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Tesi sul tema "Macrophages associés aux tumeurs MAT"
Raguin, Jérémy. "Modélisation de la niche tumorale des gliomes dans des organoïdes cérébraux humains vascularisés et immunocompétents". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5148.
Testo completoDespite an aggressive multimodal treatment combining surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, glioblastoma (GBM) systematically recurs. Recurrence is due, at least, to the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) that are resistant to treatment and, in particular, to irradiation. In addition, GSC are located in a tumour microenvironment that favours their development. Specifically, GSC are associated with vessels, which regulate their proliferation and survival and encourage their invasion. Furthermore, tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) represent the most abundant population of non-tumour cells within GBM and their abundance correlates with GBM severity. These TAM originate from the recruitment of circulating monocytes and microglial cells (resident macrophages) which acquire immunosuppressive (pro-tumour) properties. The recent development of human cerebral organoids obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) makes it possible to model the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain, such as gliomas. These organoids are 3D avatars of the brain, derived from the differentiation of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC). However, most organoid models lack the vascular and immune systems that play an essential role in the healthy brain and in pathophysiological mechanisms. The aim of my thesis was to develop a new model of complex cerebral organoids containing vascularisation and immune cells in order to model the tumour microenvironment of GBM. Several human IPSC lines were differentiated to obtain both cerebral organoids and hemangioblasts (bipotent hematopoietic/endothelial progenitors). The incorporation of hemangioblasts into the cerebral organoids was carried out early in their formation to mimic the colonisation of the brain, during cerebral development, by endothelial cells and primitive macrophages that are at the origin of vessels and microglial cells. These complex cerebral organoids were characterised using various approaches (immunohistological, FACS and RT-qPCR). Extensive vascular structures developed in the organoids and showed characteristics of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, these vascular structures were perfused when the organoids were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Cells with a microglial phenotype and typical functionalities also developed in complex organoids. GSC lines derived from patients with GBM or grade IV astrocytoma were co-cultured in complex organoids and then irradiated, or not, to model radiotherapy. I showed that GSC appeared to co-opt vascular structures and disrupted the expression of a cell adhesion protein in endothelial cells. Furthermore, the presence of GSC in complex organoids induced reprogramming of microglial cells into immunosuppressive TAM. Finally, GSC had an increased proliferation capacity after irradiation and presented a more aggressive transcriptomic profile. Taken together, these results show that these complex human cerebral organoids can be used to model GBM tumour microenvironment and recurrence after radiotherapy. In conclusion, our model of complex vascularized and immunocompetent cerebral organoids should be useful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of various brain diseases, such as GBM, and to discover new therapies
D'Almeida, Sénan. "Rôle de l’éctonucléotidase CD39 dans l’acquisition d’un phénotype immunorégulateur par les macrophages associés aux tumeurs". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0006/document.
Testo completoTumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are immunosuppressive cells that can massively accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (ME). In patients with ovarian cancer (OC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), their density is correlated with poor prognosis. Targeting mediators that control the recruitment or the polarization of immunoregulatory macrophages (M ) represents therapeutic challenge to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression. The ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzes ATP into extracellular adenosine that exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties. We report here thatCD14+CD163+ TAM isolated from OC patients and Mgenerated in vitro with M-CSF, express high levels of the membrane ectonucleotidase CD39 compared to classically activated M . CD39 blockade diminished some of the immunosuppressive functions ofCD163+CD39hugh, such as IL-10 secretion. We identified the cytokine IL-27, secreted by tumorin-filtrating neutrophils, located close to infiltratingCD163+ M , as a major rheostat of CD39 expression and consequently, on the acquisition of immunoregulatory properties by macrophages. Accordingly, the depletion of IL-27 down-regulatedCD39, PD-L1 expression as well as IL-10 secretion byM-CSF-M . In parallel, we showed that pleural effusion of MPM induced monocytes migration via CCL2, the polarization of monocytes into CD163+ and induced protection to tumor cell death after chemotherapeutic treatments. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting the recruitment (CCL2) or molecules that maintain the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAM(CD39, drived by IL-27 and M-CSFR ligands) could give substantial benefit to the treatment of some solid tumors
Laurenge-Leprince, Alice. "Impact of D-2HG on the Tumor Microenvironment of IDH-mutated Gliomas". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL096.
