réaliser une formabilité précise des pièces métalliques. Cette thèse a pour objectif de calculer, par des méthodes analytiques, le champ et la pression magnétiques ainsi que la force de Lorentz générés durant le magnétoformage d'un tube. Premièrement, nous proposons d'analyser le fonctionnement du générateur en utilisant une bobine massive et un concentrateur de champ magnétique. Ensuite, nous introduisons les modèles 3D de ces éléments, en utilisant les méthodes FEM et BEM, dans le but de déterminer les variations de la distribution du courant et de la température. Dans cette recherche, nous étudions expérimentalement, l'impact du concentrateur sur l'impulsion du courant, ensuite, nous mesurons par une caméra thermique la distribution de la température dans la bobine massive. Nous poursuivons avec le calcul de la répartition du champ magnétique autour de la bobine par une méthode analytique basée sur le calcul de l'inductance mutuelle entre deux bobines circulaires et coaxiales. Enfin, nous terminons par une étude analytique et numérique de la compression d'un tube métallique par impulsions magnétiques. La méthode analytique est basée sur le calcul de l'inductance propre et l'inductance mutuelle de la bobine et le tube en 3D afin de déterminer la force de Lorentz et la pression magnétique appliquée sur le tube
Magnetic pulse generators are being used more and more in multi-material forming and welding applications and produce a precise forming of metal parts. This PhD. thesis aims to calculate, using analytical methods, the magnetic field, the magnetic pressure, and the Lorentz force generated during electromagnetic forming of a metal tube. First, we propose to analyze the generator operation using a massive coil in interaction with a magnetic field shaper. Then, we develop the 3D models of these components using FEM and BEM methods in order to determine the evolution of the current and the temperature distributions. In this research work, we experimentally study the impact of the field shaper on the current pulse and then using a thermal camera we measure the temperature distribution in the massive coil. Afterwards, we calculate analytically the distribution of the magnetic field created around the coil based on the mutual inductance of two circular and coaxial coils. Finally, we develop an analytical and numerical study of a tube crimping by magnetic pulses. The used analytical method is based on the calculation of the self-inductance and the mutual inductance of the coil and the tube in 3D order to determine the Lorentz force and the magnetic pressure applied on the tube

The doctoral thesis is focused on research, design, implementation and testing of systems for the application of magnetic vector potential to biological materials. The main objective was to analyze and design systems which could generate magnetic vector potential without the presence of other unwanted fields or at least amplify its intensity. Moreover, the systems designed had to eliminate other foreign effects on the biological samples, especially the influence of waste heat from the coils. Toroidal coils were employed to generate the vector potential, because they confine the unwanted magnetic induction inside their core thanks to their shape. The thesis employed coils with two different outer diameters, specifically 102 and 600 mm. To excite the coils, four current pulse generators capable of delivering currents of up to 100 A were constructed. The systems’ generated fields were comprehensively analyzed with the help of finite-element simulations in ANSYS. To simplify the design phase, analytical equations for the calculation of vector potential intensity at an arbitrary point around the toroidal coils were also derived. A method employing electromagnetic shielding made of two different materials was developed to suppress the unwanted fields. To eliminate the influence of heat, the 102 mm system employed air cooling and the 600 mm system employed a closed water loop to equalize the temperatures of biological samples. The biological effects of both systems were tested on genetically modified bio-luminescent bacteria Escherichia coli K12 luxABCDEamp. The thesis was created in connection with the research project of The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic named “Research into the effect of a combination of substances for targeted therapy and inhibitory action of the field pulse vector magnetic potential on oncogenous diseases”, No. 2B08063.

Les procédés de traitement de surface sont utilisés à l'échelle industrielle pour améliorer les performances de pièces mécaniques en introduisant des contraintes résiduelles de compression. Cette mise en compression de surface permet de limiter l'amorçage et la propagation de fissures dans le matériau. Ceci permet d'augmenter de façon significative la durée de vie en fatigue des pièces mécaniques ainsi traitées. L'utilisation de ces procédés dans l'industrie a démontré leur efficacité, mais aussi leurs limitations et inconvénients. Les défauts récurrents consistent en une profondeur traitée faible, une dégradation de l'état de surface (rugosité), des difficultés de contrôle, une contamination du matériau traité, etc. Ces défauts ont conduit à l'élaboration de nouveaux procédés innovants qui permettent de meilleures performances en évitant certains des inconvénients succinctement évoqués. Parmi ces procédés innovants, le traitement de surface par impulsion électromagnétique semble particulièrement intéressant. Ce procédé met en œuvre un puissant champ magnétique transitoire pour engendrer des forces de Laplace dans une pièce métallique et induire des contraintes résiduelles. Il n'existe que peu d'informations dans la littérature et il n'existe aucun dispositif expérimental de ce procédé. Cette thèse est dédiée à la conception et la réalisation d'un prototype de mise en compression électromagnétique. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est un état de l'art des technologies de mise en compression et du procédé de mise en compression par impulsion électromagnétique. Ainsi, les besoins de ce procédé sont identifiés et les technologies pouvant répondre à ces besoins sont explorées. Le deuxième chapitre, après une sélection de la structure globale du dispositif, va consister aux dimensionnements des éléments du prototype EMP. Cette étude commencera avec une étude sur l'inducteur qui va être utilisé avant de continuer sur le dimensionnement du stockage d'énergie et de l'interrupteur de décharge. Afin de valider le dimensionnement des composants précédents, une simulation électromagnétique 3D du système est réalisée. L'assemblage du prototype est présenté dans le troisième chapitre ainsi qu'une première campagne d'essai sur un alliage d'aluminium. Deux types d'éprouvettes sont testées : une éprouvette fine pour vérifier visuellement la mise en compression (essai Almen) et une éprouvette massive afin d'évaluer la profondeur traitée. Une modélisation multiphysique 3D du procédé est réalisée afin de corréler ces résultats avec l'expérience. Dans un dernier chapitre, une étude exploratoire est menée sur un matériau ferromagnétique, le mumétal, pour visualiser l'influence des contraintes résiduelles sur les propriétés magnétiques de ce dernier
