Tesi: "Lumber" – Grafiati

1

Tomporoski, Alexandre Assis. "O pessoal da Lumber!" Florianópolis, SC, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89306.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História.
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Esta dissertação objetiva analisar as relações que envolveram o viver dos trabalhadores da Southern Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company, suas origens, formação e atuação na região do planalto norte de Santa Catarina, especialmente entre os anos de 1910 a 1929. Para tanto, serão analisadas algumas das práticas, costumes e parte da sociabilidade dos moradores daquela região do planalto. As estratégias da companhia intentando explorar os trabalhadores serão reconstruídas por meio da análise de casos de acidente de trabalho, para os quais a empresa desenvolveu um rebuscado processo de resolução favorável de ações judiciais, contando com o apoio das principais autoridades locais de Três Barras e Canoinhas. A reação dos trabalhadores aos desmandos da companhia também serão contemplados, com especial atenção aos seus momentos de organização, mobilização e luta contra a Lumber e as redes do poder local. Desse modo, as greves deflagradas por esses trabalhadores, especialmente no contexto dos anos 1917-1919, terão especial atenção. This work aims to analyze the living of workers at Southern Brazil Lumber and Colonization Company, their background and activities in the northern region of Santa Catarina especially from 1910 to 1929. For that, some practices, customs and part of the sociability of inhabitants of that region will be analyzed. The company#s strategies to exploit its workers will be rebuilt through analyses of accident cases in which the company organized a sophisticated and favorable legal proceeding supported by local authorities of Três Barras and Canoinhas. The workers` reaction to the excesses of that company will be described, specially their organization, mobilization and fight against the Lumber and the local power nets. The strikes of these workers in the period of 1917- 1919 will be analyzed too.

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2

King, Helene. "The economic history of the Long-Bell Lumber Company". Lake Charles, La. : McNeese State University, Frazar Memorial Library, Dept. of Archives and Special Collections, 2008. http://library.mcneese.edu/depts/archive/FTBooks/king.htm.

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3

Roch, Alain. "Les flux de transport du bois et des pâtes et papiers au Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean-Chibougamau : les effets de la distance entre les aires de coupe et les usines de transformations [sic] /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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4

Cunliffe, Richard I. (Richard Ian) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil. "Proof-loading effects on lumber". Ottawa, 1988.

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5

Ese-Etame, Roncs. "Impact of Ellipticality on Lumber Grade and Volume Recovery For Red Oak Logs". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33429.

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Hardwood sawmills must become more efficient to remain competitive. One way to increase efficiency and competitiveness is to increase the value or lumber volume produced from logs. While methods to maximize value and volume recovery exist for round logs, little information exists on how to maximize these outcomes for logs with ellipticality. The goal of this research was to determine the impact of low and high degrees of ellipticality on green lumber grade and volume recovery for red oak logs under current sawing methods. Logs of low and high ellipticality were selected and processed at four Appalachian area sawmills. Processing variables and lumber output were tracked for all logs. It was determined that there was no significant difference in overrun, lumber volume, lumber value, and lumber grade between low and high ellipticality logs when comparing the log output at all four sawmills. It was determined that how an individual sawmill processes logs affects the outcome between logs with high and low ellipticality. None of the sawmills produced more value for high elliptical logs than for low elliptical logs and it was possible to produce more lumber volume and value with low elliptical logs. Highly elliptical logs required more processing time than low ellipticality logs in terms of log turns, total elapsed time at the headrig, and number of sawlines at the headrig. The increased processing time results in increased processing costs which were estimated to be $1.28 to $11.33 per log. These costs were not offset by an increase in lumber volume nor lumber value; therefore, highly elliptical sawlogs are less desirable to process than low elliptical logs using current sawing methods.
Master of Science

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6

Nistal, Franca Frederico Jose. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Southern Pine Lumber". Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10288887.

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Southern pine (SP) lumber is the primary softwood material in the United States. The main procedure during lumber grading process is the identification of the strength reducing characteristics that impacts the modulus of rupture (MOR). Non-destructive evaluation technology can be used to identify higher-stiffness material. This study investigated the use of vibration methods to evaluate the mechanical properties of southern pine lumber. Significant correlations between the properties determined by non-destructive techniques and the static MOE were found. No strong correlations were found for MOR because it is related to the ultimate strength of material, often associated with the existence of localized defects, such as a knot. Non-destructive measurements, visual characteristics, and lumber density were used as independent variables. Linear models were constructed to indirectly estimate the MOE and MOR. The variables selected was dynamic modulus of elasticity (dMOE) to predict MOE. Adding density and knot diameter ratio to the model it was possible to develop a prediction model for MOR. It was possible to improve predictability of strength (MOR) with a combination of non-destructive and knot evaluation.

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7

Ho, Wai-hung Daniel, e 何偉雄. "Genetic study of lumber disc degeneration". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841215.

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8

Strong, Neil. "Fungal deterioration of sawn softwood lumber". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285528.

