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1
Dinnis, Rob, e Damien Flas. "Trou du Renard and the Belgian Aurignacian". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (13 maggio 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.4.
Abstract (sommario):
A wealth of cave sites makes southern Belgium the most important area for understanding the north-western European Early Upper Palaeolithic. However, despite their abundance, the interpretation of many assemblages remains problematic. Here we present a new study of lithic material from layer B of Trou du Renard (Furfooz, Namur Province) and consider its place in the Belgian Aurignacian. The assemblage is typical of Late Aurignacian assemblages found across western Europe, underscoring the contrast between the Aurignacian and the periods that pre- and post-date it, when we instead see profound differences between north and south. The assemblage is apparently unmixed, distinguishing Trou du Renard from other key Belgian Aurignacian cave sites. A large proportion of the site’s lithic assemblage documents the production of small bladelets from carinated/busquéburin cores, suggesting that Trou du Renard served as a short-term hunting camp. Radiocarbon dating cannot pinpoint the assemblage’s age, though here it is argued to be c. 32–33,000bp(c. 36–37,000 calbp) on the basis of its similarity to the well-dated Aurignacian assemblage from Maisières Canal (Atelier de Taille de la Berge Nord-Estarea). For the same reason a third assemblage – Trou Walou layer CI-1 – is also argued to be contemporaneous. Trou du Renard, Maisières Canal and Trou Walou may represent three points in the same Late Aurignacian landscape. Differences between their lithic assemblages can be explained by the acquisition and transport of flint, and by a desire to produce small bladelets of highly standardised form irrespective of the size and shape of available blanks.
2
Roth, Barbara J., e Harold L. Dibble. "Production and Transport of Blanks and Tools at the French Middle Paleolithic Site of Combe-Capelle Bas". American Antiquity 63, n. 1 (gennaio 1998): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694775.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent studies of Middle Paleolithic lithic assemblages have focused on questions of interest to lithic analysts everywhere, including the effect of raw material availability, occupation span, and tool maintenance on assemblage characteristics. In this paper, we add to the growing database on Middle Paleolithic assemblages using material recently excavated at Combe-Capelle Bas in the Dordogne region of southern France. The site provides a unique opportunity for addressing questions concerning lithic assemblage variability because it is located on a high quality flint source. We present data on core reduction, blank selection, raw material procurement, and lithic transport that provide information on lithic use pertinent for both Old World and New World archaeologists. Our data show that raw material availability and group mobility influenced blank selection, production, and transport at Combe-Capelle.
3
Shott, Michael J. "The Quantification Problem in Stone-Tool Assemblages". American Antiquity 65, n. 4 (ottobre 2000): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694424.
Abstract (sommario):
How many tools does a lithic assemblage contain? The question is not as banal as it may seem, because tools were used as wholes but many are found broken. Pottery and faunal analysts have grappled with the problems of counting original wholes from mixed sets of whole and broken objects; lithic analysts lag behind. Assemblage size can change greatly depending on whether we count or ignore tool fragments. To systematize treatment of broken tools, I apply Orton’s pottery quantification method to several lithic assemblages and compare it to Portnoy’s MNT and raw counts. Methods do not agree in all cases, demonstrating that how we count affects our results. Until we know more, both methods should be used to quantify lithic assemblages.
4
Alonso-Fernández, Elvira Susana, Manuel Vaquero, Joan Daura, Ana Maria Costa, Montserrat Sanz e Ana Cristina Araújo. "Refits, cobbles, and fire: Approaching the temporal nature of an expedient Gravettian lithic assemblage from Lagar Velho (Leiria, Portugal)". PLOS ONE 18, n. 12 (20 dicembre 2023): e0294866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294866.
Abstract (sommario):
Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblages have traditionally been considered a paramount example of the high level of complexity characterizing the technological behavior of prehistoric modern humans. The diversity and standardization of tools, as well as the systematic production of blades and bladelets, show the high investment of time, energy and knowledge often associated with Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes. However, more expedient behaviors have also been documented. In some cases, such low-cost behaviors can be dominant or almost exclusive, giving assemblages of Upper Paleolithic age an “archaic” appearance. In this paper, we address these expedient Upper Paleolithic technologies through the study of a lithic assemblage recovered from a Gravettian-age layer from the Lagar Velho rockshelter (Leiria, Portugal). Due to the specific formation processes characterizing this site, we also discuss the distinction between artifacts and geofacts, an aspect that is particularly difficult in expedient assemblages. Moreover, the combination of lithic refitting and data on thermal damage allows us to approach the temporal nature of the lithic assemblage and the timing of the different agents contributing to its formation.
5
Wright, Dene. "The lithic assemblage". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 98 (30 maggio 2022): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2022.98.169-173.
6
Engl, Rob, e John Gooder. "The Lithic assemblage". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 96 (2 agosto 2021): 14–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2021.96.14-57.
7
Ballin, Torben Bjarke, e Ian Suddaby. "Late Neolithic and Late Bronze Age lithic assemblages associated with a cairn and other prehistoric features at Stoneyhill Farm, Longhaven, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, 2002–03". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, n. 45 (2010): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2011.45.1-52.
Abstract (sommario):
Prehistoric remains were recorded by CFA Archaeology Ltd (CFA) in 2002–03 during a programme of fieldwork at the landfill site within the boundaries of Stoneyhill Farm, which lies 7km to the southwest of Peterhead in Aberdeenshire (NGR: NK 078 409). These included a clearance cairn with a Late Bronze Age lithic assemblage and a burial cairn, with Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age lithics and Beaker ceramics. Other lithic scatters of similar date had no certain associations, although pits containing near-contemporary Impressed Wares were nearby. Additional lithic assemblages included material dated to the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic. What may be proto-Unstan Wares in an isolated pit were associated with radiocarbon dates (barley) of the first half of the 4th millennium BC. These findings represent a substantial addition to the local area's archaeological record and form an important contribution to the understanding of lithic technology and ceramics in earlier prehistoric Scotland.
8
Beck, R. Kelly. "Transport Distance and Debitage Assemblage Diversity: An Application of the Field Processing Model to Southern Utah Toolstone Procurement Sites". American Antiquity 73, n. 4 (ottobre 2008): 759–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600047399.
Abstract (sommario):
Understanding the decisions made at toolstone procurement localities is critical to understanding lithic production systems. However, lithic assemblages at procurement sites are typically voluminous, frequently overlapping, and always complex. This paper explores the influence of expected toolstone transport distance on procurement site assemblage variability using a central place theory inspired model from Human Behavioral Ecology. Debitage assemblage diversity is examined for 43 sites in two procurement contexts with different expected overall transport distances. Twenty-six of these sites are from the Canyonlands region of southeastern Utah where toolstone transport distances are expected to be uniformly short; seventeen sites are from the Black Rock desert region of west-central Utah where transport distances are expected to be longer. Observed differences in debitage assemblage diversity from each procurement context are consistent with expectations derived from the model which suggests that procurement site assemblage variability is predictably affected by expected toolstone transport distance.
9
McAnany, Patricia A. "Stone-Tool Production and Exchange in the Eastern Maya Lowlands: The Consumer Perspective from Pulltrouser Swamp, Belize". American Antiquity 54, n. 2 (aprile 1989): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281710.
