Articoli di riviste: "Long term goal"

1

Rifai, Ahmed K., e Joseph O. Pecenka. "Goal achievement through goal programming: Short versus long term". Engineering Costs and Production Economics 10, n. 2 (giugno 1986): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(86)90009-1.

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Rifai, Ahmed K., e Joseph O. Pecenka. "Goal achievement through goal programming: Short versus long term". Engineering Costs and Production Economics 10, n. 1 (marzo 1986): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-188x(86)90036-4.

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Tenenbaum, Gershon, Saadia Pinchas, Gabi Elbaz, Michael Bar-Eli e Robert Weinberg. "Effect of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Muscular Endurance Performance: A Replication and Extension". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, n. 2 (giugno 1991): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.2.174.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the literature on the relationship between goal specificity, goal proximity, and performance by using high school students and attempting to control for the effects of social comparison. Subjects (N=214) in Experiment 1 were randomly assigned to one of five goal-setting conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) long-term goals, (c) short- plus long-term goals,(d) do-your-best goals, and (e) no goals. After a 3-week baseline period, subjects were tested once a week on the 3-minute sit-up over the course of the 10-week experimental period. Results indicated that the short- plus long-term group exhibited the greatest increase in performance although the short-term and long-term groups also displayed significant improvements. In Experiment 2, a short- plus long-term group was compared against a do-your-best group. Results again revealed a significant improvement in performance for the combination-goal group whereas the do-your-best group did not display any improvement.

4

Gore, Jonathan S., e Susan E. Cross. "Pursuing goals for us: Relationally autonomous reasons in long-term goal pursuit." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90, n. 5 (2006): 848–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.848.

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Woolley, Kaitlin, e Ayelet Fishbach. "Immediate Rewards Predict Adherence to Long-Term Goals". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, n. 2 (29 novembre 2016): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216676480.

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People primarily pursue long-term goals, such as exercising, to receive delayed rewards (e.g., improved health). However, we find that the presence of immediate rewards is a stronger predictor of persistence in goal-related activities than the presence of delayed rewards. Specifically, immediate rewards (e.g., enjoyment) predicted current persistence at New Year’s resolutions whereas delayed rewards did not (Study 1). Furthermore, immediate rewards predicted persistence in a single session of studying and exercising whereas delayed rewards did not, even though people report primarily pursuing these activities for delayed rewards (Studies 2 and 3). This is true for both short (1 week) and long (3 month) time frames (Study 4), and regardless of whether anticipated or materialized rewards are assessed (Study 5). Overall, whereas delayed rewards may motivate goal setting and the intentions to pursue long-term goals, a meta-analysis of our studies finds that immediate rewards are more strongly associated with actual persistence in a long-term goal.

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Weinberg, Robert, Lawrence Bruya e Allen Jackson. "The Effects of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Endurance Performance". Journal of Sport Psychology 7, n. 3 (settembre 1985): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.296.

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The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: to determine if subjects who set specific difficult goals perform significantly better than those who set "do your best" goals, and to examine the importance of goal proximity on the performance of the 3-minute sit-up test. Two experiments were conducted, and subjects (N = 96) in both were matched on ability and then randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) long-term goals, (c) short-term plus long-term goals, and (d) "do your best" goals. They were tested once a week for either 5 weeks (Experiment 1) or 3 weeks (Experiment 2). Subjects in the short-term goal condition had weekly sit-up goals, whereas those in the long-term goal condition had only an end goal Performance results from both experiments revealed no significant between-group difference. Questionnaire data indicated that all subjects tried hard, were committed to their goals, and were ego-involved. Manipulation checks revealed, however, that subjects from all conditions were setting their own goals in addition to their experimenter-set goal. Other possible explanations for the lack of differences are couched in the nature of the subject population and the nature of the task.

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Hilmer, Frederick G. "Implementing a Long-Term Goal: Lessons from Business". Australian Quarterly 66, n. 2 (1994): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635771.

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Marwick, C. "Health plan accountability still a long-term goal". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 276, n. 1 (3 luglio 1996): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.276.1.10.

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Marwick, Charles. "Health Plan Accountability Still a Long-term Goal". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 276, n. 1 (3 luglio 1996): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540010012005.

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Sun, Greg. "Exploring the use of goal proximity by Olympic athletes: A preliminary study". International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 9, n. 3 (12 settembre 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2033.

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An athlete’s 4-year Olympic preparation cycle requires systematic planning involving the use of short- and long-term goals. These goals provide athletes with increased motivation, persistence, effort and direction in their goal pursuit. Short-term goals can be viewed as steppingstones towards the long-term goals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the use of short- and long-term goals by Olympic athletes. A qualitative design was used, with semi-structured interviews as the major data source. Participants were purposefully sampled from a typically understudied sports population. Four male Olympians, representing swimming and athletics, shared their experiences about how and why they set and used short- and long-term goals. The athletes spent an average of 11.3 years training and competing at the elite level. Findings revealed that winning a national championship and competing at the Olympic Games were their major long-term goals. Furthermore, these goals did not change during their athletic career. Short-term goals were primarily set to learn, develop and improve their skills/techniques that would allow them to reach their ultimate goals. Major competitive events (e.g. national championships, Pan Am Games, Olympic Games) dictated how they planned these goals. The findings also support previous research suggesting the use of both short and long-term goals. Coaches and young athletes can use the information provided to plan their sports goals. Future research should investigate the goal setting practices of team versus individual sport Olympic athletes.

