Articoli di riviste: "Lignocellulosic biomass valorization"

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Luque, Rafael, e Kostas Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass". ChemCatChem 8, n. 8 (20 aprile 2016): 1422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600226.

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Siddique, Mohammad, Ali Nawaz Mengal, Suleman khan, Luqman Ali khan e Ehsanullah khan Kakar. "Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into biofuel and biochemical: a comprehensive review". MOJ Biology and Medicine 8, n. 1 (21 marzo 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2023.08.00181.

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The most potential feedstock for industrial civilizations is lignin derived from biomass. The most prevalent aromatic polymer on earth and one of the most difficult materials for commercial application is lignin. Reducing sugars, which can be used to make biofuels and some other products, are among the many chemicals that lignocellulose biomass releases during pretreatment. Lignocellulosic material (LCMS) is a material that is easily accessible, renewable, recyclable, and plentiful. Sustainability has gained traction as a result of climate change and environmental harm. The need for a flexible strategy to meet rising global energy demands has led many academics to concentrate on renewable biofuel made from sustainable sources. Construction of industrial biorefineries using lignocellulose feedstock for biofuel production and other bioproducts. The effective and scalable valorization of lignin is one of the main issues. Its presence prevents the biochemical conversion of lignocelluloses into fuels and chemicals, which depends on the extraction of cellulose and hemicellulose. To produce sustainable energy, lignocellulosic biomass must undergo pretreatment to speed up fragmentation and reduce lignin content. Temperature, time, particle size, and solid loading are the controlling factors for lignin extraction. This study covers the working conditions, parameters, yield percentages, techno-economic evaluations, challenges, and recommended next steps for the direct conversion of biomass to hydrogen. It detailed how green pre-treatment techniques can be used to produce green biofuels, and prospects for the application of green pre-treatment technologies on an industrial scale are also provided. The sustainable lignocellulose biorefinery has a path forward thanks to effective lignin recovery and valorization techniques.

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Haq, Ikram, Kinza Qaisar, Ali Nawaz, Fatima Akram, Hamid Mukhtar, Xin Zohu, Yong Xu et al. "Advances in Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass towards Energy Generation". Catalysts 11, n. 3 (26 febbraio 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030309.

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The booming demand for energy across the world, especially for petroleum-based fuels, has led to the search for a long-term solution as a perfect source of sustainable energy. Lignocellulosic biomass resolves this obstacle as it is a readily available, inexpensive, and renewable fuel source that fulfills the criteria of sustainability. Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and its components into value-added products maximizes the energy output and promotes the approach of lignocellulosic biorefinery. However, disruption of the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) via pretreatment technologies is costly and power-/heat-consuming. Therefore, devising an effective pretreatment method is a challenge. Likewise, the thermochemical and biological lignocellulosic conversion poses problems of efficiency, operational costs, and energy consumption. The advent of integrated technologies would probably resolve this problem. However, it is yet to be explored how to make it applicable at a commercial scale. This article will concisely review basic concepts of lignocellulosic composition and the routes opted by them to produce bioenergy. Moreover, it will also discuss the pros and cons of the pretreatment and conversion methods of lignocellulosic biomass. This critical analysis will bring to light the solutions for efficient and cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass that would pave the way for the development of sustainable energy systems.

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Chuetor, Santi, Rafael Luque, Cécile Barron, Abderrahim Solhy, Xavier Rouau e Abdellatif Barakat. "Innovative combined dry fractionation technologies for rice straw valorization to biofuels". Green Chemistry 17, n. 2 (2015): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01718h.

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Development of an innovative lignocellulosic biorefinery: milling combined with electrostatic (EF-T) and turbo (TF-T) fractionation technologies of lignocellulose biomass. EF-T and TF-T appear to be interesting technologies for biofuel production from waste feedstocks (e.g. rice straw) without any chemical or water inputs and minimizing waste generation.

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Nargotra, Parushi, Vishal Sharma, Yi-Chen Lee, Yung-Hsiang Tsai, Yung-Chuan Liu, Chwen-Jen Shieh, Mei-Ling Tsai, Cheng-Di Dong e Chia-Hung Kuo. "Microbial Lignocellulolytic Enzymes for the Effective Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review". Catalysts 13, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010083.

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The urgent demand for alternative energy sources has been sparked by the tremendous burden on fossil fuels and the resulting acute energy crisis and climate change issues. Lignocellulosic biomass is a copious renewable and alternative bioresource for the generation of energy fuels and biochemicals in biorefineries. Different pretreatment strategies have been established to overcome biomass recalcitrance and face technological challenges, such as high energy consumption and operational costs and environmental hazards, among many. Biological pretreatment using microbial enzymes is an environmentally benign and low-cost method that holds promising features in the effective pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Due to their versatility and eco-friendliness, cellulases, hemicellulases, and ligninolytic enzymes have been recognized as “green biocatalysts” with a myriad of industrial applications. The current review provides a detailed description of different types of lignocellulolytic enzymes, their mode of action, and their prospective applications in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Solid state fermentation holds great promise in the microbial production of lignocellulolytic enzymes owing to its energy efficient, environment friendly, and higher product yielding features utilizing the lignocellulosic feedstocks. The recent trends in the application of enzyme immobilization strategies for improved enzymatic catalysis have been discussed. The major bottlenecks in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass using microbial enzymes and future prospects have also been summarized.

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Saraeian, Alireza, Alvina Aui, Yu Gao, Mark M. Wright, Marcus Foston e Brent H. Shanks. "Evaluating lignin valorization via pyrolysis and vapor-phase hydrodeoxygenation for production of aromatics and alkenes". Green Chemistry 22, n. 8 (2020): 2513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc04245h.

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Tanis, Medya Hatun, Ola Wallberg, Mats Galbe e Basel Al-Rudainy. "Lignin Extraction by Using Two-Step Fractionation: A Review". Molecules 29, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010098.