Penning processes are widely used in industries to apply compressive residual stresses into the most solicited part of mechanical pieces. In that way, the compressive residual stresses limit the priming and the propagation of micro-cracks in the material. This increases significantly the lifespan of the treated mechanical piece under fatigue stresses. These existing peening processes have proved their efficiency and also their limitations and weaknesses. The main recurrent defaults are a shallow depth of treatment, a degradation of the surface condition, a random control of the treatment, a material contamination, etc. These problems have led towards the development of news innovative peening processes which allow better performance avoiding some previous defaults briefly evoked. Among these news processes, the electromagnetic peening process seems especially interesting. This process uses high energy electromagnetic fields to induce Lorentz forces into a metallic piece and thus residual stresses. Actually, there is not much information about this process in the literature and no prototype was ever built. The work of this thesis is dedicated to development and realization of an electromagnetic peening prototype. The first chapter of this thesis adresses the state of the art of major peening processes actually in industrial use. Next, the electromagnetic peening process, or EMP process, is described and the electrical needs are exposed. A second state of the art is made about the technological solutions to respond to the EMP needs. The second chapter is about the conception of the EMP prototype with the electrical structure adopted in the previous chapter. The first step is about the inductor sizing to generate an electromagnetic field sufficient enough for a peening application. Next, the storage system is designed depending on the inductor parameters and finally the closing switch is created considering the electrical parameters used for the EMP process. To validate the previous results, a 3D electromagnetic simulation is done. The prototype assembly is presented in the third chapter and also the first experimental test on the EMP prototype. To begin with, an aluminium alloy with low yield strength is selected to be treated. Two different samples forms are used, a thin one, to realize a similar test to the Almen test and thick one to check the EMP depth of treatment. A 3D multiphysics simulation of these experiments is made and these numeric results are next correlated to the experimental ones. In the fourth chapter, an exploratory study is realized on the effects of the residual stresses on magnetic properties of ferromagnetic material, the mumetal

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.07 – історія науки і техніки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2015. У дисертації комплексно досліджується створення та розвиток харківських наукових шкіл у галузі техніки та електрофізики високих напруг у 1930–2010 рр. В роботі визначені харківські наукові школи в цій галузі, а саме: наукова школа високовольтних прискорювачів в УФТІ, яку очолив академік АН УРСР А. К. Вальтер; наукова школа техніки високих напруг ХПІ, засновником якої став академік АН УРСР В. М. Хрущов; наукова школа магнітно-імпульсної обробки металів ХПІ, що була заснована проф. І. В. Білим. Проведено цілісний науково-історичний аналіз процесу виникнення технічних рішень в електрофізиці і створення установок високої напруги в провідних харківських наукових центрах. Розкрито процес формування складу наукових установ і лабораторій, внесок окремих вчених у розвиток техніки і електрофізики високих напруг в м. Харкові. Показана важливість та унікальність створених високовольтних установок, визначено передумови їх створення та досліджено застосування цих пристроїв у вітчизняній науці та промисловості.
The thesis for the competition of the academic degree of the candidate of the historical sciences, the speciality 07.00.07 – The history of science and technique. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the complex research of the establishment and the development of Kharkiv scientific schools in the field of the technique and the electrophysics of the high-voltages in 1930's – 2010's. In this work the Kharkiv scientific schools in this field were identified for the first time. They are: the scientific school of the high-voltage accelerators in the UFTI headed by academician of USSR A.K. Walter; the scientific school of the technique of high-voltages in the KhPI, the founder of which was the acacademician of the Academy of Sciences of USSR V. M. Khrushchev; the scientific school of magnetic-pulse treatment of metals in KhPI which was founded by professor I. V. Belii. A holistic scientific-historical analysis of the process of technical solutions in electrophysics and the creation of high-voltage installations in leading scientific centers of Kharkiv is carried out in this work. The importance and uniqueness of the high-voltage installations is shown here. The importance and the uniqueness of the high-voltage structures, the conditions of their creation usage in home industry and science are shown here.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.07 – історія науки і техніки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2015. У дисертації комплексно досліджується створення та розвиток харківських наукових шкіл у галузі техніки та електрофізики високих напруг у 1930–2010 рр. В роботі визначені харківські наукові школи в цій галузі, а саме: наукова школа високовольтних прискорювачів в УФТІ, яку очолив академік АН УРСР А. К. Вальтер; наукова школа техніки високих напруг ХПІ, засновником якої став академік АН УРСР В. М. Хрущов; наукова школа магнітно-імпульсної обробки металів ХПІ, що була заснована проф. І. В. Білим. Проведено цілісний науково-історичний аналіз процесу виникнення технічних рішень в електрофізиці і створення установок високої напруги в провідних харківських наукових центрах. Розкрито процес формування складу наукових установ і лабораторій, внесок окремих вчених у розвиток техніки і електрофізики високих напруг в м. Харкові. Показана важливість та унікальність створених високовольтних установок, визначено передумови їх створення та досліджено застосування цих пристроїв у вітчизняній науці та промисловості.