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Bar-Eli, Michael, Ilan Hartman e Noa Levy-Kolker. "Using Goal Setting to Improve Physical Performance of Adolescents with Behavior Disorders: The Effect of Goal Proximity". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 11, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.11.1.86.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate the relationship between goal proximity and performance. Goal setting was used as a motivational technique for enhancing physical performance of adolescents with behavior disorders. Subjects (N = 80) were randomly assigned to one of two goal-setting conditions: (a) long-term goals and (b) short- plus long-term goals. After a 3-week baseline period, subjects were tested on a 1-min sit-up task once a week for 10 weeks. Results indicated that the short- plus long-term group exhibited the greatest increase in performance, although the long-term group also displayed significant improvements. Results are discussed in reference to Locke and Latham’s (1985) approach to goal setting. In addition, several methodological and theoretical aspects are discussed that are particularly relevant to the use of goal setting with physical activity tasks among persons with disabilities such as behavior disorders.

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Locke, Edwin A., e Gary P. Latham. "The Application of Goal Setting to Sports". Journal of Sport Psychology 7, n. 3 (settembre 1985): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.205.

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Studies of goal setting both in organizations and the laboratory have found that (a) specific, difficult goals lead to better performance than vague or easy goals; (b) short-term goals can facilitate the achievement of long-term goals; (c) goals affect performance by affecting effort, persistence, and direction of attention, and by motivating strategy development; (d) feedback regarding progress is necessary for goal setting to work; and (e) goals must be accepted if they are to affect performance. The implications of these findings for athletics are discussed. Ten hypotheses, based on previous research, are offered regarding the effects of goal setting in sports. In addition, suggestions are made regarding the following: setting goals for both practice and game situations; setting goals for different elements of athletic skill as well as for strength and stamina; using goals to increase self-confidence; using short-term goals to help attain long-term performance goals; improving performance by increasing task difficulty independently of goal difficulty; and obtaining goal acceptance and commitment in sports.

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Teper, Thomas H., e Beth Kraemer. "Long-term Retention of Electronic Theses and Dissertations". College & Research Libraries 63, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2002): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.63.1.61.

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This paper examines the increasing trend of universities to pursue electronic thesis and dissertation (ETD) programs. Although the goal of most programs is similar, procedural variations impact a program’s long-term success. As primary research generators, responsibility for providing long-term access to unique materials must be borne by universities. However, this responsibility is in conflict with many ETD program goals, such as increased access and ease of production.

14

Vuckovich, Paula K. "Compliance versus adherence in serious and persistent mental illness". Nursing Ethics 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009352047.

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Failure to follow prescribed treatment has devastating consequences for those who are seriously and persistently mentally ill. Nurses, therefore, try to get clients to take psychotropic medication on a long-term basis. The goal is either compliance or adherence. Although current nursing literature has abandoned the term compliance because of its implications of coercion, in psychiatric nursing practice with patients suffering from serious long-term mental illness compliance and adherence are in fact different goals. The ideal goal is adherence, which requires the patient to be an active participant in the team. This goal is consistent with nurses’ ethical values, but for such patients this is frequently unrealistic. If the person is severely psychotic, treatment may be involuntary and the goal compliance. Psychiatric nurses participate in involuntary treatment and thus should acknowledge the ethical implications of compliance as a goal and not obscure the issue by calling compliance adherence.

15

Boyce, Barbara Ann. "The Effects of Goal Proximity on Skill Acquisition and Retention of a Shooting Task in a Field-Based Setting". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.298.

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This study investigated the effect of goal proximity on skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task. Twelve classes (n=181) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) a long-term goal, (c) short-term plus long-term goals, and (d) do-your-best goals. The pretest and six skill acquisition/retention trials were analyzed in a 4×2×6 (Goal Groups × Gender × Trials) MANCOVA design with repeated measures on the last factor and with the pretest as the covariate. Results of a multivariate F test revealed significant main effects for goal groups, gender, and trials. Post hoc tests indicated that the three specific goal-setting groups were superior to the do-your-best group. Males were statistically superior to females in the shooting task. The follow-up tests on trials revealed that as trials progressed, shooting performance improved significantly.

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Ni, Jinjie, Vlad Pandelea, Tom Young, Haicang Zhou e Erik Cambria. "HiTKG: Towards Goal-Oriented Conversations via Multi-Hierarchy Learning". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, n. 10 (28 giugno 2022): 11112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21360.

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Human conversations are guided by short-term and long-term goals. We study how to plan short-term goal sequences as coherently as humans do and naturally direct them to an assigned long-term goal in open-domain conversations. Goal sequences are a series of knowledge graph (KG) entity-relation connections generated by KG walkers that traverse through the KG. The existing recurrent and graph attention based KG walkers either insufficiently utilize the conversation states or lack global guidance. In our work, a hierarchical model learns goal planning in a hierarchical learning framework. We present HiTKG, a hierarchical transformer-based graph walker that leverages multiscale inputs to make precise and flexible predictions on KG paths. Furthermore, we propose a two-hierarchy learning framework that employs two stages to learn both turn-level (short-term) and global-level (long-term) conversation goals. Specifically, at the first stage, HiTKG is trained in a supervised fashion to learn how to plan turn-level goal sequences; at the second stage, HiTKG tries to naturally approach the assigned global goal via reinforcement learning. In addition, we propose MetaPath as the backbone method for KG path representation to exploit the entity and relation information concurrently. We further propose Multi-source Decoding Inputs and Output-level Length Head to improve the decoding controllability. Our experiments show that HiTKG achieves a significant improvement in the performance of turn-level goal learning compared with state-of-the-art baselines. Additionally, both automatic and human evaluation prove the effectiveness of the two-hierarchy learning framework for both short-term and long-term goal planning.

