Bibliografie tematiche / Literature and transplantation of organs

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 26 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

1

Dimo, Peter Masibinyane. "Progress in Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Critical Review of Literature". Global Journal of Health Science 12, n. 10 (28 agosto 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n10p133.

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Abstract (sommario):
The majority of countries are battling with a high incidence of organ failure such as the kidneys, heart, lungs, pancreas, and liver. The only solution that can remedy the plight of patients facing the strong likelihood of death as a result of malfunctioning body organs is organ donation and transplantation. The intention of this literature study is to assess progress in organ donation and transplantation. This study has benefitted immeasurably from previous scientific investigations. Four hundred and thirty-one published papers were selected from different accredited journals. The study found that many of the countries that have implemented the opt-in system are struggling to close the gap between the high demand for and the actual availability of life-saving organs due to low rates of registered and committed organ donors. The majority of patients that are contending with end-stage diseases are added to the organ donation waiting lists, but have little hope of receiving life-prolonging organs. Among the factors that deter people from contributing to organ donation and transplantation are a lack of knowledge, the failure to obtain consent from family members or next-of-kin, social attitudes, socio-cultural aspects, and myths. This study recommends urgent measures that could be taken to increase organ transplants in public and private hospitals due to the chronic shortage of organs for transplantation and by introducing the opt-out system of organ donation.
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Krezdorn, Nicco, Sotirios Tasigiorgos, Luccie Wo, Marvee Turk, Rachel Lopdrup, Harriet Kiwanuka, Thet-Su Win, Ericka Bueno e Bohdan Pomahac. "Tissue conservation for transplantation". Innovative Surgical Sciences 2, n. 4 (8 agosto 2017): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iss-2017-0010.

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AbstractPathophysiological changes that occur during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion cause damage to tissues procured for transplantation and also affect long-term allograft function and survival. The proper preservation of organs before transplantation is a must to limit these injuries as much as possible. For decades, static cold storage has been the gold standard for organ preservation, with mechanical perfusion developing as a promising alternative only recently. The current literature points to the need of developing dedicated preservation protocols for every organ, which in combination with other interventions such as ischemic preconditioning and therapeutic additives offer the possibility of improving organ preservation and extending it to multiple times its current duration. This review strives to present an overview of the current body of knowledge with regard to the preservation of organs and tissues destined for transplantation.
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Copcă, Narcis, e Constanța Mihăescu-Pinţia. "Multi-organ Transplantation Center in Romania: a story of persuasion for a controverted issue". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, n. 1 (1 maggio 2019): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0037.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Many countries built their own models of transplantation, collaborating to exchange knowledge and donor organs for effectively help their patients in need. Despite great clinical research on transplantation, literature regarding its management is scarce. Transplantation is quite a controverted issue in Romania, without a culture of donation, within a poor healthcare system. Yet, first attempts were in early 20th century, and modern transplantation started since 1995. There was always a shortage of organs, but after recent press scandals, people became more reluctant to donate, therefore transplantations went down, dramatically impacting patients.Our objective is to emphasize opportunity, need and sustainability for developing a multi-organ transplantation center in Romania, of regional importance, in order to better serve our patient needs in an effective and efficient manner. This research used descriptive analysis, secondary data compilation and review, legislative diagram, case study. Currently there are 68 transplantation centers accredited in Romania with 13,702 transplants accomplished (organs, tissues, cells), at a rate of 19.3/million, covering 19.4 millions of people living just 75.5 years in average (EU=80.2). But 5,400 Romanian patients wait for a transplant, while 550 died waiting... After modernization and building a great surgical center and team, Clinical Hospital St. Maria of 300 beds started complex surgery and successful liver transplantation in 2014, continued with lung transplant in 2018 – Romanian premiere, after many struggles. Next step is a modern multi-organ transplantation center. Vision, persuasion and effective leadership are crucial. Romanian potential for overspecialized surgery is greater than actual practice. Experience indicates that multi-organ transplantation centers are more effective and efficient than separated ones, by concentrating the best specialists, technology, knowledge and resources available for harvest, transplant and care, thus improving health outcomes (donors, successful transplants, lives saved, quality of life), prestige, retention of excellent professionals, and trust in healthcare system, at lower costs than in developed countries.
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Lewis, David D., Robin R. Vidovich e LifeBanc Cleveland. "Factors Influencing Organ Placement Efforts in Donors with Brain Tumors". Journal of Transplant Coordination 6, n. 1 (marzo 1996): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/090591999600600110.