The thesis for the competition of the academic degree of the candidate of the historical sciences, the speciality 07.00.07 – The history of science and technique. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2015. The thesis is devoted to the complex research of the establishment and the development of Kharkiv scientific schools in the field of the technique and the electrophysics of the high-voltages in 1930's – 2010's. In this work the Kharkiv scientific schools in this field were identified for the first time. They are: the scientific school of the high-voltage accelerators in the UFTI headed by academician of USSR A.K. Walter; the scientific school of the technique of high-voltages in the KhPI, the founder of which was the acacademician of the Academy of Sciences of USSR V. M. Khrushchev; the scientific school of magnetic-pulse treatment of metals in KhPI which was founded by professor I. V. Belii. A holistic scientific-historical analysis of the process of technical solutions in electrophysics and the creation of high-voltage installations in leading scientific centers of Kharkiv is carried out in this work. The importance and uniqueness of the high-voltage installations is shown here. The importance and the uniqueness of the high-voltage structures, the conditions of their creation usage in home industry and science are shown here.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.11.13 «Прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовин» – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут». Дисертація присвячена розробці нових ультразвукових електромагнітно-акустичних перетворювачів з джерелом імпульсного поляризуючого магнітного поля, методів підвищення чутливості контролю та діагностики металовиробів з використанням перетворювачів такого типу. Виконано аналітичний огляд та аналіз сучасних засобів і методів контролю та діагностики електромагнітно-акустичним методом [1–3] феромагнітних і електропровідних або тільки електропровідних виробів в умовах дії постійних та імпульсних поляризуючих магнітних полів з урахуванням наявності когерентних завад різного типу, технічного рівня сучасних електромагнітно – акустичних перетворювачів, схемотехнічних рішень засобів їх живлення, прийому з виробів ультразвукових імпульсів та їх обробки, визначення відомих переваг, недоліків та можливостей використання в дослідженнях і розробках. Визначені та обґрунтовані напрямки дисертаційного дослідження: розробка електромагнітно-акустичного перетворювача у вигляді спрощеної одновиткової моделі [4] джерела магнітного поляризуючого поля з феромагнітним осердям та високочастотною котушкою, яка розміщена між осердям та металовиробом; шляхом моделювання [5] розподілення індукції поляризуючого магнітного поля на торці осердя джерела магнітного поля та в поверхневому шарі як феромагнітного так і неферомагнітного металовиробу визначено особливості розташування високочастотної котушки індуктивності під джерелом магнітного поля для ефективного збудження зсувних ультразвукових імпульсів (в центральній частині торця феромагнітного осердя) або поздовжніх ультразвукових імпульсів (біля периферійної частини торця феромагнітного осердя) [6]. Збільшення кількості витків котушки намагнічування при наявності феромагнітного осердя призводить до значного збільшення часу перехідних процесів при включенні живлення імпульсного джерела поляризуючого магнітного поля і при його виключенні. В результаті час дії імпульсу живлення збільшується до 1 мс і більше, що призводить до збільшення сили притягування ЕМАП до феромагнітного виробу, додаткових втрат електроенергії, погіршенню температурного режиму перетворювача. Для зменшення часу дії імпульсу живлення джерела магнітного поля необхідно зменшувати кількість витків котушки намагнічування, але це призводить до зменшення величини магнітної індукції навіть при наявності феромагнітного осердя. В результаті раціонального вибору конструкції джерела магнітного поля встановлена необхідність виконання його котушки намагнічування плоскою двовіконною трьохвитковою і виготовляти з високоелектропровідного високотеплопровідного матеріалу [7-9]. Осердя повинно бути розміщено в вікнах котушки намагнічування тільки торцями. В результаті час дії імпульсу намагнічування зменшено до 200 мкс, що достатньо для контролю виробів товщиною до 300 мм. Високочастотна котушка індуктивності виконана з двома лінійними робочими ділянками, які розташовуються під вікнами котушки намагнічування [9]. При протилежних напрямках високочастотного струму в цих робочих ділянках в поверхневому шарі виробу збуджуються синфазні потужні імпульси зсувних ультразвукових хвиль. При цьому відношення збуджуваних амплітуд зсувних та поздовжніх імпульсів перевищує 30 дБ. Тобто когерентні імпульси поздовжніх хвиль при контролі луна методом практично не будуть впливати на результати діагностики феромагнітних виробів. Розроблені варіанти конструкцій електромагнітно-акустичних перетворювачів з одновитковими [7], двовитковими [8] та трьохвитковими [9] котушками намагнічування джерела імпульсного поляризуючого магнітного поля. При одновитковій котушці [7] перехідні процеси при включенні імпульсу живлення мінімальні. Проте необхідно збуджувати в котушці струм з силою в кілька кА, що ускладнює температурний режим перетворювача та апаратуру живлення. При трьохвитковій котушці [9] намагнічування амплітуда донних імпульсів по відношенню до амплітуди завад перевищує 24 дБ, що дозволяє проводити контроль та діагностику значної кількості металовиробів. При використанні шихтованого осердя [9] відношення амплітуд корисного сигналу і шуму збільшилося до 38 дБ, що дає можливість