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Lignocellulosic biomass represents the most abundant renewable carbon source on earth and is already used for energy and biofuel production. The pivotal step in the conversion process involving lignocellulosic biomass is pretreatment, which aims to disrupt the lignocellulose matrix. For effective pretreatment, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate structure of lignocellulose and its compositional properties during component disintegration and subsequent conversion is essential. The presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes and covalent interactions between them within the lignocellulosic matrix confers a distinctively labile nature to hemicellulose. Meanwhile, the recalcitrant characteristics of lignin pose challenges in the fractionation process, particularly during delignification. Delignification is a critical step that directly impacts the purity of lignin and facilitates the breakdown of bonds involving lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes surrounding cellulose. This article discusses a two-step fractionation approach for efficient lignin extraction, providing viable paths for lignin-based valorization described in the literature. This approach allows for the creation of individual process streams for each component, tailored to extract their corresponding compounds.

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Singhvi, Mamata S., e Digambar V. Gokhale. "Lignocellulosic biomass: Hurdles and challenges in its valorization". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103, n. 23-24 (9 novembre 2019): 9305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10212-7.

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Panakkal, Elizabeth, e Malinee Sriariyanun. "Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value Added Products". Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok 33, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14416/j.kmutnb.2022.12.001.

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Rijo, Bruna, Ana Paula Soares Dias, Nicole de Jesus e Manuel Francisco Pereira. "Home Trash Biomass Valorization by Catalytic Pyrolysis". Environments 10, n. 10 (20 ottobre 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10100186.

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With the increase in population, large amounts of food waste are produced worldwide every day. These leftovers can be used as a source of lignocellulosic waste, oils, and polysaccharides for renewable fuels. In a fixed bed reactor, low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis was investigated using biomass gathered from domestic garbage. Thermogravimetry, under N2 flow, was used to assess the pyrolysis behavior of tea and coffee grounds, white potato, sweet potato, banana peels, walnut, almonds, and hazelnut shells. A mixture of biomass was also evaluated by thermogravimetry. Waste inorganic materials (marble, limestone, dolomite, bauxite, and spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst) were used as catalysts (16.7% wt.) in the pyrolysis studies at 400 °C in a fixed bed reactor. Yields of bio-oil in the 22–36% wt. range were attained. All of the catalysts promoted gasification and a decrease in the bio-oil carboxylic acids content. The marble dust catalyst increased the bio-oil volatility. The results show that it is possible to valorize lignocellulosic household waste by pyrolysis using inorganic waste materials as catalysts.

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Bian, Huiyang, Xinxing Wu, Jing Luo, Yongzhen Qiao, Guigan Fang e Hongqi Dai. "Valorization of Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp by Metal Chloride-Assisted Hydrotropic Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification and Cellulose Nanofibrillation". Polymers 11, n. 2 (14 febbraio 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020331.

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Developing economical and sustainable fractionation technology of lignocellulose cell walls is the key to reaping the full benefits of lignocellulosic biomass. This study evaluated the potential of metal chloride-assisted p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) hydrolysis at low temperatures and under acid concentration for the co-production of sugars and lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF). The results indicated that three metal chlorides obviously facilitated lignin solubilization, thereby enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and subsequent cellulose nanofibrillation. The CuCl2-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was most suitable for delignification, resulting in a relatively higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of 53.2%. It was observed that the higher residual lignin absorbed on the fiber surface, which exerted inhibitory effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis, while the lower lignin content substrates resulted in less entangled LCNF with thinner diameters. The metal chloride-assisted rapid and low-temperature fractionation process has a significant potential in achieving the energy-efficient and cost-effective valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.

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Stiefel, Serafin, Davide Di Marino, Armin Eggert, Ivo Robert Kühnrich, Markus Schmidt, Philipp M. Grande, Walter Leitner, Andreas Jupke e Matthias Wessling. "Liquid/liquid extraction of biomass-derived lignin from lignocellulosic pretreatments". Green Chemistry 19, n. 1 (2017): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02270g.

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Li, Ning, Yanding Li, Chang Geun Yoo, Xiaohui Yang, Xuliang Lin, John Ralph e Xuejun Pan. "An uncondensed lignin depolymerized in the solid state and isolated from lignocellulosic biomass: a mechanistic study". Green Chemistry 20, n. 18 (2018): 4224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc00953h.

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Qaiser, Hina, Afshan Kaleem, Roheena Abdullah, Mehwish Iqtedar e Daniel C. Hoessli. "Overview of Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Systems with Special Reference to Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Protein & Peptide Letters 28, n. 12 (dicembre 2021): 1349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866528666211105110643.

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Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass, one of the most valuable natural resources, is abundantly present on earth. Being a renewable feedstock, it harbors a great potential to be exploited as a raw material, to produce various value-added products. Lignocellulolytic microorganisms hold a unique position regarding the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass as they contain efficient enzyme systems capable of degrading this biomass. The ubiquitous nature of these microorganisms and their survival under extreme conditions have enabled their use as an effective producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes with improved biochemical features crucial to industrial bioconversion processes. These enzymes can prove to be an exquisite tool when it comes to the eco-friendly manufacturing of value-added products using waste material. This review focuses on highlighting the significance of lignocellulosic biomass, microbial sources of lignocellulolytic enzymes and their use in the formation of useful products.

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Chen, You Wei, e Hwei Voon Lee. "Recent progress in homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts for the transformation of hemicellulose and cellulose into valuable chemicals, fuels, and nanocellulose". Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, n. 2 (28 gennaio 2020): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0071.

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AbstractThe evolution from petroleum-based products to the bio-based era by using renewable resources is one of the main research challenges in the coming years. Lignocellulosic biomass, consisting of inedible plant material, has emerged as a potential alternative for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and nanocellulose-based advanced materials. The lignocellulosic biomass, which consists mainly of carbohydrate-based polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose), is a green intermediate for the synthesis of bio-based products. In recent years, the re-engineering of biomass into a variety of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels by using Lewis acid catalysts has attracted much attention. Much research has been focused on developing new chemical strategies for the valorization of different biomass components. Homogeneous Lewis acid catalysts seem to be one of the most promising catalysts due to their astonishing features such as being less corrosive to equipment and being friendlier to the environment, as well as having the ability to disrupt the bonding system effectively and having high selectivity. Thus, these catalysts have emerged as important tools for the highly selective transformation of biomass components into valuable chemicals and fuels. This review provides an insightful overview of the most important recent developments in homogeneous Lewis acid catalysis toward the production and upgrading of biomass. The chemical valorization of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass (hemicellulose and cellulose), the reaction conditions, and process mechanisms are reviewed.