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A 3-year retrospective review of brain tumor cases was performed to determine factors that influence organ procurement in light of the increase in references in transplant literature to the hazards of transplanting organs from donors with brain tumors. A 3-year review of cases in which organ procurement efforts occurred were evaluated. Of 314 cases resulting from this review, organ procurement efforts yielded 10 patients with a diagnosis of brain tumor. Of those 10 cases, seven progressed to organ donation, with at least one organ per patient recovered. Manipulation of brain tumors or manipulation along with tissue diagnosis does not seem to hinder procurement of organs. Without tissue diagnosis, the ability of the organ procurement organization to place organs decreases significantly.
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Pashkov, I. V., M. G. Minina, N. V. Grudinin e V. K. Bogdanov. "Lung donation after cardiac arrest. Challenges and opportunities. Literature review". Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 26, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2024): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2024-1-171-177.

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Abstract (sommario):
The global development of transplantology faces several objective obstacles. One of the major ones is widespread organ shortage. This is most pronounced in clinical lung transplantation (LT). The development of this area is directly connected with more intensive development of available donor resources and search for new sources of donor organs that are suitable for transplantation. Along with the existing methods of increasing the number of lungs suitable for transplantation, LT with donation after cardiac death (DCD) is attracting increasing attention. The effectiveness of this approach has been confirmed by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation and deserves more attention from Russian specialists.
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Laudy, Agnieszka E., e Stefan Tyski. "Infections Connected with Organ and Tissue Transplantation". Advancements of Microbiology 63, n. 2 (1 giugno 2024): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/am-2024-0006.

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Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Transplantology is a branch of medicine that is developing rapidly. Transplanted whole organs or segments of organs may be recovered from either living or deceased donors. New methods of preserving transplanted solid organs, including the kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas, as well as tissues, such as the cornea and skin, are being developed. Preservation fluid, which is used to perfuse and store the donated organ or tissue, should reduce biological deterioration of organs and tissue, attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced cell/tissue injury, and protect against damage. Lowering the storage temperature of organs significantly reduces the risk of damage. Efforts are also made to shorten the time between collecting the organ or tissue from the donor and transplanting it in the recipient. However, during transplantation, the recipient may become infected, primarily with bacteria and fungi. Infections of organ recipients occur most often due to unhygienic organ collection, improper handling and transport, and inappropriate preservation conditions, especially contamination of preservation fluid. The literature on contamination of organ preservation fluid and infections in graft recipients is very diverse, both in terms of the isolated bacterial and fungal species and the number of incidents. A large percentage of contaminating microorganisms belong to the generally non-pathogenic skin microbiota, but there are also cases of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Besides, the transplanted organs themselves may pose a danger. They may contain latent microorganisms, mainly viruses and parasites, that could be activated in a patient who has been subjected to immunosuppression to reduce the risk of organ rejection.
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T. Jenkins, Reed, Manuj M. Shah, Emily L. Larson, Alice L. Zhou, Jessica M. Ruck e Ahmet Kilic. "Expanding the Criteria for Heart Transplantation Donors: A Review of DCD, Increased Ischemic Times, HCV, HIV, and Extended Criteria Donors". Heart Surgery Forum 26, n. 5 (30 ottobre 2023): E639—E655. http://dx.doi.org/10.59958/hsf.6677.

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With the demand for heart transplantation continuing to outpace the available donor organs, previously underutilized donors are now being reconsidered. We sought to describe the emerging techniques and outcomes of expanded criteria heart transplantation. A comprehensive review of the recent literature concerning expanded donor selection in heart transplantation was performed using the PubMed MEDLINE database. To characterize trends in transplant practice, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS/OPTN) registry was queried for all adult isolated heart transplants since 2010, and data regarding transplant parameters was collected. Donation after cardiac death (DCD), DCD with normothermic regional perfusion, increased ischemic time, hepatitis C positive donor organs, HIV-positive donor organs, and extended criteria donors were identified as promising avenues currently being explored to expand the number of donor organs. The utilization of various expanded criteria for heart transplantation was summarized since 2010 and showed an increasing use of these donor organs, contributing to the overall increasing frequency of heart transplantation. Utilization of expanded criteria for donor selection in heart transplantation has the potential to increase the supply of donor organs with comparable outcomes in selected recipients.
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Jovicic, Olivera, Jelena Mandic, Zoran Mandinic e Aleksandra Colovic. "Oral changes in patients before and after transplantation of solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, n. 00 (2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh190909106j.