проводити ультразвуковий контроль лунаметодом. Розроблено метод [10 ] ультразвукового електромагнітно- акустичного контролю феромагнітних виробів, суть якого заключається в збудженні ультразвукових імпульсів шляхом формування в поверхневому шарі феромагнітного виробу двох рядом розташованих короткочасно намагнічених ділянок з протилежним напрямком векторів магнітної індукції поляризуючого поля, збудженні в намагнічених ділянках пакетних імпульсів електромагнітного поля з протилежно направленими векторами напруженості тривалістю в кілька періодів високої частоти заповнення, при цьому збудження імпульсів електромагнітного поля виконують в момент часу, який дорівнює часу перехідних процесів з встановлення робочої величини індукції поляризуючого магнітного поля, а прийом ультразвукових імпульсів відбитих з виробу виконується в період часу tпр, який визначається за виразом T – t1 – t2 – t3 < tпр = t1 + t2 + t3 + 2H/C, де Т – тривалість імпульсу намагнічування; t1 – час перехідних процесів з встановлення робочої величини індукції поляризуючого магнітного поля; t2 – час дії пакетного імпульсу електромагнітного поля; t3 – час затухаючих коливань в плоскій високочастотній котушці індуктивності; Н – товщина виробу або відстань в об’ємі виробу, які підлягають ультразвуковому контролю; С – швидкість поширення зсувних ультразвукових хвиль в матеріалі виробу. Встановлено [9] [9], що завади в феромагнітному осерді, обумовлені ефектом Баркгаузена та магнітострикційним перетворенням електромагнітної енергії в ультразвукову при збудженні ультразвукових імпульсів, практично виключаються за рахунок виготовлення осердя шихтованим, матеріал пластин осердя повинен мати низький коефіцієнт магнітострикційного перетворення, пластини осердя повинні бути орієнтовані перпендикулярно провідникам робочих ділянок плоскої високочастотної котушки індуктивності, а також заповненням щілин між пластинами осердя рідиною із значною густиною, наприклад гліцерином. Показано, що чутливість прямих ЕМА перетворювачів з імпульсним намагнічуванням при живленні розробленим генератором пакетних зондуючих високочастотних імпульсів [11 ] та прийомі малошумлячим підсилювачем [12 ] забезпечують виявлення плоскодонних відбивачів діаметром 3 мм і більше при частоті зондування 40 Гц, піковому високочастотному струмі 120 А, частоті зсувних лінійно поляризованих ультразвукових коливань 2,3 МГц, тривалості високочастотного пакетного імпульсу 6…7 періодів частоти заповнення, тривалості імпульсу намагнічування 200 мкс, густині струму намагнічування 600 А/мм2 та при зазорі між ЕМАП і виробом 0,2 мм [9] [9]. При цьому амплітуда луна імпульсу відбитого від дефекту по відношенню до амплітуди завад досягає 20 дБ. Розроблені ЕМАП захищені 2 патентами на корисну модель.
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Engineering (Doctor of Philosophy), specialty 05.11.13 "Devices and methods of testing and determination of composition of substances" - National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". The dissertation is devoted to development of new ultrasonic electromagnetic-acoustic transducers with a source of pulsed polarizing magnetic field, methods of sensitive testing and diagnostics of metalware with the use of transducers of this type. Analytical review and analysis of modern means and methods of testing and diagnostics via electromagnetic-acoustic method [1-3] of ferromagnetic and electrically conductive or strictly electrically conductive products under conditions of impact of constant and pulse polarizing magnetic fields taking into account the presence of coherent interferences of different types, technical level of modern electromagnetic circuits, means of their power supply, reception of ultrasonic pulses from metalware and their processing, determination of known advantages and disadvantages, and opportunities of their use in research and development. The direction of the research is defined and justified: development of electromagnetic-acoustic transducer in the form of a simplified single-wind coil model [4] of a source of a magnetic polarizing field with a ferromagnetic core and a high-frequency coil, which is located between the core and the sample; by modeling [5] the distribution of induction of polarizing magnetic field at the end face of the core of the magnetic field source and in the surface layer of both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metallurgy the features of the location of the high frequency coil of inductance under the magnetic field source are effectively determined for the effective excitation of shear ultrasonic pulses (near the peripheral end of the ferromagnetic core) [6]. The increase in number of winds of magnetization coil in presence of a ferromagnetic core leads to a significant increase in time of transients during the process of powering of a pulsed source of a polarizing magnetic field and during its switching off. As a result, the duration of the power pulse increases to 1 ms or more, which leads to an increase in the force of attraction of EMAP to the ferromagnetic product, additional losses of electricity, deterioration of temperature conditions of the transducer. To reduce the duration of powering pulse of magnetic field it is necessary to reduce the number of winds of the magnetizing coil, but this leads to a decrease in magnetic induction magnitude, even in presence of a ferromagnetic core. As a result of rational choice of the design of the magnetic field source, the flat coil of magnetization must be made with a two-window three-wind and made of high-conductive high-heat-conducting material [7-9]. The core