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Jovičić, Nives, Alan Antonović, Ana Matin, Suzana Antolović, Sanja Kalambura e Tajana Krička. "Biomass Valorization of Walnut Shell for Liquefaction Efficiency". Energies 15, n. 2 (11 gennaio 2022): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020495.

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Globally, lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for industrial production of materials and products, but this resource must be used in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and sustainable manner. Wood and agricultural residues such as walnut shells as lignocellulosic biomass are one of the most affordable and important renewable resources in the world, which can partially replace fossil resources. The overall objective of the research is to provide background information that supports new applications of walnut shells in a biorefinery context and to increase the economic value of these non-wood forest products. This paper presents the properties characterization of liquefied biomass according to their chemical composition. All results were compared to liquefied wood. In this study, the liquefaction properties of five different walnut shell particle sizes were determined using glycerol as the liquefaction reagent under defined reaction conditions. The liquefied biomass was characterized for properties such as percentage residue, degree of liquefaction, and hydroxyl OH numbers. The chemical composition of the same biomass was investigated for its influence on the liquefaction properties. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to determine the liquefaction properties of different particle sizes as a function of their chemical composition, also in comparison with the chemical composition of wood. The study revealed that walnut shell biomass can be effectively liquefied into glycerol using H2SO4 as the catalyst, with liquefaction efficiency ranging from 89.21 to 90.98%.

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Roy, Sharmili, Pritam Kumar Dikshit, Knawang Chhunji Sherpa, Anshu Singh, Samuel Jacob e Rajiv Chandra Rajak. "Recent nanobiotechnological advancements in lignocellulosic biomass valorization: A review". Journal of Environmental Management 297 (novembre 2021): 113422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113422.

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Wang, Ying, Ling Leng, Md Khairul Islam, Fanghua Liu, Carol Sze Ki Lin e Shao-Yuan Leu. "Substrate-Related Factors Affecting Cellulosome-Induced Hydrolysis for Lignocellulose Valorization". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 13 (8 luglio 2019): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133354.

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Cellulosomes are an extracellular supramolecular multienzyme complex that can efficiently degrade cellulose and hemicelluloses in plant cell walls. The structural and unique subunit arrangement of cellulosomes can promote its adhesion to the insoluble substrates, thus providing individual microbial cells with a direct competence in the utilization of cellulosic biomass. Significant progress has been achieved in revealing the structures and functions of cellulosomes, but a knowledge gap still exists in understanding the interaction between cellulosome and lignocellulosic substrate for those derived from biorefinery pretreatment of agricultural crops. The cellulosomic saccharification of lignocellulose is affected by various substrate-related physical and chemical factors, including native (untreated) wood lignin content, the extent of lignin and xylan removal by pretreatment, lignin structure, substrate size, and of course substrate pore surface area or substrate accessibility to cellulose. Herein, we summarize the cellulosome structure, substrate-related factors, and regulatory mechanisms in the host cells. We discuss the latest advances in specific strategies of cellulosome-induced hydrolysis, which can function in the reaction kinetics and the overall progress of biorefineries based on lignocellulosic feedstocks.

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Korányi, Tamás I., Bálint Fridrich, Antonio Pineda e Katalin Barta. "Development of ‘Lignin-First’ Approaches for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Molecules 25, n. 12 (18 giugno 2020): 2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122815.

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Currently, valorization of lignocellulosic biomass almost exclusively focuses on the production of pulp, paper, and bioethanol from its holocellulose constituent, while the remaining lignin part that comprises the highest carbon content, is burned and treated as waste. Lignin has a complex structure built up from propylphenolic subunits; therefore, its valorization to value-added products (aromatics, phenolics, biogasoline, etc.) is highly desirable. However, during the pulping processes, the original structure of native lignin changes to technical lignin. Due to this extensive structural modification, involving the cleavage of the β-O-4 moieties and the formation of recalcitrant C-C bonds, its catalytic depolymerization requires harsh reaction conditions. In order to apply mild conditions and to gain fewer and uniform products, a new strategy has emerged in the past few years, named ‘lignin-first’ or ‘reductive catalytic fractionation’ (RCF). This signifies lignin disassembly prior to carbohydrate valorization. The aim of the present work is to follow historically, year-by-year, the development of ‘lignin-first’ approach. A compact summary of reached achievements, future perspectives and remaining challenges is also given at the end of the review.

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Kalhor, Payam, e Khashayar Ghandi. "Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste". Molecules 24, n. 22 (6 novembre 2019): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224012.

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Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.

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Serrano, Katerine Acevedo, Yurley Paola Villabona Durán, Karina Angelica Ojeda Delgado e Ciro Eduardo Rozo Correa. "Energy efficiency of hydrogen production via gasification from lignocellulosic residual biomass blend". Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 7, n. 2 (21 aprile 2024): e69083. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv7n2-039.

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Facing the challenges of environmental sustainability and energy security caused by anthropogenic carbon emissions, there is a need to adopt cleaner energy generation technologies, leveraging Colombia's existing national resources. In this context, hydrogen emerges as a promising source of renewable energy. Therefore, this project explores the use of a blend of residual lignocellulosic biomass as raw material for hydrogen production through gasification for energy purposes. Initially, a screening of residual lignocellulosic biomass in the study region was conducted, a blend was selected, and a simulation of the synthesis gas production process was carried out prospectively using Aspen Plus Dynamics® software. The results revealed that, by using the selected biomass blend, a synthesis gas with a hydrogen molar fraction of 38.7% and an ER of 0.19 was obtained. According to sensitivity analyses, the optimal parameters identified to achieve this hydrogen concentration were: gasification temperature of 707°C, oxygen flows of 484 kg/h, steam at 420 kg/h, and gasification pressure of 1 atm. These findings support the potential of the studied lignocellulosic biomass blend as an alternative for hydrogen production, while also offering an opportunity for the valorization of lignocellulosic residual biomass.