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Abstract (sommario):
Introduction/Objective. The aim of this paper is to point out the prevalence and severity of oral diseases in patients in the period before and after the transplantation of solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells. Methods. MEDLINE literature search was done via PubMed. Results. The development and improvement of transplantation medicine in specialized centers lead to an increasing number of patients, both adults and children, with transplanted solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells. Despite the success of therapy, numerous changes and complications can be observed on other organs in patients undergoing transplantation of solid organs and hematopoietic stem cells in the pre and post-transplant phase. Systemic diseases and conditions related to organ and cell transplantation, which are accompanied by numerous oral manifestations. The most common oral changes are gingival enlargement, desquamation of the oral epithelium, very painful ulcerations, polypoid and granulomatous changes in the oral mucosa, hard dental tissues with frequent complications, developmental anomalies of teeth in younger children, and in the later stage also the occurrence of oral cancer. After transplantation of solid organs and hematopoietic changes in the oral cavity and other organs occur depending on the patient?s post- transplantation period as well as on the applied immunosuppressive therapy. Conclusion. Oral changes development pre and post transplantation of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cells points to the importance of timely and good cooperation between the dentist and the doctor who treats the underlying disease.
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Minina, M. G., P. A. Drozdov, V. M. Sevostyanov, E. A. Tenchurina, A. A. Nevredimov, P. A. Davydov e O. V. Shatskova. "Uncontrolled organ donation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Literature review". Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 26, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2024): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2024-1-130-139.

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Abstract (sommario):
Organ transplantation is the best therapy for terminal and irreversible organ failure. The global development of organ transplantation as a type of medical care is inextricably linked to the establishment of neurological criteria for declaring human death (brain death). In the early evolutionary period of transplantation, organs were used, mainly kidneys, obtained from donors whose death was ascertained in accordance with the generally accepted criteria of cessation of blood circulation and respiration. As this type of organ donation developed, numerous terms were used in the world literature to designate it, such as ‘asystolic donors’, ‘non-heart beating donors’, ‘donors after cardiac death’, etc. In Russia, there is an established practice of dealing with donors after cardiac death (DCD), but the active development of Russian transplantology in the last 20 years is primarily associated with brain-dead organ donation. However, countries with the most active and advanced organ donation practices have in recent years been successfully dealing with donors who have suffered sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Previously, this type of donation was considered inaccessible due to the unacceptable warm ischemia time and consequently severe damage to donor organs. Due to the development of new technologies in emergency medical care, it became possible to transport a patient with clinical death that occurred in an outof-hospital setting, to the hospital, while providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation by means of automatic chest compression and artificial ventilation. The article presents historical aspects of donation after cardiac death, and the most actualized definitions and practices of dealing with such donors.
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Bibok, András, Pál Ákos Deák e Attila Doros. "Az intervenciós radiológia szerepe a hasi szervek átültetésében". Orvosi Hetilap 159, n. 46 (novembre 2018): 1940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31293.

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Abstract: The transplantation of the abdominal organs has a major role in the treatment of several diseases. All subspecialities affected with the transplantation showed a rapid development in the last decades. The cooperation of the specialists of different segments of medicine provides the success of organ transplantation. Teamwork is necessary throughout the whole process starting from securing the technical background and proper human workforce, followed by the lifelong management of organs and recipients as well. One of the key players of organ transplantation is radiology and interventional radiology – the role of the latter one is discussed in this review, including the minimally invasive treatment of pre- and post-transplantation situations and diseases. Besides vascular and non-vascular interventions, the options of interventional oncology will be mentioned based on international literature and Hungarian experience. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(46): 1940–1947.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

1

Pummer-Verté, Lila. "Organ donation and transplantation /". Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12252.

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Ferraz, Viriato Marco Gomes. ""Organs Transplantation - how to improve the process?" Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55371.

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Ferraz, Viriato Marco Gomes. ""Organs Transplantation - how to improve the process?" Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55371.

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Wotherspoon, John Scott. "Studies in transplantation tolerance". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26352.

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Abstract (sommario):
The most fundamental function of the immune system is discrimination between the molecules that constitute "self" and those of foreign organisms, tissues or substances which the organism encounters during life. This immunological discrimination between self and non-self is vital to the maintenance of the biological integrity of the organism and is evident at the lowest phylogenetic levels (Hildemann et al., 1977). Encounters with molecules which are recognised as non-self trigger the immune system to initiate effector mechanisms by which the foreign molecules are eliminated. The diverse range of self molecules, however, does not apparently induce a similar response. The lack of responsiveness to self molecules, so called self-tolerance, is thought to be acquired during the development of the lymphoid system. As yet, the actual process by which the immune system distinguishes self and non-self molecules is not fully understood and remains a central issue of cellular immunology.
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Van, den Berg Leon. "Organ and tissue donation and transplantation a perspective of South African Baptists from the Baptist Northern Association and its implications for preaching /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10022007-164428/.

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Motallebzadeh, Reza. "Tertiary lymphoid organogenesis in solid organ transplantation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608121.