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Ravirala, Venkatesh, Dimitri A. Grivas, Salvatore Arminio e Richard Garrabrant. "Goal-Oriented Optimization Procedure for Long-Term Highway Investment Planning". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1592, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1592-03.

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A goal-oriented optimization procedure for analyzing investment choices associated with rehabilitation of large pavement networks is presented. The procedure consists of three steps: (a) project-level planning, encompassing the tasks of condition characterization, treatment identification, cost estimation, and performance prediction; (b) network-level goal setting, involving specification of desired condition and investment levels for multiple years; and (c) optimization analysis, consisting of formulating and solving a goal program. The procedure is implemented in a prototype software system and is used to evaluate various management-suggested pavement program scenarios. The system facilitated the analysis of competing needs and the evaluation of implications of various pavement program scenarios for the New York State Thruway Authority’s pavement network. The paper presents significant findings from application of the optimization procedure, including a functional relationship between the network condition and expenditure. Important conclusions regarding the goal-oriented approach to highway management are also presented.

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Habibzadeh, Nasim. "How Long a Motivation May Last?" Journal of Human Psychology 1, n. 2 (2 settembre 2019): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-1101.jhp-19-3010.

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Motivation is a kind of goal which ones could have over short or long terms in life. It could include both intrinsic and extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivations are composed of long term goals which associated with the internal individual‘s motivation whereas extrinsic motivations are empowered by external environments. Correspondingly, with considering the individual endurances, the type of hardships in different types of motivations is varied. In this between, the individual devotion in relation to their goal is determinate factors. Some people devoted their entire life to their goals, so how determinate you are?

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Casey, Daniel E. "Long-Term Treatment Goals: Enhancing Healthy Outcomes". CNS Spectrums 8, S2 (novembre 2003): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900008178.

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ABSTRACTThe long-term management of schizophrenia with a goal of functional rehabilitation remains an enormous challenge to clinicians despite improvements in drug therapy, psychosocial treatments, and family and community interventions. The goals of long-term therapy are to preserve the gains made during acute treatment, prevent symptom exacerbation, enhance psychosocial functioning, and improve quality of life. Schizophrenia is an illness that disrupts broad areas of mental function, including thought, cognition, affect, and motor performance. The new antipsychotics should aid physicians in meeting higher treatment goals for persons with schizophrenia. These agents combine high efficacy with improved tolerability, mainly through a low liability for extrapyramidal symptoms and probably improve cognitive affect. Recent studies have demonstrated efficacy of these new antipsychotics in improving psychopathology and symptoms and in preventing relapse during long-term use. These drugs are likely to provide physicians with an increasingly viable option in the long-term treatment and rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia.

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Frierman, Steven H., Robert S. Weinberg e Allen Jackson. "The Relationship between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment". Sport Psychologist 4, n. 2 (giugno 1990): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.2.145.

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The purpose of this investigation was twofold: to determine if individuals who were assigned specific, difficult goals perform better than those assigned “do your best” goals, and to examine the importance of goal proximity (longterm vs. short-term) on bowling performance. Subjects were 72 students enrolled in two beginning bowling courses at a 4-year university. They were matched according to baseline bowling averages and then randomly assigned to one of four goal-setting conditions. A 4 × 5 (Goal Condition × Trials) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor revealed a significant goal condition main effect, with the long-term goal group improving more than the do-your-best group. No other performance comparisons reached significance. Questionnaire data revealed that subjects in all three numerical goal conditions rated their level of confidence significantly higher than the do-your-best goal group in Week 1, but the long-term goal group displayed a significantly higher level of confidence than the other three goal groups in Week 4. All other questions indicated that all groups tried hard and were committed to and accepted their goals.

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Krahl, W., C. Schwejda e F. Tretter. "GOAL: GROUP ORIENTATED ANTABUSE-SUPPORTED LONG-TERM TREATMENT PRELIMINARY RESULTS." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 28, Supplement (agosto 2004): 49A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-200408002-00257.

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Ferraro, Monica H., Roger Bibace, M. Nina Belfor, Mary J. Davis, Ellen Delpappa e Barbara Noel Dowds. "Empowerment—An ideal long-term goal: But what about now?" American Psychologist 51, n. 6 (giugno 1996): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.51.6.655.

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Medina, Rolf, e Alicia Medina. "The project manager and the organisation's long-term competence goal". International Journal of Project Management 32, n. 8 (novembre 2014): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.02.011.

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Kataoka, Rintaro, Hiromitsu Shimakawa e Fumiko Harada. "Intervention Reflecting Motivation to Achieve Long-term Goals". International Journal of Social Science Studies 12, n. 3 (28 maggio 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v12i3.6693.