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Iqbal, Zafar, Adarsh Siddiqua, Zahid Anwar e Muhammad Munir. "Valorization of Delonix regia Pods for Bioethanol Production". Fermentation 9, n. 3 (16 marzo 2023): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030289.

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Delonix regia (common name: Flame tree) pods, an inexpensive lignocellulosic waste matrix, were successfully used to produce value-added bioethanol. Initially, the potentiality of D. regia pods as a lignocellulosic biomass was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the presence of several functional groups belonging to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, implying that D. regia pods could serve as an excellent lignocellulosic biomass. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to optimize pretreatment conditions of incubation time (10–70 min), H2SO4 concentration (0.5–3%), amount of substrate (0.02–0.22 g), and temperature (45–100 °C). Then, RSM-suggested 30 trials of pretreatment conditions experimented in the laboratory, and a trial using 0.16 g substrate, 3% H2SO4, 70 min incubation at 90 °C, yielded the highest amount of glucose (0.296 mg·mL−1), and xylose (0.477 mg·mL−1). Subsequently, the same trial conditions were chosen in the downstream process, and pretreated D. regia pods were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with 5 mL of indigenously produced cellulase enzyme (74 filter per unit [FPU]) at 50 °C for 72 h to augment the yield of fermentable sugars, yielding up to 55.57 mg·mL−1 of glucose. Finally, the released sugars were fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yielding a maximum of 7.771% ethanol after 72 h of incubation at 30 °C. Conclusively, this study entails the successful valorization of D. regia pods for bioethanol production.

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Sohn, Yu Jung, Jina Son, Hye Jin Lim, Seo Hyun Lim e Si Jae Park. "Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass for polyhydroxyalkanoate production: Status and perspectives". Bioresource Technology 360 (settembre 2022): 127575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127575.

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Pellegrini, Vanessa de Oliveira Arnoldi, Ana Gabriela Veiga Sepulchro e Igor Polikarpov. "Enzymes for lignocellulosic biomass polysaccharide valorization and production of nanomaterials". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 26 (dicembre 2020): 100397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100397.

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Ganado, Rey Joseph J., e Francisco, Jr C. Franco. "Towards the Valorization of Biomass to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Promising Biochemical and Biofuel Feedstock". KIMIKA 30, n. 1 (10 maggio 2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v30i1.4-12.

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Abstract (sommario):

The increasing oil demand and exhaustion of reserves have initiated stimulus to search for new and sustainable sources of fuels and fine chemicals. Lignocellulosic biomass turned out to be a promising and renewable feedstock for these applications. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most promising building blocks for bio-based chemicals that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass which can be potentially applied for large scale production. However, one of the main factors holding its transition is the need for sustainable, green and financially feasible processes. This review provides the studies made towards catalytic systems used for HMF production, as well as the various solvents and heating system applied. Research efforts to unravel the interactions among catalysts, solvents, and heating systems are encouraged, thereby engineering a synergistic conversion system for biomass valorization.

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Sharma, Surbhi, Mei-Ling Tsai, Vishal Sharma, Pei-Pei Sun, Parushi Nargotra, Bijender Kumar Bajaj, Chiu-Wen Chen e Cheng-Di Dong. "Environment Friendly Pretreatment Approaches for the Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels and Value-Added Products". Environments 10, n. 1 (23 dicembre 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10010006.

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An upsurge in global population and rapid urbanization has accelerated huge dependence on petroleum-derived fuels and consequent environmental concerns owing to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. An integrated biorefinery uses lignocellulosic feedstock as raw material for the production of renewable biofuels, and other fine chemicals. The sustainable bio-economy and the biorefinery industry would benefit greatly from the effective use of lignocellulosic biomass obtained from agricultural feedstocks to replace petrochemical products. Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and other extractives, which are essential components of lignocellulosic biomass, must be separated or upgraded into useful forms in order to fully realize the potential of biorefinery. The development of low-cost and green pretreatment technologies with effective biomass deconstruction potential is imperative for an efficient bioprocess. The abundance of microorganisms along with their continuous production of various degradative enzymes makes them suited for the environmentally friendly bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes into viable bioproducts. The present review highlights the concept of biorefinery, lignocellulosic biomass, and its valorization by green pretreatment strategies into biofuels and other biochemicals. The major barriers and challenges in bioconversion technologies, environmental sustainability of the bioproducts, and promising solutions to alleviate those bottlenecks are also summarized.

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Dutta, Nalok, Muhammad Usman, Gang Luo e Shicheng Zhang. "An Insight into Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Optimization with the Combination of Hydrothermal (HT) and Biological Techniques: A Review". Sustainable Chemistry 3, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2022): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem3010003.

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Biomass valorization plays a significant role in the production of biofuels and various value-added biochemicals, in addition to lowering greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of biorefining methods, hydrothermal (HT) and biological techniques have demonstrated the capability of valorizing biomass raw materials to yield value added end-products. An inter-disciplinary bio-economical approach is capable of optimizing biomass’s total potential in terms of environmental perspective and circular bioeconomy standpoint. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth overview of combinatorial HT and biological techniques to maximize biomass value, which includes biological valorization following HT pretreatment and HT valorization of lignocellulosic substrates emanating from biocatalytic hydrolysis/anaerobic digestion and/or pretreated food waste for the ultimate yield of biogas/biochar and biocrude. In this study, we discuss recent advances regarding HT and biological treatment conditions, synergies between the two technologies, and optimal performance. Additionally, energy balances and economic feasibility assessments of alternative integrated solutions reported in previous studies are compared. Furthermore, we conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities involved in integrating HT and biologicals methods toward complete biomass utilization.

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Guragain, Yadhu N., Alvaro I. Herrera, Praveen V. Vadlani e Om Prakash. "Lignins of Bioenergy Crops: A Review". Natural Product Communications 10, n. 1 (gennaio 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000141.

