Articoli di riviste: "Lymphocytes Immunological aspects"

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Teplen’kiy, M. P., M. V. Chepeleva e E. I. Kuznetsova. "PERTHES DISEASE: IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS". Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, n. 4 (15 aprile 2020): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-4-239-243.

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Considering a stage of the pathological process patients (boys at the age of 8-12 years) were divided into two (2) groups. Group I included 14 patients with the fragmentation stage (Perthes disease Stage II). Group 2 included 15 children with Perthes disease Stage III (the stage of re-ossification). Perthes disease regardless of the stage of the disease was characterized by the increase in oxygen-dependent and lysosomal phagocytic activity of neutrophils, the increase in the number of early extracellular traps, as well as by increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFa), IgE, decreased concentrations of IL-18. The fragmentation stage was characterized by moderate activation of cellular immunity with a prevailing increase in the number of T-lymphocytes with early activation markers (CD25). At the re-ossification stage the predominance of T-lymphocytes was observed with late activation markers (HLADR), being accompanied by moderate activation of humoral immunity (increased concentrations of class A and G serum immunoglobulins). The obtained data can be used as additional criteria for clarifying Perthes disease stage, predicting osteonecrosis development when making decision of the feasibility of performing reconstructive surgeries on the joint.

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Kölsch, E. "T supressor lymphocytes aspects of immunological tolerance". Research in Immunology 140, n. 3 (gennaio 1989): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(89)90063-1.

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Veretennikov, S. V., V. V. Trusov, A. A. Dmitriev e V. S. Suskova. "Immunological aspects of long-term insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Kazan medical journal 72, n. 1 (15 gennaio 1991): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj96326.

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The results of a comprehensive study of immune homeostasis in 45 patients with long-term insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are presented. In 50% of the examined patients, the absolute number of leukocytes was reduced, in a third - the number of lymphocytes and the total population of T-lymphocytes, in every second patient - the number of T-helpers and in a quarter - T-suppressors, and quite significantly. In 50% of patients, a sharp decrease in the immunoregulatory index, a significant decrease in the absolute number of B-lymphocytes were found. A significant increase in the content of activated T-lymphocytes and a decrease in the number of null lymphocytes were revealed, there was a disimmunoglobulinemia. In 50% of patients, the activity of the C3 component of the complement and the level of the CEC were increased.

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Timasheva, Ya R. "IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION". Medical Immunology (Russia) 21, n. 3 (13 luglio 2019): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2019-3-407-418.

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According to modern concept of the etiopathogenesis of essential hypertension, immune cells play an important role in its development. Mediators produced by immunocompetent cells participate in the initiation and maintenance of chronic systemic inflammation and promote the development of vascular remodeling which is an important part of the pathogenesis of the disease and target organ damage. The immune mechanisms underlying blood pressure elevation include the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Endothelial damage triggers an inflammatory cascade, causing migration of the immune cells to the inflammatory site, mediated by chemokines and adhesion molecules. Macrophage infiltration of perivascular tissue contributes to impaired vasodilation and damage to target organs due to the production of active forms of oxygen. Angiotensin II also causes T cell infiltration of perivascular adipose tissue and adventitia and an increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. In addition, T lymphocytes express the mineralocorticoid receptor involved in the development of systemic hypertension. An important role in the progression of hypertension belongs to interleukin-17, which is involved in blood pressure elevation and vascular remodeling. The review also contains data on the effect of gut microbiota on the regulation of blood pressure and the development of hypertension.

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Vantiukh, N. V., O. I. Lemko e D. V. Reshetar. "Chronic Bronchial Obstruction and Endothelial Dysfunction: Some Immunological Aspects of Interaction". Asthma and allergy 2022, n. 3 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31655/2307-3373-2022-3-14-21.

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Abstract. According to modern data, systemic inflammatory process with vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) is the base of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis whith chronic bronchial obstruction and the formation of comorbidity. Immunological investigations of relationship with severity of ED and risk of fatal cardiovascular events remain actual at COPD, although many studies of their dependence on the severity of COPD have been conducted. The aim of the study is to evaluate the special features of cellular immunity in patients with COPD in relation to the severity of clinical manifestations of the disease (assessed by the COPD Assessment Test –CAT), and the presence of ED. Methods. 141 patients with COPD stage II-III were examined, at the age of 43-72 years, beyond the period of exacerbation and 24 practically healthy persons as a control group for laboratory indices. Cellular immunity was studied by indirect immunofluorescence reaction using monoclonal antibodies. Dependence of cellular immunity on the value of CAT, the level of the ED laboratory marker — endothelin-1 — and the expressiveness of cardiovascular risk (CVR) were analyzed. Results. At the examined patients immune dysfunction was manifested by suppression of T-lymphocytes, disturbances in their subpopulations ratio, increased readiness of lymphocytes to apoptosis and expression of CD54+, which characterizes the adhesive properties of cells. It was also proposed to calculate the adhesion index (CD54+/CD3+), which links the elevation of the lymphocytes adhesive properties with the development of immune dysfunction. It was shown that the severity of the cellular immune system dysfunction is primarily associated with the intensity of clinical manifestations of COPD, assessed by CAT. At the same time, significantly higher endothelin-1 level in COPD patients served as an objective confirmation of ED presence. It was found that the elevation of endothelin-1 level in serum and the increasing in CVR are accompanied by an increased predisposition of lymphocytes’ apoptosis. These changes contribute to increased immune dysfunction and elevation of lymphocytes’ adhesive properties, assessed by the expression of CD54+ and indirectly confirm the participation of cellular immune mechanisms in the development of ED. Conclusions. Patients with COPD demonstrate increased expression of CD54+ on lymphocytes and elevation of the adhesion index CD54+/ CD3+. It characterizes the activation of lymphocytes adhesive properties and their increased readiness for Fas-dependent apoptosis and related immune dysfunction. These results confirm the participation of cellular immune mechanisms in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Key words: chronic bronchial obstruction, cellular immunity, endothelial dysfunction.

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Kokron, Cristina M., Paolo R. Errante, Myrthes T. Barros, Gisele V. Baracho, Maristela M. Camargo, Jorge Kalil e Luiz V. Rizzo. "Clinical and laboratory aspects of common variable immunodeficiency". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, n. 4 (dicembre 2004): 707–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000400007.

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Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an immunological disorder characterized by defective antibody production, recurrent infections, most notably of the respiratory tract, autoimmune phenomena and cancer. Some CVID patients may also present disturbances of the cellular immune response such as a decrease in the number and proportion of different lymphocyte populations, diminished lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and antigens, altered production of cytokines, and deficient expression of cell-surface molecules. Most Brazilian CVID patients included in this study show a decrease in T and B lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, their lymphocytes are more susceptible to apoptosis following activation than normal individuals, and they have a decrease in the expression of activation molecules like CD25, CD69, CD40L and CD70. Moreover, they show a decreased synthesis of IL-4 and IL-5 in comparison with normal individuals. The increase in susceptibility to apoptosis following activation, may also be responsible for the decrease in the expression of activation molecules and CD40L, decrease in Th2 cytokines synthesis, and in the number of T and B circulating cells. In this study we discuss some of these immunological disturbances correlating them to the patients' clinical features and comparing our patients' findings to the literature.

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NOVIKOVA, I. A., A. V. GOMOLYAKO e M. V. ZLOTNIKOVA. "Clinical and immunological aspects of recurrent, bacterial and viral skin affections". Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 87, n. 2 (15 aprile 2011): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv993.

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The authors analyzed the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 69 patients suffering from chronic recurrent furunculosis and herpes at the stage of remission. They revealed similar changes in the form of an increased content of T-helpers and immunoregulatory index. In herpes patients such changes are accompanied with the reduced number of natural killers while in furunculosis patients changes are related to the reduced amount of activated T-lymphocytes. These changes do not depend on the relapse duration or frequency but are related to the number of exacerbations in the course of the disease.

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Panaschatenko, A. S., I. A. Panova, A. I. Malyshkina, E. A. Rokotyanskaya, A. V. Kudryashova, N. Yu Sotnikova, L. V. Kulida e E. V. Protsenko. "IMMUNOLOGICAL AND PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EARLY AND LATE PREECLAMPSIA". Medical Immunology (Russia) 23, n. 4 (19 ottobre 2021): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-iap-2292.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, and it can be after 20 weeks of gestation. It ends only with a complete dissection of afterbirth. Traditionally, PE is subdivided into the early one, taking place through 34 weeks of pregnancy (EOPE) and the late one, which is after 34 weeks of gestation (LOPE). Clinical manifestations are similar in both cases however, risk factors and the severity of PE are different . It has been established that EOPE is determined by impaired trophoblast invasion and transformation of the spiral arteries of the uterus in early pregnancy, and late onset of PE is associated with oxidative stress of syncytiotrophoblast, which occurs secondarily, with limited gas exchange and insufficient intake of nutrients. Numerous studies have noted a significant contribution of immune responses to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, however, the state of B-lymphocytes in EOPE and LOPE has not been studied. A comprehensive assessment of the condition of women with early (up to 34 weeks of pregnancy inclusive) and late (after 34 weeks) development of preeclampsia was carried out, taking into account clinical and anamnestic characteristics, the peculiarities of the formation of the structural components of the placenta, as well as determining the nature of differentiation and functional activity of B-lymphocytes. In peripheral venous blood, the content of CD19+, CD20+, CD19+CD27+IgD±, CD19+CD20- CD38+, CD20+CD5+-cells and serum levels of IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 were examined. Morphological examination included gross description, organometry, survey histology, and transmission electron microscopy. In the group of women with early preeclampsia in history, there were more often perinatal losses, premature births and medical abortions, and in the current pregnancy, intrauterine infection, oligohydramnios, placental insufficiency and fetal growth retardation. With late preeclampsia, metabolic syndrome, anemia, and a history of arterial hypertension were more often observed. In the peripheral blood of all women with preeclampsia, there was an increase in the content of CD20+CD5+-cells in comparison with those in uncomplicated pregnancy, more pronounced in the late onset of preeclampsia. Only in women with early preeclampsia blood levels of CD19+CD20- CD38+ and CD19+CD27+IgD±-cells, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 increased. Studies of the placenta in early preeclampsia indicated impaired implantation and pathological placentation with the development of primary placental insufficiency, which becomes chronic. In late preeclampsia, the development of placental insufficiency was determined by chronic disorders of maternal and fetal hemocirculation with increased deposition of fibrin and fibrinoid in the basal lamina and in the zones of villous epithelium necrosis. The study showed that the timing of the manifestation of preeclampsia is determined by the action of factors of the clinical history, structural rearrangements in the placenta and immune responses of B-lymphocytes are closely interrelated.

