Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Logia "Constante Union" no"

This essay analyzes two ecological movements that emerged and developed in Southern European Mediterranean countries (France, Italy, and Spain) during the last couple of decades. Both the de-growth and the slow movement challenge the illogical logic of constant economic growth in the context of a limited biosphere and denounce the social and ecological degradation generated by global capitalism. Both articulate a redefinition of European environmentalism by opposing the environmental thinking of strong Euro-American tradition—very rooted in the official discourse of the European Union, such as the “gospel of eco-efficiency” (Martínez Alier 31)—that try to solve the ecological problems with the same logic that causes and perpetuates them (green capitalism, sustainable development). The de-growth and the slow movement propose instead sustainable, systemic alternatives which are socially and ecologically possible. These alternatives are based on conviviality, voluntary simplicity, slowness, and the reduction of the socioeconomic metabolism. They point out the necessity of an epistemological change and question the tyranny of industrial time (to augment constantly the production and consumption pace) to conclude that we can and need to live better with less, since it is more desirable, sustainable, and just. Since the 2008 financial crisis the de-growth and slow movement are acquiring certain popularity and visibility beyond their Euro-Mediterranean context, which makes them relevant actors on the global movement for environmental justice and the critique of global capitalism. Finally, this essay explores one of the many ways in which these Euro-Mediterranean socioenvironmental insights can be translated into ecocriticism in the specific case of recent Spanish novels. In the last decade, there have been a number of Spanish novels that use complex and sophisticated narrative strategies to focus on aspects related to neoliberal globalization. While some of them perpetuate the mainstream discourse of the European Union by privileging the uncritical celebration of digital culture, progress, and globalization, others challenge this by questioning our society’s blind faith in technological progress and economic growth—such texts advocate instead for a change of logic and lifestyle. The latter narratives seem to be more in-tune with the Euro-Mediterranean socioenvironmental movements mentioned previously and are therefore able to articulate a meaningful critique of the myths of progress, development, and economic growth by exposing the ecological and social degradation that is often generated by global capitalism. On the contrary, the kind of novel that reproduces mainstream European discourse—and, more importantly, the critics that celebrate it—tends to overtly and abundantly represent digital culture while failing to acknowledge its relation to the culture of new capitalism and its environmental and social impact. Resumen El presente ensayo analiza dos movimientos de raigambre ecologista que emergen y se desarrollan en las dos últimas décadas en los países mediterráneos del sur de Europa (Francia, Italia y España). Ambos, decrecimiento y movimiento lento, cuestionan la ilógica del crecimiento económico constante en el marco de una biosfera limitada y denuncian la degradación ecológica y social generada por el capitalismo global. Tanto uno como otro suponen una redefinición del ecologismo Europeo al oponerse a ciertos ecologismos de tradición Euroamericana—muy arraigados en el discurso oficial de la Unión Europea, como el “evangelio de la ecoeficiencia” (Martínez Alier 31)—sospechosos de querer solucionar el problema ecológico con la misma lógica que lo genera y perpetúa (desarrollo sostenible, capitalismo verde). El decrecimiento y el movimiento lento, en cambio, proponen alternativas sostenibles, sistémicas y viables económica y socialmente, basadas en la convivialidad, la simplicidad voluntaria, la desaceleración, la descomplejización y la reducción del metabolismo económico y social. Abogan, entonces, por un cambio de lógica, epistemológico, y cuestionan la tiranía del tiempo industrial (aumentar constantemente la velocidad de producción y consumo) para concluir que se puede y se debe vivir mejor con menos por ser más justo, deseable y sostenible. Desde la crisis financiera del 2008 el decrecimiento y el movimiento lento están adquiriendo cierta popularidad y visibilidad más allá del ámbito euro-mediterráneo, lo que les transforma en actores relevantes en el movimiento global por la justicia ecológica y la crítica altermundista al capitalismo global. En los últimos años se están publicando numerosas novelas españolas con estructuras narrativas complejas en las que el tema de la globalización está muy presente. Algunas de estas novelas celebran la cultura digital y la globalización de manera acrítica, coincidiendo con la corriente tecnófila hegemónica del discurso oficial europeo, mientras que otras cuestionan el modelo de crecimiento económico y la aceleración industrial, siendo más afines a las nuevas tendencias socioecológicas euro-mediterráneas. Son estas últimas narraciones las que mejor articulan una crítica coherente a la degradación ecológica y social generada por el capitalismo global al deconstruir los mitos sobre crecimiento económico y progreso tecnológico. En cambio, el otro tipo de novelas suele perpetuar en su discurso la ilógica del crecimiento económico por ser incapaces de relacionar las conexiones entre la cultura digital, la degradación ecológica y la lógica del nuevo capitalismo.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção do ruído ocupacional e a perda auditiva em estudantes de Odontologia de uma instituição pública. O estudo transversal foi realizado em Parnaíba, Brasil, em uma amostra intencional com alunos a partir do terceiro ano do curso (n= 62). Os dados coletados em questionários autoaplicáveis foram analisados pelos Testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. Os estudantes consideraram o ruído ocupacional nocivo à saúde (82,3%) e o cirurgião-dentista susceptível à perda auditiva (88,7%). As queixas mais relatadas foram cefaleia constante (35,5%) e irritação/nervosismo (32,3%). Medidas de prevenção não são utilizadas (98,4%), apesar de serem conhecidas (75,8%). Os estudantes já receberam informações sobre a perda auditiva (53,2%), a maioria na própria Instituição de Ensino Superior (81,8%). Audiometria nunca foi realizada (80,6%). A legislação sobre tolerância ao ruído não é conhecida (77,4%) e este conhecimento foi estatisticamente associado com o período em curso (p=0,004). Os estudantes de Odonto-logia desta instituição conhecem as consequências e medidas de prevenção, embora não as utilizem.