Abstract (sommario):
Ongoing controversy over the identification of mesoamerican centers as the locus for specialized production of stone tools is addressed by reference to a consumer locality in the eastern Maya Lowlands. Lithic data from Pulltrouser Swamp are used to shed light on the production intensity and scale of a distribution system centered at Colha, Belize. Debitage analyses of technological attributes, use wear, and metric dimensions contrast two contexts of lithic procurement at Pulltrouser Swamp: direct procurement of raw material and indirect procurement of finished tools. Each procurement context results in debitage with different variable states. Characterization of the Colha chert lithic material at Pulltrouser Swamp as a consumer assemblage is supported further by the results of a discriminant analysis in which an experimental "consumer" assemblage is classified with the Colha chert. Such characterizations of lithic assemblages are more robust methodologically and more informative substantively than attempts at the quantification of production or usage rates. The implications of scalar differences in production systems are discussed.
10
Lindly, John, e Geoffrey Clark. "A Preliminary Lithic Analysis of the Mousterian Site of ’Ain Difla (WHS Site 634) in the Wadi Ali, West-Central Jordan". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, n. 1 (1987): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00006228.
Abstract (sommario):
Test excavations in 1984 at the middle palaeolithic rockshelter of 'Ain Difla (Wadi Hasa Survey Site 634) in west-central Jordan produced a lithic assemblage dominated by elongated levallois points with very few retouched tools. Length/width ratios of the levallois points and width/thickness ratios of a sample of complete flakes suggest an affinity with Tabun D/Phase 1 mousterian sites. This kind of assemblage is generally thought to occur during the early Levantine mousterian. However, there is evidence of persistence of Tabun D assemblages in the southern Levant until the middle/upper palaeolithic transition. Comparing the ’Ain Difla lithic assemblage with those of other Levantine mousterian sites underscores problems with the analytical frameworks used to ‘date’ sites through technological and metrical analyses. A rather coarse-grained regional paleoenvironmental sequence exacerbates these problems.
11
Riel-Salvatore, Julien, e C. Michael Barton. "Late Pleistocene Technology, Economic Behavior, and Land-Use Dynamics in Southern Italy". American Antiquity 69, n. 2 (aprile 2004): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128419.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper proposes a new methodology to study prehistoric lithic assemblages in an attempt to derive from that facet of prehistoric behavior the greater technoeconomic system in which it was embedded. By using volumetric artifact density and the frequency of retouched pieces within a given lithic assemblage, it becomes possible to identify whether these stone tools were created by residentially mobile or logistically organized foragers. The linking factor between assemblage composition and land-use strategy is that of curation within lithic assemblages as an expression of economizing behavior. This method is used to study eight sites from southeastern Italy to detect changes in adaptation during the Late Pleistocene. We compare and contrast Mousterian, Uluzzian, proto-Aurignacian and Epigravettian assemblages, and argue that the first three industries overlap considerably in terms of their technoeconomic flexibility. Epigravettian assemblages, on the other hand, display a different kind of land-use exploitation pattern than those seen in the earlier assemblages, perhaps as a response to deteriorating climatic conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum. While we discuss the implications of these patterns in the context of modern human origins, we argue that the methodology can help identify land-use patterns in other locales and periods.
12
Dibble, Harold L., Utsav A. Schurmans, Radu P. Iovita e Michael V. McLaughlin. "The Measurement and Interpretation of Cortex in Lithic Assemblages". American Antiquity 70, n. 3 (luglio 2005): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035313.
Abstract (sommario):
Cortex is often used as an indicator of core reduction and transport, but current measures to evaluate the observed amount of cortex in a lithic assemblage with what might be expected under particular conditions are still ambiguous. The purpose of the present study is to develop and evaluate an alternative method based on solid geometry. This method is evaluated with an experimentally produced assemblage, and implications of its application to archaeological assemblages are presented and discussed.
13
Yoo, Yongwook, Hyoungjun Kim, Minsu Kim e Jinul Kim. "The Implication of Jeongokri Lithic Assemblage in the CNU Museum: examining the results of the earliest excavation campaigns". Journal of Korean Palaeolithic Society 45 (30 giugno 2022): 5–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52954/kps.2022.1.45.5.
Abstract (sommario):
This article is a substitute for an official report of the lithic assemblage stored at Chungnam National University Museum (CNUM). The assemblage was originally acquired by previous museum personnel through several field trips at Jeongokri in 1979. Taking advantage of introducing the Jeongokri assemblage at CNUM, we also reviewed and examined the result of the past Jeongokri Excavation sessions during the earliest phase from 1979 to 1981 in order to suggest some future issues about the archaeological research of the Jeongokri site. A total of 196 lithic specimens were observed and re-classified according to a more refined typological scheme; their quantitative attributes were compiled and analyzed with the same method as adapted on the previously excavated Jeongok ACF assemblage. The result is that: 1) even though the CNUM Jeongokri assemblage is of very cursory and fragmentary surface collection, the assemblage characteristics are quite similar to those of other previously excavated Jeongokri assemblages, 2) and that more clearly defined lithic categories can be established and a new tool type—the pestle—can be suggested to successfully replace the previous ambiguous type—the handplane. In addition, we closely evaluated the context of discovered handaxes within sediments and approached the fundamental reason why the age of the Jeongokri handaxe was wrongfully understood and miscalculated so far. Taking an example of the recently discovered new Jeongokri 85-12 locality, we summoned a caution that the age estimation of the Jeongokri assemblage need to be clearly based on more rigorous designation of typologically genuine handaxes, as well as on the sound explanation of artifact horizon and relevant formation processes lest any more previous trial-and-error should emerge again.
14
Gaudzinski, Sabine. "Über die komplexe Genese mittelpleistozäner archäologischer Fundstellen am Beispiel des Platzes Kärlich-Seeufer (Mittelrhein)". E&G Quaternary Science Journal 47, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1997): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.47.1.01.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. The Middle Pleistocene site Kärlich-Seeufer is the youngest archaeological site in the Kärlich clay pit which, since the beginning of this century, has been the most important exposure for Quaternary stratigraphy in the Central Rhineland. The site was discovered in 1980 and excavated during the following years. Together with an Acheulean lithic assemblage and faunal remains, numerous macroscopic plant remains were recovered in an outstanding state of preservation. Wood of Abies and Quercus dominates the botanical assemblage in the form of trunks and branches. The faunal assemblage comprises: Panthera leo ssp., Elephas antiquus, Equus sp., Sus scrofa, Cervus elaphus, Rangifer sp. as well as Bos vel Bison. Elephas antiquus dominates the faunal assemblage and the molars of this species show a certain robustness in comparison to teeth of other Middle- and Upper Pleistocene Elephas antiquus populations. The results of the palynological analysis show that the sediments containing the archaeological assemblage were deposited during the second half of an interglacial phase, the Kärlich Interglacial. Moreover, these results allow detailed reconstruction of palaeoecological conditions during the Middle Pleistocene. Analysis of site formation processes, taking into account the sedimentology of the archaeological layers, the lithic and faunal assemblages and the numerous macroscopic palaeobotanical remains, shows that the Seeufer site functioned as a sediment trap in which evidence for hominid activity has been re-bedded together with wood and faunal remains. At Kärlich-Seeufer, as at other European Lower Palaeolithic sites, claims for hominid activity are very difficult to assess and can only be demonstrated for the lithic assemblage. The contribution of hominids to the presence of other categories of finds remains obscure.
15
Cooper, Lynden P., Wayne Jarvis, Alex Bayliss, Matthew G. Beamish, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Jennifer Browning, Rhea Brettell et al. "Making and Breaking Microliths: A Middle Mesolithic Site at Asfordby, Leicestershire". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 83 (5 ottobre 2017): 43–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2017.7.