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The colonisation of freshly sawn Corsican pine lumber by sapstain and mould fungi was investigated at a sawmill in Hampshire, UK. Three repeat trials encompassing the different seasons of the year were carried out over two years. Results show that fungal colonisation of sawn lumber is dependent on the effect of time of year. Sawlogs were stored for different intervals up to 16 weeks before conversion to boards. Boards were then stored for up to 12 weeks after milling and sampled every 4 weeks to determine the effect of timber ageing on fungal colonisation up to 28 weeks after felling. The metabolic activity of wood cells over the period after felling of the original tree was also measured. It was evident that the defacement of boards reached maximum levels after 12 weeks exposure irrespective of seasonal influences. Initial levels of fungal growth on lumber were reduced if the boards were milled from logs stored for a period prior to conversion. Investigations into the metabolic activity of the wood cells revealed significant levels of respiration taking place up to 28 weeks after felling of the original tree including 12 weeks post-conversion into boards. Boards were used to make a nested stack arrangement allowing plastic tanks top be placed in the centre. The tanks contained a sub-sample of the full-size boards in order to investigate insect activity and effects of gammairradiation. A total of 115 insect species representing 16 of the 34 British orders were collected during the trials. Seventy-two percent of these insects were collected from within the stacks of lumber and investigations using sealed tanks containing boards showed that the insects could influence the fungal colonisation of sawn lumber. Despite the relatively short length of the trials, a succession of insect colonisation from fungivores through to predators and detritivores was recorded. Boards, which were sterilised by gamma-irradiation, were preferentially colonised by mould fungi and subsequent internal staining was confined to the outer surface. Trials with short-length billets allowed the wood-colonising ability of selected sapstain fungi to be investigated under controlled conditions following sterilisation by gamma-irradiation or autoclaving, and storage at 30°C and 20°C. Lesion formation in gamma-irradiated tissue was solely due to the fungus potentially conditioning the wood for colonisation. Colonisation studies also revealed that different fungi exhibit different strategies enabling them to infect timber. Pathogenic species demonstrated a relatively fast initial growth rate to establish themselves before triggering any host anti-fungal responses in the wood. The characteristic lesions created in the billets were investigated using light and electron microscopy to reveal hyphal invasion and or/ wood cell modifications. Respiratory activity of the lesions was elucidated using radioactively labelled glucose allowing the metabolic pathways to be ascertained and demonstrated that wood tissue in the apparently healthy regions adjacent to the lesions reacted as if infected. Future work considers the possibility of biocontrol, using insects in combination with gamma-irradiation of sawn lumber and also further investigations into the reaction zones produced by the fungus growing in the wood.

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Ho, Wai-hung Daniel. "Genetic study of lumber disc degeneration". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42841215.

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10

Craig, Bruce A. "Comparison of creep/duration of load performance in bending of Parallam® parallel strand lumber to machine stress rated lumber". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26194.

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A comparison of the creep/duration of load (DOL) performance of a new structural wood composite material called Parallam® parallel strand lumber (PSL) to two grades of machine-stress-rated (HSR) Douglas-fir lumber is presented in this thesis. Evaluation of the creep/DOL performance was made on nominal 2x4 members under constant bending stress at three stress levels. A total of 306 test specimens were evaluated for a 15-1/2 month time period. The analysis suggests that the duration of load effect for Parallam PSL was consistent with the Madison curve for the time period studied while the MSR Douglas-fir lumber was consistent with recent duration of load models developed for structural lumber. The analysis also indicates that the current duration of load adjustment factors can be applied to develop working stresses for Parallam. The creep behaviour of the Parallam PSL was found to be equivalent or better than the two MSR lumber grades under dry-service conditions. Furthermore, evidence of linear viscoelastic behaviour was found for all test materials within the range of applied stresses evaluated. Two mathematical models of creep were fitted to the creep data and compared. A '4-parameter linear viscoelastic' model fitted the creep data better than an empirical 'power curve' model. The model parameters developed provide a basis for estimating the mean creep behaviour and variability in creep response for these materials under in-service load conditions for dry-service environments.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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11

Neff, John Michael. "Organic emissions during oven drying of wood". Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020200/.

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12

Filgueira, Amorim Franca Tamara Suely. "Southern Yellow Pine In-Grade Lumber Evaluation". Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10289581.

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The southern pine species group is the main softwood resource used in the U.S, and the majority of southern pine is used in lumber production. The use of lumber in structural purpose requires feasible strength and stiffness grading method ensuring characteristics allowable stress values. The stiffness and strength of most of southern pine lumber is assessed using visual grading system. The objective of this study was to evaluate a production weighted sample of 2 × 4, 2 × 6, 2 × 8, and 2 × 10 No. 2 grade southern pine lumber collected across its geographic range. The results of this research show a snapshot of the material commercially sold in the southern U.S. region. Over one third of the specimens contained pith, and had an average mean value of 4.6 for number of rings per inch (RPI) and 43.8% for latewood (LW). The overall specific gravity (SG), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were 0.54, 10.1 GPa, and 41.7 MPa, respectively. The allowable design bending strength (F_b) for 2 × 4, 2 × 6, 2 × 8, and 2 × 10 was 11.2, 9.2, 8.1, and 7.1 MPa, respectively. Specimens containing no pith, RPI higher or equal then 4.0, and LW higher or equal then 33.0% were greater in MOE and MOR. The effect of grading controlling characteristics of the material was also studied. The presence of knots had the most significant impact on mechanical properties. Specimens with wane and shake had greater SG, MOE, MOR, F_b values than specimens with others grading controlling characteristics. The mean values found for RPI, LW, and SG met the requirements recommended for southern pine No. 2 lumber. The MOE and F_b values found therein met the previous and the new allowable design value. The results of this research can be used to identify and to select the best variables to improve the prediction of bending properties of visually graded lumber.

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13

Rollins, Lynnette S. "Revised lumber yard cost estimator work sample". Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000rollinsl.pdf.

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14

Terry, Angela M. "Gripped end effect in tensile proof testing dimension lumber". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43057.