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This study proposes a method to identify interventions appropriate to each motivation to achieve goals. People must stay motivated to engage themselves in working hard over a long time toward goals. Some kinds of intervention work well, while others fail. This method requests them to express their reflections on the engagement in daily behavior toward the goals. It converts the expression into a vector representing their motivational state using the word embedding technology. The method sends messages that reflect the motivational states to examine changes in the motivation when people receive messages. It identifies what types of messages encourage/discourage people with different motivations. In a 6-week experiment with 14 undergraduate and graduate students, intervention with messages is sent to their smartphones. The experiment results reveal messages improving/degrading motivation depending on the current motivational states of subjects, which enable us to provide more effective interventions for users trying to achieve a big goal in a long time.

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Kazantsev, S. V. "National Interests, Strategic Goals and Long-Term Security of the Russian Federation". World of new economy 15, n. 1 (25 marzo 2021): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-1-40-49.

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The state and the nation have their interests. They call them “the national interests”. Even though the study of national interests began many centuries ago, there is still no single methodology to determine national interests, let alone quantifying them. National interests largely determine the goals that society sets for itself. Thus, from the national interest “preservation and survival of society” arises the strategic goal of human society, the state, and the nation — to increase the population and ensure its security. The preservation of territorial integrity is one of the national interests, so each state has the goal to preserve its territorial integrity and maintain the territory of its habitat in a life-friendly condition. If a goal is set, there should be indicators of its achievement. For example, for the strategic goal “ensuring socio-economic well-being and growth of well-being” indicators are the volume and dynamics of income of members of the society, the unemployment rate, the coeffiients of differentiation of incomes of the population and some other indexes. The author of this paper has identifid seven strategic goals of a society that correspond to six universally recognized national interests. To quantify the measure of their achievement, the author selected 23 indicators. The author based his choice according to the state of Russian statistics. It turned out that this indicator had a downward trend in 2000–2018, and its flctuations were damped.

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Elwyn, Glyn, e Neeltje Petronella Catharina Anna Vermunt. "Goal-Based Shared Decision-Making: Developing an Integrated Model". Journal of Patient Experience 7, n. 5 (17 ottobre 2019): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373519878604.

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Objective: Definitions of shared decision-making (SDM) have largely neglected to consider goal setting as an explicit component. Applying SDM to people with multiple long-term conditions requires attention to goal setting. We propose an integrated model, which shows how goal setting, at 3 levels, can be integrated into the 3-talk SDM model. Method: The model was developed by integrating 2 published models. Results: An integrated, goal-based SDM model is proposed and applied to a patient with multiple, complex, long-term clinical conditions to illustrate the use of a visualization tool called a Goal Board. A Goal Board prioritizes collaborative goals and aligns goals with interventional options. Conclusion: The model provides an approach to achieve person-centered decision-making by not only eliciting and prioritizing goals but also by aligning prioritized goals and interventions. Practice Implications: Further research is required to evaluate the utility of the proposed model.

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Rubinstein, Boris Y., Henry H. Mattingly, Alexander M. Berezhkovskii e Stanislav Y. Shvartsman. "Long-term dynamics of multisite phosphorylation". Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, n. 14 (15 luglio 2016): 2331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0137.

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Multisite phosphorylation cycles are ubiquitous in cell regulation systems and are studied at multiple levels of complexity, from molecules to organisms, with the ultimate goal of establishing predictive understanding of the effects of genetic and pharmacological perturbations of protein phosphorylation in vivo. Achieving this goal is essentially impossible without mathematical models, which provide a systematic framework for exploring dynamic interactions of multiple network components. Most of the models studied to date do not discriminate between the distinct partially phosphorylated forms and focus on two limiting reaction regimes, distributive and processive, which differ in the number of enzyme–substrate binding events needed for complete phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. Here we use a minimal model of extracellular signal-related kinase regulation to explore the dynamics of a reaction network that includes all essential phosphorylation forms and arbitrary levels of reaction processivity. In addition to bistability, which has been studied extensively in distributive mechanisms, this network can generate periodic oscillations. Both bistability and oscillations can be realized at high levels of reaction processivity. Our work provides a general framework for systematic analysis of dynamics in multisite phosphorylation systems.

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Goodwin, Cathy, e Ronald Paul Hill. "Commitment to Physical Fitness: Commercial Influences on Long-Term Healthy Consumer Behaviors". Social Marketing Quarterly 4, n. 3 (settembre 1998): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245004.1998.9961005.

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Adoption of healthy behaviors by consumers is an important policy goal in both the US and Canada. Physical fitness has been identified as one such goal, yet few studies have explored the motivation for healthy individuals to become long-term, committed exercisers. In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with women who were members of health clubs. Committed exercisers appeared to have undergone an experience of self-initiated change described in the clinical-psychology literature. They also reported changes in self-concept and social networks. On the other hand, intermittent exercisers focused only on short-term goals. Implications for social marketing programs include the need to (a) focus on reinforcement of a new identity rather than initial decision-making, and (b) disassociate exercise from specific weight-loss goals.

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Bliss-Moreau, Eliza, e Lisa A. Williams. "Tag, you're it: Affect tagging promotes goal formation and selection". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, n. 2 (aprile 2014): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13001969.

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AbstractBuilding upon Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) theory, we propose a complementary view that goal formation and selection are both supported by affect. We suggest that goals may form when affect “tags” discrete behaviors and their outcomes. Further, we propose that goal-associated affect may help guide selection between competing goals, for example, in the case of short-term and long-term goals.