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Rathi, Monika, Faiyaz Ahmad, Satish Kumar Budania, Seema Awasthi, Ashutosh Kumar e Shyamoli Dutta. "Cytomorphological Aspects of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Our Experience at a Tertiary Center". Clinical Medicine Insights: Pathology 7 (gennaio 2014): CPath.S13580. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cpath.s13580.

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Introduction Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common form of acquired hypothyroidism. Fine needle aspiration cytology is one important tool in diagnosing Hashimoto's thyroditis, along with clinical, biochemical, immunological and ultrasonographical modalities. The present study examines cytological aspects of Hashimoto's thyroiditis along with their correlation with clinical, biochemical and immunological findings, whenever available. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of 50 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Cytological findings were reviewed and correlated with clinical, biochemical and immunological findings whenever available. Results The majority of the patients were middle-aged females, with a female to male ratio of 6.14:1. Most patients presented with diffuse thyromegaly (68%) and/or hypothyroidism (56.09%). The antibody profile was available in 22% of patients. Of these, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were raised in 81.81% of patients and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were raised in 63.63% of patients. In the present study, high lymphoid to epithelial cell ratio was seen in 78% of cases, and 74% of cases showed Hurthle cell change. Follicular atypia was seen in 36% of cases. Lymphoid follicle formation was seen in seen in 54% of cases. Follicular cell infiltration by lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils was seen in 72%, 48% and 26% of cases, respectively. Plasma cells were seen in 18% of cases. Conclusion Thyroid function tests and immunological tests cannot diagnose all cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fine needle aspiration cytology continues to be a diagnostic tool of significance in diagnosing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The presence of inflammatory cells, particularly lymphocytes and eosinophils, was detected in a significant proportion of cases.

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Kulygina, Elena S., Maxim P. Razin, Sergey B. Petrov, Elena B. Dunaeva e Victoria A. Makhneva. "The use of tablet form of Polyoxidonium® for immunocorrection in children with secondary pyelonephritis". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 12, n. 5 (14 dicembre 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped12537-45.

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Background. Some aspects of diagnostics and treatment of secondary pyelonephritis in children continue to be urgent tasks of pediatrics, especially with regard to immunological changes in this disease and the search for ways to optimally correct them. The purpose of the study: to study immunological disorders in children with VP and to determine the features of the use of the tablet preparation Polyoxidonium for their correction. Materials and methods. The study is an open controlled prospective comparative single-center study, including two groups: observation and control. The observation group consisted of 40 children aged 515 years (Me = 10; Q1 = 6; Q3 = 14) with secondary pyelonephritis, realized against the background of congenital urological pathology. The control group consisted of 100 practically healthy children (health groups 1 and 2) aged 5 to 17 years (Me = 10; Q1 = 7; Q3 = 14). The patients underwent a standard examination, including in-depth immunological examination. The revealed violations of immunological resistance justified the inclusion of the domestic drug Polyoxidonium in the complex therapy of patients. Results. 3 months after the treatment with the Polyoxidonium immunomodulator, an increase in the level of immunoglobulin A, the total number of lymphocytes, B cells, normalization of the number of CD19 lymphocytes, a decrease in the number of T lymphocytes and CD4 cells, an increase in phagocytosis and natural killers was noted. Conclusion. Thus, complex therapeutic tactics for children with secondary pyelonephritis should be determined taking into account individual immunological shifts, namely: a reduced number of CD19 lymphocytes and the level of immunoglobulin A, an excessively high content of helper cells, to increase phagocytosis and the number of NK lymphocytes.

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Santana, Eliete Souza, Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos, José Henrique Stringhini, Regiane Nascimento Gagno Porto, Robson Rodrigues Santana, Darling Melany De Carvalho Madrid e Maria Auxiliadora Andrade. "Salmonella Enteritidis detection and immunological cellular response to experimental inoculation in day-old turkeys". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, n. 1 (16 febbraio 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p177.

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The purpose of this research is to clarify aspects of the pathogenesis of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated day-old turkeys. Three treatments were conducted among a total of 120 turkeys; one control group and two treatment groups in which 6 x 102 CFU mL-1 and 7 x 105 CFU mL-1, respectively, of Salmonella Enteritidis was inoculated in the crops. Two birds from each treatment were sacrificed and necropsied at 1, 3, 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours, and 3, 4, 38, and 49 days post-inoculation. We re-isolated Salmonella, measured lymphocytes, and conducted immunohistochemical tests. Six hours post-inoculation, Salmonella was found in the investigated organs (yolk sac, cecum, fragments of spleen, and bursa of Fabricius) with conventional bacteriology and immunohistochemistry, and was continuously detected in almost all analyzed organs until turkeys were four-days old. Further, Salmonella was detected after 38 days in cecum, when the concentration 7 x 105 CFU mL-1 was given. At both inoculation concentrations, the number of lymphocytes was similar; larger quantities were found in the first hour post-inoculation, followed by a gradual reduction, reaching the lowest levels at 24 hours after inoculation. Afterwards, lymphocytes increased discreetly, remaining at the same level until 49 days after inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation concentration influences mitigation, dissemination, elimination, and persistence of this pathogen in turkeys. Lower concentrations promote less invasion as well as lower cell stain and lower lymphocyte count.

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Dekhtiarenko, N. О., L. M. Panchenko, M. P. Hrytsai, O. M. Linenko, V. I. Sabadosh e K. M. Salmanova. "Analysis of Some Immunological Aspects of Joint Infections Developed as a Result of Intra-Articular Glucocorticoid Injection". Visnyk Ortopedii Travmatologii Protezuvannia, n. 4(111) (20 dicembre 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37647/0132-2486-2021-111-4-21-27.

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Summary. The work is devoted to the studies of immune status of patients with infectious complications after local glucocorticoid injections. Objective: to assess the state of the immune system of patients with infectious complications after local glucocorticoid injections, to monitor the dynamics of immunological parameters before and after sanitizing surgical treatment, and to reveal factors that are important for predicting the course of the disease and treatment results. Materials and Methods. The immune status of 26 patients with purulent inflammatory processes after local glucocorticoid injections in rheumatoid arthritis, deforming osteoarthritis, and chronic synovitis was studied. Immunological, hematological, and statistical research methods were used. Results. Changes of immunity factors as well as hematological parameters were revealed: a decrease in the content of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), T-helpers (CD4+), T-suppressors / cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+), immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G; an increase in the levels of circulating immune complexes (СIC), the number of thrombocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the reaction of the neutrophil leukocytes. It has been shown that the improvement of the immune status and the decrease in the level of inflammatory reactions after the sanitizing surgical intervention occurs slowly, which requires the inclusion of immunocorrective therapy in the treatment of such patients. Conclusions. Primary examination of patients before surgery for the purpose of sanitizing the infection showed that the local inflammatory process in the bones and joints occurs against the background of altered immunological and hematological parameters. Dynamic follow-up showed that we are dealing not only with a local process, but also with a systemic inflammatory response. A variant of the laboratory criterion for the course of infectious complications and the effectiveness of the treatment can be the determination in the dynamics of the content of T-lymphocytes and their subpopulations, the levels of the CIC, platelets and ESR.

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Cracco, C., S. Biasiol, G. Filogamo e S. Rocca Rossetti. "Immunological aspects of urethral stenosis. Involvement of the S100 protein-positive dendritic cells". Urologia Journal 62, n. 1_suppl (gennaio 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039506201s12.

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— Within the superficial layers of healthy skin and of some mucosae there is a Population of accessory cells of the immune system, able to interact with T helper lymphocytes. Such cells, called tissular dendritic cells (DCs), increase their density and display different morphological features in a variety of immunologically-mediated dermatological disorders. In the present work we investigated DCs within the various urethral segments, both in normal conditions and in urethral stenosis. The specimens, obtained from urethrectomies and urethroplasties with end-to-end anastomosis, were stained with anti-S100 protein antibody and immunofluorescence techniques. We demonstrated an increasing density of S100 protein-positive epithelial DCs from the Prostatic urethra to the glandular one, where DCs were also larger and richer in dendritic Processes. In urethral stenosis the intraepithelial infiltrate of ramified DCs was much denser than any other control. We therefore hypothesize a role for the immune system in the development and maintenance of urethral stenoses, where, as already demonstrated for other types of pathological scarring, morphological changes of DCs serve as clues to their functional activation.

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Rabiah, N. A. Al, A. C. O. Evans, J. McCormack, J. A. Browne, P. Lonergan e T. Fair. "6 Immunological aspects of ovarian follicle ovulation and corpus luteum formation in cattle". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, n. 2 (2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab6.