should be placed in the windows of the magnet coil only by the ends. As a result, the action time of the magnetization pulse is reduced to 200 μs, which is sufficient for testing of samples up to 300 mm thick. The high-frequency inductor coil is made of two linear working sections that are located under the windows of the coil [9]. In opposite directions of high-frequency current in these working areas, in-phase powerful pulses of shear ultrasonic waves are excited in the surface layer of the product. The ratio of the excited amplitudes of the shear and longitudinal pulses exceeds 30 dB. That is, the coherent pulses of longitudinal waves in the testing of the moon by the method will practically not affect the results of the diagnosis of ferromagnetic products. Design variants of electromagnetic-acoustic transducers with one-wind [7], two-wind [8] and three-wind magnetization coils [9] of a source of a pulsed polarizing magnetic field are developed. With a single-coil [7], the transients are minimal when the power pulse is winded on. However, it is necessary to excite in the coil a current of several kA, which complicates the temperature conditions of the transducer and power equipment. With a three-coil [9] magnetization, the amplitude of the bottom pulses in relation to the amplitude of the interference exceeds 24 dB, which allows for testing and diagnostics of large variety of samples. When using the charge core [9], the ratio of amplitudes increased to 38 dB, which makes it possible to monitor the echo by the method. The method [10] of ultrasonic electromagnetic - acoustic testing of ferromagnetic products is developed. vectors of intensity with duration of several periods of high filling frequency, n and this excitation of the pulses of the electromagnetic field is performed at a time equal to the time of transients to establish the operating value of the induction of the polarizing magnetic field, and the reception of ultrasonic pulses reflected from the product is performed in the time period tпр, which is determined by the expression T – t1 – t2 – t3 < tпр = t1 + t2 + t3 + 2H/C, where T is the duration of the magnetization pulse; t1 is the time of transients to establish the working value of the induction of a polarizing magnetic field; t2 - time of packet pulse of electromagnetic field; t3 is the time of damping oscillations in the flat high frequency inductor; H is the thickness of the product or the distance in volume of the product to be ultrasound; C is the velocity of propagation of shear ultrasonic waves in the material of the product. It is established [9] that the interferences in the ferromagnetic core caused by the Barkhausen effect and magnetostrictive transformation of electromagnetic energy into ultrasound are practically excluded by production of the core blended, usage of the material of the core plates which has a low coefficient of magnetostrictive conversion, perpendicular core plates orientation in relation to the conductors of the working areas of the flat high-frequency inductor, as well as filling of the gaps between the plates with a high density fluid, such as glycerol. It is shown that the sensitivity of direct EMA transducers with pulse magnetization when powered by a batch high frequency probe pulse generator [11] and when receiving via a low noise amplifier [12] provide detection of flat-bottomed reflectors with a diameter of 3 mm or more, probe frequency of 40 Hz, peak high-frequency current of 120A, shear linearly polarized ultrasonic oscillations of 2.3 MHz, high frequency packet pulse duration 6…7 filling frequency periods, magnetization pulse duration 200 μs, magnetization current density of 600 A / mm2 and at the gap between the EMAP and the product of 0.2 mm [9]. The amplitude of the echo momentum reflected from the flaw in relation to the noise amplitude reaches 20 dB. The EMATs developed are protected with 2 utility model patents.

Дисертація на здобуття вченого ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.11.13 – прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовин. Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2020. В дисертаційній роботі вирішено актуальну науково-практичну задачу з розробки нових типів ЕМАП для ефективного ультразвукового контролю металовиробів. В роботі виконано комп’ютерне моделювання розподілу магнітних полів ЕМАП при імпульсному намагнічуванні феромагнітних та немагнітних виробів. Встановлені шляхи побудови перетворювачів з максимальною чутливістю. Розроблено метод збудження імпульсних пакетних ультразвукових імпульсів за рахунок послідовного в часі формування імпульсного магнітного та електромагнітного полів. Розроблено технічні рішення пригнічення когерентних завад в осерді та у виробі. Визначені геометричні та конструктивні параметри джерела імпульсного магнітного поля, що дало можливість збуджувати потужні синфазні пакетні імпульси високочастотних зсувних коливань в ОК. Показано, що чутливість прямих ЕМА перетворювачів з імпульсним намагнічуванням забезпечують виявлення плоскодонних відбивачів діаметром 3 мм і більше при частоті зондування 40 Гц, частоті зсувних лінійно поляризованих ультразвукових коливань 2,3 МГц, піковому струмі високочастотних пакетних імпульсів 120 А, тривалості пакетних високочастотних імпульсів струму в 6 періодів частоти заповнення, тривалості імпульсу намагнічування 200 мкс, щільності струму намагнічування 600 А/мм2 та при зазорі між ЕМАП і виробом 0,2 мм. При цьому амплітуда луна-імпульсу від дефекту по відношенню до амплітуди завад досягає 20 дБ, що дає можливість забезпечити якісну дефектоскопію металовиробів.
Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Engineering, specialty 05.11.13 – Devices and methods of testing and determination of composition of substances. National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kharkiv, 2020. A relevant scientific – practical problem on development of new types of EMAP for effective ultrasonic control of metal products is solved in the dissertation. Computer simulation of EMAT magnetic fields distribution in pulse magnetization of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic products is performed. Ways to build transducers with maximum sensitivity are established. The method of excitation of pulsed batch ultrasonic pulses due to the sequential formation of pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields is developed. Technical solutions for suppression of coherent interference in the core and in the product have been developed. The geometrical and structural parameters of pulsed magnetic field source were determined, which made it possible to excite powerful in-phase packet pulses of high-frequency shear oscillations in a sample. It is shown that the sensitivity of direct EMA transducers with pulse magnetization provide detection of flat-bottom reflectors with a diameter of 3 mm and more at a probing frequency of 40 Hz, a frequency of shear linearly polarized ultrasonic oscillations of 2.3 MHz, a peak current of high-frequency packet pulses of 120 A, duration of batch high frequency current pulses in 6 periods of filling frequency, magnetization pulse duration of 200 μs, magnetization current of 600 A and at the gap between EMAP and product of 0.2 mm.

This thesis describes a novel electromagnetic shockwave technique for use in compressing magnetic flux and to serve as the basis for a new approach to producing fast-rising voltage pulses with amplitudes of several hundred kV. The shockwave is produced by an exploding foil driven electric gun that accelerates a Mylar flyer to impact with a sample of aluminium powder. Both Japanese and Russian researchers have previously published experimental results for shockwave magnetic flux compression using an explosive driver. The present research considers replacing the explosive energy of this driver by the electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor bank, thereby enabling experiments to be performed in a laboratory enviromnent. Differences in performance that arise from the use of explosive and electrical driver are examined. A conventional electric gun system in planar geometry is developed to study the insulator-to-metallic transition in shock-compressed aluminium powder. This provides data on the conducting shock front in powder that can be used for flux compression and high-voltage pulse generation. A prototype cylindrical geometry system is described for proof-of-principle experiments, in which an imploding shockwave compresses flux towards the central axis of a system. A highcvoltage pulse can then be produced by the rapid time-change in the flux linking a suitably situated coil. Design calculation, constructional details and experimental results for the new system are all presented. The experimental programme is augmented by a detailed study of the fundamental shockwave processes. A new mathematical model for an electric gun is developed, that provides detailed description of the foil explosion and flyer acceleration processes. A hydrodynamic code including an equation of _state model for the powder is developed, and is shown to reproduce with reasonable accuracy the shock compression of aluminium powder by flyer impact, including the elastic precursor phenomenon. A magnetohydrodynamic code with an electrical conductivity model for the shockcompressed powder is developed for the study of flux compression and high-voltage pulse generation techniques. This provides a critical insight into the shockwave processes and facilitates a systematic design and performance prediction for future experimentation.

This work examines the use of higher order multiphoton resonances in higher harmonic generation together with judicious exploitation of coherent interaction properties to achieve efficient harmonic generation. A detailed experimental study on third harmonic generation in two photon resonant coherent interaction and a theoretical study on four photon resonant coherent interaction have been conducted. Two photon resonant coheren propagation in lithium vapor (2S-4S and 2S-3D interaction) has been studied in detail as a function of phase and delay of the interacting pulse sequence. Under coherent lossless propagation of 90 phase shifted pulse pair, third harmonic generation is enhanced. A maximum energy conversion efficiency of 1% was measured experimentally. This experiment shows that phase correlated pulse sequence can be used to control multiphoton coherent resonant effects. A larger two photon resonant enhancement does not result in more efficient harmonic generation, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. An accurate (to at least 0.5 A°) measurement of intensity dependent Stark shift has been done with the newly developed "interferometric wavemeter." Stark shifts as big as several pulse bandwidths (of picosecond pulses) result in a poor tuning of multiphoton resonance and become a limiting factor of resonant harmonic generation. A complete theory has been developed for harmonic generation in a four photon resonant coherent interaction. A numerical application of the theory to the Hg atom successfully interprets the experimental observations in terms of the phase dependent stimulated Raman scattering. With the intensity required for four photon resonant transition, the calculation predicts a dramatic Stark shift effect which completely destroys the resonance condition. This model provides a basis for the development of future schemes for efficient higher order coherent upconversion.