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A testing procedure was developed to measure the effectiveness of tension proof testing, given that the gripped ends of the lumber do not fully experience the proof stress during a tension proof test. First the middle portion of each 14-foot 2X6 No 2 KDIS Southern Pine lumber specimen was tension proof tested, as if the pieces were only 10 feet long. Then the pips of the testing machine were moved out so that the entire middle 10-foot, section including the portions that had been gripped during the initial proof test would be fully stressed during a second tension test Some specimens, referred to as falldown, were broken in the second test at a load level below the proof load. This indicates that because of the effect of gripped ends the, initial proof test was ineffective in destroying some pieces of lumber with tension strength below the proof load level. The experimental design and analysis were aimed at validating the Showalter et al. (1987) tensile strength - length effect model as adapted to this specialized problem. Although the model predicted that falldown would occur, it was unable to predict the amounts of falldown subsequent to the amounts of proof-test breakage occurring for a sample of lumber. Through the use of end-grading rules, falldown amounts can be reduced to acceptable levels. A method was proposed for developing end-grading rules and deriving concomitant allowable tension stresses for proof-tested lumber. A significant finding was that the histogram for the tension strength of the surviving end-graded lumber had an abruptly-ending left tail, indicating that there were no severely reduced tension strength values for any of the falldown specimens remaining in the sample.
Master of Science

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15

Higgins, Edward Donald. "The strength of bonded wood strand composites". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30613.

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A method for modelling the strength of bonded wood strands which are oriented principally in one direction is proposed. The hypothesis tested was that strand grain orientation data, fitted to a von Mises probability distribution, could be used in an analysis for estimating the potential tensile strength of an ideally bonded composite. The strand strength, resolved at any loading angle with respect to the principal composite strand orientation axis, was multiplied by the distribution probability at that angle. When integrated over all angles, this product yielded the mathematical expectation of strength for the composite. The model predicted composite strength at off-orientation axis angles and represented the material in two dimensions in an orthotropic fashion. A feature of this research is the use of a parametrically quantified strand orientation level in an algorithm developed to estimate composite strength. A practical number of strand angle readings (100) were taken to characterize each composite. These angle readings defined orientation in terms of a parameter which described composites ranging from random to highly oriented. The model input also required microtensile strength means from samples of strands tested in the longitudinal and radial or tangential directions. Comparisons between the model and actual specific strengths were made at five equally spaced-composite principal axis load angles from 0 to 90 degrees. Both tensile and flexural tests were performed to evaluate the model. The evaluations were designated in terms of resin content, distribution, and droplet size. These variables were studied using colorimetry and computerized image analysis. Composite density profiles through the specimens' thickness were obtained from direct reading x-ray densitometry. Composites made of juvenile trembling aspen, red alder, red cedar, mature lodgepole pine and yellow birch were studied. Assumptions concerning wood shear strength and strand length/thickness ratio were discussed in the interpretation of an overlapping strand stress-transfer model. This led to the definition of failure criteria based on stress transfer. A trial of orientation modelling in elasticity estimation was made and a random function model of composite elasticity based on laminated plate theory is outlined in a supplementary proposal for further research. The simplified algorithm for the strength of aligned.wood strand composites provides design targets for reconstituted high strength strand lumber and panel products of the future.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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16

Dougherty, Colin. "Improving lumber recovery of low-quality hardwoods via finger-jointing technologies". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10281.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79).

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Brown, David W. "Why governments fail to capture economic rent : the unofficial appropriation of rain forest rent by rulers in insular southeast Asia between 1970-1999 /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10754.

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18

Syron, William Donald. "Strain Rate-Dependent Behavior of Laminated Strand Lumber". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2010. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SyronWD2010.pdf.

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19

Shahverdi, Mahdi. "Kiln drying optimization for quality hem-fir lumber". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56286.

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Western hemlock is a dominant coastal species in British Columbia, Canada. This species is commonly marketed with amabilis fir as Pacific Coast Hemlock or hem-fir. Hem-fir is difficult to dry, mostly because of the existence of wetwood and large initial moisture content variation. The dried lumber will likely end up with a large final moisture content difference resulting in increased drying defects and decreased lumber quality and factory productivity. In this study, application of green chain moisture-based sorting coupled with drying schedule modifications were considered as ways to improve final moisture content variation within and between kiln dried hem-fir lumber. There were two research phases. The first (without sorting), aimed to develop a modified drying schedule whereas in the second, the developed schedule was used along with a standard industrial schedule. Additionally, there was a green moisture content pre-sorting component in the second phase where freshly cut specimens were sorted based on their initial moisture content into three groups, i.e., mixed, low, and high moisture. To assess the specimen kiln dried quality, final moisture content variation, moisture content gradient, drying rate, warp, surface and internal checks, shrinkage, and casehardening were assessed. Data analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the drying runs in terms of final moisture content variation, except in the high initial moisture content group. High initial moisture content sorting helped to reduce the final moisture content variation. The modified schedule, when there was a high initial moisture content sorting, also improved the uniformity of final moisture content in comparison to the industrial schedule. Moreover, neither the moisture sorting nor the drying schedule did affect the final moisture content variation for the low and mixed initial moisture content groups. Therefore, the green moisture-based pre-sorting was statistically effective just in the sorted group with high initial moisture content and where the modified schedule was used.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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20

Lynch, Robert W. "The Canada-United States trade in softwood lumber". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4231.