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Ovarian follicle ovulation and subsequent luteinization have been described as a controlled inflammatory event, comprising tissue damage and repair. To elaborate this further in cattle, the contribution of immune cells to dominant follicle luteinization, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation was investigated. Ovulation in beef heifers was synchronized using an 8-day progesterone-based synchronization program. Heifers were slaughtered at a local abattoir at 5 timepoints (T): (T1) 24h before ovulation (n=10); (T2) 2h before ovulation (n=9); (T3) 6h after ovulation (n=10); (T4) 24h after ovulation (n=10); (T5) 72h after ovulation (n=10), and ovarian tissue was collected and returned to the laboratory on ice. Follicular fluid, theca, granulosa, and corpus luteum (CL) tissues were recovered by dissection and processed for analysis. The concentrations of a panel of cytokines were measured using an antibody-conjugated magnetic bead immunoassay. The abundance of T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA relative abundance of candidate genes, including angiogenic growth factors, adhesion factors, chemokines and cytokines, was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The resulting datasets were analysed using the linear mixed model procedure of SAS and data are presented as least squares means; reported differences were deemed significant at P≤0.05. The cytokines IFNy, IP-10, IL-10, IL-36RA, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and VEGF-A were detected in follicular fluid. The concentrations (pg mL−1) of IL-10 and VEGF-A were significantly higher in T1 follicular fluid samples compared with T2 (7.70 vs. 0.86 and 2193.33 vs. 293.93, respectively). Although dendritic cells were the most abundant cells in bovine ovulatory follicular and early corpus luteum tissue at all time points (P<0.05), their numbers peaked in ovulatory (T2) thecal tissue (261.5 cells/mm2). The greatest number of neutrophils was identified in thecal tissue at T1 (45/mm2); thereafter, their numbers declined to 1.1/mm2 in CL tissue by T5. Similarly, the numbers of T-lymphocytes, mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages declined in CL tissue at T4 and T5. Candidate gene mRNA expression profiles appeared to be time- and tissue-specific; for example, IFNA was highest in the preovulatory granulosa tissue (T1), IL8 was highest in peri-ovulatory thecal tissue (T2), VEGFA and MMP9 were highest in the early CL tissue (T4 and T5), MMP1, TIMP1, and VCAM1 expression was highest in theca, granulosa, and CL tissue collected on or after ovulation (T2, T4, T5), expression of the prostaglandin-related genes PTGES and PTGS2 was lowest in CL tissue, and that of PTGIS was highest. The current findings support the hypothesis that ovulation in heifers is characterised by an initial proinflammatory cascade followed by a dramatic switch to tissue repair, growth, and remodelling, all occurring within a 72-h period and commencing with the LH surge. Our results highlight the roles of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages as the key actors in this process.

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Rabiah, N. A. Al, A. C. O. Evans, J. McCormack, J. A. Browne, P. Lonergan e T. Fair. "6 Immunological aspects of ovarian follicle ovulation and corpus luteum formation in cattle". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, n. 2 (2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab6.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ovarian follicle ovulation and subsequent luteinization have been described as a controlled inflammatory event, comprising tissue damage and repair. To elaborate this further in cattle, the contribution of immune cells to dominant follicle luteinization, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation was investigated. Ovulation in beef heifers was synchronized using an 8-day progesterone-based synchronization program. Heifers were slaughtered at a local abattoir at 5 timepoints (T): (T1) 24h before ovulation (n=10); (T2) 2h before ovulation (n=9); (T3) 6h after ovulation (n=10); (T4) 24h after ovulation (n=10); (T5) 72h after ovulation (n=10), and ovarian tissue was collected and returned to the laboratory on ice. Follicular fluid, theca, granulosa, and corpus luteum (CL) tissues were recovered by dissection and processed for analysis. The concentrations of a panel of cytokines were measured using an antibody-conjugated magnetic bead immunoassay. The abundance of T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA relative abundance of candidate genes, including angiogenic growth factors, adhesion factors, chemokines and cytokines, was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The resulting datasets were analysed using the linear mixed model procedure of SAS and data are presented as least squares means; reported differences were deemed significant at P≤0.05. The cytokines IFNy, IP-10, IL-10, IL-36RA, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and VEGF-A were detected in follicular fluid. The concentrations (pg mL−1) of IL-10 and VEGF-A were significantly higher in T1 follicular fluid samples compared with T2 (7.70 vs. 0.86 and 2193.33 vs. 293.93, respectively). Although dendritic cells were the most abundant cells in bovine ovulatory follicular and early corpus luteum tissue at all time points (P<0.05), their numbers peaked in ovulatory (T2) thecal tissue (261.5 cells/mm2). The greatest number of neutrophils was identified in thecal tissue at T1 (45/mm2); thereafter, their numbers declined to 1.1/mm2 in CL tissue by T5. Similarly, the numbers of T-lymphocytes, mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages declined in CL tissue at T4 and T5. Candidate gene mRNA expression profiles appeared to be time- and tissue-specific; for example, IFNA was highest in the preovulatory granulosa tissue (T1), IL8 was highest in peri-ovulatory thecal tissue (T2), VEGFA and MMP9 were highest in the early CL tissue (T4 and T5), MMP1, TIMP1, and VCAM1 expression was highest in theca, granulosa, and CL tissue collected on or after ovulation (T2, T4, T5), expression of the prostaglandin-related genes PTGES and PTGS2 was lowest in CL tissue, and that of PTGIS was highest. The current findings support the hypothesis that ovulation in heifers is characterised by an initial proinflammatory cascade followed by a dramatic switch to tissue repair, growth, and remodelling, all occurring within a 72-h period and commencing with the LH surge. Our results highlight the roles of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages as the key actors in this process.

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Mikhaleva, L. M., M. R. Orazov, E. S. Silantieva, D. P. Kamilova, K. Yu Midiber e R. E. Orekhov. "Repeated Implant Failures. Pathogenesis of Immunological Disorders in Endometrium". Doctor.Ru 21, n. 1 (2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-1-21-26.

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Study Objective: To broaden the understanding of the immunological aspects of implantation incompetence of endometrium in patients with repeated implant failures (RIF) in in vitro fertilisation programs. Study Design: Open perspective comparative study. Materials and Methods. 57 women aged 27 to 42 years old (mean age: 36 ± 6.2 years old) with clinically verified RIF. A morphological control group included 30 fertile women with a history of at least 2 deliveries of full-term healthy children and without fertility disorders, who signed a voluntary informed consent to take part in the study. The subject of the study was endometrium biopsy material obtained on day 8–10 of menstruation (middle stage of the proliferation phase). Study Results. In this study, endometrium biopsy material of patients with RIF demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes in the middle stage of the proliferation phase: 1.9- and 1.5-fold increase in CD56+ and CD8+ expression, respectively; 2.2-fold reduction in CD4+ expression, and impaired CD8+/CD4+ ratio (increase in CD8+) vs morphological controls. Conclusion. Pathogenesis of implantation incompetence in patients with RIF is caused by immunological imbalance in endometrial stroma, the substrate of which is insufficient concentrations of proangiogenic NK-cells, regulatory suppressive Т-helpers, and increased density of the cytotoxic NK- and Т-cells; it forms two primary parts of pathogenesis: reduced immunological tolerance to semiallogenic blastocyte and impaired normal angiogenesis in endometrial stroma of women with RIF. Keywords: repeated implant failures, immunology, local immunity, NK-cells, T-lymphocytes, В-lymphocytes, plasmocytes.

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Konkova-Reidman, Alyona Borisovna, A. A. Veksei, N. V. Smirnova e O. A. Pischulova. "CLINICAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AIDS-ASSOCIATED CRYPTOCOCCOSIS: DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, n. 4 (15 agosto 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-4-156-164.

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Introduction Currently, cryptococcosis is among the three most life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Materials and methods. The analysis of cases of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients in the world, the Russian Federation and the Chelyabinsk region using the methods of descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Two clinical cases of verified cryptococcosis were analyzed in detail in patients in the phase of HIV infection progression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Results. The manifestation of the disease was observed in the phase of progression of HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy with low immune status of patients (CD4 + lymphocyte level less than 100 cells in 1 μl of blood). The diagnosis is verified on the basis of a complex of clinical, instrumental, biochemical, immunological and mycological methods. Successful courses of treatment with antifungal drugs: amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole. Conclusions. The definition of cryptococcal antigen is not a method for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment due to its long-term persistence in CSF and serum, even with successful treatment. Prescribing antiretroviral therapy significantly increases the effectiveness of cryptococcosis treatment. In AIDS patients, antifungal therapy is stopped only after effective for 3-6 months ART (the number of CD4 + lymphocytes in the blood is more than 100-200 cells/μl).

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Konkova-Reidman, Alyona Borisovna, A. A. Veksei, N. V. Smirnova e O. A. Pischulova. "CLINICAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AIDS-ASSOCIATED CRYPTOCOCCOSIS: DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, n. 4 (15 agosto 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-4-156-164.

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Abstract (sommario):

Introduction Currently, cryptococcosis is among the three most life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Materials and methods. The analysis of cases of cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients in the world, the Russian Federation and the Chelyabinsk region using the methods of descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Two clinical cases of verified cryptococcosis were analyzed in detail in patients in the phase of HIV infection progression in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Results. The manifestation of the disease was observed in the phase of progression of HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy with low immune status of patients (CD4 + lymphocyte level less than 100 cells in 1 μl of blood). The diagnosis is verified on the basis of a complex of clinical, instrumental, biochemical, immunological and mycological methods. Successful courses of treatment with antifungal drugs: amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole. Conclusions. The definition of cryptococcal antigen is not a method for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment due to its long-term persistence in CSF and serum, even with successful treatment. Prescribing antiretroviral therapy significantly increases the effectiveness of cryptococcosis treatment. In AIDS patients, antifungal therapy is stopped only after effective for 3-6 months ART (the number of CD4 + lymphocytes in the blood is more than 100-200 cells/μl).

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Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares, Eliane dos Santos França, Iran Barros Costa, Igor Tenório Lima, Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire, Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos, Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro et al. "Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Genotypes Associated with the Immunopathological Profile of People Living with HIV-1: Immunological Aspects of Primary EBV Infection". Viruses 14, n. 2 (18 gennaio 2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020168.