Testo completoBackground: Diffuse gliomas are the most common primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system. A subset of these tumors harbors mutations in the genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH), which confer a neo-activity that converts alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) produced by the wildtype enzyme into D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). The accumulation of this oncometabolite competitively inhibits α-KG-dependent dioxygenases, including the TET (Ten Eleven Translocase) family of DNA hydroxylases and the JmjC/KDM family of histone demethylases. This ultimately leads to hypermethylation of both histones and DNA in tumor cells. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) are abundant myeloid cells in gliomas, with their phenotype and immune responses shaped by ontogeny and the tumor microenvironment. The characteristics of TAMs differ depending on the IDH status of the glioma, yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood. D-2HG released by IDH-mutant (IDH-m) glioma cells into the microenvironment may affect the phenotype and function of TAMs. We hypothesized that D-2HG may influence the epigenome of TAMs, as in the case of tumor cells.Materials and Methods: We compared the bulk DNA methylome (Methylation EPIC array) and transcriptome of TAMs (CD11B+ cells purified via magnetic-activated cell sorting) from 25 IDH-mutant (IDH-m) and 11 IDH-wildtype (IDH-wt) gliomas, as well as control tissues. To experimentally assess the direct effects of D-2HG, the oncometabolite produced and released by IDH-m glioma cells, we used primary cultures of human microglial cells obtained from glioma or epilepsy surgeries. We first measured D-2HG levels in D-2HG-treated microglia using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to confirm metabolite uptake, and evaluated TET enzymatic activity. Bona fide IDH-m and IDH-wt cells were used as external controls. Microglia were exposed to D-2HG for 14 days, after which we analyzed their DNA methylome and transcriptome. Ratios of 5mC/5hmC were examined at single-base resolution. We evaluated the transcriptomic response and the mitochrondrial respiration after LPS stimulation of microglia pre-treated with D-2HG. Lastly, we performed single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) on microglial cells from a paired IDH-m glioma sample, before and after treatment with the IDH-m inhibitor ivosidenib, known to reduce intratumoral D-2HG levels.Results: Our analysis revealed that CD11B+ myeloid cells in human IDH-m gliomas exhibit DNA hypermethylation predominantly at distal enhancers. This hypermethylation is associated with decreased expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and glycolytic metabolism, as well as the inactivation of transcription factors critical for microglial response to environmental stimuli. Prolonged exposure of primary human microglia to D-2HG inhibited TET-mediated 5mC oxidation, leading to reduced global 5hmC accumulation. High 5mC/5hmC ratios were particularly prominent at lineage-specific enhancers. Consistent with this altered enhancer landscape, D-2HG-treated microglia demonstrated diminished proinflammatory capacity and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, depletion of D-2HG following ivosidenib treatment in an IDH-m glioma patient was associated with the restoration of microglial gene expression related to activation.Conclusion: Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the hyporesponsive state of microglia in IDH-m gliomas and support the concept that oncometabolites, such as D-2HG, can disrupt the function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment
Mrad, Marguerite. "Etude des altérations du métabolisme de la sphingosine-1-phosphate dans le mélanome cutané : rôle sur l'infiltration et la polarisation des macrophages associés aux tumeurs". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30215/document.
Testo completoMelanoma infiltration by macrophages (TAM) is often correlated with poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate the recruitment and function of these cells remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown a major role of tumor sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), the enzyme that produces sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in tumor stroma remodeling. The aim of this project was to investigate the role of tumor SK1 on the inflammatory microenvironment, particularly macrophages, during the development of melanoma. In vitro, we showed that the inhibition of SK1 in melanoma cells: 1) blocks macrophage migration. Conversely, overexpression of this kinase in tumor cells stimulates the migration of inflammatory cells. This effect is dependent on S1P binding to its receptors (S1PR) on the macrophage surface; 2) reduces the secretion of TGF-ß and 3) stimulates macrophage differentiation towards an antitumor M1 phenotype. The latter phenomenon does not depend on S1P nor S1PRs, but on the secretion of TGF-ß by tumor cells. Indeed, macrophage differentiation can be reversed by adding recombinant TGF-ß in the tumor cell-conditioned medium. In vivo, our results showed that orthotopic injection, i.e. intradermal, of murine melanoma cells invalidated for SK1 in C57BL / 6 syngenic mice was associated with a reduction in tumor growth compared to mice having received control melanoma cells. Furthermore, the invalidation of tumor SK1 leads to a significant increase in the expression of anti-tumor cytokines and a Th1 polarization within the tumor. This phenomenon is accompanied by a reduction in the percentage of CD206+MHCIIlow M2 macrophages, and conversely, an increase in the percentage of M1 macrophages CD206-MHCIIhigh as well as CD4+ and CD8+ cells infiltrated into the tumor. These results suggest a key role of tumor SK1 in the recruitment of macrophages and their polarization in melanoma. Thus, the axis SK1 / TGF-ß could be a promising therapeutic target in controlling the growth of this tumor
Loyher, Pierre-Louis. "Rôle du récepteur de chimiokines CCR2 dans la dynamique des lymphocytes T régulateurs et monocytes/macrophages en réponse aux thérapies antitumorales". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066010/document.
