Tesi sul tema "Légumineuses à graines"
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Guinet, Maé. "Quantification des flux d’azote induits par les cultures de légumineuses et étude de leurs déterminants : comparaison de 10 espèces de légumineuses à graines". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK011/document.
Testo completoIn the context of agroecological transition, the reintroduction of legume crops should play a key role in cropping system sustainability by allowing a reduction of nitrogen (N) inputs. But few references are available concerning the agronomical and ecological services provided by a wide range of legume crops, particularly within crops succession scale. Thus, the main objective of our study is to quantify the N fluxes during and after the legume crops taking into account 10 legume crops (peas, lupin, faba bean, soybean...). Our experiment consists in i) quantifying symbiotic N fixation depending on the amount of soil inorganic N, the mineralisation of N present in legume crop residues after soil incorporation and N losses outside of the soil-plant system (leaching, emission of nitrous oxide), ii) identifying plant biological traits associated to N fluxes. Thus, different N fluxes were quantified during a two-year field experiment, i.e. the first year (2014) legume crops were implanted and followed by wheat the second year (14-15) after incorportation of legume residues. This experiment was repeated in 2016-2017.In parallel, plant root traits were characterised during greenhouse hydroponic experiments
Louis, Sandrine. "Diversité structurale et d'activité biologique des Albumines entomotoxiques de type 1b des graines de Légumineuses". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007903.
Testo completoAfin de mieux connaître la nouvelle famille peptidique de PA1b, sa variabilité tant structurale que d'activité biologique a été étudiée au sein des Légumineuses. Après avoir validé notre approche sur 4 espèces végétales "test", nous avons caractérisé 24 gènes homologues chez 18 espèces de Papilionoideae. De plus, l'activité insecticide d'extraits de graines de 60 espèces des trois sous-familles de Légumineuses a été déterminée sur charançons de souche sensible et résistante à PA1b. Afin de relier variations de structure et d'activité, une approche par mutagenèse dirigée a été envisagée. Un système d'expression bactérienne et de purification de PA1b a été mis au point. Bien que de masse conforme (cystéines oxydées), le peptide recombinant ne présente pas d'activité biologique.
Rossi, Rubiana. "Contribution à la compréhension de l'effet de maturation des graines sur leur qualité physiologique chez les légumineuses". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARI077/document.
Testo completoDuring seed maturation, germination, desiccation tolerance and longevity are acquired sequentially. Seed maturation is terminated by a desiccation phase that brings the embryo to a quiescent state. Seed maturity at harvest in¿ uences seed longevity and crop establishment. After harvest, seeds are usually dried to water content compatible with long term storage and post-harvest treatments. However, there is a lack of understanding of how seed longevity is acquired during seed maturation and how premature drying impacts longevity and resumption of cellular activities during imbibition. This was addressed here by comparing transcriptome changes associated with maturation drying and imbibition of seeds of soybean and Medicago truncatula, harvested at an immature stage and mature dry stage.The immature stage corresponded to end of seed ¿ lling when longevity was not acquired while other vigor traits were acquired. Transcriptome characterization in soybean revealed that enforced drying was not similar to maturation drying in planta, which stimulated degradation of chlorophyll and synthesis of protective chaperones. Eighty-nine % of the differentially expressed genes during a 18h-imbibition period showed a similar pattern between immature and mature seeds, consistent with a comparable germination between stages. An analysis of the 147 transcripts that increased during imbibition of mature seeds but not in immature seeds suggested an activation of processes associated with shoot meristem development and DNA repair. These data were compared with imbibing immature and mature seeds
Cernay, Charles. "Identifier des légumineuses à graines productives en Europe par synthèses quantitatives de données à large échelle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA014.