Abstract (sommario):
Archaeological fieldwork preceding housing development revealed a Mesolithic site in a primary context. A central hearth was evident from a cluster of calcined flint and bone, the latter producing a modelled date for the start of occupation at 8220–7840 calbcand ending at 7960–7530 calbc(95% probability). The principal activity was the knapping of bladelets, the blanks for microlith production. Impact-damaged microliths indicated the re-tooling of hunting weaponry, while microwear analysis of other tools demonstrated hide working and butchery activity at the site. The lithics can be classified as a Honey Hill assemblage type on the basis of distinctive leaf-shaped microlithic points with inverse basal retouch.Such assemblages have a known concentration in central England and are thought to be temporally intermediate between the conventional British Early and Late Mesolithic periods. The lithic assemblage is compared to other Honey Hill type and related Horsham type assemblages from south-eastern England. Both assemblage types are termed Middle Mesolithic and may be seen as part of wider developments in the late Preboreal and Boreal periods of north-west Europe. Rapid climatic warming at this time saw the northward expansion of deciduous woodland into north-west Europe. Emerging new ecosystems presented changes in resource patterns and the Middle Mesolithic lithic typo-technological developments reflect novel foraging strategies as adaptations to the new opportunities of Boreal forest conditions. While Honey Hill-type assemblages are seen as part of such wider processes their distinctive typological signature attests to autochthonous, regional developments of human groups infilling the landscape. Such cultural insularity may reflect changing social boundaries with reduction in mobility range and physical isolation caused by rising sea level and the creation of the British archipelago.
16
Vukosavljević, Nikola, Goran Gužvica, Biserka Radanović-Gužvica, Dražen Kurtanjek e Ivor Karavanić. "Mousterian lithic assemblage from Vinica cave (Hrvatsko zagorje, Croatia)." Arheološki vestnik 73 (7 luglio 2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/av.73.01.
Abstract (sommario):
In this paper we present techno-typological and raw material analysis of the Mousterian lithic assemblage from Vinica cave (Hrvatsko zagorje, Croatia) excavated during late 1990s and early 2000s. Lithic artefacts are found in two Mouste- rian layers, c and d, whose age is determined by 14C AMS dating. Sample from layer d brought indefinite age older than 50,300 years BP while calibrated age for the sample from layer c is 36–34.5 ka BP. Quartz is predominant raw material in both layers followed by different cherts. Quartz cobbles were knapped on-site while at least some chert artefacts were not flaked in the cave but brought from elsewhere as blanks and tools. Among small number of tools, scrapers are the most frequent. Small lithic assemblages from both layers suggest that cave was used as short term Neandertal camp during Middle Paleolithic.
17
Diez-Martin, Fernando, Briggs Buchanan, James D. Norris e Metin I. Eren. "Was Welling, Ohio (33-Co-2), a Clovis Basecamp or Lithic Workshop? Employing Experimental Models to Interpret Old Collections". American Antiquity 86, n. 1 (5 novembre 2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.81.
Abstract (sommario):
Archaeological collections are foundational to the discipline. Yet, researchers who study curated assemblages can face challenges. Here, we show how experimental archaeology can play a vital role in the interpretation of old archaeological collections. The Welling site, in Coshocton County, Ohio, is a multicomponent, stratified site with a substantial Clovis component in its lower levels. Using experimental flaked stone replication, we create an analog model of a “pure” Clovis bifacial debitage assemblage, as might be found at a lithic workshop. We predicted that if the Welling Clovis debitage assemblage was representative of a lithic workshop, then it would be similar to the experimental model. If the debitage assemblage was representative of a base camp, however, then it would be significantly different from the model because Clovis people would have been using, transporting, resharpening, rejuvenating, and recycling the debitage—all activities that would modify a “pure” Clovis bifacial debitage assemblage. Our statistical analyses supported the latter prediction. Overall, our study illustrates how productive the integration of experimental and archaeological data can be, and it emphasizes how important the curation and accessibility of both archaeological and experimental collections are to the discipline.
18
Kiosak, Dmytro, Maciej Dębiec, Anzhelika Kolesnychenko e Thomas Saile. "Lithic Industry of the Kamyane-Zavallia Linearbandkeramik Site in Ukraine (2019 Campaign)". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 18 (29 dicembre 2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2023.18.2.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper treats a selection of lithic finds from Kamyane-Zavallia (Kam’âne-Zavallâ) – the easternmost Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK) site ever excavated. The lithic assemblage belongs to typical representatives of the early farming lithic industries in the region. It is characterized by prismatic cores for blade production, end-scrapers on fragmented blades and flakes, retouched blades, perforators, and a blade fragment with “sickle gloss”. There is a single projectile point of unidentifiable morphology. The authors argue that there is no trace of “Mesolithic heritage” in the assemblage of Kamyane-Zavallia. The assemblage finds close parallels in the sites of Nicolaevca V, Dănceni I, and other LBK sites from Moldova and Romania.
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MacGregor, Gavin, Alistair Beckett, Ann Clarke, Nyree Finlay, David Sneddon e Jennifer Miller. "Mesolithic and later activity at North Barr River, Morvern". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports 84 (12 giugno 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2019.84.
Abstract (sommario):
At North Barr River, Morvern, inspection of forestry planting mounds on a raised beach terrace identified a chipped stone assemblage associated with upcast deposits containing charcoal. An archaeological evaluation of the site, funded by Forestry Commission Scotland, sought to better understand the extent and character of this Mesolithic and later prehistoric lithic scatter. The lithic assemblage is predominantly debitage with some microliths and scrapers. The range of raw materials including flint, Rùm bloodstone and baked mudstone highlights wider regional networks. Other elements, including a barbed and tanged arrowhead, belong to later depositional episodes. Two mid-second millennium bc radiocarbon dates were obtained from soil associated with some lithics recovered from a mixed soil beneath colluvial deposits. The chronology of a putative stone bank or revetment is uncertain but the arrangement of stone may also date to the second millennium bc.
20
Sullivan, Alan P. "Probing the Sources of Lithic Assemblage Variability: A Regional Case Study near the Homolovi Ruins, Arizona". North American Archaeologist 8, n. 1 (luglio 1987): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ga4w-8077-8446-h389.
Abstract (sommario):
Problems with the interpretation of regional lithic assemblage variability are briefly discussed. Several methods are introduced for controlling the sources of variation that influence the composition of lithic assemblages. The utility of these methods is illustrated with a statistical analysis of lithic artifact collections from thirteen sites near the Homolovi Ruins Group north of Winslow, Arizona. Results indicate strong technological differences between four site classes that cannot be attributed to site type, location, or time exclusively. Some arguments based on considerations of regional settlement and organization are proposed to account for the technological patterning that pertains to each site class. The Homolovi study shows that a comprehensive understanding of interassemblage variability necessitates that multiple lines of evidence be developed to ensure all potential sources of variability have been thoroughly examined.
21
Holmes, Charles E., Ben A. Potter, Joshua D. Reuther, Owen K. Mason, Robert M. Thorson e Peter M. Bowers. "Geological and Cultural Context of the Nogahabara I Site". American Antiquity 73, n. 4 (ottobre 2008): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600047405.
Abstract (sommario):
Interpretation of the Nogahabara I assemblage as a Late Pleistocene abandoned toolkit rests primarily on the premise of a single brief occupation at the site. The limited contextual data presented do not discount a palimpsest of noncontemporaneous assemblages in secondary contexts associated with a lag deposit. Spatial patterning, lithic assemblage patterning, artifact surface alteration, and disparate radiocarbon dates at the site, as well as geological data from the Nogahabara and nearby Kobuk dunes, indicate that the cultural material was subjected to post-depositional disturbance. Alternate hypotheses of site formation and avenues for testing these hypotheses are considered.