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The thesis examines a long-standing North American trade dispute. At the centre of the conflict is the allegation by the U.S. softwood lumber industry that low provincial government stumpage fees constitute a subsidy to the Canadian softwood lumber industry. The thesis evaluates the subsidy allegation in the context of the British Columbia forest sector. The amount of Ricardin rent captured by the B.C. forest industry is decisive evidence leading to the conclusion that there is no provincial government subsidy to the softwood lumber industry. The argument is supported by evidence that lower stumpage fees in British Columbia only compensate for high costs in other areas of production. The outcome of the softwood lumber dispute is of critical importance to Canada.

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21

Chuo, Terence Chung Biau. "Fire Performance of Connections in Laminated Veneer Lumber". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1131.

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The embedment strength of timber with respect to exposure temperature has not been widely studied. Some studies have suggested that the timber totally loses its embedment strength when the timber temperature reaches 300℃. This research concentrates on the embedment strength study of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) timber product exposed to elevated temperatures up to 250℃ using singly bolted connections. Experiments showed that the embedment strength of LVL decreased at a constant rate from 0.08 kN/mm² to 0.025 kN/mm² once the bolt temperature increased from ambient conditions. The embedment strength was then assumed to remain at strength of 0.025 kN/mm² as the bolt temperature continues to increase from 120℃. The difference between the estimated failure load based on Johansen's Equations and the experimental failure load for the connections tested under fire conditions was less than 30%. The estimation was based on bolt strength reduction using NZS 3404, the experimental charring rate and the experimental embedment strength. The predicted failure mode agreed with experimental for all types of connection.

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22

Swiatlo, Jeffrey A. "Analysis of shear damage to southern pine lumber". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53188.

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This study was conducted as a second part in the shear damage research project at Virginia Tech. The objectives were to verify the results obtained by Gallagher (1984) in the first study under normal mill operations as well as develop a method to compare and evaluate the extent of shear damage in relation to other defects present in southern pine lumber. This was accomplished through two sawmill studies and two kiln cart surveys performed in different geographic locations. Visible indicators such as stump-pull that are used to determine shear damage extent are often misleading. Stump-pull, used as a scaling deduction for shear damage, does not fully determine the extent of shear damage present. Shatter is often present in greater amounts over the cross section of the butt of the log. The recommendation of six inches of butt trim that was determined to minimize value losses in the first study is supported by the results obtained in this research. A trim of six inches removed 94 to 99 percent of shear damage in this study. Defects other than shear damage were present on dried and surfaced lumber. Drying checks and splits along with shake were often observed on the lumber ends. These defects often extend further up on the lumber ends, past the seven inch simulated trim. Shake was determined to be the limiting defect. Shatter, in the absence of shake, was determined to be limiting. Kiln cart surveys conducted at mills that utilize a large percentage of sheared logs can be an inexpensive and effective tool to enable mill personnel to determine the extent of shear damage in relation to other defects present on lumber ends based on green trim already taken.
Master of Science

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23

Hansen, Eric. "Empirically derived dimensions of quality for softwood lumber". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37255.

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Quality perceptions of three major softwood lumber consumers: wood treaters, truss manufacturers, and home centers were investigated to determine their definition of softwood lumber quality. Data was gathered through a mail survey of buyers in each of the three groups. In total, 867 responses were received. Respondents rated the importance of product and service characteristics to quality. These characteristics were based on dimensions of product quality developed by Garvin (1984) and dimensions of service quality developed by Parasuraman et aI. (1988). A total of 80 product and service quality characteristics were assembled to represent, or measure, twelve dimensions of total product quality. Analysis indicated that the twelve dimension model, derived from previous work, was not applicable to softwood dimension lumber. Thus, exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the underlying dimensions of quality and a five dimension model resulted. The dimensions, ranked in order of importance, were: Lumber Characteristics, Supplier/Salesperson Characteristics, Lumber Performance, Supplier Services, and Supplier Facilities. These findings share few similarities with past research. In fact, they suggest that the concept of quality as a higher order abstract (i.e., dimensions of quality are similar regardless of product) may be flawed. Respondent groups differed in the importance they placed on three of the five dimensions. No difference in importance levels were found for Supplier/Salesperson Characteristics and Lumber Characteristics. However, truss manufacturers perceived Lumber Performance to be more important than treaters or home centers and Supplier Services was perceived to be more important by home centers than the other two groups. Finally, Supplier Facilities was perceived to be most important by treaters. Data gathered in a follow-up questionnaire indicated that the model developed in this study was understood by buyers of softwood lumber and that they buy from suppliers who perform well on dimensions of quality. Buyers also indicated that they pay more for better quality lumber and better service. This evidence indicates that suppliers of softwood dimension lumber can differentiate themselves based on quality and in tum command a higher price. Given these findings, strategies for utilizing quality, and the model developed in this study, to gain competitive advantage are discussed.
Ph. D.

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24

Boakye-Yiadom, Kaleem. "Selected anatomical, extractive and physical wood properties of Cylicodiscus gabunensis (Harm) : a tropical timber species /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036806.

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Daniels, Jean M. "An economic assessment of the lumber manufacturing sector in western Washington /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5456.

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26

Haraldsson, Kjell. "Tradition, regional specialisering och industriell utveckling sågverksindustrin i Gävleborgs län /". Uppsala : Academiae Ubsaliensis : Distribution, Kulturgeografiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22183323.html.

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27

Cai, Yanling. "Statistical methods for relating strength properties of dimensional lumber". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54404.