Abstract We prove that every locally constant constructive function on an interval is in fact a constant function. This answers a question formulated by Andrej Bauer [ 1]. As a related result, we show that an interval consisting of constructive real numbers is in fact connected but can be decomposed into the disjoint union of two sequentially closed nonempty sets.

This paper outlines the Chinese research on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. Firstly, it presents the introduction and spread of mathematical logic in China, especially the teaching and translation of mathematical logic initiated by Bertrand Russell’s lectures in the country. Secondly, it outlines the Chinese research on mathematical logic after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The research in this period experienced a short revival under the criticism of the Soviet Union, explorations under the heavy influence of the Cultural Revolution, and the vigorous development of mathematical logic teaching and research after the period of “Reform and Opening Up” that started in the late 1970s, and the full integration of Chinese mathematical logic research into the international academic circle in the new century after 2000. In the third part, it focuses on the unique and original results of the Chinese mathematical logic research teams from the following three aspects: medium logic, lattice implication algebras and their lattice-valued systems of logic, and Chinese notation of logical constants, which can be used as a substantive supplement to the relevant literature on the history of mathematical logic in China. The last part is a reflection on the shortcomings of contemporary Chinese research on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a abordagem do filósofo Emmanuel Lévinas sobre a questão de Deus e a possibilidade de sua narrativa. Trata-se de uma perspectiva que se desenvolveu a partir de uma contundente crítica à onto-teo-logia, que, segundo o filósofo, reduziu Deus a um objeto dentre os demais, suprimindo sua alteridade, restringindo-o às estruturas do Mesmo e situando-o na imanência. Longe do cenário da ontologia e de pretensões à comprovação da existência de Deus, Lévinas busca as circunstâncias nas quais esse nome excepcional pode ser proferido como palavra significante. A vinda de Deus à ideia relaciona-se ao campo ético, pois, no pensamento levinasiano, a relação com o Infinito está associada à trama ética e à justiça social, tendo como referência maior o rosto do outro homem. A palavra de Deus se revela como vestígio do rosto, como um traço refratário à apreensão através do conceito determinativo ou às caracterizações discursivas rígidas. Ao anunciar o além do ser, ou o outro modo que ser do Infinito, Lévinas faz a distinção entre duas estruturas linguísticas, diferenciando o Dizer pré-originário, relativo à esfera ética, e o Dito, de matriz ontológica. Para Lévinas, O Dizer imemorial carrega o traço do Infinito. Portanto, o Dito da narrativa sobre Deus deve se mover em constante evolução autocorretiva, tendo como escopo a significância da palavra Deus contida no Dizer da ética, fora do alcance da tematização

Let L be a countable language which contains only constant and relation symbols but no function symbols. All theories considered here will be L-theories. A theory is coinductive if it can be axiomatized by a set of ∃∀ sentences, and a structure is coinductive if its theory is.The object of this paper is to show that coinductive ℵ0-categorical structures are especially simple. First, they are ω-stable with Morley rank ≤ 1; and second, they have simple algebraic closures, by which is meant that the algebraic closure of the union of two sets is the union of their algebraic closures. While these two properties do not characterize coinductive ℵ0-categorical structures, they do characterize those structures which are cellular.We will say that a countable structure is cellular if there is a finite subset A0 ⊆ A and there are equivalence relations E and F on A∖A0 such that the following hold:(1) There are only finitely many E-classes.(2) If C is an E-class and D an F-class, then ∣C ∩ D ∣ = 1.(3) If a0, a1, …, ak − 1, b0, b1, …, bk − 1 Є A, then 〈a0, a1, …,ak − 1〉 and 〈b0,b1, …, bk − 1〉, satisfy the same quantifier-free formulas provided that:(a) if i < k and either ai Є A0 or bi Є A0, then ai = bi;(b) if i < k, then ai; and bi are E-equivalent; and(c) if i, j < k, then ai; is F-equivalent to aj if bj is F-equivalent to bj.The main result of this paper is the following theorem.Theorem 1. Ifis coinductive and ℵ0-categorical, thenis cellular.The results of this paper were obtained independently of similar results obtained by Lachlan which can be found in [4] and [5]. The proofs here are quite different.