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Lignin provides structural support, a mechanical barrier against microbial infestation and facilitates movement of water inside plant systems. It is the second most abundant natural polymer in the terrestrial environments and possesses unique routes for the production of bulk and specialty chemicals with aromatic/phenolic skeletons. The commercial applications of lignin are limited and it is often recognized for its negative impact on the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Understanding of the structure of lignin monomers and their interactions among themselves, as well as with carbohydrate polymers in biomass, is vital for the development of innovative biomass deconstruction processes and thereby valorization of all biopolymers of lignocellulosic residues, including lignin. In this paper, we review the major energy crops and their lignin structure, as well as the recent developments in biomass lignin characterization, with special focus on 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques.

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Manicardi, Tainá, Gabriel Baioni e Silva, Andreza A. Longati, Thiago D. Paiva, João P. M. Souza, Thiago F. Pádua, Felipe F. Furlan, Raquel L. C. Giordano, Roberto C. Giordano e Thais S. Milessi. "Xylooligosaccharides: A Bibliometric Analysis and Current Advances of This Bioactive Food Chemical as a Potential Product in Biorefineries’ Portfolios". Foods 12, n. 16 (9 agosto 2023): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12163007.

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Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are nondigestible compounds of great interest for food and pharmaceutical industries due to their beneficial prebiotic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The market size of XOS is increasing significantly, which makes its production from lignocellulosic biomass an interesting approach to the valorization of the hemicellulose fraction of biomass, which is currently underused. This review comprehensively discusses XOS production from lignocellulosic biomass, aiming at its application in integrated biorefineries. A bibliometric analysis is carried out highlighting the main players in the field. XOS production yields after different biomass pretreatment methods are critically discussed using Microsoft PowerBI® (2.92.706.0) software, which involves screening important trends for decision-making. Enzymatic hydrolysis and the major XOS purification strategies are also explored. Finally, the integration of XOS production into biorefineries, with special attention to economic and environmental aspects, is assessed, providing important information for the implementation of biorefineries containing XOS in their portfolio.

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Ventura, Maria, Marcelo E. Domine e Marvin Chávez-Sifontes. "Catalytic Processes For Lignin Valorization into Fuels and Chemicals (Aromatics)". Current Catalysis 8, n. 1 (21 giugno 2019): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544708666190124112830.

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Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass becomes a sustainable alternative against the constant depletion and environmental problems of fossil sources necessary for the production of chemicals and fuels. In this context, a wide range of renewable raw materials can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass in both polymeric (i.e. cellulose, starch, lignin) and monomeric (i.e. sugars, polyols, phenols) forms. Lignin and its derivatives are interesting platform chemicals for industry, although mainly due to its refractory characteristics its use has been less considered compared to other biomass fractions. To take advantage of the potentialities of lignin, it is necessary to isolate it from the cellulose/ hemicellulosic fraction, and then apply depolymerization processes; the overcoming of technical limitations being a current issue of growing interest for many research groups. In this review, significant data related to the structural characteristics of different types of commercial lignins are presented, also including extraction and isolation processes from biomass, and industrial feedstocks obtained as residues from paper industry under different treatments. The review mainly focuses on the different depolymerization processes (hydrolysis, hydrogenolysis, hydrodeoxygenation, pyrolysis) up to now developed and investigated analyzing the different hydrocarbons and aromatic derivatives obtained in each case, as well as the interesting reactions some of them may undergo. Special emphasis is done on the development of new catalysts and catalytic processes for the efficient production of fuels and chemicals from lignin. The possibilities of applications for lignin and its derivatives in new industrial processes and their integration into the biorefinery of the future are also assessed.

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Bamba, Takahiro, Gregory Guirimand, Akihiko Kondo e Tomohisa Hasunuma. "Enzyme display technology for lignocellulosic biomass valorization by yeast cell factories". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 33 (febbraio 2022): 100584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100584.

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Ozbayram, Emine Gozde, Sabine Kleinsteuber e Marcell Nikolausz. "Biotechnological utilization of animal gut microbiota for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2019): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10239-w.

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Velvizhi, G., P. Jennita Jacqueline, Nagaraj P. Shetti, Latha K, Gunda Mohanakrishna e Tejraj M. Aminabhavi. "Emerging trends and advances in valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels". Journal of Environmental Management 345 (novembre 2023): 118527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118527.

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Viegas, Catarina, Catarina Nobre, Ricardo Correia, Luísa Gouveia e Margarida Gonçalves. "Optimization of Biochar Production by Co-Torrefaction of Microalgae and Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Response Surface Methodology". Energies 14, n. 21 (4 novembre 2021): 7330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217330.

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Co-torrefaction of microalgae and lignocellulosic biomass was evaluated as a method to process microalgae sludge produced from various effluents and to obtain biochars with suitable properties for energy or material valorization. The influence of four independent variables on biochar yield and properties was evaluated by a set of experiments defined by response surface methodology (RSM). The biochars were characterized for proximate and ultimate composition, HHV, and methylene blue adsorption capacity. HHV of the biochars was positively correlated with carbonization temperature, residence time, and lignocellulosic biomass content in the feed. Co-torrefaction conditions that led to a higher yield of biochar (76.5%) with good calorific value (17.4 MJ Kg−1) were 250 °C, 60 min of residence time, 5% feed moisture, and 50% lignocellulosic biomass. The energy efficiency of the process was higher for lower temperatures (92.6%) but decreased abruptly with the increase of the moisture content of the feed mixture (16.9 to 57.3% for 70% moisture). Biochars produced using algal biomass grown in contaminated effluents presented high ash content and low calorific value. Dye removal efficiency by the produced biochars was tested, reaching 95% methylene blue adsorption capacity for the biochars produced with the least severe torrefaction conditions.

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KUMAR, DEEPAK, PRASHANT KUMAR, PRAVEEN KUMAR SHARMA, ASHWEEN DEEPAK NANNAWARE, CHANDAN SINGH CHANOTIYA, PRIYABRAT MOHAPATRA e PRASANT KUMAR ROUT. "Valorization of Cornmint (Mentha arvensis) distilled waste". Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 41, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v41i2.kumar.