Demands for delivering high instantaneous power in a compressed form (pulse shape) have widely increased during recent decades. The flexible shapes with variable pulse specifications offered by pulsed power have made it a practical and effective supply method for an extensive range of applications. In particular, the release of basic subatomic particles (i.e. electron, proton and neutron) in an atom (ionization process) and the synthesizing of molecules to form ions or other molecules are among those reactions that necessitate large amount of instantaneous power. In addition to the decomposition process, there have recently been requests for pulsed power in other areas such as in the combination of molecules (i.e. fusion, material joining), gessoes radiations (i.e. electron beams, laser, and radar), explosions (i.e. concrete recycling), wastewater, exhausted gas, and material surface treatments. These pulses are widely employed in the silent discharge process in all types of materials (including gas, fluid and solid); in some cases, to form the plasma and consequently accelerate the associated process. Due to this fast growing demand for pulsed power in industrial and environmental applications, the exigency of having more efficient and flexible pulse modulators is now receiving greater consideration. Sensitive applications, such as plasma fusion and laser guns also require more precisely produced repetitive pulses with a higher quality. Many research studies are being conducted in different areas that need a flexible pulse modulator to vary pulse features to investigate the influence of these variations on the application. In addition, there is the need to prevent the waste of a considerable amount of energy caused by the arc phenomena that frequently occur after the plasma process. The control over power flow during the supply process is a critical skill that enables the pulse supply to halt the supply process at any stage. Different pulse modulators which utilise different accumulation techniques including Marx Generators (MG), Magnetic Pulse Compressors (MPC), Pulse Forming Networks (PFN) and Multistage Blumlein Lines (MBL) are currently employed to supply a wide range of applications. Gas/Magnetic switching technologies (such as spark gap and hydrogen thyratron) have conventionally been used as switching devices in pulse modulator structures because of their high voltage ratings and considerably low rising times. However, they also suffer from serious drawbacks such as, their low efficiency, reliability and repetition rate, and also their short life span. Being bulky, heavy and expensive are the other disadvantages associated with these devices. Recently developed solid-state switching technology is an appropriate substitution for these switching devices due to the benefits they bring to the pulse supplies. Besides being compact, efficient, reasonable and reliable, and having a long life span, their high frequency switching skill allows repetitive operation of pulsed power supply. The main concerns in using solid-state transistors are the voltage rating and the rising time of available switches that, in some cases, cannot satisfy the application’s requirements. However, there are several power electronics configurations and techniques that make solid-state utilisation feasible for high voltage pulse generation. Therefore, the design and development of novel methods and topologies with higher efficiency and flexibility for pulsed power generators have been considered as the main scope of this research work. This aim is pursued through several innovative proposals that can be classified under the following two principal objectives. • To innovate and develop novel solid-state based topologies for pulsed power generation • To improve available technologies that have the potential to accommodate solid-state technology by revising, reconfiguring and adjusting their structure and control algorithms. The quest to distinguish novel topologies for a proper pulsed power production was begun with a deep and through review of conventional pulse generators and useful power electronics topologies. As a result of this study, it appears that efficiency and flexibility are the most significant demands of plasma applications that have not been met by state-of-the-art methods. Many solid-state based configurations were considered and simulated in order to evaluate their potential to be utilised in the pulsed power area. Parts of this literature review are documented in Chapter 1 of this thesis. Current source topologies demonstrate valuable advantages in supplying the loads with capacitive characteristics such as plasma applications. To investigate the influence of switching transients associated with solid-state devices on rise time of pulses, simulation based studies have been undertaken. A variable current source is considered to pump different current levels to a capacitive load, and it was evident that dissimilar dv/dts are produced at the output. Thereby, transient effects on pulse rising time are denied regarding the evidence acquired from this examination. A detailed report of this study is given in Chapter 6 of this thesis. This study inspired the design of a solid-state based topology that take advantage of both current and voltage sources. A series of switch-resistor-capacitor units at the output splits the produced voltage to lower levels, so it can be shared by the switches. A smart but complicated switching strategy is also designed to discharge the residual energy after each supply cycle. To prevent reverse power flow and to reduce the complexity of the control algorithm in this system, the resistors in common paths of units are substituted with diode rectifiers (switch-diode-capacitor). This modification not only gives the feasibility of stopping the load supply process to the supplier at any stage (and consequently saving energy), but also enables the converter to operate in a two-stroke mode with asymmetrical capacitors. The components’ determination and exchanging energy calculations are accomplished with respect to application specifications and demands. Both topologies were simply modelled and simulation studies have been carried out with the simplified models. Experimental assessments were also executed on implemented hardware and the approaches verified the initial analysis. Reports on details of both converters are thoroughly discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 of the thesis. Conventional MGs have been recently modified to use solid-state transistors (i.e. Insulated gate bipolar transistors) instead of magnetic/gas switching devices. Resistive insulators previously used in their structures are substituted by diode rectifiers to adjust MGs for a proper voltage sharing. However, despite utilizing solid-state technology in MGs configurations, further design and control amendments can still be made to achieve an improved performance with fewer components. Considering a number of charging techniques, resonant phenomenon is adopted in a proposal to charge the capacitors. In addition to charging the capacitors at twice the input voltage, triggering switches at the moment at which the conducted current through switches is zero significantly reduces the switching losses. Another configuration is also introduced in this research for Marx topology based on commutation circuits that use a current source to charge the capacitors. According to this design, diode-capacitor units, each including two Marx stages, are connected in cascade through solid-state devices and aggregate the voltages across the capacitors to produce a high voltage pulse. The polarity of voltage across one capacitor in each unit is reversed in an intermediate mode by connecting the commutation circuit to the capacitor. The insulation of input side from load side is provided in this topology by disconnecting the load from the current source during the supply process. Furthermore, the number of required fast switching devices in both designs is reduced to half of the number used in a conventional MG; they are replaced with slower switches (such as Thyristors) that need simpler driving modules. In addition, the contributing switches in discharging paths are decreased to half; this decrease leads to a reduction in conduction losses. Associated models are simulated, and hardware tests are performed to verify the validity of proposed topologies. Chapters 4, 5 and 7 of the thesis present all relevant analysis and approaches according to these topologies.