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Schmidt, Charles P., Stephen F. Zdzinski e Dennis L. Ballard. "Motivation Orientations, Academic Achievement, and Career Goals of Undergraduate Music Education Majors". Journal of Research in Music Education 54, n. 2 (luglio 2006): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002242940605400205.

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This study is an examination of motivation orientations (mastery, intrinsic, cooperative, individual, competition, ego, approach success, avoid failure, hypercompetition, personal development competition) and musical self-concept in relation to measures of academic achievement and career goals of preservice music teachers. The research questions addressed (a) relations among motivation and self-concept variables and their underlying factors, and (b) relations between the motivation and self-concept variables and academic achievement, class level, sex, and immediate and long-term career goals. Participants were 148 undergraduate music education majors from three American universities. A survey was administered to measure the motivation constructs and to gather information concerning academic achievement, demographic variables, and career goals. Of the subjects surveyed, 69. 4 % reported public school teaching as an immediate career goal, and 49.3 % reported it as a long-term goal. Significantly greater numbers of women (62.7%) than men (3 7.3 %) indicated public school teaching as the long term goal. Means for self concept in music dif fered by university, while means for motivation and frequencies for career goals did not. Factor analysis revealed five factors: Competitive/Ego, Achieve Success/Avoid Failure, Cooperative vs. Individual, Intrinsic/Mastery, and Personal Development Competition. Significant but low correlations were found between Personal Development Competition and class level. Motivation and self-concept variables were not correlated with academic achievement variables and generally did not differ by sex or class level. Differences in motivation and musical self-concept by immediate and long-term career goal categories were nonsignificant.

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Howell, Christine. "A Controlled Trial of Goal Setting for Long-Term Community Psychiatric Patients". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 49, n. 8 (agosto 1986): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802268604900812.

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Clinical goal setting is a widely advocated, yet poorly documented technique. This paper describes a controlled trial which was carried out with long-term community psychiatric patients. The experimental group received goal setting in the form of goal attainment scaling (GAS), whilst the control group received social reinforcement. The experimental group had a higher goal score and a significantly higher sessional involvement (p<0.05). The goal categories decided by the clinicians as relevant, differed from those wished by the subjects; the latter subsequently attained only low goal scores. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the work performance or social interaction outcome measures. These differences between the two groups were obtained despite the fact that the subjects of the research were the most intransigent to treatment. It is suggested that goal setting is an independent treatment technique which requires further substantiation, particularly amongst occupational therapists who are covertly or overtly employing the technique. Further research must address the question of identifying the characteristics of patients most likely to benefit from goal setting.

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Lali Kharbedia, Lali Kharbedia, e Malkhaz Gvichia Malkhaz Gvichia. "Defining Strategic Incentives as the Basis for the Company's Long-term Success". Economics 106, n. 3-5 (30 aprile 2024): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs106/3-5/2024-67.

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Successful business foresees effective disposal and management of scarce resources, which is related to the proper planning of the company's activities, the development of a coherent plan of decisions and actions that should be the basis for achieving the company's goal. The formation of the company's goal depends on the determination of strategic directions and the incentives that shape certain strategic behavior of the firm. The paper "Determining strategic incentives as the basis of the company's long-term success" is dedicated to this issue. The paper discusses the importance of business strategy development and determining factors. Interdependence of organizational structure and business strategy, as well as consistent ways of developing strategic decisions are analyzed. The paper discusses the importance of business strategy development and determining factors. Interdependence of organizational structure and business strategy, as well are analyzed consistent ways of developing strategic decisions. There is emphasized that a successful business is the effective disposal and placement of scarce resources, which is related to the correct planning of the company's activities, the development of a consistent plan of decisions and actions that should be the basis for achieving the company's goal. It is concluded that the public purpose of the company specifies its status, determines the efforts of all organizational levels to achieve the main strategic goal for which the organization was created. Development of business strategy and correct formation of strategy allows the company to: • to develop a concrete business plan; • to define specific business goals; • on the basis of the developed optimal action plan, to focus on increasing efficiency; • to establish a control mechanism of achievable goals and results. Keywords: Company mission and vision, business strategy, organizational structure; strategy incentives;

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Lam, Kelly Ka Lai, e Mingming Zhou. "Qualitative Exploration of Chinese Students’ Perspectives on Long-Term Goal Striving". Basic and Applied Social Psychology 43, n. 3 (24 febbraio 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2021.1889552.

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Wolfe, Brenda L. "Long-term maintenance following attainment of goal weight: A preliminary investigation". Addictive Behaviors 17, n. 5 (settembre 1992): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(92)90007-i.

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See, Kyle, Rachel Louise Mahealani Judy, Stephen Coombes e Ruogu Fang. "4085 TL1 Team Approach to Predicting Short-term and Long-term Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (giugno 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.362.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an intervention for patients with chronic back pain. Technological advances have led to renewed optimism in the field, but mechanisms of action in the brain remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that SCS outcomes will be associated with changes in neural oscillations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The goal of our team project is to test patients who receive SCS at 3 times points: baseline, at day 7 during the trial period, and day 180 after a permanent system has been implanted. At each time point participants will complete 10 minutes of eyes closed, resting electroencephalography (EEG). EEG will be collected with the ActiveTwo system, a 128-electrode cap, and a 256 channel AD box from BioSemi. Traditional machine learning methods such as support vector machine and more complex models including deep learning will be used to generate interpretable features within resting EEG signals. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Through machine learning, we anticipate that SCS will have a significant effect on resting alpha and beta power in sensorimotor cortex. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This collaborative project will further the application of machine learning in cognitive neuroscience and allow us to better understand how therapies for chronic pain alter resting brain activity.