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Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological profile of adult HIV-1+ patients coinfected with primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection who were free of antiretroviral drugs and inhabitants of the Brazilian Amazon region. Materials and methods: Primary EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of IgM and IgG anti-VCA. Genotypes were determined by conventional PCR. EBV and HIV viral load (VL) were quantified by real-time PCR. Cytokine dosage and cell quantification were performed by cytometry. Results: Only HIV-1+ individuals had primary EBV infection (7.12%). The EBV-1 genotype was the most prevalent (47.37%). The VL of HIV-1 was lower in the HIV/EBV-2 group. CD4+ T lymphocytes were inversely proportional to the VL of EBV in HIV/EBV-1/2 multi-infected patients. The HIV/EBV-2 group had the lowest cytokine levels, especially IFN-γ and IL-4. Different correlations were proposed for each coinfection. The late search for specific care related to HIV infection directly affected the cytokine profile and the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Symptoms were associated with the increase in VL of both viruses and cytokine profile. Conclusions: Different immunological profiles were associated with EBV genotypes in primary infection, with EBV-2 being more frequent in patients with low levels of HIV viral load. With late infection monitoring and consequent delay in the initiation of HAART, clinical changes and effects on the maintenance of the immune response were observed.

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Signorile, Anna, Anna Ferretta, Maddalena Ruggieri, Damiano Paolicelli, Paolo Lattanzio, Maria Trojano e Domenico De Rasmo. "Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics". Antioxidants 10, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010021.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory and neurodegenerative chronic disease that involves the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). The pathogenesis involves the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity, resulting in the invasion of lymphocytes into the CNS with consequent tissue damage. The MS etiology is probably a combination of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors. It has been proposed that T lymphocytes have a main role in the onset and propagation of MS, leading to the inflammation of white matter and myelin sheath destruction. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress exert a role in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis and are involved in the apoptosis resistance of immune cells with the consequent development of autoimmune diseases. The defective apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes in patients with MS, allows these cells to perpetuate, within the CNS, a continuous cycle of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the involvement in MS of cAMP pathway, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and their interaction in the alteration of T lymphocytes homeostasis. In addition, we discuss a series of nutraceutical compounds that could influence these aspects.

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Rallabhandi, Prasad. "Gluten and Celiac Disease—An Immunological Perspective". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, n. 2 (1 marzo 2012): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge_rallabhandi.

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Abstract Gluten, a complex protein group in wheat, rye, and barley, causes celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine, in genetically susceptible individuals. CD affects about 1% of the general population and causes significant health problems. Adverse inflammatory reactions to gluten are mediated by inappropriate T-cell activation leading to severe damage of the gastrointestinal mucosa, causing atrophy of absorptive surface villi. Gluten peptides bind to the chemokine receptor, CXCR3, and induce release of zonulin, which mediates tight-junction disassembly and subsequent increase in intestinal permeability. Proinflammatory cytokine IL-15 also contributes to the pathology of CD, by driving the expansion of intra-epithelial lymphocytes that damage the epithelium and promote the onset of T-cell lymphomas. There is no cure or treatment for CD, except for avoiding dietary gluten. Current gluten thresholds for food labeling have been established based on the available analytical methods, which show variation in gluten detection and quantification. Also, the clinical heterogeneity of celiac patients poses difficulty in defining clinically acceptable gluten thresholds in gluten-free foods. Presently, there is no bioassay available to measure gluten-induced immunobiological responses. This review focuses on various aspects of CD, and the importance of gluten thresholds and reference material from an immunological perspective.

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Vitetta, Luis, Jiezhong Chen e Stephen Clarke. "The vermiform appendix: an immunological organ sustaining a microbiome inoculum". Clinical Science 133, n. 1 (gennaio 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20180956.

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AbstractThe hominoid vermiform appendix has been characterized as a diverticulum of the caecum and describes an entity at the juxtaposition of the colon in the confluence of tanias. The independent development of the lymphoid follicle centres of the appendix is progressed at birth in the presence of the intestinal commensal microbiome, an obligatory prompt for the diversification of intestinal and extra-intestinal mucosal immunological tissue. In the vermiform appendix, this activity is centred on further developing the inventory of primary antibodies and the maturation of T- and B-lymphocyte cells in the follicles within the lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, the columnar epithelia, enterocytes and goblet cells comprise the complement of cells that occupy the lamina propria and muscularis mucosae of the vermiform appendix’s mucosa, while macrophages and an abundance of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G generating plasma cells seed the lamina propria. Intraepithelial immune cells consisting predominantly of specific CD8+ T regulatory lymphocytes occupy sites in the appendix analogous to those present in the intestinal epithelia of the caecal colon. The complement of bacterial genera concealed in the vermiform appendix is posited extant as a biofilm inoculum of the intestinal commensal microbiome. This facilitates re-inoculation of the proximal colon and to a lesser degree the terminal ilium post an intestinal perturbation such as occurs with daily lifestyle stressors, dietary choices and the short-term administration of antibiotics rather than an infectious fulminant colitis. A plausible appreciation results of the importance of multiple immunological aspects of a healthy vermiform appendix and the provision of a commensal biofilm to the gut that repairs a dysbiotic microbiome contributing to balancing intestinal pro- and anti-inflammatory activity for maintaining homeostasis in the gut. Since the composition of the gut microbiome can vary over the short-term and long-term, it is plausible that the appendix inoculum may be instrumental in maintaining the intestinal microbiome.

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Sobstyl, Małgorzata, Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Ewelina Grywalska, Izabela Korona-Głowniak, Anna Sobstyl, Wiesława Bednarek e Jacek Roliński. "Toll-Like Receptor 2 Expression as a New Hallmark of Advanced Endometriosis". Cells 9, n. 8 (30 luglio 2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9081813.

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Recent evidence suggests that immunological aspects play a pivotal role in this disorder. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is crucial in recognizing microbial infections and mediating innate immune response. The objective of our study was to rate with flow cytometry the levels of several subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes, and basic peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing TLR2, aiming at the determination of a possible correlation between the expression of TLR2 and the clinical outcomes of endometriosis in 40 patients and 40 age-matched healthy women. Our study showed the importance of TLR2 expression, mainly on myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and B cells in patients with endometriosis. Both mDCs BDCA1+CD19-TLR2+ and B lymphocytes CD19+TLR-2+ proved useful in the differentiation of affected individuals with stages 3–4 of the disease (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve /AUC/ = 0.96, p < 0.0001 for mDCs; AUC = 0.78, p = 0.0001 for B lymphocytes), and those presenting adhesion (AUC = 0.92, p < 0.0001 for mDCs; AUC = 0.82, p < 0.0001 for B lymphocytes) or infertility (AUC = 0.83, p < 0.0001 for mDCs; AUC = 0.73, p = 0.006 for B lymphocytes). Our findings suggest that the levels of TLR2-expressing cells, particularly mDCs and B lymphocytes, may be an effective biomarker of endometriosis, because the disease currently lacks clinically useful noninvasive biomarkers enabling early and cost-effective diagnosis.

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Janz, Siegfried. "Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Clinical and Immunological Aspects, Natural History, Cell of Origin, and Emerging Mouse Models". ISRN Hematology 2013 (9 settembre 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/815325.

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Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare and currently incurable neoplasm of IgM-expressing B-lymphocytes that is characterized by the occurrence of a monoclonal IgM (mIgM) paraprotein in blood serum and the infiltration of the hematopoietic bone marrow with malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells. The symptoms of patients with WM can be attributed to the extent and tissue sites of tumor cell infiltration and the magnitude and immunological specificity of the paraprotein. WM presents fascinating clues on neoplastic B-cell development, including the recent discovery of a specific gain-of-function mutation in the MYD88 adapter protein. This not only provides an intriguing link to new findings that natural effector IgM+IgD+ memory B-cells are dependent on MYD88 signaling, but also supports the hypothesis that WM derives from primitive, innate-like B-cells, such as marginal zone and B1 B-cells. Following a brief review of the clinical aspects and natural history of WM, this review discusses the thorny issue of WM’s cell of origin in greater depth. Also included are emerging, genetically engineered mouse models of human WM that may enhance our understanding of the biologic and genetic underpinnings of the disease and facilitate the design and testing of new approaches to treat and prevent WM more effectively.

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Kuzmina, A. P., e O. M. Lazarenko. "Improving the effectiveness of teaching problematic issues of rheumatology at the stage of postgraduate education by integrating immunological knowledge". Shidnoevropejskij zurnal vnutrisnoi ta simejnoi medicini 2021, n. 2 (2021): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/internalmed2021.02.040.

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Clinical immunology is becoming an increasingly important area, in terms of its widespread use, in the teaching of rheumatology in cycles of thematic improvement. Purpose: development of a new diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for teaching rheumatological aspects based on the use of immunological knowledge. Rheumatologists are well aware of the simultaneous identification of antibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, which contributes to the differential diagnosis of autoimmune pathology. The three versions of the quests we compiled had ambiguous answers from specialists who were well acquainted with clinical rheumatological pathology. 90% of physicians gave the correct, complete answer to the proposed first option (according to the WHO recommendations for the determination of molecular markers). The second variant of the task included activated forms of lymphocytes with phenotype CD69+, CD3+ HLA-DR+, CD19+ CD38+, CD8+ CD38+. Only 50% of physicians answered that such a test reflects the functional state of activated T- and B-lymphocytes and is recommended for monitoring the course of the disease. The next version of the quest was created taking into account the direct functions of receptor structures. Almost all physicians consider it unnecessary to assess minor subpopulations in patients with autoimmune diseases. When interpreting the results of the immunogram, a dissociation syndrome is established — a discrepancy between the direction of changes in the interrelated immunological parameters. The value of dissociation syndrome is that the latter may indicate latent immune defects. With the rapid expansion of new classes of drugs, clinical practice has changed dramatically, this is what drew the attention of rheumatologists to the fundamental knowledge of immunology and mechanisms of action of biological drugs. It should be noted that in many European countries, immunology courses have been developed specifically for rheumatology practice. Thus, the introduction of rheumatological aspects based on the use of immunological knowledge, especially at the stage of postgraduate education, which will contribute to professional development and the development of a full-fledged fully developed personality of the doctor.