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Natural l-menthol is a flavour and fragrance bearing compound, obtained from the essential oil of Cornmint or the mentholmint (Mentha arvensis). The valuable essential oil is obtained by hydrodistillation of green aerial part of the Metha Plant, leaving behind a distilled lignocellulosic biomass that is normally treated as waste. The volatile matter (73%), crystallinity and value addition (volatilization) of this biomass were estimated in this study. Cellulose (39%), hemicellulose (19%) and lignin (7%) were isolated using a laboratory fabricated 2 L double jacketed reactor. Isolated cellulose was enzymatically saccharified to glucose (610 mg/g) with 10 FPU/ g loading of Cellic CTec2 (114 FPU/ml) at 50oC for 48 h. Further, glucose was utilized for the production of levulinic acid (LA) in subcritical-ethanol condition using Lanthanum (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate hydrate as a catalyst. At 150oC and 15 bar pressure, the glucose was converted to LA (54%) with purity of 96% in 90 min. In addition, the distillation condensate (~800 ppm) was also collected for recovery of water soluble essential oil through adsorption using Amberlite XAD-4 resin. The resin was desorbed in ethanol and after solvent removal the essential was isolated. The yield of recovered essential oil was 0.77 g /L, with menthol as major compound (82.3%).

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Dar, Mudasir A., Rongrong Xie, Hossain M. Zabed, Shehbaz Ali, Daochen Zhu e Jianzhong Sun. "Termite Microbial Symbiosis as a Model for Innovative Design of Lignocellulosic Future Biorefinery: Current Paradigms and Future Perspectives". Biomass 4, n. 1 (1 marzo 2024): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010009.

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The hunt for renewable and alternative fuels has driven research towards the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels, including bioethanol and biohydrogen. Among the natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS), termites represent a unique and easy-to-access model system to study host–microbe interactions towards lignocellulose bioconversion/valorization. Termites have gained significant interest due to their highly efficient lignocellulolytic systems. The wood-feeding termites apply a unique and stepwise process for the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose via biocatalytic processes; therefore, mimicking their digestive metabolism and physiochemical gut environments might lay the foundation for an innovative design of nature-inspired biotechnology. This review highlights the gut system of termites, particularly the wood-feeding species, as a unique model for future biorefinery. The gut system of termites is a treasure-trove for prospecting novel microbial species, including protists, bacteria, and fungi, having higher biocatalytic efficiencies and biotechnological potentials. The significance of potential bacteria and fungi for harnessing the enzymes appropriate for lignocellulosic biorefinery is also discussed. Termite digestomes are rich sources of lignocellulases and related enzymes that could be utilized in various industrial processes and biomass-related applications. Consideration of the host and symbiont as a single functioning unit will be one of the most crucial strategies to expedite developments in termite-modeled biotechnology in the future.

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Hu, Mingyang, Junyou Chen, Yanyan Yu e Yun Liu. "Peroxyacetic Acid Pretreatment: A Potentially Promising Strategy towards Lignocellulose Biorefinery". Molecules 27, n. 19 (26 settembre 2022): 6359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196359.

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The stubborn and complex structure of lignocellulose hinders the valorization of each component of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the biorefinery industries. Therefore, efficient pretreatment is an essential and prerequisite step for lignocellulose biorefinery. Recently, a considerable number of studies have focused on peroxyacetic acid (PAA) pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation and some breakthroughs have been achieved in recent decades. In this article, we aim to highlight the challenges of PAA pretreatment and propose a roadmap towards lignocellulose fractionation by PAA for future research. As a novel promising pretreatment method towards lignocellulosic fractionation, PAA is a strong oxidizing agent that can selectively remove lignin and hemicellulose from lignocellulose, retaining intact cellulose for downstream upgrading. PAA in lignocellulose pretreatment can be divided into commercial PAA, chemical activation PAA, and enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA. Each PAA for lignocellulose fractionation shows its own advantages and disadvantages. To meet the theme of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA has aroused a great deal of enthusiasm in lignocellulose fractionation. Furthermore, mass balance and techno-economic analyses are discussed in order to evaluate the feasibility of PAA pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation. Ultimately, some perspectives and opportunities are proposed to address the existing limitations in PAA pretreatment towards biomass biorefinery valorization. In summary, from the views of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA will become a cutting-edge topic research in the lignocellulose fractionation in future.

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Bagnato, Giuseppe, Aimaro Sanna, Emilia Paone e Enrico Catizzone. "Recent Catalytic Advances in Hydrotreatment Processes of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil". Catalysts 11, n. 2 (23 gennaio 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020157.

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Catalytic hydrotreatment (HT) is one of the most important refining steps in the actual petroleum-based refineries for the production of fuels and chemicals, and it will play also a crucial role for the development of biomass-based refineries. In fact, the utilization of HT processes for the upgrading of biomass and/or lignocellulosic residues aimed to the production of synthetic fuels and chemical intermediates represents a reliable strategy to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuels dependence. At this regard, the catalytic hydrotreatment of oils obtained from either thermochemical (e.g., pyrolysis) or physical (e.g., vegetable seeds pressing) processes allows to convert biomass-derived oils into a biofuel with properties very similar to conventional ones (so-called drop-in biofuels). Similarly, catalytic hydro-processing also may have a key role in the valorization of other biorefinery streams, such as lignocellulose, for the production of high-added value chemicals. This review is focused on recent hydrotreatment developments aimed to stabilizing the pyrolytic oil from biomasses. A particular emphasis is devoted on the catalyst formulation, reaction pathways, and technologies.

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Tavares, Bruna, Luciane Sene e Divair Christ. "Valorization of sunflower meal through the production of ethanol from the hemicellulosic fraction". Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, n. 11 (novembre 2016): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n11p1036-1042.