22
MacGregor, Gavin. "Mesolithic and later activity at North Barr River, Morvern". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, n. 84 (2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2019.84.1-27.
Abstract (sommario):
At North Barr River, Morvern (NGR: NM 61430 57082), inspection of forestry planting mounds on a raised beach terrace identified a chipped stone assemblage associated with upcast deposits containing charcoal. An archaeological evaluation of the site, funded by Forestry Commission Scotland, sought to better understand the extent and character of this Mesolithic and later prehistoric lithic scatter. The lithic assemblage is predominantly debitage with some microliths and scrapers. The range of raw materials including flint, Rùm bloodstone and baked mudstone highlights wider regional networks. Other elements, including a barbed and tanged arrowhead, belong to later depositional episodes. Two mid-2nd millennium BC radiocarbon dates were obtained from soil associated with some lithics recovered from a mixed soil beneath colluvial deposits. The chronology of a putative stone bank or revetment is uncertain but the arrangement of stone may also date to the 2nd millennium BC.
23
Davies, Benjamin, Simon J. Holdaway e Patricia C. Fanning. "MODELING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPACE, MOVEMENT, AND LITHIC GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES". American Antiquity 83, n. 3 (30 aprile 2018): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.23.
Abstract (sommario):
Evidence for changes in human mobility is fundamental to interpretations of transitions in human socioeconomic organization. Showing changes in mobility requires both archaeological proxies that are sensitive to movement and a clear understanding of how different mobility configurations influence their patterning. This study uses computer simulation to explore how different combinations of reduction, selection, transport, and discard of stone artifacts generate patterning in the “cortex ratio,” a geometric proxy used to demonstrate movement at the assemblage level. A case study from western New South Wales, Australia, shows how cortex ratios are used to make inferences about movement. Results of the exploratory simulation show that redundancy in movement between discards reduces variability in cortex ratios, while mean assemblage values can be attributed to the relative proportions of artifacts carried into and out of the assemblages. These results suggest that raw material availability is a potentially crucial factor in determining what kinds of mobility are visible in assemblages, whereby different access to raw material can shift the balance of import and export of stone in an otherwise undirected movement configuration. These findings are used to contextualize distributions of cortex ratios from the raw material–rich study area, prompting suggestions for further fieldwork.
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Ssemulende, Robert, Elizabeth Kyazike e Julius Lejju. "Recasting the Sangoan Stone Age Techno-Complex in the Stone Age Nomenclature at Sango Bay, Southern Uganda". Studies in the African Past: A Journal for Africanist Perspectives 15, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/sapj.v15i-1-1.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper discusses the complex use of the term ‘Sangoan’ and its placement between the Early Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) using data from Simba Hill in Sango Bay. The purpose is to examine whether the Sangoan is Acheulean, Middle Stone Age, or an independent lithic industry at Sango Bay. Four specific objectives guided the study: reviewing the Stone Age terminology, Sangoan lithic typology, technology, and environmental characteristics. A detailed literature review of the Stone Age nomenclature shows patterns and trends of the Sangoan terminology; while a combined lithic assemblage from the archaeological surface survey and excavation yielded heavy and light-duty lithic tools. The 13 sites identified within the 202.6km surveyed had 73 lithic artefacts, while the excavation unit yielded 1344 lithic artefacts. The results suggest that the Sangoan typology at Sango Bay has five general lithic categories of shaped tools, backed pieces, cores, and debitage. Typologically, the conventional Sangoan lithics at Sango Bay include lanceolates, picks, cleavers, discoids, becs, points and core axes. Technologically, the Levallois lithic reduction strategy characterises the Sangoan with unifacial and bifacial retouch and core technology elements. The toolmakers at Sango Bay used local raw materials, suggesting they were not highly mobile in terms of raw materials. Conclusively, therefore, the Sangoan is a transitional lithic industry.
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Kačar, Sonja, e Sylvie Philibert. "Early Neolithic Large Blades from Crno Vrilo (Dalmatia, Croatia): Preliminary Techno-Functional Analysis". Open Archaeology 8, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0232.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The excavation of Crno Vrilo site (Zadar, Dalmatia, Croatia), carried out by B. Marijanović, has unearthed the vestiges of an Early Neolithic village dating back to ca. 5800–5600 cal BC. The lithic assemblage, with more than 4000 pieces, represents the biggest Impressed Ware assemblage of littoral Croatia. Lithic production at Crno Vrilo is characterised by the pressure Blade flaking on high-quality exogenous cherts (Gargano, southern Italy) reflecting important socio-economic and technical aspects that are specific to the Neolithic. The presence of some débitage elements such as flakes, debris, cortical and technological pieces indicates that standard pressure flaking occured at the site, while the presence of large Blades (with widths exceeding 20 mm) suggests production by lever pressure, a technique that required specialized knowledge and equipment. This article questions whether the lever pressure technique was used in the production of large Blades and examines the status of these Blades in the Crno Vrilo lithic assemblage by examining their technological and functional aspects.
26
Carter, Tristan, Danica D. Mihailović, Yiannis Papadatos e Chrysa Sofianou. "The Cretan Mesolithic in context: new data from Livari Skiadi (SE Crete)". Documenta Praehistorica 43 (30 dicembre 2016): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.3.
Abstract (sommario):
Investigations at Livari (south-eastern Crete) produced a small Mesolithic chipped stone assemblage, whose techno-typological characteristics situate it within an ‘early Holocene Aegean island lithic tradition’ (9000–7000 cal BC). The material provides antecedent characteristics for the lithics of Crete’s founder Neolithic population at Knossos (c. 7000–6500/6400 cal BC). The idiosyncrasies of the Knossian material can be viewed as a hybrid lithic tradition that emerged from interaction between migrant Anatolian farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers. Small quantities of Melian obsidian at Livari attest to early Holocene maritime insular networks, knowledge of which likely enabled the first farmers’ successful voyage to Crete.
27
Wenban-Smith, Francis, David Bridgland, Simon Parfitt, Andrew Haggart e Phillip Rye. "Palaeolithic Archaeology at the Swan Valley Community School, Swanscombe, Kent". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 67 (2001): 219–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001675.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper reports on the recovery of Palaeolithic flint artefacts and faunal remains from fluvial gravels at the base of a sequence of Pleistocene sediments revealed during construction works at two sites to the south of Swanscombe village, Kent. Although outside the mapped extent of the Boyn Hill/Orsett Heath Formation, the newly discovered deposits can be firmly correlated with the Middle Gravels and Upper Loam from the Barnfield Pit sequence dating to c. 400,000–380,000 BP. This increases greatly the known extent of these deposits, one horizon of which produced the Swanscombe Skull, and has provided more information on their upper part.Comparison of the lithic assemblages from volume-controlled sieving with those from general monitoring demonstrated that artefact collections formed without controlled methods of recovery, such as form the majority of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic archaeological record, are likely to be disproportionately dominated by larger, more visible, and more collectable neatly-made handaxes to the detriment of more poorly made, asymmetrical handaxes and cores, flakes, and percussors. The lithic assemblage from the fluvial gravel was confirmed as dominated by pointed handaxes, supporting previous studies of artefacts front the equivalent Lower Middle Gravel at Barnfield Pit. The raw material characteristics of the assemblage were investigated, and it was concluded that there was no indication that the preference for pointed shapes could be related to either the shape or source of raw material.This paper also reviews the significance of lithic assemblages from disturbed fluvial contexts, and concludes that, contrary to some current perspectives, they have a valuable role to play complementing less disturbed evidence in developing understanding of the Palaeolithic.