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Zheng, Ling 1958. "Airway inflammation and remodelling post human lung transplantation". Monash University, Dept. of Medicine, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8099.

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Fisher, Karen Joan. "Allocating scarce resources an ethical case study of organ transplantation /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.

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Gryf-Lowczowski, Jan Victor Dobek. "Pharmacology and morphology of cold stored human and rabbit arteries in an evaluation of preservation solutions". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309129.

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Chudik, John D. "Human fetal tissue transplantation an Orthodox Christian ethical evaluation /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.

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Libri sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

1

Ballard, Carol. Organ transplantation. London: Franklin Watts, 2007.

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Fullick, Ann. Rebuilding the body: Organ transplantation. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2009.

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Claybourne, Anna. What are the limits of organ transplantation? London: Raintree, 2013.

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Wouk, Henry. Organ transplants. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2012.

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Foran, Racquel. Organ transplants. Minneapolis, MN: ABDO Publishing Company, 2014.

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McClellan, Marilyn. Organ and tissue transplants: Medical miracles and challenges. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2003.

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Campbell, Andrew. Organ transplants. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2010.

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Durrett, Deanne. Organ transplants. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1993.

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Susan, Hunnicutt, a cura di. Organ transplants. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007.

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Kittredge, Mary. Organ transplants. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2000.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

1

Zwart, H. A. E. "A Lacanian Assessment of Organ Transplantation". In Purloined Organs, 47–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05354-3_10.

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Singh, Pooja, e Jerry McCauley. "Renal Transplantation with Other Organs". In Contemporary Kidney Transplantation, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14779-6_8-1.

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Singh, Pooja, e Jerry McCauley. "Renal Transplantation with Other Organs". In Contemporary Kidney Transplantation, 123–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19617-6_8.

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Israel, Penn. "Transmission of cancer with donor organs". In Organ Transplantation 1990, 485–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3386-9_65.

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Colabawalla, B. N. "Commerce and trade in human organs". In Organ Transplantation 1990, 555–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3386-9_77.

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Blum, Matthew F., Qiang Liu, Basem Soliman, Toshihiro Okamoto, Bahar Bassiri-Gharb, Teresa Diago Uso, Laura D. Buccini e Cristiano Quintini. "Machine Perfusion of Organs". In Technological Advances in Organ Transplantation, 21–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62142-5_2.

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Owen, Earl R., e Nadey S. Hakim. "Composite Tissue Transplantation: A Stage Between Surgical Reconstruction and Cloning". In Artificial Organs, 165–77. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-283-2_10.

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De Charro, F. Th, e A. De Wit. "Costs of transplantation". In Procurement, Preservation and Allocation of Vascularized Organs, 233–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5422-2_28.

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Baldwin, William M., Anna Valujskikh, Peter N. Lalli e Robert L. Fairchild. "The Immune Response to Transplanted Organs". In Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, 1–22. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-642-9_1.

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Raffaella, Sguinzi, Riccardo De Carlis, Maurizio Vertemati, Ornella Rossetti e Paolo Aseni. "Transplantation Bench Surgery of the Abdominal Organs". In Multiorgan Procurement for Transplantation, 197–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28416-3_18.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

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Petrović, Dragana. "TRANSPLANTACIJA ORGANA". In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.587p.