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Rahmat Hidayat, Rusiadi, Anwar Sanusi e Rahmat Sembiring. "Long-Term Simultanity Model Of Indonesian Financial Company Value And Debt Policy". International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 2, n. 5 (26 settembre 2021): 1608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i5.307.

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Competition in financial companies makes each company increasingly improve its performance so that its goals can still be achieved. The main goal of a company is to get profits, to achieve these goals, management is required to make good planning. Likewise, management in a financial company has a goal, where the Debt Policy and Company Value will affect the company's management in achieving profits. This study aims to analyze as much as possible the effectiveness of profitability, dividend payout ratio, asset structure, Free Cash Flow, company size and sales growth and have an influence on the Debt Policy and Company Value. In this study, researchers used the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) method, the Panel Regression method and the Simultaneous / 2SLS method (Two Stage Least Square). Which aims to analyze the influence of independent variables on the dependent variables both separately and jointly and also see the influence of variables in the short and medium term.

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Weinberg, Robert, Lawrence Bruya, Janice Longino e Allen Jackson. "Effect of Goal Proximity and Specificity on Endurance Performance of Primary-Grade Children". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, n. 1 (marzo 1988): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.1.81.

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The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance performance of young children. Subjects were 130 boys and 125 girls from the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Children were matched on baseline performance of the 2-min sit-up test and then randomly assigned to one of the following goal setting conditions: (a) short-term goal improvement of 4% each test trial, (b) long-term goal of 20% improvement over the course of the 10-week study, (c) short-term plus long-term goal, and (d) do your best. Subjects practiced sit-ups in class every day with practice tests once a week and actual scored tests once every other week. No significant differences between goal-setting conditions were found on baseline performance and thus a 4 × 3 × 2 × 5 (Goal × Grade × Gender × Trials) ANOVA was conducted. Results produced significant gender and grade main effects, with boys and sixth graders exhibiting the best performance. More important, a significant goal-condition-by-trials interaction revealed there were no differences on Trials 1 and 2, but on Trials 3, 4, and 5 the specific goal groups performed significantly better than the do-your-best group. A postexperimental questionnaire revealed that children were highly committed to their goals and tried extremely hard to reach their goals. Results are discussed in terms of Locke's goal-setting theory as well as recent empirical goal-setting studies conducted in physical activity settings.

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McCarthy, Claudine. "Think long‐term, embrace persistence, flexibility". Student Affairs Today 27, n. 2 (25 aprile 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/say.31392.

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Kate Magro's background in domestic and international relief work, helping communities recover from political instability and natural disasters, contributed to her becoming a more effective and innovative student affairs professional. As a self‐described task‐oriented, driven individual, working in those unstable, unpredictable environments where “nothing works as you anticipated,” taught her the importance of flexibility. It came down to finding out “the overarching goal and how to be flexible about getting there,” said Magro, now Associate Vice President for Student Development at Palm Beach Atlantic University and Co‐instructor and Field Supervisor for PBAU's international and community development program.

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Knysh, S., e Z. Knysh. "LEGAL REGULATION OF GOAL-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING AS AN ELEMENT OF STATE LONG-TERM PLANNING". Scientific notes Series Law 1, n. 10 (luglio 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2021-10-39-44.

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The research is focused on specific features of legal regulation of goal-oriented programming as an element of the state long-term planning. It has been indicated that the state long-term planning consists in choosing the priorities of economic development and public administration, determining resources to achieve the goals, elaborating and implementing tasks and measures of socio-economic development. One of the elements of state long-term planning is the development of state goal-oriented programs. Legislative and doctrinal definitions of state goal-oriented programs have been analyzed. The state goal-oriented program should be defined as a set of interrelated scientifically sound tasks and measures of social, economic, scientific, technical, organizational nature aimed at obtaining positive results of the state and society’s development. The state programs determine resources for financing their implementation; they establish the tasks for the executors of specific activities. The legal principles for the development of state and local goal-oriented programs have been determined. It has been clarified that the central and local executive agencies, the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine have the authorities to develop state goal-oriented programs. Such programs are approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine or the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Local goal-oriented programs are created by the village or city mayor and approved at the village or city council’s sessions. The authors have defined certain stages of the development and approval processes of socio-economic development programs, which include preparation of the concept of the goal-oriented program, coordination with various ministries, conducting scientific and technical, as well as other examinations, public discussions of the program. The authors have formulated propositions for amending the current legislation in regard to public participation in the development of state and local goal-oriented programs, namely: 1) members of the public should have the authorities to initiate the development of state and local programs; 2) public organizations should have the right to offer their own programs for the development of territorial communities or programs to address social and economic problems; 3) propositions of citizens expressed by them during the program’s public discussions must be taken into account in the draft of the relevant program.

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Li, Yaoran, Kennon M. Sheldon, Jeffrey N. Rouder, David A. Bergin e David C. Geary. "Long-Term Prospects and College Students’ Academic Performance". Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 37, n. 3 (21 marzo 2018): 358–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282918764202.