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We present a novel approach for predicting one lumber strength property from another, each being measured destructively. The objective is to reduce the cost of lumber monitoring programs, by measuring one of the properties and predicting the other. To reach the objective, we review single proof load design (SPLD) proposed to assess dependence between two jointly normally distributed random variables X and Y that cannot be observed simultaneously. The SPLD tests specimens in one mode X up to a determined load (proof loading), and the survivors are tested to failure in a second mode Y. To resolve the near non--identifiability of parameters in the SPLD approach, we construct a penalty function based on a Bayesian power prior to regularize the parameters. Simulation studies of the penalized approach suggest redesigning the SPLD for improving the estimation performance. The new design, a rediscovery, assigns specimens to one of the two groups: SPLD and shoulder. The shoulder group tests specimens to failure in the Y mode. The SPLD with a shoulder approach results in a more accurate and precise estimate. To quantify damage caused by proof loading lumber specimens, we use the maximum likelihood method to estimate theoretical quantiles of the strength distribution using a sample from a SPLD with a shoulder experiment with a low proof load level. The comparison between those estimated theoretical quantiles and empirical quantiles of the proof load survivors reveals the damage at higher proof load levels. Using our experimental data on manufactured lumber, we find low and high proof load levels leave survivors undamaged, but intermediate load levels do damage weaker survivors. We generalize the SPLD with a shoulder approach to incorporate proof load damage, and thus finally provide a method for estimating the X-Y dependence when damage occurs. This generalized approach is applied on our experimental data to estimate the relationship between bending and log--transformed tension. The high correlation found in our application suggests that if there is a need to verify the two strength properties, only one of them needs to be measured and the other is predicted from the measured strength.
Science, Faculty of
Statistics, Department of
Graduate

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28

van, Dyk Hermanus H. "Ultrasonic Evalutation of Defects and Moisture Content of Lumber". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/vanDykHH2004.pdf.

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29

Vadeboncoeur, Natalie Ivonne. "Two-dimensional separate-sided surface height profiling of lumber". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/780.

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Raw material accounts for a large proportion (approximately 75 percent) of a sawmill’s operating costs. However, about 15 percent of raw material ends up as low valued sawdust and planer shavings due to inaccurate cutting. Sizable financial benefits can be realized through maximizing conversion of raw material into valuable solid wood. Advanced process control in a sawmill can help achieve straighter cuts closer to final product dimensions and reduce loss of valuable raw material. A novel and practical method for enhanced process control in a sawmill is presented. A laser arrangement consisting of industrial point and line scanners is used to obtain a surface profile of the entire (two-dimensional) top and bottom surfaces of a lumber board. Each surface profile is independent of the other and free of data contamination caused by relative motions between the measured surface and sensors. Point scanners and line scanners simultaneously record 1-D and 2-D height data, respectively, along the length of the board. One-dimensional height data are used to identify relative motions through a mathematical technique based on linear inverse theory. Subtracting relative motion information from raw line scanner data provides an accurate 2-D surface profile. A second line scanner placed below the board can be used to obtain a separate 2-D profile of the bottom lumber surface. Separate-sided profiling is advantageous because typically a different saw or machine mills each side of a board. Thus, knowing the surface profile of each side of a board is crucial not only in diagnosing a deficiency in the milling process but also in determining the location of this deficiency. Results demonstrate that two-dimensional surface profiling can identify common surface defects such as step, washboard and knot tear-out with an accuracy of 0.3mm. Reproduction of each surface is rapid (approximately 0.2 seconds) and stable.

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30

Lau, Puong Hock. "Fire Resistance of Connections in Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1089.

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The fire resistance of timber connections is relatively unknown in the construction and design industries even though they are widely used. This research focuses on the fire resistance of nailed, screwed, bolted and self-drilling doweled connections in laminated veneer lumber (LVL) timber. These connections have been found to have high strength under cold or normal temperature but hardly achieved 30 minutes fire rating in the furnace tests. To establish the performance of connections, an investigation was carried out on the compressive strength of connections by having compressive tests using an Instron Testing Machine. Similar connections were tested at simulated fire conditions under constant load in a custom-built furnace. The different fasteners used and the arrangement of the connections gave different connection strengths at ambient and elevated temperature.

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31

Adhikari, Sailesh. "Assessment of Cross Laminated Timber Markets for Hardware Lumber". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103013.

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Abstract (sommario):