Testo completoSeveral studies have stressed the importance of increasing grain legume production in Europe. To date, no quantitative data syntheses have been conducted to compare the productive (and environmental) performances of different grain legumes in this region. The objective of the PhD thesis was to identify grain legume species displaying high productivity levels in Europe. Three data sources were used on a large scale: statistical data, experimental data across Europe and other world regions, and food and feed composition data for grain legumes. In total, 29 species were compared on the basis of their productivity levels, and on their effects on the yields of the subsequent cereals. We estimated the interannual variability in grain legume yields across Europe and the Americas. Results show that grain legume yields are significantly more variable than non-legume yields in Europe. These differences are smaller in the Americas. We built a global experimental dataset including 173 published articles, 41 countries, and 8,581 crop observations. A first meta-analysis was conducted using this experimental dataset. Results show that soybean (Glycine max), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), and faba bean (Vicia faba), display, in general, similar productivity levels, and sometimes higher, compared with those of pea (Pisum sativum) in Europe. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, we estimated that a replacement of 25% of the area currently under pea (Pisum sativum) with faba bean (Vicia faba), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), and soybean (Glycine max), would increase protein production by +3%, +4%, and +28%, in Europe, respectively. A second meta-analysis was conducted using the same experimental dataset. Results show that the yields of cereals cultivated after grain legumes are, on average, +29% significantly higher than the yields of cereals cultivated after cereals; this positive effect is significant for 13 of 16 grain legume species. The effect of preceding grain legume cultivation decreases as a function of the nitrogen (N) fertilization rate applied to subsequent cereals, and becomes negligible when the mean nitrogen fertilization rate exceeds 150 kg N ha-1. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, we estimated that the expected relative decrease in cereal production, resulting from an increase in the proportion of a grain legume in a cereal monoculture, is partially mitigated by the positive effect of the grain legume on the yield of the subsequent cereal under low nitrogen input conditions. Globally, the PhD thesis identifies faba bean (Vicia faba) as an interesting candidate species in Europe, followed by pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max), and lupins (Lupinus spp.). Lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), display low productivity levels. However, these species are often promoted for their nutritional benefits for the human diet. Based on comparative insight gained from experiments in North America and Oceania, we suggest assessing the productivity levels of several vetches and lupins (i.e., Lathyrus, Lupinus, and Vicia species excluding Vicia faba), in future field experiments in Europe
ESNAULT, BLANCHARD MARIE-ANDREE. "Les protéines de réserve des graines de lupin jaune (lupinus luteus l. Légumineuses) : purification, composition et biosynthèse". Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10028.
Testo completoZinsmeister, Julia. "Étude fonctionnelle de trois facteurs de transcription intervenant dans la regulation de la qualité germinative des graines chez les légumineuses : ABI4, ABI5 et HSFA9". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARI078/document.
Testo completoSeed maturation is characterized by the acquisition ofthe various components that collectively constitute thephysiological quality or vigor of the seed: desiccation tolerance(DT, i.e. the capacity to survive complete drying), seedstorability or longevity (the capacity to remain alive duringstorage), dormancy, as well as fast and uniform germinationand seedling emergence under stressful conditions. Thesetraits are pivotal to ensure rapid and homogenous seedlingestablishment required for stable yield and are a majoreconomic challenge for the seed industry. Despite theiragronomic importance, the mechanisms regulating theiracquisition, including longevity, are still poorly understood. InMedicago truncatula, a gene co-expression network inferredthat transcription factors such asMtABL (ABA INSENSITIVE4-LIKE), MtABI5 (ABA INSENSITIVE5) and MtHSFA2.2 (HEATSHOCK FACTOR A2.2) are putative regulators of seedlongevity. The aim of this thesis was to characterize theirroles in Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum using Tnt1insertion and EMS mutants. ABL and ABI5 are positiveregulators of longevity while defects in hsfa2.2 do not affectit. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses show that ABLand ABI5 are involved in the regulation of photosynthesisassociated genes, chlorophyll loss and accumulation ofraffi nose family oligosaccharides (RFO). ABI5 is also involvedin the accumulation of stress proteins such as LEA proteins.By establishing a link between degreening, RFO contents andlongevity, our work offers new opportunities to tackle a
Bau, Richard Hwei-Ming. "Les constituants biochimiques de quelques graines d'oleagineux et de légumineuses : Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques fonctionnelles et nutritionnelles. Traitements d'amélioration par voies chimique, enzymatique et biologique". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10270.
Testo completoCros, Paul. "Effets de la cuisson-extrusion sur la digestion des protéines des graines de soja, de lupin et de féverole : étude in situ chez la vache laitière". Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT020A.
Testo completoTurc, Olivier. "Élaboration du nombre de graines chez le pois protéagineux (Pisum sativum L. ) (cv Frisson, Finale et leurs homologues afila) : influence du rayonnement intercepté et application au diagnostic cultural". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20186.
Testo completoRamis, Catalina. "La Concanavaline A : acquisition de l'activité lectine et implication dans la toxicité des graines de Canavalia ensiformis en alimentation animale". Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES045.
Testo completoKammoun, Bochra. "Analyse des interactions génotype x environnement x conduite culturale de peuplement bi-spécifique de cultures associées de blé dur et de légumineuses à graines, à des fins de choix variétal et d’optimisation de leurs itinéraires techniques". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0139/document.