28
Markó, András. "Considerations on the lithic assemblages from the Szeleta cave". Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2016 (6 dicembre 2016): 5–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2016.5.
Abstract (sommario):
The Szeleta cave was the first excavated Palaeolithic site in Hungary. The artefacts were scattered along the layer sequence and very few of them were excavated in thin, discrete layers. After the general review of the available documentation and some questions of site formation, four assemblages are analysed in the present paper, all excavated in the so-called hearth levels in the entrance and the main hall of the cave. The variability of the used raw materials and the typological differences makes possible to describe several types of industries, but none of these was a typical Szeletian assemblage.
29
Douglass, Matthew J., Simon J. Holdaway, Patricia C. Fanning e Justin I. Shiner. "An Assessment and Archaeological Application of Cortex Measurement in Lithic Assemblages". American Antiquity 73, n. 3 (luglio 2008): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600046849.
Abstract (sommario):
We describe an experimental test and archaeological application of the solid geometry method for the interpretation of cortical surface area in lithic assemblages proposed by Dibble et al. (2005). Experimental results support the method's accuracy while archaeological application to assemblages from western New South Wales, Australia suggests a repeated pattern of the selective removal of artifacts away from their location of manufacture. These findings shed light on the role curation and mobility play in the use and eventual discard of those artifact classes for which conventional measures of curation are not applicable. The results raise new questions about Aboriginal technological organization and land use, while simultaneously highlighting the complex relationship between past human behavior and archaeological assemblage content.
30
Wickham-Jones, Caroline R., e James R. Mackenzie. "An unusual lithic assemblage from Lunanhead, Angus". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 126 (30 novembre 1997): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.126.1.16.
Abstract (sommario):
In July 1993 the Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust Ltd (SUAT) carried out an extensive field evaluation funded by Historic Scotland in advance of a housing development near Lunanhead, Angus. From the base of a natural depression 28 flint artefacts were recovered. One further piece was retrieved from the topsoil. Although small, this assemblage represents an important find combining evidence of a rare commodity in Scotland: good-quality flint nodules, with technological evidence of a broad blade industry, of which Scotland has few examples to date.
31
Tsvirkun, O. I., P. S. Shydlovskyi, D. V. Dudnyk e M. V. Chymyrys. "Lithic processing complex of the fourth dwelling of the Mezhyrich Upper Palaeolithic settlement". VITA ANTIQUA, n. 13 (2021): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37098/va-2021-13-55-86.
Abstract (sommario):
In order to determine the degree of relatedness of archaeological sites, it is important to study lithic assemblages originated from relatively closed archaeological objects and which can serve as a reference for a comparative analysis of several industries. This article analyses a separate archaeological object - a flint Workshop 1 - against the background of the overall structure of the lithic assemblage of the fourth household unit. The Workshop 1 was discovered during the excavations of the fourth dwelling of the Mezhyrich epigravettian site in 2018-2020. The history of the study of this dwelling and lithic assemblage of the fourth unit, the conditions of detection and the context of the Workshop 1 location, the typological-statistical and technological features of the flint artifacts, obtained as a result of the latest excavations of the fourth dwelling filling, are given. Analysis of the distribution of finds together with stratigraphic observations allow us to assert at least two living surfaces into the dwelling. Planigraphic features of the trench studied in dwelling demonstrate the functional specialization of different parts of the interior space. The study revealed two different areas on both sides of the central part with the remains of the hearth. Cultural remains in the south-western part testify to fur and leather processing operations here, while in the north-eastern part of the trench there is clear evidence of flint knapping operations and the manufacture of tools, which in turn related to leather processing. Data on the spatial distribution of flint products in other dwellings of the Mezhyrich settlement reveal common features in the organization of living space. Such peculiarities of the behaviour of the prehistoric inhabitants require the search for more distant analogies on the mezhyrichian industry sites and among the Upper Palaeolithic population of Eastern Europe in general. Keywords: Upper Palaeolithic, Epigravettian, household unit, workshop, lithic technology.
32
Jayez, M. "A typo-technological analysis of chipped stone assemblage from the Mesolithic site of Altappeh, Mazandaran, Iran (the archive of the National Museum of Iran)". Universum Humanitarium, n. 2 (5 luglio 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2499-9997-2021-2-49-57.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents a typo-technological analysis of the lithic assemblage from the excavation of Mesolithic site of Altappeh (southeast of the Caspian Sea). The site was excavated by C. McBurney and the archaeological materials from the excavation were divided between the University of Cambridge and the National Museum of Iran. This research is based on the chipped stones stored in the National Museum of Iran. The assemblage, consisting mostly of flake tools including various scrapers and notchdenticulate tools, presents characteristics which reflect “Caspian Mesolithic” chipped stone industry, previously detected from cave sites of Kamarband, Hotu and Komishan in the same region. The Mesolithic chipped stone industry of the south and southeast of the Caspian Sea had been introduced as “Trialetian” during 1990s, but the recent research emphasizes the differences between chipped stone assemblages entitled “Trialetian” with “Caspian Mesolithic”. These differences are mostly reflected in raw material procurement strategies and tool types which are not similar in the assemblages from southeast and west of the Caspian Sea.
33
Moore, Christopher R. "An Examination of Terminal Archaic Bone and Antler Implements from the Firehouse Site, Dearborn County, Indiana". Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 42, n. 3 (1 ottobre 2017): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599960.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The Firehouse site (12D563) is a Terminal Archaic Riverton culture site located on a bluff overlooking the confluence of the Ohio and Great Miami Rivers in Dearborn County, Indiana. Excavations at the site in 2003 and 2004 yielded a highly diverse assemblage of around 300 bone and antler implements. Such large assemblages of organic tools are rare outside of wet sites, rockshelters, and shell middens and provide a unique opportunity for the study of tool forms not typically recovered in the Midwest. A typological analysis of the Firehouse assemblage indicates some similarities between these tools and Riverton culture bone and antler implements from the type sites in Illinois. Additionally, a microscopic analysis of manufacturing microtraces indicates that most tools were made using a lithic shaving (rather than an abrasion) technique.
34
Shiner, Justin, Simon Holdaway e Patricia Fanning. "Flaked stone assemblage variability across the Weipa region of western Cape York Peninsula, Queensland". Queensland Archaeological Research 21 (25 aprile 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.21.2018.3636.
Abstract (sommario):
Shell mounds located on the coastal and estuarine fringes are the best-known archaeological feature in the Weipa region, northwestern Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Other archaeological deposits have received less attention, with stone artefacts thought to be all but absent reflecting the lack of raw material suitable for flaking in the region. Cultural heritage surveys on the bauxite plateau in the Weipa region undertaken since 2003 have changed this view. Here we report on stone artefacts manufactured from quartz, quartzite, silcrete, and mudstone. Surprisingly, flakes and cores in assemblages from across the surveyed region retain a relatively large proportion of cortex, indicating limited lithic reduction despite the lack of local raw material. Comparisons made with assemblage characteristics from other regions in Australia indicate that this lack of core reduction may reflect use of the Albatross Bay landscape by people who were confident of being able to access the lithic sources outside the region to replenish their tool kits.
35
Kolobova, Ksenia A., Alena V. Shalagina, Sergey V. Markin e Andrey I. Krivoshapkin. "Identification of Bifacial Components in Middle Paleolithic Techno-Complexes (Based on the Chagyrskaya Cave Assemblages)". Archaeology and Ethnography 18, n. 7 (2019): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-98-111.