The goal of this study was to assess the potential of using hardwood lumber in CLT manufacturing. The goal was achieved by addressing four specific objectives. The first objective was to collect CLT manufacturers' perspectives for using hardwood lumber in the current manufacturing setup. The second objective was to determine hardwood sawmills' current ability to produce structural grade lumber (SGHL) from low value logs as a product mix through a survey of hardwood lumber producers in the US. The third objective was to conduct a log yield study of SGHL production from yellow poplar (YP) logs to produce 6'' and 8'' width SGHL to match the PRG 320 requirements. The fourth objective was to determine CLTs' production cost using SGHL and compared it with the CLTs manufactured from southern yellow pine (SYP). The results suggest that all three CLT industries visited and interviewed had sufficient technology to produce hardwood CLTs. The production of hardwood CLTs was mainly limited by the quality and quantity of lumber available. The hardwood sawmill survey results indicated that, currently, less than 10% of the sawmills had all the resources required to produce SGHL. The current ability of the sawmills was measured based on the resources necessary to begin SGHL production. Forty percent of the sawmills would require an investment in sawing technology to saw SGHL, 70% would require employing a certified lumber grader, and 80% would require a planer to surface lumber. Another significant finding was the sawmills' willingness to collaborate with other sawmills and lumber manufacturers. More than 50% of sawmills were open to potential collaboration with other stakeholders if necessary, which is crucial to commercializing SGHL for a new market. The log yield study of yellow poplar helped demonstrate that the mixed grade lumber production method to convert lumber from lower quality zones as SGHL yields higher lumber volume for sawmills and at the same time reduces lower-grade lumber volume. On average, SGHL production increased lumber volume by more than 6% compared to only NHLA grade lumber production when 65% of the lumber was converted to SGHL. The volume of lower lumber grades from 2 common and below decreased from an average of 85% to less than 30% when producing SGHL as a product mix with NHLA grade lumber. This study observed more than 95% of SGHL as Number 3 and better lumber grades. At estimated lumber value, 2x6 and 2x8 SGHL and NHLA grade lumber production as product mix from a log generate higher revenue for all log groups except for the diameter 13" logs. A lower percentage of higher-grade lumber was observed for diameter 13’’ logs than other log groups from this experiment, which resulted in lower revenue. Production cost of CLTs was determined based on the lumber value to manufacture 40' x 10' plain panels with different combinations by lumber grade of yellow poplar and southern yellow pine lumber alone. Production cost was determined by assuming that lumber value contributes 40% of CLTs' total production cost. The 3- ply CLT panels were manufactured using S. Selects lumber in a major direction, and No 1-grade lumber in the minor direction from YP had a production cost of $662.56 per cubic meter, which cost only $643.10 when SYP lumber was used at referenced lumber value. This study concludes that CLT panels from YP cost 3-7 % more than SYP-CLTs at the referenced lumber values.
Ph.D.
This research aims to expand the hardwood lumber consumption in the US by evaluating the opportunity to manufacture cross-laminated timber (CLTs). First, CLT manufacturing industries were visited to know their current capacity to process hardwood lumber. The results suggest that all three CLT industries had sufficient technology to produce hardwood CLTs, and the production was mainly limited by the quality and quantity of lumber available. Commercially hardwood can be used in CLT manufacturing if it can be used for structural application. Hardwood lumber must meet the structural application's minimum requirements to manufacture the structural grade CLTs, so we surveyed the hardwood sawmills to know if they have the required resources to manufacture the structural grade hardwood lumber (SGHL). Only ten percent of the sawmills had required technology to produce SGHL without additional investments. Production of the SGHL also required to generate more revenue for the hardwood sawmills, so we conducted the log yield study to know how the revenue structure of sawmill operation will change from the mixed grade lumber production. At estimated lumber value, 2x6 and 2x8 SGHL and 1-inch National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) grade lumber production as product mix from logs generate higher revenue for all log groups except for the diameter 13" logs. Finally, the production cost of SGHL from the log yield study was evaluated and used to produce CLTs at 40% production cost from lumber at 15% profit margins for sawmills and compare with southern yellow pines CLTs. The results indicate that yellow poplar CLTs cost 3-7 % more than southern yellow pines CLTs at the referenced lumber values. This study concludes that hardwood lumber can be used in CLT manufacturing, so there is an opportunity for hardwood sawmills to expand the market. The first step for commercial production of hardwood CLTs is to produce SGHL on a commercial scale, given that sawmills can benefit from these new products in the current lumber market and meet the minimum requirements of the CLT raw materials.

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32

Alderman, Delton R. Jr. "An Investigation into Attitudes towards Recycling CCA Treated Lumber". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27506.

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This research examines the effects of evaluations, beliefs, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the contractor's decision intention to recover used CCA lumber. The purpose of this research was to determine the factors that affect recovery. This research proposes that a contractorâ s decision intention to recover is affected by evaluations, beliefs, subjective norms, and perceived barriers to recovery. The study included a mail questionnaire that was sent to over 2,800 contractors. The questionnaire was used to collect both demographic data and an evaluation of the factors believed to affect the recovery of CCA treated lumber. Data was collected primarily through the mail survey, where participants rated the factors believed to affect the recovery of spent CCA lumber. Extrapolation indicates that nearly 2.4 million cubic meters of treated lumber were removed in 1999 from the demolition of decks. It was also discerned that only two of the respondents recovered used CCA lumber on a full-time basis. Additionally, there appears to be a lack of knowledge regarding the chemical components of CCA treated lumber, the proper disposal methods, and handling of the product. This has profound strategic implications for not only the wood treating industry but other industries as well. The second phase of the research utilized ordinary least squares regression and a structural equation modeling program to model the factors concerning the contractors' decision intention to recover. The findings indicate that contractor beliefs and components of perceived behavioral control are the primary drivers in the contractor's decision intention to recover. Regarding beliefs, the findings indicate that contractors have a minimal belief that the recovery of the CCA lumber is necessary. This indicates that a marketing communications program should be developed to address the necessity and benefits of recovery. Recovery facilities and programs were found to be nonexistent and will have to be developed in order to facilitate recovery. Concerning programs, the overwhelming response was that some type of financial incentive would have to be incorporated to initiate recovery. In conjunction with the development of programs, recovery facilities will have to be developed that are convenient for the contractor to dispose of the used lumber.
Ph. D.

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33

Shepley, Brian Patrick. "Simulating Optimal Part Yield from No. 3A Common Lumber". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36226.