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Filatova, E. N., L. A. Solntsev, N. B. Presnyakova, E. A. Kulova e O. V. Utkin. "DETERMINATION OF SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HHV-6-MEDIATED INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS IN CHILDREN BY THE METHOD OF DISCRIMINATORY ANALYSIS". Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 8, n. 2 (10 settembre 2018): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-223-229.

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Human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) is a lymphotropic virus that is an etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM) in children. HHV-6- mediated infectious mononucleosis (HHV-6M) does not have clearly defined clinical features. Nowadays immunopathogenetic aspects of this disease have not been fully understood. The purpose of this work was to study the characteristics of the quantitative composition of populations of immunocompetent cells of peripheral blood in children with HHV-6M. The material for the study was samples of peripheral blood from children with “infectious mononucleosis” diagnosis and from virtually healthy children. Depending on the etiologic cause of the disease, children with IM were divided into three groups: HHV-6M, IM of other etiology and mixed infection (combination of HHV-6 and Epstein–Barr virus and/or Cytomegalovirus). Virtually healthy children formed the fourth group. In blood samples, the absolute content of the following populations of immunocompetent cells was determined by the method of flow cytometry: the total population of T-lymphocytes, T- helpers, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, double positive T-lymphocytes (CD4+CD8+), NK cells and B-lymphocytes. Discriminant analysis was carried out: based on the obtained data on the population composition of blood cells we constructed a model of a child’s attribution to one of the four groups analyzed in pairs. We used the method of machine learning — the algorithm of gradient boosting over decision trees. It was determined whether it is possible to classify patients on the basis of the studied indicators and which combination of indicators is optimal for classification. As a result of the study it was possible to classify the following pairs of groups: healthy children — children with HHV- 6M, healthy children — children with IM of other etiology, children with HHV-6M — children with IM of other etiology. When solving the problem of classifying children from group with mixed infection and from any other group, it was not possible to find a model of satisfactory quality. In comparison with virtually healthy children, children with HHV-6M were characterized by an increased content of the total population of T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-cells, as well as by a reduced content of doub le-positive T-lymphocytes. Compared with children with IM of other etiology, children with HHV-6M were characterized by an increased content of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T- helpers, B-lymphocytes and a reduced number of double-positive T cells. Our results indicate that HHV-6-mediated infectious mononucleosis causes changes in the quantitative composition of certain populations of immunocompetent cells of peripheral blood, different from those of other etiology, in children.

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Kumar, Ashok, Jesus Zamora-Pineda, Emilie Degagné e Julie D. Saba. "S1P Lyase Regulation of Thymic Egress and Oncogenic Inflammatory Signaling". Mediators of Inflammation 2017 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7685142.

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid signaling molecule that regulates pleiotropic biological functions including cell migration, survival, angiogenesis, immune cell trafficking, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. It acts as a ligand for a family of cell surface receptors. S1P concentrations are high in blood and lymph but low in tissues, especially the thymus and lymphoid organs. S1P chemotactic gradients are essential for lymphocyte egress and other aspects of physiological cell trafficking. S1P is irreversibly degraded by S1P lyase (SPL). SPL regulates lymphocyte trafficking, inflammation and other physiological and pathological processes. For example, SPL located in thymic dendritic cells acts as a metabolic gatekeeper that controls the normal egress of mature T lymphocytes from the thymus into the circulation, whereas SPL deficiency in gut epithelial cells promotes colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC). Recently, we identified a complex syndrome comprised of nephrosis, adrenal insufficiency, and immunological defects caused by inherited mutations in human SGPL1, the gene encoding SPL. In the present article, we review current evidence supporting the role of SPL in thymic egress, inflammation, and cancer. Lastly, we summarize recent progress in understanding other SPL functions, its role in inherited disease, and SPL targeting for therapeutic purposes.

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Vlasova, Galina V., e Pavel V. Pavlov. "Age aspects of the course of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma in children (clinical and immunological characteristics)". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, n. 5 (28 gennaio 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10513-18.

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Cholesteatoma of the middle ear is the disease, the course and prognosis of which can not be considered without taking into account the patients age. In pediatric otorhinolaryngology, such patients require special attention due to the aggressiveness of cholesteatoma in children. The rapid growth and a high number of recurrences after surgical treatment are features of the course of this disease in children. The causes of the aggressiveness of this disease in children have not been studied. Objective: to identify clinical and immunological features in children with middle ear cholesteatoma in different age groups that contribute to the aggressive course of the disease. A retrospective analysis of 143 medical case reports of children from 1 to 17 years old who received surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma was carried out in the Department of othorhinolaryngology (St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University) from 2000 to 2018. Comparative analysis of clinical manifestation, anamnesis of ear disease, concomitant diseases, immunological reactivity (the content of lymphocytes, their subpopulations and interleukin-2 in peripheral blood) and results of surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma in different age groups has been performed. Cholesteatoma is more aggressive in young children. Frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract, eustachian tube dysfunctions, immune disorders in children under 7 years of age lead to an unfavorable course and prognosis of middle ear cholesteatoma.

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Dobrochotova, Yu E., e A. Kh Karanasheva. "Vulvovaginal candidiasis in women of reproductive age: immunological aspects of modern algorithms for examination and treatment". Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, n. 16 (7 ottobre 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-16-57-61.

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immunological defense complex is involved: the role of complement, T-lymphocytes, NK-cells is noted. Of particular importance among immune factors is interferon-γ, which is able to limit the reproduction of Candida fungi in the early stages of infection by stimulating the immune response. This is due to the fact that interferon-γ is the strongest stimulator of effector functions of macrophages (microbicidal activity, cytokine production), increases the expression of histocompatibility molecules MHCI and MHCII, as well as adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, increasing endothelial permeability. Thus, the rate of development and severity of the pathological process depend on the state of the body’s defenses. The use of antibiotics, glucocorticoids and cytostatics, as well as radiation therapy can enhance the adhesive properties of yeast fungi. The choice of treatment for VVC should be based on the results of a comprehensive diagnosis, taking into account the form and risk factors of the disease. Local immunity impairment due to the innate quality of the vaginal epitheliocytes is currently one of the most significant risk factors for the development of VVC. This also explains the availability of sufficient drugs for etiotropic therapy, which does not affect its recurrence rate. The use of topical immunomodulators is a very promising method of overcoming the therapeutic failures in the complex treatment of genital candidiasis.

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Pyzik, Michal, Eve-Marie Gendron-Pontbriand e Silvia M. Vidal. "The Impact of Ly49-NK Cell-Dependent Recognition of MCMV Infection on Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/641702.

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Clinical and experimental data indicate that a subset of innate lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, plays a crucial role in the response against herpesviruses, especially cytomegaloviruses (CMV). Indeed, in mice, NK cells, due to the expression of germline encoded Ly49 receptors, possess multiple mechanisms to recognize CMV infection. Classically, this results in NK cell activation and the destruction of the infected cells. More recently, however, this unique host-pathogen interaction has permitted the discovery of novel aspects of NK cell biology, implicating them in the regulation of adaptive immune responses as well as in the development of immunological memory. Here, we will concisely review the newly acquired evidence pertaining to NK cell Ly49-dependent recognition of MCMV-infected cell and the ensuing NK cell regulatory responses.

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Zhelavskyi, M. M. "Immunobiological aspects of cow lactation". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, n. 95 (2 novembre 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9501.

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Lactation of cows is a high-energy metabolic process. It is regulated in the body by the complex physiological mechanisms of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. The purpose of to study changes in the immunobiological reactivity of the body of cows during lactation. Clinical and experimental studies were accomplished at the veterinary clinic and in the specialized laboratory of reproductive animal immunology. For the study, four groups of analogues of experimental animals were formed in which the immunological methods determined the immune status: cows (n = 17) during the early lactation (secretion of colostrum, 3–5th day); second (n = 32) – cows (n = 32) in the mid (3–5th month) lactation; the third (n = 28) – during the late lactation (5–7th day) and the fourth group (n = 28) – during the dry period (12–20th day). Our research has shown that during lactation in the body of cows fluctuations of the studied indicators of cellular and humoral immunity occur. Experimental data that showed that the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the blood of cows of Ukrainian dairy black-billed breed during the initial (3–5 days) period of lactogenesis is the lowest (37.88 ± 1.53%). However, the lowest expression of B-immune cells (16.05 ± 0.74%) was also detected during colostrum secretion. These changes occurred against the background of the decrease in CD3+/СD22+ (2.36 ± 0.11). In particular, at the 3–5th month of lactation, peripheral blood flow contained 53.40 ± 0.83% CD3+, ie 1.40 times more. The number of CD22+ mononuclear cells increased by only 1.14 times (up to 18.31 ± 0.69%). The beginning late lactation and dry period in the number of immunocompetent cells was observed: CD3+ – up to 42.11 ± 1.03%, and CD22+ – up to 22.92 ± 0.89%. All this was accompanied by a corresponding redistribution of the balance (CD3+/СD22+). We have identified certain patterns in the blast transformation ability of T-lymphocytes, which was manifested in the change in the activity of activated immune cells of blood. At the beginning of lactation, the functional capacity of T cells was the lowest (42.47 ± 0.62%). But subsequently with the increase of the lactation curve there was a certain activation of their transformation into blasts (51.11 ± 1.05%). At the beginning of late lactation cows underwent a gradual decrease in the blasttransformation capacity of immunocompetent cells (43.11 ± 0.89%). And which continued to decline gradually during the dry period. Thus, during lactation in the body of cows there are dynamic permanent changes in the system of cellular and humoral immunity. From the beginning of lactogenesis, there is a gradual increase in the increase in the functioning of the mammary gland of cows, and further decrease in the population composition of CD3+ and СD22+, which was also accompanied by changes in the functional activity of immunocompetent cells.