Testo completoIncreasing biodiversity in agroecosystems may contribute to a sustainable productions. Intercropping, the growth of two or more species in the same space at the same time, is considered as a practical application of ecological principles based on biodiversity. Grain legume-cereal intercropping reveals many potential advantages in productivity, stability of outputs and ecological sustainability particularly in low N-input systems. These advantages occur when intercrop components have a complementary ecological niches and competitive interaction are reduced. Interspecific interactions are greatly influenced by phenotypic traits (physiological, morphological and phenological) among cultivars and species. The aim of our study is to study the effect of genotypic variability of species on the performance of durum wheat-grain legume intercrops and to analyze the response of cultivars toward inter and intraspecific interactions. An experimental trial was carried out during two years (2011 to 2013) to test different cultivar combinations. Each cultivar and specie was cultivated as sole crop, half density sole crop and intercrop in a replacement design to evaluate inter- and intra-specific interactions. Our results confirmed that genotype behavior is different between sole crop and intercropping. The intercrop performance is dependent on its performance on sole crop and on its competitiveness. Phenotypic traits and pedoclimatic conditions influence the competitive ability of intercrops. Besides, a dynamic analysis of interspecific interactions shows that from the legumes flowering period, competitions would be the most intense and would impact the grain yield. Finally, this study has allowed to identify some indicators of the performance of grain legumes on intercropping that would help to concept ideotypes adapted to multispecies systems in order to optimize their advantages
Verdier, Jérôme. "Contrôle transcriptionnel du développement de la graine des légumineuses : caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène LEC1-LIKE". Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS030.
Testo completoThe nutritional quality of legume seeds is an important economic issue in the light of the growing demand for vegetable protein for livestock consumption and humans. Certain transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of different seed storage proteins. The goal of this study has been (i) to define a framework of seed development, (ii) to identify TFs potentially involved in the filling phase, (iii) and to validate their role with the model legume Medicago truncatula and evaluate their influence on the pea seed quality (Pisum sativum). Firstly, an overview of the expression of 51k genes during seed development allowed us to identify seven key stages of seed development and corresponding molecular processes. These stages have been chosen for the profiling of 712 TFs using qRT-PCR. Out of these, 170 TFs showed differential expression during seed development. These have been divided into functional groups associated with late embryogenesis, the transition between embryogenesis and seed filling, the synthesis of vicilin, legumin A, legumin K and finally the desiccation processes. Secondly, we focused on the role of the transcription factor, LEAFY COTYLEDON1-LIKE (L1L) in legumes. Our results showed that in M. Truncatula and P. Sativum, L1L genes were expressed preferentially at the transition between embryogenesis and seed filling. Mutant analyses in both species indicated a negative role of this gene in seed storage protein accumulation, with a possible antagonistic role to that of LEC1. A sequence polymorphism of PsL1L correlated with grain weight, suggesting the fundamental role of the gene L1L in determining legume seed quality
Imbert, Baptiste. "Application of translational research to the study of biological functions associated with stress resistance and adaptation to agroecological cropping systems in pulses". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK085.
Testo completoPromoting the integration of grain legumes into the agricultural and food systems is a major goal in the current agroecological transition. Indeed, nitrogen fixed by soil bacteria in symbiosis with legumes is an alternative to synthetic fertilizers, and grain legumes are a sustainable source of proteins. However, they are affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses that directly impact their production, particularly in agroecological systems. Numerous data on stress tolerance were first acquired on model legume species. The democratization of sequencing technologies has enabled the development of genetic, genomic and other -omic resources directly for cultivated legumes, including pea, faba bean and lentil. It is now essential to create tools that facilitate the transfer of knowledge between model and/or cultivated species. The objective of my thesis was to create a graph database, allowing to (i) cross-reference and query available genetic and -omic data, in an intelligent and efficient manner, within and between target species and (ii) explore through use cases the possibilities offered by translational approaches and their limits for the transfer of knowledge between species. First, a pipeline named Ortho_KB was developed to integrate the heterogeneous data available in different species; genomic, genetic and transcriptomic data, as well as functional annotation of genes and homology and synteny. The OrthoLegKB graph database, derived from Ortho_KB and dedicated to legumes, was created. Comparative genomic data between the species considered were generated by the detection of orthologous genes and syntenic regions between their chromosomes. A collection of heterogeneous data was constituted from the literature and the data available from the host research team. All these data were annotated using ontologies, which provided a controlled and common vocabulary for the different species. And, OrthoLegKB was tested by studying the conservation of a gene controlling flowering time. In a second step, OrthoLegKB was exploited to study the genetic and molecular determinism of frost tolerance in legumes from temperate regions. Queries on the data available for this trait, from both the literature and a GWAS carried out in the team for faba bean, showed a strong synteny of the regions controlling this trait within the Fabeae subgroup. These regions included candidate genes supported by differential expression data under low temperature conditions. In addition, OrthoLegKB revealed genomic regions controlling simultaneously frost tolerance and key morphological traits. To conclude, my thesis has (i) produced a tool for translational research in legumes, OrthoLegKB, and (ii) provided evidence that this tool is applicable for comparative and translational approaches that can benefit for varietal improvement. Ortho(Leg)KB has been used for other traits, through collaborations initiated in research projects; it has been presented to different audiences during conferences, working meetings or trainings. The perspectives of this work are to expand its applications to new traits and to continue to develop Ortho_KB to improve its use and dissemination
Leite, Raquel. "Caractérisation biochimique et structurale d'une lectine de graine de Platypodium elegans Vogel". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683913.