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Self-referent performance beliefs can influence people’s decision making related to long-term goals. Current measures of such beliefs, however, do not explicitly focus on the long-term aspects of goal achievement. We introduce a new concept, Long-Term Prospects (LTP), which is defined as the self-perception that one can maintain the continuous effort needed to achieve long-term goals. We developed a measure of LTP and demonstrated across three studies ( n > 1,900) that college students’ LTP predicted their academic performance, as defined by self-reported grade point average (GPA) and official GPA. Moreover, LTP predicted GPA better than commonly used measures of grit, conscientiousness, and academic self-concept. Multiple regression and Bayesian results showed that LTP accounted for unique variance in the prediction of college GPA above and beyond intelligence, prior achievement, and demographics. Tests for moderation effects suggested that students who had low high school achievement or a low need for achievement especially benefited from having strong beliefs about their ability to maintain effort over the long term. These studies suggest that self-referent beliefs about one’s ability to maintain the effort needed to achieve long-term goals are important for academic success and that the LTP measure captures individual differences in these beliefs. The implication is that cultivating students’ belief that they can maintain long-term effort, especially in low-achieving students, may yield positive outcomes in their academic performance.

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Zając, Tomasz, Kazimierz Mikołajec, Paweł Chmura, Marek Konefał, Michał Krzysztofik e Piotr Makar. "Long-Term Trends in Shooting Performance in the NBA: An Analysis of Two- and Three-Point Shooting across 40 Consecutive Seasons". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n. 3 (20 gennaio 2023): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031924.

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This study aims to depict two-point and three-point shooting trends and explore their influence on game outcomes in the NBA across 40 consecutive seasons. Therefore, the following game-related statistics were considered: total points per game (PPG), games played (GP), field goals made (FGM), field goal attempts (FGA), field goal percentage (FG%), two-point field goals made (2PM), two-point field goal attempts (2PA), two-point field goal percentage (2P%), three-point field goals made (3PM), three-point field goal attempts (3PA), three-point field goal percentage (3P%), and a three-point field goal to two-point field goal ratio (3P/2P). The fixed-base indexes and inter-decade ANOVAs or Friedman tests were used as the main statistical tools. The number of 3PA significantly increased over time, while the number of 2PA decreased. A significant increase in 3P% was also observed, whereas 2P% remained relatively stable over the analyzed period. This study also revealed a higher number of ball possessions and more points scored per game, especially in the last decade of NBA competition.

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Petit, G., e F. Arias. "Long term stability of atomic time scales". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (agosto 2012): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314005444.

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AbstractWe review the stability and accuracy achieved by the reference atomic time scales TAI and TT(BIPM). We show that they presently are in the low 10−16 in relative value, based on the performance of primary standards, of the ensemble time scale and of the time transfer techniques. We consider how the 1 × 10−16 value could be reached or superseded and which are the present limitations to attain this goal.

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Weinberg, Robert, Joanne Butt e Betsy Knight. "High School Coaches’ Perceptions of the Process of Goal Setting". Sport Psychologist 15, n. 1 (marzo 2001): 20–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.1.20.

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The purpose of this investigation was to assess the perceptions of coaches regarding the process of goal setting using a qualitative methodology. Participants were eight male and six female high school coaches from Midwest United States representing both team and individual sports. Results revealed that coaches employed goal setting extensively for both individual and team goals in practice and competition. In addition, many interesting findings emerged including (a) coaches tended to set both long- and short-term goals; (b) coaches only inconsistently wrote down their goals; (c) goals were both dictated by coaches and set in collaboration with players; (d) the primary function of goals was to provide direction and focus; and (e) physical, psychological, and external barriers impeded goal attainment. These findings are discussed in relation to the current empirical/theoretical goal-setting literature and suggestions for best practice by sport psychology researchers are offered.

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Salmela, John H. "Long-Term Intervention with the Canadian Men’s Olympic Gymnastic Team". Sport Psychologist 3, n. 4 (dicembre 1989): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.4.340.

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Since 1985 the Canadian Gymnastics Federation (CGF) has used a sport psychology consultant to work with elite male gymnasts who were preparing for two World Championships and the Seoul Olympic Games. The present paper outlines the chronology of this relationship, giving specific attention to how the initial contact phase that centered upon group goal-setting was expanded to encompass a range of services that were more personalized. The extension of services to elite age-group gymnasts is also described along with the problems and advantages of dealing with the full spectrum of developmental stages. A detailed recounting of the various initiatives, successes, and setbacks underlines how the long-term intervention process evolves between the coaches, the gymnasts, and the sport psychology consultant. Special emphasis is given to the importance of using “teachable moments” throughout the training and competitive process.

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Hillebrand, Patrick, e Markus Westner. "Success factors of long-term CIOs". Information Systems and e-Business Management 20, n. 1 (20 dicembre 2021): 79–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10257-021-00546-z.