This thesis presents work performed on explosively driven magnetic flux compression generators. This kind of devices converts the chemically stored energy in a high explosive into electromagnetic energy in the form of a powerful current pulse. The high energy density of the high explosives makes flux compression generators attractive as compact power sources. In order to study these devices a generator was designed at FOI in the mid-90ies. Two generators remained unused and became available for this licentiate work. The thesis reports experiments with, and simulations of, the operation of the two remaining generators. The aim was to fully understand the performance of the generator design and be able to accurately simulate its behaviour. The generators were improved and fitted with various types of diagnostics to monitor the generator operation. Two experiments were performed of which the first generator was operated well below its current capability limits while the second was stressed far above its limits. Since the generator generates a rapidly increasing current, a current measurement is the most important diagnostic revealing the current amplification of the generator and its overall performance. Further it is important to measure the timing of various events in the generator. With a common time reference it is possible to combine data from different probes and extract interesting information which cannot be directly obtained with a single measurement. Two types of numerical simulations have been performed: Hydrodynamic simulations of the high explosive interaction with the armature were used to verify the measured armature dynamics. A zero-dimensional code was used to perform circuit simulations of the generator. The model takes into account the inductance reduction due to the compression of the generator as well as the change in conductivity due to heating of the conductors in the generators.
QC 20101103

The master thesis is focused on the simulation of the toroid coils in Ansoft Maxwell 3D software, which uses finite element method for electromagnetic field simulation. Firstly the process creation of the geometric model toroid coil with seventy-five threaded is presented. It is necessary to debug this model and prepare it for the mesh generation. Physical properties are assign to this model and it gives rise to the physical model. We will set boundaries, excitation current, core material, winding material and the parameters for the mesh generations. New material Kashke K4000 will be created in the materials library and subsequently we will define its BH curve on the basis of datasheet. Analysis is made in two modes. Direct currents (7,5A; 10A; 15A; 20A; 25A) and (non)linear materials are used in magnetostatic solution. Toroid coil is excited by current pulse in transient solution. In Ansoft Maxwell Circuit editor a source which generates current pulse will be created. This excitation will be assigned to the toroid coil as an extern source through a terminal. Core material is linear in the case of transient analysis, because Ansoft Maxwell 3D doesn´t allow to use nonlinear material in this solution. Settings are different in transient and in magnetostatic analysis. End time and time step are entered to solve this task in transient analysis. Time points are entered too. Flux density and electromagnetic field strength are calculated in these time points and later it will be possible to view the results. Calculated fields are shown as the pictures in this thesis. The procedure how to use a field calculator in the postprocessing is given as well. The achievements are summarized in the conclusion.

Fusion neutrons from high energy density plasmas generated by pulsed laser irradiation of nanoscale atomic clusters have been explored in recent experiments at the University of Texas at Austin. A sufficiently strong (~200 T) magnetic field is expected to produce a magnetized, high temperature (10 keV) plasma with beta [approximately equal to] 1. Such a field along the laser axis may confine the plasma’s radial expansion, thus increasing fusion yield. As part of a multi-stage project to implement this experiment, a scaled (~40 T, ~500 KA) version of the final 200 T, 2.2 MA pulsed power device has been designed and built by Sandia National Laboratories and is now at UT-Austin. This apparatus, named MegaGauss, is meant to serve as a preparation tool for the 200 T system; as such, its current pulse was recorded for analysis, and is compared to a theoretical model to verify its response parameters (e.g. peak current, time to peak). Techniques and results of this comparison are discussed, followed by explanations of basic construction of the 40 T device and current sensing instrumentation. Discussion of MegaGauss is completed with a survey of notable failure modes, and a description of the often severe effects the miniature field-generating Helmholtz coil experiences due to the current pulse and magnetic field. Finally, a novel data archive scheme, structured around the familiar MDSplus archive system, is implemented in Labview and integrated into the main pulsed power control program. Specifically, methods for linking MDSplus’s robust functionality with Labview’s intuitive development environment are realized by means of a specialized software bridge between the two. These methods are used in software that allows MDSplus archives to be written and read exclusively through Labview.
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Experiments in high energy density (HED) plasma physics have become more accessible with the increasing availability of high-intensity pulsed lasers. Extending the experiment parameters to include magnetized HED plasmas requires a field source that can generate fields of order 100 tesla. This dissertation discusses the design and implementation of a pulsed field driver with a designed maximum of 2.2 MA from a 160 kJ capacitor bank. Faraday rotation measurement of 63 T for a 1.0 MA discharge supported Biot-Savart estimates for a single-turn coil with a 1 cm bore. After modification, the field driver generated up to 15 T to magnetize supernova-like spherical blast waves driven by the Texas Petawatt Laser. The presence of the high field suppressed blast wave expansion, and had the additional effect of revealing a cylindrical plasma along the laser axis.
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