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Abstract (sommario):
Even the mere mention of "transplantation of human body parts" is reason enough to deal with this topic for who knows how many times. Quite simply, we need to discuss the topics discussed from time to time !? Let's get down to explaining some of the "hot" life issues that arise in connection with them. To, perhaps, determine ourselves in a different way according to the existing solutions ... to understand what a strong dynamic has gripped the world we live in, colored our attitudes with a different color, influenced our thoughts about life, its values, altruism, selflessness, charities. the desire to give up something special without thinking that we will get something in return. Transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes has been practiced since the middle of the last century. She started (of course, in a very primitive way) even in ancient India (even today one method of transplantation is called the "Indian method"), over the 16th century (1551). when the first free transplantation of a part of the nose was performed in Italy, in order to develop it into an irreplaceable medical procedure in order to save and prolong human life. Thousands of pages of professional literature, notes, polemical discussions, atypical medical articles, notes on the margins of read journals or books from philosophy, sociology, criminal literature ... about events of this kind, the representatives of the church also took their position. Understanding our view on this complex and very complicated issue requires that more attention be paid to certain solutions on the international scene, especially where there are certain permeations (some agreement but also differences). It's always good to hear a second opinion, because it puts you to think. That is why, in the considerations that follow, we have tried (somewhat more broadly) to answer some of the many and varied questions in which these touch, but often diverge, both from the point of view of the right regulations and from the point of view of medical and judicial practice. times from the perspective of some EU member states (Germany, Poland, presenting the position of the Catholic Church) on the one hand, and in the perspective of other moral, spiritual, cultural and other values - India and Iraq, on the other.
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John, Subhashini. "High precision radiotherapy for vulvar cancer in post renal transplantation: Dosimetric challenges". In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685369.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background: Patients with renal transplant have a higher incidence of various malignancies. Delivery of adequate radiation dose to the pelvic target in such patients sparing the transplanted kidney is a dosimetric ordeal. Due to lack of sufficient data in the literature regarding the dose constraint of the transplanted pelvic kidney, plan evaluation becomes extremely challenging in this situation. Here we present comparative dosimetric plan evaluation data of treating a patient with carcinoma of the vulva with transplanted kidney. Methods: We compared 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for a patient diagnosed to have carcinoma of the vulva with a transplanted kidney. Total dose of radiotherapy (63 Gy) was delivered in two phases (45 Gy in 25 fractions and 18 Gy in 10 fractions respectively). We compared dose to planning target volume (PTV), and dose to organs at risk including the transplanted kidney in these two techniques. The volumes encompassed by different isodoses (50%, 20%, 10%, 5%) were also compared. Weekly renal function test was monitored. Results: The dose received by 95% of the planning target volume in 3DCRT was 43.3 Gy (phase 1), 17.7 Gy (phase 2) and in IMRT was 43.74 Gy (phase 1), 17.3 Gy (phase 2). The mean doses received by kidney in Phase 1 3DCRT, Phase 1 IMRT, phase 2 3DCRT and phase 2 IMRT were 0.98 Gy, 3.05 Gy, 0.74 Gy, 0.13 Gy respectively. The volumes covered by 50%, 20%, 10%, 5% were higher with IMRT plan when compared with 3DCRT plans. The creatinine values remained stable through the treatment. Conclusion: Radiotherapy in renal transplanted patients can be done with high precision radiotherapy techniques with strict dosimetric and image guided set up verification.
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Menezes, Carlos Alexandre Gomes Passarinho, Rafaela Ribeiro Benedito, Daniel Rubens Freitas Facundo, Isabela Oliveira Moura, Patrick Venâncio Soares Lima, Amandra Gabriele Coelho Rodrigues Melo, Bruna Gontijo Peixoto Pimenta et al. "Analysis of the intestinal microbiota and its relationship with neuropathologies". In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.458.

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Introduction: The human intestinal microbiota corresponds to the ecosystem of colonizing microorganisms of the intestine that has an important role of protection to the organism. In addition, it has a direct relationship with the nervous system, known as the bowel-brain axis. Changes in the intestinal microbiota have been associated with several neuropathologies, and disbiosis repair has been shown to improve specific symptoms of some diseases. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the neurological implications caused by intestinal microbiota in humans. Methods: Review of integrative literature, consulted the Databases PubMed, SciELO and Google Academic. Chosen as descriptors (DeCS): “Microbiota”, “Gastrointestinal Microbiome” and “Nervous System Diseases” separated by Boolean connectors, and articles in English and Portuguese. Results: In this sense, among the therapeutic techniques that objectify to recolonize the “‘sick” intestine, the use of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation stand out. Symbiotics, a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, proved beneficial for symptomatological manifestations of neuropsychic disorders such as depression and chronic stress. Conclusion: Although some of the relationships of the intestinal-brain microbiota axis and changes in the intestinal microbiota, as well as the pathophysiology and benefits arising from its health, there is still a lack of studies to make consensus whether a change in the intestinal microbiome would be an epiphenomenon or the cause of neuropathologies in humans.
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Liu, Shiwen. "Criminal Law Regulation on Illegal Transplantation of Human Organs in China". In 2018 International Conference on Social Science and Education Reform (ICSSER 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsser-18.2018.69.

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Mladenović, Tamara. "Etički i pravni aspekti uzimanja organa od umrlih maloletnih lica". In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.483m.

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Organ transplantation, as an extremely demanding, but impоrtant medical intervention, has always provided significant scope for opposing different legal and ethical principles. That scope is being expanded by considering the possibility that a sensitive category of persons, such as minors, may appear in the role of donor. While transplantation of organs from living minors is prohibited for the above reasons, cadaveric transplantation of organs from deceased children is legal in the law of the Republic of Serbia. This paper analyzes precisely such legally regulated organ donation, which implies the possibility of the appearance of a deceased minor as a donor. While, on the one hand, there is a growing need to take organs from children in order to transplant them and preserve the life of another child of appropriate age, such a decision has a significant emotional impact, above all, on the parents of the child. Keeping in mind that parents appear as the only authorized holders of the right to decide on the transplantation of an organ of a deceased minor, it is necessary to analyze the legal nature of the rights they have on the body and organs of the child. Also, it is necessary to point out the importance of more precise legal regulation of the conditions under which such transplantation can be performed, as well as the necessity of ensuring the autonomy of the will of the minor in terms of organ donation, which he could achieve for life.
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Mladenović, Tamara. "Etički i pravni aspekti uzimanja organa od umrlih maloletnih lica". In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.483m.