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Abstract (sommario):

The percentage of low-grade material composing the annual hardwood lumber production in the U.S. is on the rise. As a result, finding markets for low-grade and low-value lumber has been identified as a top priority by researchers and industry associations. Computer simulation has been used by the manufacturing industry for several decades as a decision support tool. Simulation programs are commonly used and relied on by researchers and the industry alike to conduct research on various aspects of the rough mill from processing to recovery efficiency. This research used the ROMI-RIP and ROMI-CROSS simulation programs to determine specific conditions that led to optimal part yield when processing No. 3A Common, 4/4-thickness, kiln-dried, red oak lumber in rip-first and crosscut-first operations. Results of the simulations indicated that cutting bills with narrow part widths and short part lengths are conducive to obtaining optimal part yield while processing No. 3A Common lumber. Furthermore, it was found that as the percent of No. 3A Common lumber in a grade mix increases, part yields and sawing efficiencies decrease. The results also indicated that higher part yields will be obtained when processing short-length No. 3A Common lumber between 6 and 8 feet in length.
Master of Science

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34

Leonard, Henry Taylor. "Time-Based Manufacturing System Design for Softwood Lumber Production". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35860.

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Abstract (sommario):

Manufacturing industries in the United States continue to experience increasing pressure from foreign competition. Through decreasing product lead time, U.S. manufacturers can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Southern yellow pine manufacturing is an example of an industry that can benefit from product lead time reduction. This project involved a case study of a southern yellow pine lumber manufacturer. Value stream mapping was used to evaluate the current lead time for the lumber manufacturer as well as design future state systems. Current state evaluation discovered an average lead time of 35.3 days according to six months of inventory data. Four future state systems were developed according to current demand and had lead times ranging from 10.8 to 14.9 days. Lead time reduction was achieved through more closely synchronizing and planing operations with sawmill output. To illustrate the impact of lead time on financial performance, the amount of capital invested in inventory was evaluated for the current state value stream as well as the future state value streams. All of the future state capital inventory requirements were less than 50 percent of the current state capital inventory requirement. Implementation of future state value streams would allow the manufacturer to benefit from having more available capital. This research project also investigated the use of pull production at the softwood lumber manufacturing operation. Effective implementation of pull production would require improving headrig optimization programs, presorting material by grade before drying, little or no drying degrade, and reducing both drying and cooling time. Due to the technological requirements of pull production in lumber manufacturing, the system was not currently feasible for the lumber manufacturer. Future research efforts should be directed towards creating the technology necessary to economically implement pull production in the softwood sawmill industry.
Master of Science

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35

Harrison, S. Kate. "Comparison of Shear Modulus Test Methods". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31772.

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Abstract (sommario):

This research compared the results of three tests: ASTM D 198 torsion, ASTM D 198 three-point bending and the five-point bending test (FPBT) using machine-stress-rated (MSR) lumber and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) to determine if the shear properties evaluated by the different test methods were equivalent. Measured E:G ratios were also compared to the E:G ratio of 16:1 commonly assumed for structural wooden members.

The average shear moduli results showed significant differences between the three test methods. For both material types, the shear moduli results determined from the two standard test methods (ASTM D 198 three-point bending and torsion), both of which are presently assumed to be equivalent, were significantly different.

Most average E:G ratios from the two material types and three test methods showed differences from the E:G ratio of 16:1 commonly assumed for structural wooden members. The average moduli of elasticity results for both material types were not significantly different. Therefore, the lack of significant difference between moduli of elasticity terms indicates that differences between E:G ratios are due to the shear modulus terms.

This research has shown differences in shear moduli results of the three test types (ASTM D 198 torsion, ASTM D 198 three-point bending, and the FPBT). Differences in the average E:G ratios per material and test type were also observed.
Master of Science

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36

Finkenbinder, David Edward. "An Experimental Investigation of Structural Composite Lumber Loaded by a Dowel in Perpendicular to Grain Orientation at Yield and Capacity". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35055.

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Abstract (sommario):

The research summarized by this thesis was comprised of an experimental analysis of beams loaded perpendicular to grain at midspan by a bolted double-shear laterally-loaded connection. Connection specimens were loaded monotonically until capacity was reached. Variables of consideration included the loaded edge distance of the connection main member, the span:depth ratio of the main member, and the main member material. Southern pine machine-stress-rated (MSR) lumber, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL) were the three material types included in the program. Experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions from three models: the yield theory-based general dowel equations, which are currently the standard for laterally-loaded connection design in the U.S., and two models based upon fracture mechanics. All material property inputs required by the three models, were measured in the experimental program of this research and used to produce theoretical predictions. Comparisons were also made with respect to design values in the form of calculated factors of safety, over-strengths, and design factors of safety. Test results and observed trends are provided for all connection and material property tests. Notable trends included failure by splitting for all connections at low loaded edge distances, and variable span:depth ratios generally having a negligible effect on both connection and model performance. In most cases, the general dowel equations were more accurate than the two fracture models, however it should be noted that all three models over-predicted connection capacity at low loaded edge distances.
Master of Science

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37

McGee, Brian Gerard. "A time-based computer controlled dry kiln system". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90975.

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A computer controlled dry kiln system, designed and assembled at Virginia Tech, was used in a comparison study of end check damage and acoustic emission count rate for red oak wood samples using two variations of a drying schedule based upon a standard 4/4 red oak drying schedule (T4D2). Time was the controlling variable for the system. In run A, the lumber samples were dried using eight large step changes in temperature and relative humidity. In run B, a similar charge was dried over the same time period using 48 smaller step changes in temperature and relative humidity. The lumber samples that were dried with the schedule featuring large changes in temperature and relative humidity suffered much more extensive end check damage than the wood samples dried with a schedule employing smaller changes in temperature and humidity. The acoustic emission count rate data were not recorded in the final tests due to equipment malfunction. Acoustic emission count rate data recorded from preliminary drying runs indicated that the acoustic emission count rate from a sample board increases with large changes in the ambient air temperature and relative humidity. It then decreases to zero as the wood surfaces achieve an equilibrium state. The automated kiln control system performed successfully.
M.S.