Abstract (sommario):
Previously, occasional bifacial tools found in different industrial variants of the Altai Middle Paleolithic were not considered as cultural markers that could be used to differentiate the technological/cultural variants. They rather were a bright but situational manifestation of the typological variability, especially in the case of the Sibiryachikha assemblages. Purpose. The article discusses various research approaches used to determine and evaluate the bifacial component in the Middle Paleolithic lithic assemblages, namely attributive analysis with a set of specific attributes, scar-pattern analysis and experimental modelling. Results. As a result of recent studies at the site Chagyrskaya Cave, the key-site of Sibiryachikha, we found out that all the bifaces were made using plano-convex technology. In the Chagyrskaya Cave assemblage all stages of bifacial production have been noticed? including pre-forms, bifacial tools and tools made on bifacial thinning flakes, accompanied by numerous bifacial thinning flakes and bifacial thinning chips. Re-investigation of the Okladnikov assemblage should bring a new, previously unknown series of technical spalls related to the bifacial plano-convex technology. A similar situation is with Karabom complexes, where all bifacial tools are made using bi-convex bifacial technology. Thus, criteria for technological distinction of bifacial production are of special importance. Conclusion. Our experiments have shown that the proportion of chips associated with bifacial production is much higher than it can be determined while analyzing archaeological assemblages. Taking in account the new data on bifacial technologies in the region, we conclude that variability of Middle Paleolithic complexes has become more complex. To evaluate the bifacial component in Paleolithic assemblages, all stages of bifacial flaking should be documented, including bifacial pre-forms, technical spalls related to bifacial reduction sequence, chips, blanks which demonstrate bifacial flaking errors and tools made on bifacial thinning flakes and bifacial tools. A complete set of bifacial production is present at the Chagyrskaya Cave assemblage due to the fact that the cave was constantly visited and had a sufficiently long habitation cycle as a source of raw materials. In the assemblage, a complete sequence of lithic raw material exploitation was processed. Taking into account the fact that Chagyrskaya Cave and Okladnikov Cave are associated only with Neanderthal remains, it can be assumed that bifacial plano-convex technology in the Middle Paleolithic of Altai is linked to Neanderthal population in the region.
36
Finlay, Nyree, Ruby Cerón-Carrasco, Rupert Housley, Jeremy Huggett, W. Graham Jardine, Susan Ramsay, Catherine Smith, Dene Wright, Julian Augley e Peter J. Wright. "Calling Time on Oronsay: Revising Settlement Models Around the Mesolithic–Neolithic Transition in Western Scotland, New Evidence from Port Lobh, Colonsay". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (14 agosto 2019): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.2.
Abstract (sommario):
For over 120 years, the shell middens of western Scotland and the series of open-air sites on Oronsay have been the focus of debate in European Mesolithic studies. This paper challenges the significance of Oronsay in light of results from the geophysical survey and test-excavation of a new limpet and periwinkle shell midden dated to the late 5th or start of the 4th millennium cal bc at Port Lobh, Colonsay that offers fresh evidence to re-evaluate critically the role of Oronsay and coastal resources in island settlement models ahead of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition. Test excavations recovered a marine molluscan assemblage dominated by limpet and periwinkle shells together with crab, sea urchin, a fishbone assemblage composed mainly of Gadidae, some identifiable bird and mammal bone, carbonised macroplant remains, and pumice as well as a bipolar lithic assemblage and coarse stone implements. Novel seasonality studies of saithe otolith thin-sections suggest wintertime tidal fishing practices. At least two activity events may be discerned, dating from the late 5th millennium cal bc. The midden could represent a small number of rapidly deposited assemblages or maybe the result of stocastic events within a more extended timeframe. We argue that alternative research questions are needed to advance long-standing debates about seasonal inter-island mobility versus island sedentism that look beyond Oronsay to better understand later Mesolithic occupation patterns and the formation and date of Oronsay middens. We propose alternative methodological strategies to aid identification of contemporaneous sites using geophysical techniques and lithic technological signatures.
37
Rybin, E. P., e A. M. Khatsenovich. "Earliest Assemblage of the Shuidonggou 1 Site (North China) and Its Position in Variability of the Initial Upper Paleolithic of South Siberia and Eastern Central Asia". Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0246-0253.
Abstract (sommario):
This article is intended to review the lithic assemblage from lowermost cultural level of the Shuidonggou 1 site (northern China). From the onset of investigation, this laminar assemblage was accepted as an example of intrusive event in the local cultural continuity. Technology and typology of the Shuidonggou 1 assemblage found its closest parallels in the lithic industries from the early Upper Paleolithic technocomplex of southern Siberia and eastern Central Asia. In the present article, we demonstrate, based on published data and the authors’ personal observations, the position of the lowermost Shuidonggou 1 assemblage (ca. 41 ka BP) within the realm of the early Upper Paleolithic blade industries in surrounding regions, namely Kara-Bom site (Altai Mountains) and Tolbor 4 and Tolbor 21 sites (Northern Mongolia). In this study, we demonstrates that except for the distinct Levallois technological component, the Shuidonggou assemblage presented all core reduction techniques typical of the early Upper Paleolithic technological package present in southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same is true for the special tool types (end scrapers, various points on blades, etc.). The tool markers specific for the early Upper Paleolithic evidenced in Shuidonggou 1 are provided in a short list (3 out of 7 tool types) and include points with the ventral bulb trimming, oblique/truncated points, and stemmed blades. It can be concluded that despite somewhat chronologically later position in the cultural-chronological sequence of southern Siberian and Central Asian early Upper Paleolithic technocomplex, the Shuidonggou 1 site demonstrates high degree of similarity with the early Upper Paleolithic assemblages: Kara-Bom UP2 and Tolbor 4 AH5. We suppose that this industry is a typical example of the early Upper Paleolithic industry with respect to potential influence of raw material peculiarities, and being in a remote location compared to geographical core of the early Upper Paleolithic, it may provide an example of the first wave of these populations developed in isolation.
38
Hu, Yue, Qijun Ruan, Jianhui Liu, Ben Marwick e Bo Li. "Luminescence chronology and lithic technology of Tianhuadong Cave, an early Upper Pleistocene Paleolithic site in southwest China". Quaternary Research 94 (20 dicembre 2019): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.67.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractTianhuadong is a cave site located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. Since 2010, several surveys and one test excavation have yielded more than 1000 stone artifacts. The lithic assemblage shows some features of Levallois and Quina technologies, similar to those found in Middle Paleolithic sites in the Western Hemisphere. In this study, we summarize the lithic industry and propose a reliable chronology for the site using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of individual quartz grains extracted from sediments. We applied the standardized growth curve method to deal with the problem associated with the saturation in natural OSL signals in quartz. Our dating results yielded ages of 90–40 ka, suggesting that the associated lithic assemblage could be assigned to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 5 and 4 and could potentially represent Middle Paleolithic technologies. Because the number of Middle Paleolithic sites in southwest China is small, this site provides one of the few traces of human occupation in southwest China during the early upper Pleistocene. Thus, it is important for understanding hominin evolution and dispersal in this region.
39
Stepanchuk, Vadim N. "Bifacial component of Mira, Layer I lithic assemblage". Journal of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences 3, n. 2 (1 settembre 2021): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.62526/h4cf72.