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Taskina, Elizaveta S., e Svetlana V. Kharintseva. "Morphofunctional characteristics and immunological regulation of the orbital fibroblasts function in endocrine ophthalmopathy". Clinical and experimental thyroidology 14, n. 4 (19 aprile 2019): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket10147.

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Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is a chronic disease characterized by progressive autoimmune inflammation of the soft retrobulbar tissues in thyroid dysfunction. The orbital fibroblasts with their unique morphofunctional properties are very important in the pathogenesis of the infiltrative process and fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and/or retrobulbar tissue. They, unlike other localization fibroblasts, have not mesodermal, but neuro-ectodermal origin. The review acquaints with the immunological aspects of the regulation of these cells in different activity phases of disease. Intercellular interaction with T-lymphocytes (CD40-CD154) leads to orbital fibroblasts activation with increased expression of pathological receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone, as well as production of intercellular matrix components, adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and prostaglandins. Detailed morphofunctional characteristics of the orbit fibroblast subpopulations and mechanisms regulating their transdifferentiation into adipocytes and myofibroblasts are given. The analysis of literature data on the effect of T-helper type 17 on the functional activity of Thy1+/Thy1- (CD90+/CD90-) orbital fibroblasts is presented. The importance of the further study of the orbital fibroblasts characteristics in EOP and their intercellular interaction with various immune cells was noted, which may be able to uncover new pathogenetic mechanisms of this pathology.

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Sacchetti, Benedetto, Andrea Botticelli, Luca Pierelli, Marianna Nuti e Maurizio Alimandi. "CAR-T with License to Kill Solid Tumors in Search of a Winning Strategy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 8 (17 aprile 2019): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081903.

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Abstract (sommario):

Artificial receptors designed for adoptive immune therapies need to absolve dual functions: antigen recognition and abilities to trigger the lytic machinery of reprogrammed effector T lymphocytes. In this way, CAR-T cells deliver their cytotoxic hit to cancer cells expressing targeted tumor antigens, bypassing the limitation of HLA-restricted antigen recognition. Expanding technologies have proposed a wide repertoire of soluble and cellular “immunological weapons” to kill tumor cells; they include monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor associated antigens on tumor cells and immune cell checkpoint inhibition receptors expressed on tumor specific T cells. Moreover, a wide range of formidable chimeric antigen receptors diversely conceived to sustain quality, strength and duration of signals delivered by engineered T cells have been designed to specifically target tumor cells while minimize off-target toxicities. The latter immunological weapons have shown distinct efficacy and outstanding palmarès in curing leukemia, but limited and durable effects for solid tumors. General experience with checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell immunotherapy has identified a series of variables, weaknesses and strengths, influencing the clinical outcome of the oncologic illness. These aspects will be shortly outlined with the intent of identifying the still “missing strategy” to combat epithelial cancers.

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Ishchenko, O., A. Badyukov, T. Badyoukova, A. Zebentaev e A. Valynets. "Heterogeneity of benign prostatic hyperplasia". Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology 2022 (1 aprile 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14427/jipai.2022.2.45.

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Background. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologically determined condition of the male body and is characterized by glandular-stromal multi-focal proliferation originating from the paraurethral and (or) transition zone of the prostate gland. Proliferative processes in the body are under the control of the immune system. Identifying and understanding the immunological aspects of prostatic hyperplasia can help control prostate tissue growth, improving men's quality of life. The aim of our study was to conduct a pilot study, assessment of the immune status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Materials and methods. The study included patients having stage 2 BPH (according to Guyon’s updated classification system (n=8)) and patients who did not have clinical and morphological manifestations of BPH. The subjects underwent standard examinations in accordance with the clinical protocol of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. The immunogram indicators included: the main subpopulations of lymphocytes (CD3 T lymphocytes, CD4 T helper cells, CD8 T cytotoxic lymphocytes), the ratio of Th/Tc, CD19 B lymphocytes, the level of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA and circulating immunocomplexes (CIC), as well as phagocytic index and phagocytic number. Results. Patients with BPH had statistically lower levels in the number of phagocytosed units compared to the patients without BPH. Furthermore, patients with BPH have highly variable results for immune system indices. Thus, the ratio of Th/Tc ranged from 1,3 to 2,3 units, and the level of CIC – from 10 to more than 300 units. The variability of the results obtained allowed us to divide patients with BPH into two groups: first group (n=3) with normal indices for levels of CIC and for the ratio of Th/Tc; the second group (n=5) with the indices for levels of CIC and for the ratio of Th/Tc that significantly exceeded the reference values. None of the patients in the second group had a concomitant autoimmune disease. Conclusions. Patients with BPH have a dysfunction of the immune system. Even having such a small number of enrolled subjects, it is possible to form subtypes of patients with BPH – they are future phenotypes. The study aiming at finding immunological disorders in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia should be continued.

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Patuzzo, Giuseppe, Filippo Mazzi, Antonio Vella, Riccardo Ortolani, Alessandro Barbieri, Elisa Tinazzi, Giacomo Marchi et al. "Immunophenotypic Analysis of B Lymphocytes in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Identification of CD23 as a Useful Marker in the Definition of the Disease". ISRN Immunology 2013 (4 aprile 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/512527.

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Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by the failure of B lymphocytes differentiation leading to deficient immunoglobulins secretion. The identified genetic defects account only for a minority of cases. The importance of B cells immunophenotyping in the classification of CVID is known. This procedure can identify alterations on the cell surface molecules expression that could explain some immunological disorders characteristic of CVID. Moreover, some immunophenotypical aspects can correlate with clinical features of the disease. We used this procedure to analyze a cohort of 23 patients affected by CVID, in order to identify the novel alterations of B cells and to find the possible correlations with clinical features. Circulating B cells were studied by flow cytometry incubating whole blood with specific antibodies for B cell surface molecules including CD27, IgM, IgD, CD21, and CD23. We compared the population of “switched memory” IgD− CD27+ B lymphocytes with the population of “switched memory” IgM− IgD− CD23− CD27+ B cells. These last B cells were reduced in patients compared to healthy controls; moreover, IgM− IgD− CD23− CD27+ B cells were lower than IgD− CD27+ B cells in patients with CVID. The reduction of this subset of B lymphocytes correlates more tightly than IgD− CD27+ B cells with lymphadenopathy and airways infections. In conclusion, our findings may help in better identifying patients with CVID.

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Martínez, J. Alfredo, M. Teresa Macarulla, Rafael Marcos e Jesús Larralde. "Nutritional outcome and immunocompetence in mice fed on a diet containing raw field beans (Vicia faba, var. minor) as the source of protein". British Journal of Nutrition 68, n. 2 (settembre 1992): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920107.

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Feeding growing mice on diets containing raw field beans (Vicia faba var. minor) as the only source of protein brought about an impairment in growth, muscle mass and liver weight. No changes in food consumption were observed, but the food intake:weight gain ratio was increased in those animals. Plasma protein, triacylglycerols and cholesterol values were not affected by the dietary treatment although serum glucose and zinc levels fell after legume intake as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes. The relative enlargement of thymus and spleen in the legume-fed mice was apparently accompanied by a reduction in the cell number and an increase in cell size, while the protein synthesis capacity followed differentiated patterns in both tissues when assessed through protein, DNA and RNA determinations. The haemagglutination titres and the number of rosette-forming cells were lower in those animals fed on the field bean diet as well as the splenic lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin, Concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide mitogens used to evaluate the functional status of T and B lymphocytes. The present study describes, apparently for the first time in mice, the involvement of field bean intake in some immunological disturbances affecting both humoral- and cell-mediated aspects of the immune response

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Kimber, Ian, Ian Illingworth e Marie Cumberbatch. "The Basics Immunological Aspects Direct interaction between antigen-bearing dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes during the induction phase of allergic contact dermatitis". Contact Dermatitis 23, n. 4 (ottobre 1990): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb05006.x.

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Merrill, L., T. E. Stewart Merrill, A. M. Barger e T. J. Benson. "Avian Health across the Landscape: Nestling Immunity Covaries with Changing Landcover". Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, n. 5 (14 maggio 2019): 1150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz037.

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Abstract The landscape composition of an organism’s home range or territory should influence aspects of its condition, including measures of immune function. Changes in immunocompetence arising from variation in landcover may provide important links between habitat changes and patterns of disease spread. To establish a baseline understanding for whether immune measures covary with changes in landcover, we examined associations between immunological parameters and landcover composition for adults and nestlings of five shrubland bird species. Specifically, we examined the bacteria-killing ability (BKA) of the blood plasma and profiles of the five avian leukocytes as our measures of immune function, and assessed the proportion of area around each bird’s nest that was composed of the four major landcover types in the Midwestern USA: row crop agriculture, developed, forest, and grass/shrub. We performed landcover assessments at 100 and 1000 m radius buffers to identify whether associations between habitat and immune function differed at the two spatial scales. As part of this work, we examined age and species-related immunological variation, as well as associations among the immune parameters. There was little evidence linking variation in immune function to landcover composition for the adults at either spatial scale, but there were numerous associations for nestlings, and these were stronger at the 1000 than 100 m spatial scale. The proportion of grass/shrub around the nest had the largest impact on immune function, although the effect varied by immune parameter and species. BKA and basophils were inversely associated with grass/shrub for all species, whereas lymphocytes were positively associated with grass/shrub for all species. We also documented species-level differences among adults and nestlings for BKA and all leukocytes except monocytes. As expected, we found that nestlings had reduced levels of BKA, lymphocytes, monocytes, and elevated heterophils compared with adults (except for field sparrow-Spizella pusilla-nestlings, which had higher lymphocytes). Basophils generally did not differ by age class, and eosinophils exhibited species-specific patterns, in which they were higher for nestling American robins (Turdus migratorius) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) compared with adults, but lower in the other nestlings. Heterophils and lymphocytes were inversely associated for all species and age classes, and basophil levels were positively associated with BKA across species and age classes. Together, these findings bolster our understanding of age and species-specific variation in immune function, and provide evidence that immune measures can covary with changes in landcover.