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ABSTRACT Sunflower is among the major oil seeds crop grown in the world and the by-products generated during the seeds processing represent an attractive source of lignocellulosic biomass for bioprocesses. The conversion of lignocellulosic fibers into fermentable sugars has been considered as a promising alternative to increase the demand for ethanol. The present study aimed to establish the fermentation conditions for ethanol production by Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58376 in sunflower meal hemicellulosic hydrolysate, through a 23 CCRD (Central Composite Rotational Design) factorial design. Under the selected conditions (pH 5.25, 29 ºC and 198 rpm) the final ethanol concentration was 13.92 g L-1 and the ethanol yield was 0.49 g g-1.

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García-Sancho, Cristina, e Rafael Luque. "Editorial Catalysts: Special Issue on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Catalysts 11, n. 6 (21 maggio 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060649.

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Zhou, Man, Olugbenga Abiola Fakayode, Abu ElGasim Ahmed Yagoub, Qinghua Ji e Cunshan Zhou. "Lignin fractionation from lignocellulosic biomass using deep eutectic solvents and its valorization". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 156 (marzo 2022): 111986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111986.

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Sun, Xun, Shuai Liu, Xinyan Zhang, Yang Tao, Grzegorz Boczkaj, Joon Yong Yoon e Xiaoxu Xuan. "Recent advances in hydrodynamic cavitation-based pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass for valorization". Bioresource Technology 345 (febbraio 2022): 126251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126251.

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Ji, Hairui, Cuihua Dong, Guihua Yang e Zhiqiang Pang. "Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass toward Multipurpose Fractionation: Furfural, Phenolic Compounds, and Ethanol". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, n. 11 (12 settembre 2018): 15306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03766.

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Manisha e Sudesh Kumar Yadav. "Technological advances and applications of hydrolytic enzymes for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass". Bioresource Technology 245 (dicembre 2017): 1727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.066.

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Jose, Diana, Atthasit Tawai, Divya Divakaran, Debraj Bhattacharyya, Ponnusami Venkatachalam, Prapakorn Tantayotai e Malinee Sriariyanun. "Integration of deep eutectic solvent in biorefining process of lignocellulosic biomass valorization". Bioresource Technology Reports 21 (febbraio 2023): 101365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101365.

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del Río, José C. "Editorial- Valorization of Agroforest Crops for Biomass Utilization". Open Agriculture Journal 4, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2010): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010085.

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Abstract (sommario):

There is a growing need to consider alternative agricultural strategies that move an agricultural industry focused on food production to one that also supplies the needs of other industrial sectors, such as paper, textiles, biofuels or added-value chemicals, in the context of the so-called lignocellulose biorefinery. Biorefineries use renewable raw materials to produce energy together with a wide range of everyday commodities in an economic manner. Decreasing our dependency on fossil fuel reserves and boosting rural development are important goals of modern society. Biorefineries are therefore seen as a very promising route to meeting our aims for sustained prosperity and preserving the environment. Renewable sources of energy and products are required for sustainable development of our society in the near future. Plant biomass is the main source of renewable materials in Earth and represents a potential source of renewable energy and biobased products. Biomass is available in high amounts at very low cost (as forest, agricultural or industrial lignocellulosic wastes and cultures) and could be a widely available and inexpensive source for biofuels and bioproducts in the near future. This special issue of The Open Agriculture Journal is devoted to the “Valorization of agroforest crops for biomass utilization” and provides a comprehensive description of the current state-of-the-art in the whole fields of lignocellulose biorefineries, including studies on different feedstocks (plant biomass, agro-industrial residues, energy crops or new industrial crops), technologies for biomass deconstruction and fractionation (i.e. alkaline pulping, organosolv fractionation), and products (i.e. biofuels, composite building materials, lignin, paper pulp and other industrial products). Different papers by internationally recognized experts have been collected for this special issue and report various aspects of biomass utilization and valorization. Among them, the paper by Díaz et al. evaluates different fast-growing species (paulownia, tagasaste, giant reed, leucaena and sesbania) according to their biomass productivity, chemical composition and the chemical characteristics of the liquids obtained after an autohydrolysis treatment. The study confirms the feasibility of the nonisothermal autohydrolysis treatment process for the selected species to yield sugar oligomers and hemicellulosic sugar. The paper by Marques et al., on the other hand, reported the detailed chemical composition of several non-woody plant fibers (bast fibers from flax, hemp, kenaf, jute; leaf fibers from sisal, abaca and curaua; and giant reed), which are used as raw materials for pulp and papermaking, with especial emphasis in the chemistry of lipids and lignin and their fate during alkaline pulping. This study offers valuable information that will lead to a better industrial utilization of these non-woody plant species of high socioeconomic interest. Likewise, the paper by Villaverde et al. provided a review of the chemistry of another interesting crop, Miscanthus x giganteus, as a source of biobased products (i.e. paper pulp) through organosolv fractionation. Organosolv processes have demonstrated their effectiveness as fractionation treatments, therefore special emphasis was placed by the authors on these systems and, in particular, in those using carboxylic acids, such as the Acetosolv, Formosolv and Milox processes. Similarly, the paper by Gullón et al. provided an excellent review of selected process alternatives for biomass refining. Special attention was devoted to biorefinery schemes dealing with the fractionation of lignocellulosic raw materials by chemical treatments. The potential of hydrothermal treatments as the first stage of future biorefineries is discussed. Special attention was also paid to the low-volume, high-added value products that can be solubilized by this type of technology. In the same way, the paper by da Silva and Curvelo reported the acetone-water delignification of Eucalyptus urograndis, a process that also fits perfectly with the biomass biorefinery approach, and obtained high selectivity at the beginning of the pulping process. On the other hand, agricultural residues, which are usually disposed, have major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that can also be exploited for production of bioenergy or bioproducts. In this sense, the paper by Jiménez and Rodríguez studied the valorization of agricultural residues by fractionation of their components. The authors review the different possibilities of biomass fractionation by hydrothermal treatments as well as by organosolv delignification. Alternative and novel uses of biomass products are also reported in this special issue. Although an excellent bio-fuel, however, new uses of lignin in more high-value-added products might be more attractive and profitable. Thus, the paper by Gellerstedt et al. focused on the production of carbon fibers from lignin into the wood-based biorefinery concept. Lignin-based carbon fiber is the most value-added product from a wood-based biorefinery. The replacement of construction steel in cars and trucks with a much lighter carbon fiber-based composite will ultimately result in more fuel-efficient vehicles. Various attempts to make carbon fiber from lignins are discussed in this interesting paper. Finally, the paper by Tiilikkala et al. also reports a novel use of another biomass product, wood pyrolysis liquids (so-called wood vinegar), as biocide and plant protection product. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. The main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed in this paper and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed. In conclusion, all the studies reported in the papers presented in this special issue are intended to get a wider and more rational use of agro-forest resources as is the cultivated plant biomass used as raw material for the manufacturing of bio-fuels and bio-products in the context of the biorefinery approach. As the Guest Editor of this special issue, I wish to thank all the contributing authors and reviewers for their efforts to put forth this collection of papers, that I am sure will be of high interest for the readers of The Open Agriculture Journal.