Abstract (sommario):
Located in the Dnieper valley and dated to ca. 32,000–31,000 cal BP, the site of Mira is characterized by the high level of conservation of human activity evidence. An important specificity of the site is its position in area without lithic raw material outcrops. The lithic industry of Mira, Layer I with confidence can be regarded as homogenous and containing no admixtures. At the same time, it is multi-component and includes specific Middle and Upper Palaeolithic tool types. Bifacial products constitute the essential archaic feature and are the focus of the presented paper. As a pivotal issue several related tasks are seen: to evaluate whether intensive use and recycling can distort the set of bifacial artefacts; to understand what role (core vs. tool) bifacial artefacts did play in technological chaîne opératoire under the terms of shortage of raw materials; to examine which analogies for bifacial products of Mira, Layer I can be seen, based on their technology and morphology. The analysis of available data allows concluding that the initial set of bifacial products was definitely distorted: some bifaces were used as cores, whilst the others were significantly reshaped and reduced. At the same time, no indication exists that the bifaces served as mobile cores from the onset. Instead, they actually played a role of occasional situational cores. Techno-morphological features of Mira, Layer I bifacial products provide reasons for searching the nearest analogies in local Micoquian-related Middle Palaeolithic records.
40
Lin, Sam C., Cornel M. Pop, Harold L. Dibble, Will Archer, Dawit Desta, Marcel Weiss e Shannon P. McPherron. "A Core Reduction Experiment Finds No Effect of Original Stone Size and Reduction Intensity on Flake Debris Size Distribution". American Antiquity 81, n. 3 (luglio 2016): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600004005.
Abstract (sommario):
Studies have long noted the influence of stone package size and reduction intensity on lithic assemblage composition, particularly in the form of flake size distributions. However, it remains difficult to distinguish objectively the effect of either factor in archaeological contexts without controlling for the variation in one of the two variables. Here we report on an experimental study designed to test the null hypotheses that original stone size and reduction intensity have no impact on the size distribution of lithic flake debris produced during core reduction. Results indicate statistically significant influence from original stone size but not reduction intensity, although the effects from the former are low enough to be considered trivial. In reviewing a sequence of archaeological assemblages from a Middle Paleolithic site, all exhibit an excess of smallsized materials in comparison to the experimental data. When exceptionally high frequencies of the smaller size classes occur, taphonomic processes are clearly responsible.
41
Gadekar, Charusmita, Juan José García-Granero, Marco Madella e P. Ajithprasad. "Microlithic variation and the Mesolithic occupations of western India". PLOS ONE 17, n. 6 (22 giugno 2022): e0267654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267654.
Abstract (sommario):
Considerable confusion and uncertainty persist on the cultural and chronological contexts of Holocene microlithic assemblages reported from South Asia. The paucity of securely dated sites with microlithic remains has compounded the confusion. Evidence from sites securely attributed to the Mesolithic based on a holistic approach (including direct evidence of plant and animal exploitation strategies) is needed to provide a better understanding of Mesolithic lithic tool-kits. This study uses morphometric and statistical methods to assess the nature of the Holocene hunter-gatherer microlithic tools-kit from a radiometrically secured chronological context at Vaharvo Timbo, a recently excavated Mesolithic site in North Gujarat (India). The assemblage is further compared with the nearby contemporary site of Loteshwar to highlight similarities and differences within hunter-gatherer lithic assemblages, understanding which can provide detailed information about subsistence strategies as well as patterns of settlement and mobility. The results show general standardisation between these two sites regarding raw materials and manufacturing technique but variation in the relative abundance of tool types between these two sites, despite their close proximity, indicating diverse strategies of resource exploitation by the Holocene hunter-gatherer groups in western India.
42
Soriano, Sylvain, e Eric Huysecom. "Lithic Industry as an Indicator of Ceramic Diffusion in the Early Neolithic of West Africa: A Case Study at Ounjougou". Journal of African Archaeology 10, n. 1 (25 ottobre 2012): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10212.
Abstract (sommario):
Ounjougou (Dogon Country, Mali) is now known for the discovery there of pottery dating to the first half of the 10th millennium cal BC, which is among the earliest evidence of the use of ceramics in Africa. While our understanding of early African ceramics is becoming well developed, certain other evidence associated with the first manifestations of the African Neolithic are still poorly understood, including notably the lithic industries. On the basis of technological and typological analyses of the lithic assemblage associated with the Ounjougou pottery, we will show that these materials also express profound behavioral changes within cultural groups of this period, and indeed they help clarify processes for the spread of ceramics. For these reasons lithics are extremely important for understanding this period of great cultural change and should not be neglected. Technological and typological data collected during the analysis have been used to propose an original taphonomic approach and to test in this way the coherence of the assemblage. Comparisons with Early Holocene industries in the Saharan zone (Temet, Tagalagal, Adrar Bous 10, etc.) provide new elements of consideration regarding the cultural context of the appearance of pottery, and enable us to propose a scenario for the adoption of technological innovations marking the beginning of the Holocene, from sub-Saharan West Africa toward the central Sahara. The lithic industries are seen as a valuable means of clarifying the cultural context and processes of the appearance and spread of pottery in this region from the first half of the 10th millennium cal BC to the middle of the 9th millennium cal BC.
43
Reilly, Paul, e Ian Dawson. "Track and Trace, and Other Collaborative Art/Archaeology Bubbles in the Phygital Pandemic". Open Archaeology 7, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0137.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper describes our creative responses to a surface assemblage (a scatter) of lithic artefacts encountered on either side of a worn track across a field early on in the pandemic. Our art/archaeology response takes place within a phygital nexus in which artefacts or assemblages can be instantiated either physically or digitally, or both. In the nexus we create, connect and explore an ontological multiplicity of – more or less – physical and digital skeuomorphs and other more standard forms of records for sharing (i.e. Latour’s immutable mobiles, such as photographs), but rendered with radically different properties and affordances, at different scales, with different apparatus. These include interactive Reflectance Transformation Images, graphical surface models, machine intelligence style transfer, and 3D prints, all of which were produced in a variety of isolated analytical “bubble” settings and transmitted to and from (both digitally and physically) a home office in an isolated Hampshire village and a home studio in a London suburb. Our approach is to describe, diffractively, the ontological shifts and itineraries associated with some of these objects and assess how this assemblage came to matter as an art/archaeology installation. Ultimately, some of these deterritorialised, (re)colourised, affective, biodegradable, and diffractively born metamorphic instars, now inscribed with new meanings, are returned to the original findspot of the lithics to be (re)discovered.
44
E., Rybin, Gunchinsuren B., Khatsenovich A., Marchenko D. e Bolorbat T. "FINAL PHASE OF EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN MONGOLIA: LITHIC TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL ANALOGIES: TOLBOR-4 SITE, HORIZONS 4A AND 4B". Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, n. 2 (2022): 186–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(2).-11.
Abstract (sommario):
The article considers the lithic assemblage of archaeological horizon 4a of Tolbor 4 site in Northern Mongolia (excavation campaign of 2017) in the context of development of Early Upper Paleolithic lithic industries during MIS-3 stage. On the basis of radiocarbon dates, stratigraphic position and techno-typological features of lithic assemblage this complex along with the industry of archaeological horizon 4b of Tolbor 4 is classified as terminal Early Upper Paleolithic. Th is industry is characterized by predominantly flake-based orthogonal and small-blade unidirectional reduction techniques. Th e collection of complex 4a revealed a geometric microlith — trapeze, previously considered a characteristic feature of the late Upper Paleolithic of the region. It was determined that the Early Upper Paleolithic of Tolbor 4 archaeological complexes shows a smooth sequential evolution from the Initial Upper Paleolithic of Archaeological Horizon 5, through the terminal Early Upper Paleolithic of Horizon 4c/5 to the terminal Early Upper Paleolithic of Horizons 4b and 4a. The radiocarbon dates obtained allow the chronological framework of the Terminal Upper Paleolithic to be shifted closer to the lower boundary of the Last Glacial maximum. The Terminal Early Upper Paleolithic technocomplex defined on the basis of complexes 4a and 4b of Tolbor-4, as well as Archaeological Horizon 4 Kharganyn-gol-5 have undoubted cultural and/or stadial reminiscence with the lithic industries of the Kunaley culture of Russian Transbaikal.