Testo completoPiva, Guillaume. "Maîtrise de la qualité biochimique de la graine pour deux légumineuses : soja, haricot : impact des conditions de culture et des choix de génotypiques". Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT005A.
Testo completoMahmood, Faisal. "Analyse des conditions pour le développement des grains à légumineuses dans la région Midi-Pyrénées (France), en utilisant la chaîne de modélisation APES-FSSIM-indicateurs". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0043.
Testo completoGrain legumes are generally considered as key crops for sustainable agriculture. They offer many agronomic, environmental and socio-economic benefits when grown in succession with cereals. Although grain legumes have many advantages, their share in European agriculture is still very limited. In the Midi-Pyrénées region (south-west of France), their area varies from 1 to 3% of the total cultivated area, moreover farmers show little interest in growing grain legumes on their farms. In this context, the objectives of the thesis were to; i) identify the main constraints for grain legume production in the Midi-Pyrénées region, ii) identify key technical and socio-economic levers (expressed as scenarios) to promote grain legumes in current cropping systems and iii) assess, by using the APES-FSSIM-Indicators modelling chain, the impacts of these scenarios on the socio-economic and environmental behaviours of three representative arable farm types (FT1, FT2 and FT3) of the Midi-Pyrénées region.The main constraints have been identified based on bibliography and in consultation with local experts. These constraints are derived from the grain legumes sensitivity to: soils and climatic conditions, farmer technical skill and expertise for sowing and harvesting the grain legumes, economic competitiveness in comparison with cereals and their yield and market prices amounts and fluctuations. From the above statement, the alternative scenarios, in comparison to the current situation (reference scenario) have been identified to promote grain legumes. They included, the introduction of new grain legumes rotations in current cropping systems of the region (Stec.innov), provision of more premiums to grain legumes (Spremium), increase in sale price (Sprice) and yield (Syield) of grain legumes, reduction in price (Sprice.var) and yield (Syield.var) variability of grain legumes, and combination of all these components (Scomb). All scenarios have been assessed with quantitative environmental and socio-economic indicators and are calculated with the APES-FSSIM-Indicators modeling chain.Results show that, contrary to expectation, the introduction of new legumes rotations or the reduction of yield or price variability (Stec.innov, Sprice.var and Syield.var) did not increase the grain legumes area. However, an increase in grain legumes area was observed for Spremium, Sprice, Syield and Scomb. The combined scenario (Scomb) was found to be most efficient, showing an important increase in grain legumes area by 34 ha, 32 ha and 7 ha respectively for FT2, FT3 and FT1 with a significant change in socio-economic and environmental indicators for all three farm types. The increase in grain legumes area and modification in economic and environmental indicators depend on the farm characteristics and can be explained by the differences in irrigable area between irrigated crops (i.e. maize, peas and soybean), cropping pattern, soil types and climatic conditions (rainfed and irrigation) on the three farms types.The results obtained from this study show that the modification of policies or the inclusion of new technologies, may lead to several economic and environmental changes, which reveal the adaptation strategies adopted by farmers in order to optimize their farm income. These strategies are mainly implemented by modifying the areas allocated to different crops on different soil types and by changes of management practices. The grain legumes area can be increased on Midi-Pyrénées farming system by the combination of slightly increase in premium, sale price and crop yield of the grain legumes. This methodology can easily be adapted to other regions of France and also EU for identifying the main developmental conditions for grain legumes production provided the skilled experts are properly selected and sufficient data are available for parameterization of the modeling chain
N'Dzondzi-Bokouango, Gabriel. "Étude de l'influence de la germination sur la composition physicochimique et la valeur nutritionnelle des graines de féverole". Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10304.
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