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AbstractAlthough the average tenure of CIOs has increased over the last years, the majority of CIOs have been in their positions for only three years or less. Nevertheless, some CIOs have been successful in their position for a long time. In this study, we use tenure as a proxy for success as a CIO. The goal of this paper is to examine factors that are critical to the success of long-term CIOs. For this purpose, we created and analyzed resumes of 384 CIOs. Out of these 384, we conducted 19 interviews with CIOs from top-tier companies and collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. In the process, we were able to identify nine factors that are critical for the success (CSF) of CIOs. These factors fall into three categories. Category “Personality” includes “Accepting and embracing change” (CSF #1), “Being perseverant to pursue long-term goals” (CSF #2), “Anticipating the future through visionary thinking” (CSF #3), and “Being empathetic to deal with uncertainty felt by co-workers” (CSF #4). The “Role Fulfilment” category includes “Cross-functional involvement and integration of the IT organization” (CSF #5), “Positioning and restructuring of the IT organization” (CSF #6), and “Well-connected and communicative leadership” (CSF #7). The “Organizational Environment” category consists of “Availability of skilled workforce” (CSF #8) and “Reporting line to the CEO” (CSF #9). CSFs 1, 2, and 3 were perceived as most important by the participating CIOs. The results may be of particular interest both to aspiring CIOs and equally their employing organizations, as they reflect what long-term CIOs value during their time in office.

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Jiang, Liang, Zujie Wen, Zhongping Liang, Yafang Wang, Gerard De Melo, Zhe Li, Liangzhuang Ma, Jiaxing Zhang, Xiaolong Li e Yuan Qi. "Long Short-Term Sample Distillation". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, n. 04 (3 aprile 2020): 4345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5859.

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In the past decade, there has been substantial progress at training increasingly deep neural networks. Recent advances within the teacher–student training paradigm have established that information about past training updates show promise as a source of guidance during subsequent training steps. Based on this notion, in this paper, we propose Long Short-Term Sample Distillation, a novel training policy that simultaneously leverages multiple phases of the previous training process to guide the later training updates to a neural network, while efficiently proceeding in just one single generation pass. With Long Short-Term Sample Distillation, the supervision signal for each sample is decomposed into two parts: a long-term signal and a short-term one. The long-term teacher draws on snapshots from several epochs ago in order to provide steadfast guidance and to guarantee teacher–student differences, while the short-term one yields more up-to-date cues with the goal of enabling higher-quality updates. Moreover, the teachers for each sample are unique, such that, overall, the model learns from a very diverse set of teachers. Comprehensive experimental results across a range of vision and NLP tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of this new training method.

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Ward, Anthony, Wolfgang Jost, Robert Jech e Jean-Michel Gracies. "Comprehensive Care of Patients with Spastic Paresis – A Long-Term Commitment". European Neurological Review 11, n. 1 (2016): 1b. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2016.11.01.1b.

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Spastic paresis is a frequent complication of lesions to central motor pathways. Patients who develop spasticity require specialised rehabilitation programmes to alleviate their symptoms, help them to relearn motor skills and regain some independence. Long-term management of patients with spastic paresis requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the patient’s physical needs and mental wellbeing, and continues throughout all stages of the rehabilitation process.There are three pillars of success for long-term rehabilitation programmes in spastic paresis. Since most human behaviour is goal-directed, the first is to employ patient-centred goal setting to engage and motivate patients to play an active part in their own rehabilitation. Goals should be meaningful for and achievable by the patient, and revised as necessary. The second foundation of success is to ensure detailed clinical assessment, using appropriate spasticity assessment scales to inform Botulinum toxin treatment plans -doses and muscles to be injected. Lastly, the use of guided self-rehabilitation programmes encourages an active role for patients in their treatment and maximises outcomes.This paper summarises proceedings from theComprehensive Care of Patients with Spastic Paresis: A Long-Term Commitmentsymposium, at the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine World Congress, 2015.

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Howe, Bruce, e Rob Poole. "Goal Proximity and Achievement Motivation of High School Boys in a Basketball Shooting Task". Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 11, n. 3 (aprile 1992): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.11.3.248.

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The purpose of this study was to test the effects of goal proximity and achievement motivation on basketball shooting performance in a regular physical education class setting. Data were collected on 79 male Grade 10 students. One week prior to the beginning of a 4-week basketball unit, students were categorized as high achievers and low achievers based on their achievement score on the Howe Sport Behavior Assessment Scale. Within each achievement group, subjects were randomly assigned to either a weekly short-term goal group, a long-term goal group, or a short-term-plus-longterm goal group. Subjects completed the Speed Spot Shooting Test once every week to measure their performance in relation to their assigned goals. No significant differences among the variables were revealed. A postexperimental questionnaire revealed that a majority of students from all goal conditions were setting their own short-term goals. Results are discussed in terms of Bandura’s self-efficacy theory of motivation and the use of goals in motor skill tasks in physical education.

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Herold, Róbert. "The long-term treatment of schizophrenia". Orvosi Hetilap 153, n. 26 (luglio 2012): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29416.

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The long-term treatment of schizophrenia is one of the most challenging tasks for practicing physicians. The most pronounced difficulty arises from the deficient compliance due to the lack of insight. Thus the treatment of schizophrenia requires a multimodal approach, which always includes psychosocial interventions beside the pharmacological treatment. The antipsychotic medication means the cornerstone in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia within which an increasing role of the long-acting second-generation injections can be detected. The outcome of schizophrenia can be modified by adequately organized management strategies, which in turn can lead to better quality of life and social functioning. If patients are provided with timely initiated effective medication and rehabilitation, then enduring remission can be a realistically achievable goal for the patients. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1007–1012.

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Choi, Nak Hwan, Cong Liu e Pianpian Yang. "A Study on the Factors Influencing Long-Term Goal-Relevant Food Consumption". Journal of Distribution Science 12, n. 5 (maggio 2014): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jds.12.5.201405.49.

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