45
Jennings, Thomas A., e Michael R. Waters. "Pre-Clovis Lithic Technology at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas: Comparisons to Clovis through Site-Level Behavior, Technological Trait-List, and Cladistic Analyses". American Antiquity 79, n. 1 (gennaio 2014): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.25.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractHumans first left Siberia and colonized the Americas perhaps around 16,000 years ago, and the Clovis archaeological complex in North America has traditionally been linked to this migratory pulse. Archaeologists searching for evidence of Clovis technological antecedents have focused their attention on the Beringian and Siberian archaeological records. Growing evidence for the pre-Clovis occupation of North America provides a possible alternative source for the origins of Clovis. In this paper, we present new data on the pre-Clovis lithic assemblage from the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas, and compare Clovis and pre-Clovis lithic technological signatures. We show that while Clovis and pre-Clovis share some important technological traits, they also differ in important ways. We conclude that the pre-Clovis assemblage from Debra L. Friedkin cannot be called “Clovis,” but it could represent a technological antecedent of Clovis.
46
Berman, Mary Jane, April K. Sievert e Thomas R. Whyte. "Form and Function of Bipolar Lithic Artifacts from the Three Dog Site, San Salvador, Bahamas". Latin American Antiquity 10, n. 4 (dicembre 1999): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971965.
Abstract (sommario):
The significance of a microlithic assemblage composed of imported, nonlocal materials is discussed for the Three Dog site, an early Lucayan site located on San Salvador, Bahamas. The Bahama archipelago is an interesting area in which to examine the organization of technology because the islands lack cherts and other suitable materials for chipped stone manufacture, suggesting that economizing strategies may have been practiced. The artifacts were manufactured by bipolar production and a few show evidence of recycling and reuse. Microwear analysis, undertaken to determine function, was inconclusive due to heavy weathering from the depositional environment. Traces of an organic adhesive suggest that some of the objects were used as hafted or composite tools. The presence of starch grains, most likely Xanthosoma sp., and other plant residues on some artifacts suggests they were used in plant processing. The morphological similarities of the flakes produced through bipolar reduction with those from ethnographic sources suggest that most of them probably were used as grater chips to process root or tuber foods. The assemblage was compared to other bipolarly-produced microlithic assemblages from nearby islands.
47
Ballin, Torben Bjarke. "Re-examination of the quartz artefacts from Scord of Brouster". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, n. 17 (2005): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2005.17.1-36.
Abstract (sommario):
In the late 1970s, a substantial quartz assemblage was recovered from the Neolithic settlement at Scord of Brouster, Shetland (NGR: HU 2560 5165) . At the time, bipolar technique (which is responsible for a substantial proportion of the assemblage), as well as quartz technology in general, were poorly understood, and it was not possible to fully make use of the assemblage in the interpretation of the site, the region, or the period. With our expanded understanding of bipolar approaches and quartz technology, this is now possible, and, in the present paper, the assemblage is re-examined, re-classified and re-interpreted. The quartz assemblage is used to gain a deeper insight into the site itself, and its lithic component and a first sketch of the territorial structure of Neolithic Scotland is presented.
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Walton, David P., e David M. Carballo. "LITHIC ECONOMIES AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AT LA LAGUNA, TLAXCALA". Ancient Mesoamerica 27, n. 1 (2016): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000055.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractSite-wide, assemblage-based lithic analyses help to elucidate community dynamics including variability in domestic economies, technological skill and decision making, exchange networks, and ritual practices. In this study we present the results of an analysis of over 36,000 lithic artifacts from the site of La Laguna, Tlaxcala. We compare Middle to Late Formative period (ca. 600–400b.c.) and Terminal Formative period (ca. 100b.c.–a.d.150) deposits to examine transformations associated with urbanization and state formation during this interval. The residents of La Laguna had relatively equal and ample access to obsidian, and most production was organized independently by households. We identify blade production zones and variability in consumption patterns suggestive of different domestic, communal, and ceremonial activities. The introduction of bloodletters, elaborate large bifacial knives, and zoomorphic eccentrics to the Terminal Formative assemblage may indicate the emergence of higher statuses, new social roles, and militaristic symbolism during this period.
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Shunkov, M. V., e M. B. Kozlikin. "Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from Denisova Cave: new data". Archaeology and Ethnography 17, n. 5 (2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-50-57.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose. Comprehensive archaeological studies conducted in the East Chamber of Denisova Cave during 2005–2011 in the Altai region have made it possible to obtain a representative collection of archaeological evidence attributed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Middle Palaeolithic finds were recovered in the greatest numbers. This research mainly focuses on establishing relationships between the new middle Palaeolithic archaeological record documented in the East Chamber and assemblages of the same period found in different areas of Denisova Cave. Results. To date, geochronology of the Pleistocene sequence in the East Chamber is mainly based on biostratigraphic evidence and the preliminary results of OSL dating. These data indicate that deposition of layers 13–11.3 appears to have occurred from late MIS 7 through terminal MIS 4. The lack of sharp boundaries and long sedimentation gaps between lithological units, as well as generally similar techno-typological features of lithic industries from layers 13–11.3, enable consideration of these materials within the same Middle Palaeolithic complex. Archaeological evidence recovered from layers 13–11.3 in the East Chamber (17 326 specimens) and attributed to the middle Middle Palaeolithic has the cultural and chronological counterparts in the Main Chamber (layers 20–12, 7 545 specimens) and in the entrance area (layers 10 and 9, 1 402 specimens) of the cave. The comparison of the major techno-typological characteristics of the lithic industries from these layers makes it possible to provide a general characteristic of the Middle Palaeloithic assemblage found in the cave. In general, these industries can be characterised by different variants of parallel, radial and Levallois flaking techniques. Scrapers constitute a typological basis of the lithic inventory; excavations yielded a high percentage of notch-denticulate tools, Levallois tools and the Upper Palaeolithic implements are present. Conclusion. Techno-typological characteristics of the lithic industries, showing a qualitative uniformity, reveal some dynamics in the quantitative ratio between different categories of the inventory from bottom to top in the stratigraphic sequence. Thus, it was possible to trace a tendency for the increase of the typological variety of cores and a growing percentage of blades among flakes. The tool assemblage is characterised by the increased proportion of the Upper Palaeolithic tools, with a progressive decrease of Levallois and notch-denticulate components.
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Alisher kyzy, S., e S. V. Shnaider. "Techno-typological characteristic of Dam-Dam-Cheshme-1 lithic assemblages". Universum Humanitarium, n. 2 (5 luglio 2022): 8–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2499-9997-2021-2-8-32.
Abstract (sommario):
The article presents the results of the technical-typological analysis of the lithic assemblages of one of the main sites of the Eastern Caspian – Dam-Dam-Cheshme-1. The site was studied by A. P. Okladnikov (1950s) and G. E. Markov (1970s), and the archaeological materials of the excavations were shared between the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Moscow State University. The study is aimed at analyzing the collections obtained during the excavations of A.P. Okladnikov, which are stored at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The lithic assemblage here is characterized by a small-plate industry, whose production of blade/lets was carried out within the framework of volumetric way. The tool set includes various scrapers, burins, geometric microliths (lunatess and triangles), and notched pieces. The closest analogies are observed with the materials of the grotto of Dam-Dam-Cheshme-2, Kailu, Oiukly and Komishan, located in the south-eastern Caspian Sea.