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Abstract (sommario):
Organ transplantation, as an extremely demanding, but impоrtant medical intervention, has always provided significant scope for opposing different legal and ethical principles. That scope is being expanded by considering the possibility that a sensitive category of persons, such as minors, may appear in the role of donor. While transplantation of organs from living minors is prohibited for the above reasons, cadaveric transplantation of organs from deceased children is legal in the law of the Republic of Serbia. This paper analyzes precisely such legally regulated organ donation, which implies the possibility of the appearance of a deceased minor as a donor. While, on the one hand, there is a growing need to take organs from children in order to transplant them and preserve the life of another child of appropriate age, such a decision has a significant emotional impact, above all, on the parents of the child. Keeping in mind that parents appear as the only authorized holders of the right to decide on the transplantation of an organ of a deceased minor, it is necessary to analyze the legal nature of the rights they have on the body and organs of the child. Also, it is necessary to point out the importance of more precise legal regulation of the conditions under which such transplantation can be performed, as well as the necessity of ensuring the autonomy of the will of the minor in terms of organ donation, which he could achieve for life.
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Živojinović, Dragica. "PRISTANAK DAVAOCA KAO USLOV DOPUSTIVOG UZIMANjA ORGANA SA UMRLOG LICA U SVRHU TRANSPLANTACIJE". In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.573z.

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Harvesting the organs of the deceased is the primary source of procuring human organs adequate for transplantation. Therefore, the key issue that needs to be regulated in transplantation laws is the donor's consent for post-mortem harvesting of organs for the purpose of transplantation. In this paper, the author analyzes two dominant models of donor's consent in contemporary European legislation as a condition for permitted harvesting of the deceased person's organs – the model of express consent and the model of presumed consent, as well as the model of consent that has been adopted in Serbian law. The author's interest also revolves around other potential solutions: the mixed model, the system in which the harvesting of organs is justified by the necessity in emergency situations and the concept of mandatory choice. In this paper the author points to the advantages and weaknesses of each model and reviews how the regulations tackle the issue whether the lack of donor's consent for post-mortem harvesting of his organs can be replaced with the consent of family members. In the concluding remarks, the author presents the arguments why the models of express consent is a more acceptable option and argues that the choice of the donor's consent model is not crucial for increasing the number of organ donors, but rather the action coming from several levels aimed at raising the awarness of citizens of the significance of organ donation.
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Schwarz, S., N. Rahimi, M. Muckenhuber, A. Benazzo, B. Moser, J. Matilla, G. Lang et al. "The use of polytrauma donor organs does not impair long-term outcome after lung transplantation". In DACH-Jahrestagung Thoraxchirurgie. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694188.

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Komolibus, Katarzyna, Jacqueline E. Gunther, Marcelo Saito Nogueira, Konstantin Grygoryev e Stefan Andersson-Engels. "Fluorescence spectroscopy of mouse organs using ultraviolet excitation: towards assessment of organ viability for transplantation". In Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXX, a cura di Hope T. Beier e Bennett L. Ibey. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2510966.

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Götz, Markus, Maria Jurczyk, Dirk Grothues, Birgit Knoppke, Henrik Junger, Michael Melter, HansJürgen Schlitt, Stefan Brunner e Frank Brennfleck. "Biological abdominal wall expansion in pediatric liver recipients after transplantation with large-for-size organs." In 38. Jahrestagung der Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der Leber. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740719.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Literature and transplantation of organs"

1

Basu, Sayani. Organ Transplantation: A New Lease of Life. Science Repository, febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.24.

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There is a growing debate over organ transplantation which is a successive therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage organ diseases but the ethical issues associated with the shortage of transplantable organs must also be taken into account.
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2

Goodmonson, Courtney. Donation of organs for transplantation : an investigation of attitudes and behavior. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.454.