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Goliszek, Marta, e Beata Podkościelna. "The application of lignin as renewable raw material in chemical industry". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio AA – Chemia 73, n. 1 (6 novembre 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/aa.2018.73.1.31-40.

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<p>The overutilization of fossil fuels will inevitably cause the global environmental problems and dwindling of available resources. For that reason, identifying renewable sustainable alternatives has attracted an increasing attention. Lignocellulosic biomass has been considered to be one of the most logical feedstock to replace traditional fossil resources as one of the most accessible renewable forms of carbon. One of the primary components of lignocellulosic biomass, next to hemicellulose and cellulose is lignin. It is a by-product in paper and pulp industry. Lignin is mainly used as fuel directly, without further utilization which is suggested to be a waste of natural resources. With this purpose, the valorization of lignin into value-added products needs particular attention of researchers. This review article focuses on chosen possible applications of lignin in chemical industry.</p>

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Dedes, Grigorios, Anthi Karnaouri e Evangelos Topakas. "Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis". Catalysts 10, n. 7 (4 luglio 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070743.

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The constant depletion of fossil fuels along with the increasing need for novel materials, necessitate the development of alternative routes for polymer synthesis. Lignocellulosic biomass, the most abundant carbon source on the planet, can serve as a renewable starting material for the design of environmentally-friendly processes for the synthesis of polyesters, polyamides and other polymers with significant value. The present review provides an overview of the main processes that have been reported throughout the literature for the production of bio-based monomers from lignocellulose, focusing on physicochemical procedures and biocatalysis. An extensive description of all different stages for the production of furans is presented, starting from physicochemical pretreatment of biomass and biocatalytic decomposition to monomeric sugars, coupled with isomerization by enzymes prior to chemical dehydration by acid Lewis catalysts. A summary of all biotransformations of furans carried out by enzymes is also described, focusing on galactose, glyoxal and aryl-alcohol oxidases, monooxygenases and transaminases for the production of oxidized derivatives and amines. The increased interest in these products in polymer chemistry can lead to a redirection of biomass valorization from second generation biofuels to chemical synthesis, by creating novel pathways to produce bio-based polymers.

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Padmapriya, G., V. Dhivya, M. Vishal, Y. A. J. Roshni, T. Akila e S. Ramalingam. "Development of tolerance to aldehyde-based inhibitors of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass sugars in E. coli MG1655 by sequential batch adaptive evolution". Journal of Environmental Biology 42, n. 5 (27 settembre 2021): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/5/mrn-1812.

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Aim: The current study involved carrying out adaptive evolution to inculcate tolerance to hydrolysate-derived aldehyde-based inhibitors, furfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HB) for the valorization of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Methodology: The growth-inhibitory effects of the aforementioned inhibitors on E. coli MG1655 were investigated. The percentage of inhibition was calculated from the initial growth, followed by extrapolating the IC50 values for each inhibitor. Based on these findings, adaptation experiments were conducted for individual inhibitors at a concentration lesser than or closer to IC50. Results: The specific growth rate of cells was lowered by 2.2-, 3-, 1.3- and 5- fold when grown in the presence of furfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde and 4- hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HB), respectively. The adapted strains which were grown in the presence of furfural (9mM), vanillin (9mM), syringaldehyde (8mM) and 4- HB (6mM) individually showed around 1.5 -2.5- fold increase in the specific growth rate as compared to the wild-type with decreased lag phases and increased final cell densities. Interpretation: The strains, subjected to adaptive evolution, resulted in increased tolerance to single inhibitors and these will further be sequentially adapted to other three inhibitors for their utilization in the valorization of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass.

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Marin-Batista, Jose D., Angel F. Mohedano e Angeles de la Rubia. "Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate for Its Eventual Valorization by Anaerobic Digestion". Resources 10, n. 12 (23 novembre 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10120118.

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This study assessed the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac]) as a pretreatment to increase the methane yield. The pretreatment was conducted for wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), and grape stem (GS) at 120 °C for 120 min, using several LB to [Emim][Ac] ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 1:5 w/w). Pretreatment significantly disrupted the lignocellulose matrix of each biomass into soluble sugars. GS showed the highest sugar yield, which was followed by WS, while BS was slightly hydrolyzed (175.3 ± 2.3, 158.2 ± 5.2, and 51.1 ± 3.1 mg glucose g–1 biomass, respectively). Likewise, the pretreatment significantly reduced the cellulose crystallinity index (CrI) of the resulting solid fractions of GS and WS by 15% and 9%, respectively, but slightly affected the CrI of BS (5%). Thus, BMP tests were only carried out for raw and hydrothermally and [Emim][Ac] (1:5) pretreated GS and WS. The untreated GS and WS showed similar methane yields to those achieved for the solid fraction obtained after pretreatment with an LB to [Emim][Ac] ratio of 1:5 (219 ± 10 and 368 ± 1 mL CH4 g–1 VS, respectively). The methane production of the solid plus liquid fraction obtained after IL pretreatment increased by 1.61- and 1.34-fold compared to the raw GS and WS, respectively.

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