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38

Benac, David T. "This land is all terrible rough : a history of access to forest resources in Carter County, Missouri /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3099609.

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39

Regalado, Carmen de Castro. "Optimization of edging and trimming operations for red oak lumber". Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020208/.

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40

Yoder, Jonathan Keith. "The effects of spotted owl litigation on national lumber markets". Thesis, Montana State University, 1994. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1994/yoder/YoderJ1994.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spotted Owl litigation has led to substantial fluctuations in Pacific Northwest public timber availability from 1987 to the present. A theoretical and two distinct empirical models using monthly data are developed to understand and test the potential of this litigation to affect the national market for lumber. The results of an econometric framework indicate that Northwest public timber fluctuations have affected the Northwest lumber industry, but provide no evidence that the effects are felt in other regions of the United States. A time-series approach indicates that the Northwest lumber market is affected by these timber fluctuations, and that regional lumber markets are interdependent, but again, there is no direct evidence that Northwest public timber fluctuations have affected the lumber markets of other regions. Using each of these empirical frameworks, intervention analysis is performed to test the significance of individual litigation events on regional lumber markets. Econometric-model intervention results provide no evidence to suggest that individual litigation events have influenced these markets, but time-series intervention results suggest that lumber prices may have been influenced by some of the litigation in question.

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41

Prevost, Bradley Jean. "Detection of ambrosia beetle holes in lumber using machine vision". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0007/MQ45359.pdf.

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42

Van, Zeeland Ineke Maria. "Modelling of dimension lumber in axial compression at elevated temperatures". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57752.pdf.

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43

Ardalany, Manoochehr. "Analysis and design of Laminated Veneer Lumber beams with holes". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7674.

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Abstract (sommario):

Timber has experienced new interest as a building material in recent times. Although traditionally in New Zealand it has been the main choice for residential construction, with recently introduced engineered wood products like Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), the use of timber has developed to other sectors like commercial, industrial, and multi-story buildings. The application of timber in office and commercial buildings poses some challenges with requirements for long span timber beams yet with holes to pass services. The current construction practice with timber is not properly suited for the aforementioned types of structures. There has been significant progress in designing timber structures since the introduction of timber codes like NZ3603-Timber Structures Standard; however, there are still a number of problems such as holes in beams not being addressed in the code. Experimental and numerical investigation is required to address the problem properly. In Europe, there have been a few attempts to address the problem of cutting holes and strength reduction because of holes/penetrations in glulam beams. However, LVL has not received much attention due to smaller production and use. While other researchers are focusing on glulam beams with holes, this research is targeting LVL beams with holes. This thesis extends existing knowledge on LVL beams with holes and reinforcement around the holes through experimental tests and numerical analysis. An experimental program on LVL specimens has been performed to indicate the material properties of interest that will be used in the analysis and design chapters through whole of the thesis. A wide-ranging experimental program was also performed on beams with holes, and beams with reinforcement around the holes. The experimental program pushes forward existing methods of testing by measuring the load in the reinforcement

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44

Espinoza, Omar A. "Developing an Evaluation Program for Lumber Drying Operations in Bolivia". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32375.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Bolivian forest products industry has experienced substantial growth during the last ten years. Exports of value-added products have largely replaced logs and green lumber, and raw materials for wood products have shifted to lesser used species. Important investment has taken place in lumber drying capacity, which unfortunately was not always accompanied by sound drying practices. Several non-governmental organizations, with U.S. financial aid, are currently supporting the industry with technical assistance. This project assists these efforts by assembling much needed information regarding lumber drying, and providing tools for performance measurement of drying practices. A survey was conducted among Bolivian companies to determine lumber drying capacity, technology and practices. Results showed a total drying capacity of 6,104,250 board feet in 167 kilns. Technology and practices used are highly variable. Thirty six percent of kilns are home-made, and 59% are European commercial brands. Upon completion of the survey, a set of analytical tools was developed and tested in six Bolivian firms. These tools were designed to systematically evaluate lumber drying operations and formulate actions for improvement. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) during storage, manufacturing and shipping was monitored in plants located in three Bolivian cities and inside containerized shipments of wood products. Findings showed differences between EMC and lumber moisture content from -1% to 7%. Differences between EMC inside dry-lumber storage and processing facilities varied between 0% and 3.6% and were greatly influenced by facility configuration. Climate during shipment of wood products largely depended on packaging materials and methods, which attenuate sharp changes in ambient conditions. Monthly values for outdoor EMC for the main cities of Bolivia were calculated based on historic weather data and are reported.
Master of Science

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45

Van, Zeeland Ineke Maria 1968 Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Modelling of dimension lumber in axial compression at elevated temperatures". Ottawa.:, 2000.

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46

Scheepers, Gerhardus C. "Liquid water flow and discolouration of wood during kiln drying /". Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1189.

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47

Brodie, Graham. "Microwave timber heating and its application to solar drying /". Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000971.

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48

Driscole, Robert E. "Employment opportunities and skills necessary for entry-level employment in the timber industry". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3304.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 35 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21).

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49

Trask, Keith Matthew. "Management Styles of Lumber Mill Managers in the Northern United States". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TraskKM2008.pdf.

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50

Fitouhi, Mohamed Chahir. "Cycle time in the lumber industry supply chain : diagnostics and analysis". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24135/24135.pdf.

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