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3

Jin, Dachuan, Zhongfeng Cui, Tao Zhou, Baoqiang Guo, Shunqin Jin, Guangming Li e Chunming Zhang. Comparison of therapeutic effects of various stem cell types, sources, and routes of administration on chronic decompensated cirrhosis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, gennaio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0050.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of various stem cell types, sources and routes of administration on chronic decompensated cirrhosis by using network meta-analysis. Condition being studied: Liver cirrhosis is an important public health problem that puzzles the world. It is divided into compensatory stage and decompensated stage. Once the patient enters decompensated stage, the treatment is very limited, and liver transplantation is currently the best and only approach to improve the survival rate of decompensated cirrhosis4. However, liver transplantation is difficult to be widely applied due to the lack of donor organs and high cost. Therefore, it is very important to study the alternative treatment of liver transplantation. Stem cell therapy as a promising frontier treatment for decompensated cirrhosis, is becoming one of the best feasible alternatives to liver transplantation in recent 20 years. It is very important and necessary to optimize the factors such as cell sources, types, and delivery route, etc. before taking stem cell therapy as a routine clinical treatment. It is believed that the network meta-analysis of the efficacy of various types of stem cells from different sources and routes of administration in the treatment of chronic decompensated cirrhosis can provide useful very clues for clinical practice.
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Wang, Xiaoyu. Pediatric tuina in treating recurrent respiratory tract infection in children: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, aprile 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0075.

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Review question / Objective: Is pediatric tuina an effective treatment for recurrent respiratory tract infection in children? Condition being studied: Recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) is a common disease in children, which refers to the recurrence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections within a year, exceeding the prescribed number of times. It is more common in infants under 3 years old. The disease is easy to relapse and lasts for a long time, affecting the normal growth and development of children and physical and mental health, easily causing other diseases, leading to a variety of chronic wasting diseases, and damaging the function of organs and the immune system. Immunotherapy and nutritional therapy are commonly used in Western medicine. At present, the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine has achieved a certain effect, and the treatment mainly includes internal treatment and external treatment. Tuina therapy is one of the common therapies for the treatment of RRTI in children with traditional Chinese medicine. Because of its advantages, there are many literature reports on tuina treatment of this disease, with a good total effective rate, but whether its therapeutic effect is higher than other therapies has not been determined as a whole. This study used the method of systematic review to collect the published clinical research literature on the treatment of RRTI in children at home and abroad for systematic review, so as to provide a reference for clinical research.
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London, Jonathan D. Adoption, Adaption, and the Iterative Challenges of Scaling up in Vietnam: Policy Entrepreneurship and System Coherence in a Major Pedagogical Reform. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2023/11.

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Đặng Tự Ân played a pivotal role in the genesis, adoption, and diffusion of pedagogical and curricular reforms that are transforming teaching and learning in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. His is a fascinating story of a career that began with the paralyzing disappointment of being assigned to study in a seemingly lowly teacher training college only to culminate, decades later, in his central role in the research, design, piloting, and scaling up of a reform that, despite numerous difficulties, would shape the most far-reaching and progressive curricular reforms in Vietnam’s long educational history. This essay uses the case of VNEN, a pedagogical and curricular reform adapted to Vietnam from the Colombian Escuela Nueva (EN) model, to advance our understanding of the challenges policy entrepreneurs and networks of policy stakeholders can encounter in efforts to institute pathbreaking reforms and of the formidable challenges they can encounter in bringing such reforms to scale. In contemporary research on the political economy of education and learning, the notion of an education system’s coherence for learning refers to the extent to which an education system develops relations of accountability that support improved learning outcomes across a range of relationships that define an education system and an array of policy design elements that education policies contain (Pritchett 2015, Kaffenberger and Spivack 2022). In the development literature, the notion of iterative adaptation speaks to a process wherein the performance of policies can improve rapidly through experimentation rather than mechanical transplantation of “best practices” (Andrews et al. 2013, Le 2018). From the standpoint of research on education systems and major reform efforts aimed at enhancing learning, the case of VNEN represents a particularly interesting instance of the innovation of pedagogical and curricular reforms that were, at their most successful moments, deeply coherent for learning, but which encountered problems at scale owing to a range of factors highlighted in this analysis. More broadly and however problematic at times, Vietnam’s VNEN experience contributed to the broad uptake and diffusion of new curricula and teaching practices. This raises questions about what we can learn from VNEN, including its successes and problems, that may have value for promoting continued improvement in Education systems performance around learning in Vietnam and other settings.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), dicembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.

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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim e Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.

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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Maycock, Barry, Cath Mulholland, Emma French e Joseph Shavila. Rapid Risk Assessment: What is the risk from microcystins in the edible flesh of fish caught from Lough Neagh? Food Standards Agency, marzo 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.slz868.