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

En los últimos años la región Centroamérica ha consolidado el proceso de integración económica a través de una unión aduanera, que mediante la aplicación del libre comercio entre sus miembros y el establecimiento de una arancel externo común aplicado a más del 95% del universo arancelario, ha promovido un crecimiento constante del comercio de bienes y servicios intra y extra regional. A pesar de estos avances, la región todavía tiene importantes retos que atender para profundizar esa integración económica, dentro de los que destacan la adopción de medidas de facilitación del comercio, la consolidación del libre comercio y la libre circulación de mercancías en el territorio aduanero, la conclusión del arancel externo común, el diseño de una política comercial conjunta centroamericana, y la definición mecanismo común de recaudación arancelaria y fiscal, asi como consolidar la institucionalidad y los mecanismos de coordinaciónintrarregional.

We construct a bound set that does not admit a Riesz spectrum containing a nonempty periodic set for which the period is a rational multiple of a fixed constant. As a consequence, we obtain a bounded set V with an arbitrarily small Lebesgue measure such that for any positive integer N, the set of exponentials with frequencies in any union of cosets of NZ cannot be a frame for the space of square integrable functions over V. These results are based on the proof technique of Olevskii and Ulanovskii from 2008.

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
A 1 de Maio de 2004, dez países aderiram à União Europeia. O alargamento significou, para estes dez Estados, uma oportunidade para desenvolverem as suas economias, tendo acesso a uma união económica com elevado poder de compra. Recorrendo a duas análises de Quotas de Mercado Constante, é avaliada a performance exportadora destes dez países para a União Europeia a quinze. Os resultados demonstram que as economias com melhor performance - a República Checa e a Eslováquia - apresentam os seus melhores resultados em exportações de nível tecnológico médio/alto e intensivas em capital, e a Alemanha como principal mercado de destino.
On May 1st 2004, ten countries joined the European Union. For these ten States, the enlargement meant, among other aspects, an opportunity to develop their economies by having access to an economic union with high purchasing power. Using two different Constant Market Share Analysis, this study evaluates the export performance of these ten countries to the first fifteen Member States of the European Union. The results show that the best performing economies - the Czech and Slovak Republics - had their best results in medium to high tech capital intensive exports, being Germany the main destination market.

This chapter examines the history of European Union institutions, and especially the quasi-constant change that has taken place since the creation of the EU. It begins with a discussion of five phases of EU institutional development: the founding, consolidation of the European Community model, institutional change through task extension, reform of the institutional system, and the brief ‘constitutional’ moment at the turn of the century. It then considers the euro crisis and Brexit, along with the respective weight of state interests, ideas, and institutions in the evolution of EU institutions. It shows how institutional change in the EU seems to have followed a functionalist logic, leading to complex compromises that, in turn, prompt regular calls for ‘simplification’ and democratization.

EU institutions have frequently been reformed since the origins of what is now the European Union (EU), and particularly so over the past twenty years. This chapter explains why and how this quasi-constant change has taken place. It begins by identifying five phases in this history: the founding, consolidation, relaunch, adaptation, and the current phase of reaction to functional challenges. The chapter then assesses the respective weight of state interests, ideas, and institutions in the evolution of EU institutions. In retrospect, institutional change in the EU appears to have followed a functionalist logic, leading to complex compromises that, in turn, prompt regular calls for ‘simplification’ and democratization.

Au Canada, à l’instar d’autres pays à revenu élevé, les familles ont changé de façon importante au cours des dernières décennies. Les femmes ayant aujourd’hui moins d’enfants et étant moins susceptibles de se marier qu’auparavant, les ménages familiaux sont désormais plus petits et une proportion croissante d’enfants sont élevés par des parents seuls ou qui vivent en cohabitation. On observe une baisse des taux de divortialité, ce qui suggère que les couples qui se marient sont plus enclins à maintenir leur union. La décision de se marier ou d’avoir des enfants ainsi que le moment opportun pour s’y consacrer sont grandement influencés par les facteurs socioéconomiques et les valeurs culturelles en constante évolution. Certains groupes, notamment les personnes immigrantes, les minorités visibles et les Autochtones, adoptent des modèles distinctifs en matière de formation des familles. L’emplacement géographique façonne également les familles. Le Québec et le Nunavut se distinguent par des taux de cohabitation très élevés, et la fécondité au Canada est environ 50 % plus élevée en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain. Ces transformations majeures, de même que ces importantes variations ont des répercussions considérables sur le bien-être des enfants et de leur famille. La compréhension de tels changements et de la diversité des modèles familiaux s’avère cruciale pour orienter l’élaboration de politiques sociales adaptées et efficaces en ce qui trait à la famille, à la santé, à l’éducation et au logement.