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Romanishina, T. A., D. V. Feschenko, G. O. Rinyak, V. V. Honcharenko, A. A. Macibora, I. O. Kaminska, K. P. Sviridyuk e A. P. Sviridyuk. "Pathogenetic aspects of rabbits’ experimental infection caused by bovine leukemia virus". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, n. 100 (23 dicembre 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10003.

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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an infectious disease of cattle, causing high economic losses worldwide, especially in the field of dairy farming. There is no common vision on the problem of interspecies transmission of BLV. Therefore, a detailed study of the etiologic relationship between leukemia in cattle and other animal species is relevant. Various laboratory animal models provide insight into the pathogenesis of viral infections. The article presents the research results of two series rabbits’ intravenous infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) using the culture antigen FLK-BLV and the blood of rabbits with clinical, hematological and immunological signs of viral tumor growth. Blood from all animals was taken from the ear vein after 14, 21, 30 days, and then monthly for six months: to study the morphological parameters of blood and to determine the titer of antibodies to BLV. Blood serum for the presence of antibodies to BLV was examined using a diagnostic kit for the indication of animals infected with the leukemia virus in an immunodiffusion reaction produced by LLC “SRE Veterinary Medicine”, Kharkiv. It was found that the stage of the BLV provirus in the blood leukogram of infected animals was characterized by pronounced lymphocytosis on the 21st day of the experiment. The highest concentration of antibodies to BLV in the blood serum was found on the 90th day after the administration of the virus-containing material, which disappeared from the blood on the 150–180th day after infection. In experimental rabbits, after five months for thirty days, in the absence of antibodies to leukemia in the blood serum, multiple tumors of a dense consistency began to develop throughout the body. Such clinical signs and changes in the of rabbits’ blood of the experimental group are characteristic of serologically positive cows on the hematological development stage of leukemic process and correlate with the results of domestic and foreign authors. The presence of a large number of lymphoblasts, as well as leukolysis cells, in the histological preparation of lymph nodes, lungs, heart and the accumulation of lymphocytes’ immature forms around the interlobular vessels of the liver, which were found in pathohistological studies of the experimental rabbits’ organs, may indicate the development of the leukemia process on early stage in them. The results obtained indicate the ability of BLV to overcome successfully the interspecies barrier upon parenteral ingestion of heterologous individuals from infected lymphocytes and in the form of a culture antigen.

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Dowd, Pauline S., J. Kelleher, B. E. Walker e P. J. Guillou. "Nutrition and cellular immunity in hospital patients". British Journal of Nutrition 55, n. 3 (maggio 1986): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860059.

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1. The interrelations between nutritional and ccllular immune function measurements were studied in seventy patients suffering from various degrees of malnutrition. They included patients with liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, neoplastic disease, neurological patients, post-operative surgical patients and patients with respiratory problems.2. Nutritional measurements included: anthropometry, serum proteins, various vitamins and trace elements, and a prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was calculated.3. Immunological measurements included: (1) natural killer (NK) cell activity, (2) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), (3) lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in both AB and autologous serum.4. There was no association between anthropometric measurements and tests of immune function.5. The lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogenic stimulation in the malnourished patients was depressed in autologous serum compared with the response of the same lymphocytes in pooled AB serum. The lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A correlated with transferrin in autologous serum (r 0.46, n 49, P < 0.0 I ) and to a lesser extent in AB serum (r 0.33, n 51, P < 0.05). There was a difference in the Con A-stimulated tritiated-thymidine uptake between patients with low and normal serum zinc levels (P < 0.05) for cultures performed in autologous serum, but not AB serum.6. There was a significant correlation between NK cell activity and vitamin C (r 0.43, n 60, P < 0.01). There was no relation between nutritional measurements and ADCC or the lymphocyte response to stimulation with PHA or PWM.7. The results suggest that the severity of overall malnutrition does not influence several different aspects of the cellular immune response. However, the results do suggest that certain individual nutrients, particularly vitamin C and Zn, do influence the immunoreactivity of different lymphocyte subpopulations.

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Sijts, Alice J. A. M., Thomas Ruppert, Barbara Rehermann, Marion Schmidt, Ulrich Koszinowski e Peter-M. Kloetzel. "Efficient Generation of a Hepatitis B Virus Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitope Requires the Structural Features of Immunoproteasomes". Journal of Experimental Medicine 191, n. 3 (7 febbraio 2000): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.191.3.503.

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Interferon (IFN)-γ–induced cells express the proteasome subunits low molecular weight protein (LMP)2, LMP7, and MECL-1 (multicatalytic endopeptidase complex–like 1), leading to the formation of immunoproteasomes. Although these subunits are thought to optimize MHC class I antigen processing, the extent of their role and the mechanistic aspects involved remain unclear. Herein, we study the proteolytic generation of an human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Aw68–restricted hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope that is recognized by peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with acute self-limited but not chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Immunological data suggest that IFN-γ–induced rather than uninduced HeLa cells process and present the HBV CTL epitope upon infection with HBcAg-expressing vaccinia viruses. Analyses of 20S proteasome digests of synthetic polypeptides covering the antigenic HBcAg peptide demonstrate that only immunoproteasomes efficiently perform the cleavages needed for the liberation of this HBV CTL epitope. Although the concerted presence of the three immunosubunits appears essential, we find that both catalytically active LMP7 and inactive LMP7 T1A support CTL epitope generation. We conclude that LMP7 influences the structural features of 20S proteasomes, thereby enhancing the activity of the LMP2 and MECL-1 catalytic sites, which provide cleavage specificity. Thus, LMP7 incorporation is of greater functional importance for the generation of an HBV CTL epitope than cleavage specificity.

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Miska, Jason, Midhat H. Abdulreda, Priyadharshini Devarajan, Jen Bon Lui, Jun Suzuki, Antonello Pileggi, Per-Olof Berggren e Zhibin Chen. "Real-time immune cell interactions in target tissue during autoimmune-induced damage and graft tolerance". Journal of Experimental Medicine 211, n. 3 (24 febbraio 2014): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20130785.

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Real-time imaging studies are reshaping immunological paradigms, but a visual framework is lacking for self-antigen-specific T cells at the effector phase in target tissues. To address this issue, we conducted intravital, longitudinal imaging analyses of cellular behavior in nonlymphoid target tissues to illustrate some key aspects of T cell biology. We used mouse models of T cell–mediated damage and protection of pancreatic islet grafts. Both CD4+ and CD8+ effector T (Teff) lymphocytes directly engaged target cells. Strikingly, juxtaposed β cells lacking specific antigens were not subject to bystander destruction but grew substantially in days, likely by replication. In target tissue, Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells persistently contacted Teff cells with or without involvement of CD11c+ dendritic cells, an observation conciliating with the in vitro “trademark” of Treg function, contact-dependent suppression. This study illustrates tolerance induction by contact-based immune cell interaction in target tissues and highlights potentials of tissue regeneration under antigenic incognito in inflammatory settings.

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Abdul-Majeed, A. F., e S. Y. Abdul-Rahman. "IMPACT OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM TREATMENT IN-OVO AND AFTER HATCHING OF BROILER". IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, n. 4 (30 agosto 2022): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1593.

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of in-ovo injection with vitamin E and selenium during the incubation and post-hatching period. 360 fertilized eggs of Ross 308 broiler breeders were incubated, then distributed on 10th day into three groups (120 eggs/group). 1st group: uninjected eggs, 2nd group: eggs were injected with 0.1 ml deionized water/egg in the chorioallantoic cavity, and 3rd group: eggs were injected with 0.1 ml/egg of Introvit-E-Selen in chorioallantoic cavity. After hatching, 270 chicks were randomly distributed into six groups, and reared until 42 days aged as follows: birds in 1st, 3rd and 5th groups drinks tap water only (free from any addition), while birds of other groups, were reared on drinking water supplemented with 12.5 mg vitamin E and 500 µg sodium selenite/liter water. Results showed a significant increase in hemoglobin, lymphocytes% and serum globulin, and a significant decrease in packed cell volume%, heterophils%, heterophils/lymphocytes ratio, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and albumin concentration as compared with control. In conclusion, vitamin E and selenium have enhanced some immunological aspects and reduced stress, as well as a number of hematological parameters of broiler chicks, also, the continuity of Vit.E-Selenium addition led to continuous improvement of physiological parameters, and when it stopped, the values of those parameters were retracted.

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Korneva, E. A., A. V. Petyaeva, T. V. Fedotkina, L. P. Churilov e Y. Shoenfeld. "SYNOPSIS AND PROSPECTS OF AUTOIMMUNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT WORLDWIDE (AFTER THE MATERIALS OF THE 11th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS IN LISBON, MAY 16-20, 2018). PROCEEDING I: FIRST ACADEMY OF AUTOIMMUNITY". Medical Immunology (Russia) 21, n. 1 (24 gennaio 2019): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-171-188.