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During the Summer and Autumn of 2023, Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland was affected by a cyanobacterial bloom. Testing of water from within the bloom reported high concentrations of one type of cyanobacterial toxin, microcystins. Samples were taken from the Lough of eels, roach, perch, pollan and bream and tested for a range of cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins, nodularins, anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin. Each sample comprised 10 fish, and five samples were taken of each species, except for bream for which a single sample was collected. The fish were dissected and the edible flesh, intestine, liver, roe, gonad and/or gills analysed separately. Microcystins were detected at a range of concentrations in the various parts of the fish that were sampled - intestine, liver, roe and/or gills, but were not detected in the edible flesh of any of the fish samples. Averaged across the samples, the highest concentrations of microcystins were quantified in the intestine samples, followed by the liver samples, with low concentrations were detected in the gills and a small number of the samples of gonads and roe. None of the other toxins were detected in any fish sample. The initial analysis for microcystins was of free toxins only. However, there is evidence that microcystins which are covalently bound to proteins are also bioavailable and therefore 22 fish tissue samples, including nine fish flesh samples, were also sent to another laboratory where they were analysed by a method which measures the total concentrations of microcystins, free and protein-bound. The viscera tissue samples chosen for the further analysis were those with the highest concentrations of the free toxins, while the fish flesh samples included 2-3 samples each of eels, roach, pollan and perch. The concentrations of total microcystins found in viscera samples were around one order of magnitude higher than the concentrations of free microcystins that had been measured. However, microcystins were still not detected in the edible fish flesh samples. It is possible that microcystins were not present at any level in any of the fish flesh samples. However, the presence of microcystins in the edible flesh of fish has been reported in the scientific literature, albeit at lower levels than those in the gastrointestinal tract or other parts of the viscera such as liver (Testai et al., 2016). Since microcystins were detected in other parts of the fish sampled from Lough Neagh it is also possible that they were also present in the fish flesh but at levels below the limits of detection of the analytical methods. The limit of detection of the analytical method for total (free + bound) microcystins was 10 µg/kg wet weight. An upper bound dietary exposure assessment was conducted. While a lower bound exposure assessment would assume the microcystins were not present in the edible flesh, i.e. a concentration of 0 µg/kg, the upper bound approach assumed they were present at the limit of detection of 10 µg/kg. The true concentrations may be between these levels. The exposure assessments consider high consumers of fish (97.5th percentile). For eels, consumption data were used from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). For roach, perch, pollan and bream. No consumption data were available from the NDNS and consumption data for trout were used instead as a proxy. The main target organ for toxicity of the microcystins is the liver, though other organs may also be affected. The microcystin most studied toxicologically is microcystin-LR, which is one of the most common microcystins. A WHO review established a provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for microcystin-LR of 0.04 µg per kg bodyweight (bw). WHO recommended that exposures to total microcystins should be compared to this provisional TDI, though there is uncertainty with this as individual microcystins are likely to differ significantly in their toxic potencies. Estimated dietary exposures of total microcystins were all within the provisional TDI, indicating no health concern from consuming the edible flesh of these species. Since fish may be caught and prepared for consumption not only by food business operators but by recreational anglers, concern has been raised that evisceration may be incomplete or the edible flesh may become contaminated in the process, and therefore this was also considered in the risk assessment. This was based on the sample of fish which contained the highest concentration of total microcystins in a viscera component, which was a sample of roach with a particularly high concentration of microcystins in intestine. It was assumed that 10% of the relative proportion of intestine to flesh in the fish would be inadvertently consumed with the flesh. In this scenario, dietary exposures would be within the provisional TDI in most age groups or would marginally exceed the TDI, but this would not be toxicologically significant. In addition, since this exposure scenario used an upper bound approach to the concentration in flesh, and used the highest concentration in any viscera sample, it is not clear that there would be any exceedance of the provisional TDI in practice. Overall, it appears unlikely that consumers will substantially exceed the provisional TDI on a long-term basis due to incomplete evisceration of fish. Overall, exposure to microcystins from eating the edible flesh of the tested fish species would not be expected to cause adverse effects in consumers, including if the fish is inadequately eviscerated. Therefore, we consider the frequency of adverse reactions in the general population to be negligible, so rare that it does not merit to be included. Based on the possible levels of exposure to microcystins from fish from Lough Neagh, it is considered that any liver injury, were it to occur in consumers of fish, would result from long term exposure and be mild. Overall, we consider the severity of illness that could potentially occur as a result of exposure to microcystins from consuming edible fish flesh from Lough Neagh to be medium (i.e. moderate illness, incapacitating but not usually life-threatening and of moderate duration). We consider the level of uncertainty to be medium (i.e. there are some but no complete data available), but that this does not affect the conclusion of the risk assessment since many of the key uncertainties are addressed within the risk assessment. However, future monitoring would be useful to assess whether microcystin concentrations in the fish change over time.
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