Testo completoMalignant and stromal cells are strong producer of the chemokine CCL2 in most human cancers. The chemokine axis CCR2/CCL2 is thus a key marker of cancer development, but is also associated with relapse following therapy. Tumour associated macrophages (TAM) and regulatory T cells (Treg) display robust immunosuppressive capacities and contribute to tumour growth. My thesis work focused on the function of the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 by these cell types in the context of anticancer therapies. We have shown that CCR2 controls the migration of Treg in tumoral context, in both human and mice, and that the expression of this receptor by Treg could serve as a biomarker of the response to chemotherapy. Our study indicate a novel function of CCR2, defining at the same time a new Treg subset implicated in the regulation of antitumor immunity.We have also demonstrated that pulmonary metastases are composed of both tissue resident and recruited macrophages. The presence of resident macrophages within tumours could contribute to the heterogeneity of the microenvironment of different tumour types. CCR2 is largely implicated in the relapse phase following chemotherapy, indicating a limited role for resident macrophages in this phenomenon. Meanwhile, we have demonstrated that VEGF plays a direct role in TAM survival. The combination of chemotherapy with an anti-VEGF antibody targets both resident and recruited TAM, thereby enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. Finally, we have shown that the CCR2/CCL2 axis is implicated in the response to radiotherapy by enhancing the recruitment of both Treg and TAM. This work provides evidences for a central role of the CCR2/CCL2 axis in mediating Treg and TAM co-localization in response to anticancer therapy, this axis could also contribute to establishment of immunosuppressive networks in tumours. Our results provide a better understanding of the immune mechanism implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies
Loyher, Pierre-Louis. "Rôle du récepteur de chimiokines CCR2 dans la dynamique des lymphocytes T régulateurs et monocytes/macrophages en réponse aux thérapies antitumorales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066010.pdf.
Testo completoMalignant and stromal cells are strong producer of the chemokine CCL2 in most human cancers. The chemokine axis CCR2/CCL2 is thus a key marker of cancer development, but is also associated with relapse following therapy. Tumour associated macrophages (TAM) and regulatory T cells (Treg) display robust immunosuppressive capacities and contribute to tumour growth. My thesis work focused on the function of the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 by these cell types in the context of anticancer therapies. We have shown that CCR2 controls the migration of Treg in tumoral context, in both human and mice, and that the expression of this receptor by Treg could serve as a biomarker of the response to chemotherapy. Our study indicate a novel function of CCR2, defining at the same time a new Treg subset implicated in the regulation of antitumor immunity.We have also demonstrated that pulmonary metastases are composed of both tissue resident and recruited macrophages. The presence of resident macrophages within tumours could contribute to the heterogeneity of the microenvironment of different tumour types. CCR2 is largely implicated in the relapse phase following chemotherapy, indicating a limited role for resident macrophages in this phenomenon. Meanwhile, we have demonstrated that VEGF plays a direct role in TAM survival. The combination of chemotherapy with an anti-VEGF antibody targets both resident and recruited TAM, thereby enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. Finally, we have shown that the CCR2/CCL2 axis is implicated in the response to radiotherapy by enhancing the recruitment of both Treg and TAM. This work provides evidences for a central role of the CCR2/CCL2 axis in mediating Treg and TAM co-localization in response to anticancer therapy, this axis could also contribute to establishment of immunosuppressive networks in tumours. Our results provide a better understanding of the immune mechanism implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies
Kostine, Marie. "Defining the immune microenvironment in sarcoma : could immunotherapy be part of the treatment strategy in sarcoma patients ?" Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0387/document.
Testo completoLocal control with adequate surgery is the cornerstone of sarcoma treatment. However, most sarcoma lack effective systemic therapies in case of advanced disease, emphasizing an unmet medical need for new therapeutic targets. The recent success of immunotherapy in epithelial malignancies raises the question whether such therapies, and which ones, would be applicable in sarcomas. As a prerequisite for therapeutic applications, we characterized the immune microenvironment in three sarcoma subtypes potentially candidate to immunotherapy: 1) In chondrosarcoma, PD-L1 expression was exclusively found in nearly 50% of the dedifferentiated subtype, in association with immune-infiltrating cells and HLA class I expression. These data provide rationale for including such patients in clinical trials with PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapies. 2) In osteosarcoma, we observed a high density of tumor-infiltrating T cells in metastatic lesions compared to primary tumors and local relapses. Furthermore, PD-L1 positivity in almost half of metastases while mainly negative in the associated primary tumors, emphasises the dynamics of an adaptive mechanism of immune escape. Enhancing the preexisting immune response in metastatic lesions using T-cell-based immunotherapy may offer clinical benefit. 3) In leiomyosarcoma, HLA class I molecules were strongly upregulated and PD-L1 expression found in 30% of high-grade tumors, which were also highly infiltrated with CD163+ immunosuppressive macrophages. CD163+ was found to be an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival, indicating the need for assessing a macrophage-targeted approach in this tumor type, as single agent or in combination with anti PD-1/PD-L1agents