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A review article is an aftermath of the 11th International Congress on Autoimmunity and First Academy of Autoimmunity, happened 14th to 20th May, 2018 in Lisbon. The first part of paper discusses the formation, main problems and prospects for the development of Autoimmunology as a new integral branch of fundamental and clinical Medicine engaged in the research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases of various organs and systems, totally circa 90 of them. A summary of all lectures conducted during the Academy of Autoimmunity is given, including a discussion of the newest and controversial aspects of the development of the modern concepts of the immune system, autoimmunity and autoimmune pathology. Article reviews data on the current problems of Immunology associated with the use of large databases of clinical and laboratory findings and extrapolation of animal experimentation data to humans. The newest ideas about congenital immunity, including the populations of innate lymphoid cells, on the role of various groups of receptors of the innate immunity system, on the participation of the mechanisms of innate immunity in pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders are highlighted. Modern concepts of antigen presentation are offered, including classification of dendritic cells, alternative pathways of macrophage activation, as well as on costimulatory and inhibitory interactions of ligands and receptors of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The latest data about the subpopulations of T lymphocytes and their role, including the functions of Tfh cells and the relationships of these subpopulations with various immune responses are highlighted. Influence of microbiota on T cell subpopulations is discussed. The main regularities of the phenomenon of immunological memory are formulated. The questions of antibody production and B lymphocyte functions are considered taking into account recently discovered mechanisms of intracellular penetration of immunoglobulins and details of affinity maturation of lymphoid clones. The new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of autoimmune diseases associated with influences on B and T lymphocytes are described. Mechanisms of central and peripheral autotolerance have been highlighted, taking into account data on the function of the AIRE gene and T regulators. The role of T regulators in placentation is considered. The role of interleukin-2 and its recombinant analogues in immune interactions is interpreted in a new way, taking into account not only their immunostimulating, but, under certain conditions, immunosuppressive potential also. Considerable attention has been paid to the inhibitory receptors of T lymphocytes and to immuno-biotherapeutic effects on them. The history and current status of Oncoimmunology and the use of blockers of inhibitory T lymphocyte receptors in Oncology, including the side effects of treatment with check-point inhibitors, are briefly discussed. Information was given on the held on 21-23 September 2018 2nd Academy of Autoimmunity in St. Petersburg.

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Limgala, Renuka P., e Ozlem Goker-Alpan. "Effect of Substrate Reduction Therapy in Comparison to Enzyme Replacement Therapy on Immune Aspects and Bone Involvement in Gaucher Disease". Biomolecules 10, n. 4 (31 marzo 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10040526.

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Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the GBA gene, leading to deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Among all the symptoms across various organ systems, bone disease is a major concern as it causes high morbidity and reduces quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the most accepted treatment; however, there are still unmet needs. As an alternative, substrate reduction therapy (SRT) was developed using glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors. In the current study, the effects of ERT vs. SRT were compared, particularly the immunological and bone remodeling aspects. GD subjects were divided into three cohorts based on their treatment at initial visit: ERT, SRT, and untreated (UT). Immunophenotyping showed no significant immune cell alterations between the cohorts. Expression of RANK/RANKL/Osteoprotegerin pathway components on immune cells and the secreted markers of bone turnover were analyzed. In the ERT cohort, no significant changes were observed in RANK, RANKL or serum biomarkers. RANKL on T lymphocytes, Osteopontin and MIP-1β decreased with SRT treatment indicating probable reduction in osteoclast activity. Other secreted factors, Osteocalcin and RANKL/Osteoprotegerin did not change with the treatment status. Insights from the study highlight personalized differences between subjects and possible use of RANK pathway components as markers for bone disease progression.

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Fujita, Tomoyuki, Atsushi Yoshida, Hajime Nishimura, Kayoko Koshikawa, Naoya Nagura, Koji Yoshida, Yasuo Miyoshi et al. "Phase I clinical trial of multi-antigen peptide vaccines therapy using cancer-testis antigens for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, n. 15_suppl (20 maggio 2012): e13037-e13037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13037.

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e13037 Background: Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are proteins that are normally expressed only in the human germline, but are also present in a significant subset of malignant tumors. The practical importance of these proteins is that, due to their restricted expression pattern, they are frequently recognized by the immune system of cancer patients. Moreover, this antigenicity has raised the possibility of their use as vaccines to stimulate immune responses in order to combat tumor growth. As a result, many aspects of CT antigens have been examined in studies performed worldwide. Here we report the results of a phase I clinical trial combining five kinds of CT peptide (CDCA1,URLC10,KIF20A,DEPDC1,MPHOSPH1) vaccination. Methods: The subjects of the trial were HLA-A24-positive patients with metastatic and advanced breast cancer. The mixture of peptides was subcutaneously injected weekly with dose-escalation (doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg of each peptide/body, three patients/cohort). Safety, efficacy and immunological parameters were assessed. Results: No adverse events were observed in any patients. Of the 9 patients who completed at least one cycle of the treatment, 4 (44%) developed immunological reactions at the injection site. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) reacting to any peptide were induced in 7 (78%) of the 9 patients. Of the 7 patients who completed at least two cycles of the treatment, tumor regression compatible with stable disease (SD) was noted in 4 patients. The remaining patients had progressive disease (PD). The vaccine therapy was tolerable and safe at all doses. Conclusions: Combination therapy with CT antigens has therapeutic potential for patients with breast cancer. Peptide-specific CTLs against peptides in the vaccine were induced at a high rate, even in heavily pretreated patients. From an immunological perspective, the optimal dose for further clinical trials is ≥1 mg/body.

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Nowak-Kornicka, Judyta, Barbara Borkowska e Bogusław Pawłowski. "Masculinity and immune system efficacy in men". PLOS ONE 15, n. 12 (14 dicembre 2020): e0243777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243777.

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Masculinity-related morphological traits are supposed to be honest indicators of a man's biological quality. While some studies showed that sexually dimorphic traits are related to various aspects of biological condition such as general health, immunity or fertility, still little is known about the relationship between masculine traits and the effectiveness of innate and adaptive immunity in humans. The aim of this study was to see if masculine traits, which are dependent on androgen levels in foetal and pubertal stages of development, are related to the immune quality in healthy men. The immune quality was evaluated for 91 healthy men aged 19–36 years. Immunity measurements included innate and adaptive parameters. General health status, age, testosterone level, BMI, physical activity, and smoking were controlled. The shoulder-to-hip ratio (SHR), 2D:4D digit ratio and hand-grip strength (HGS) were used as markers of masculinization. The regressions showed that when controlling for confounds, masculinity-related traits were in general not related to innate and adaptive immunity. Only a weak association was observed for right 2D:4D ratio and T-lymphocyte counts (but it becomes non-significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons). Our results do not support the premise that masculinity is a cue for immunological quality in men. However, the positive association between right 2D:4D and T lymphocytes might suggest that further studies are needed to verify if androgen stimulation in prenatal development might be related to immunity in adulthood.

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Brandler, Samantha, Alice Lepelley, Marion Desdouits, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi, Yves Lévy, Olivier Schwartz e Arnaud Moris. "Preclinical Studies of a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based HIV Candidate Vaccine: Antigen Presentation and Antiviral Effect". Journal of Virology 84, n. 10 (10 marzo 2010): 5314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02329-09.

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ABSTRACT Poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates are currently under evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors have excellent safety and immunogenicity records, but their behavior in human cell cultures remains only partly characterized. We studied here various virological and immunological aspects of the interactions of MVA-HIV, a vaccine candidate developed by the French National Agency for AIDS Research (ANRS), with primary human cells. We report that MVA-HIV infects and drives Gag expression in primary macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and epithelial and muscle cells. MVA-HIV-infected DCs matured, efficiently presented Gag, Pol, and Nef antigens, and activated HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). As expected with this type of vector, infection was cytopathic and led to DC apoptosis. Coculture of MVA-HIV-infected epithelial cells or myotubes with DCs promoted efficient Gag antigen major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) cross-presentation without inducing direct infection and death of DCs. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) infected with MVA-HIV also activated HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. Moreover, exposure of DCs to MVA-HIV or to MVA-HIV-infected myotubes induced type I interferon (IFN) production and inhibited subsequent HIV replication and transfer to lymphocytes. Altogether, these results show that MVA-HIV promotes efficient MHC-I and MHC-II presentation of HIV antigens by APCs without facilitating HIV replication. Deciphering the immune responses to MVA in culture experiments will help in the design of innovative vaccine strategies.

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Kondo, Yasuteru, Masashi Ninomiya, Eiji Kakazu, Osamu Kimura e Tooru Shimosegawa. "Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Could Contribute to the Immunopathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus Infection". ISRN Gastroenterology 2013 (16 gennaio 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/935295.

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Various findings concerning the clinical significance of quantitative changes in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the acute and chronic phase of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have been reported. In addition to being a biomarker of HBV-replication activity, it has been reported that HBsAg could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of HBV persistent infection. Moreover, HBsAg could become an attractive target for immune therapy, since the cellular and humeral immune response against HBsAg might be able to control the HBV replication and life cycle. However, several reports have described the immune suppressive function of HBsAg. HBsAg might suppress monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), and natural killer T (NK-T) cells by direct interaction. On the other hand, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T (Th) cells were exhausted by high amounts of HBsAg. In this paper, we focused on the immunological aspects of HBsAg, since better understanding of the interaction between HBsAg and immune cells could contribute to the development of an immune therapy as well as a biomarker of the state of HBV persistent infection.

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Yolken, R. H., e E. F. Torrey. "Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.1.131.

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The hypothesis that viruses or other infectious agents may cause schizophrenia or bipolar disorder dates to the 19th century but has recently been revived. It could explain many clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic aspects of these diseases, including the winter-spring birth seasonality, regional differences, urban birth, household crowding, having an older sibling, and prenatal exposure to influenza as risk factors. It could also explain observed immunological changes such as abnormalities of lymphocytes, proteins, autoantibodies, and cytokines. However, direct studies of viral infections in individuals with these psychiatric diseases have been predominantly negative. Most studies have examined antibodies in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, and relatively few studies have been done on viral antigens, genomes, cytopathic effect on cell culture, and animal transmission experiments. Viral research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is thus comparable to viral research on multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease: an attractive hypothesis with scattered interesting findings but no clear proof. The application of molecular biological techniques may allow the identification of novel infectious agents and the associations of these novel agents with serious mental diseases.

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